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Srivastava A, Hollenbach JA. The immunogenetics of COVID-19. Immunogenetics 2022; 75:309-320. [PMID: 36534127 PMCID: PMC9762652 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was sparked by the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that first surfaced in December 2019 (COVID-19). The effects of COVID-19 differ substantially not just between patients individually but also between populations with different ancestries. In humans, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system coordinates immune regulation. Since HLA molecules are a major component of antigen-presenting pathway, they play an important role in determining susceptibility to infectious disease. It is likely that differential susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or disease course in COVID-19 in different individuals could be influenced by the variations in the HLA genes which are associated with various immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. A growing number of studies have identified a connection between HLA variation and diverse COVID-19 outcomes. Here, we review research investigating the impact of HLA on individual responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or progression, also discussing the significance of MHC-related immunological patterns and its use in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Srivastava
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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2
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Wang J, Yang X, Wang Z, Wang J. Role of the Glyoxalase System in Breast Cancer and Gynecological Cancer-Implications for Therapeutic Intervention: a Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:857746. [PMID: 35898868 PMCID: PMC9309216 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.857746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyglyoxal (MGO), an essential endogenous dicarbonyl metabolite, can lead to multiple physiological problems including hyperglycemia, kidney diseases, malignant tumors, beyond its normal concentration range. The glyoxalase system, making MGO maintained at a low level, links glycation to carcinogenesis, growth, metastasis, and cancer chemotherapy. The glyoxalase system comprises glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and glyoxalase 2 (Glo2), which is often overexpressed in various tumor tissues. However, very little is known about the glyoxalase system in breast cancer and gynecological cancer. In this review, we introduce the role of the glyoxalase system in breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer, and highlight the potential of the glyoxalase system to be both as a marker for diagnosis and a novel target for antitumor therapy. However, the intrinsic molecular biology and mechanisms of the glyoxalase system in breast cancer and gynecological cancer need further exploration.
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Hua T, Wang RM, Zhang XC, Zhao BB, Fan SB, Liu DX, Wang W. ZNF76 predicts prognosis and response to platinum chemotherapy in human ovarian cancer. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20212026. [PMID: 34793589 PMCID: PMC8661506 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OV) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. One major reason of the high mortality of the disease is due to platinum-based chemotherapy resistance. Increasing evidence reveal the important biological functions and clinical significance of zinc finger proteins (ZNFs) in OV. In the present study, the relationship between the zinc finger protein 76 (ZNF76) and clinical outcome and platinum resistance in patients with OV was explored. We further analyzed ZNF76 expression via multiple gene expression databases and identified its functional networks using cBioPortal. RT-qPCR and IHC assay shown that the ZNF76 mRNA and protein expression were significantly lower in OV tumor than that in normal ovary tissues. A strong relationship between ZNF76 expression and platinum resistance was determined in patients with OV. The low expression of ZNF76 was associated with worse survival in OV. Multivariable analysis showed that the low expression of ZNF76 was an independent factor predicting poor outcome in OV. The prognosis value of ZNF76 in pan-cancer was validated from multiple cohorts using the PrognoScan database and GEPIA 2. A gene-clinical nomogram was constructed by multivariate cox regression analysis, combined with clinical characterization and ZNF76 expression in TCGA. Functional network analysis suggested that ZNF76 was involved in several biology progressions which associated with OV. Ten hub genes (CDC5L, DHX16, SNRPC, LSM2, CUL7, PFDN6, VARS, HSD17B8, PPIL1, and RGL2) were identified as positively associated with the expression of ZNF76 in OV. In conclusion, ZNF76 may serve as a promising prognostic-related biomarker and predict the response to platinum in OV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hua
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medial University 399 Shunde Road, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Rui-min Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medial University 399 Shunde Road, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Xiao-chong Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Affiliated Xingtai People Hospital of Hebei Medial University, 399 Shunde Road, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Bei-bei Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medial University 399 Shunde Road, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Shao-bei Fan
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medial University 399 Shunde Road, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Deng-xiang Liu
- Department of oncology, Affiliated Xingtai People Hospital of Hebei Medial University 399 Shunde Road, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University, Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050001, China
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Yumnam S, Subedi L, Kim SY. Glyoxalase System in the Progression of Skin Aging and Skin Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010310. [PMID: 33396745 PMCID: PMC7794849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicarbonyl compounds, including methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO), are mainly formed as byproducts of glucose metabolism. The main glyoxalase system consists of glyoxalase I and II (Glo1 and Glo2) and is the main enzyme involved in the detoxification of dicarbonyl stress, which occurs as an accumulation of MGO or GO due to decreased activity or expression of Glo1. Dicarbonyl stress is a major cause of cellular and tissue dysfunction that causes various health issues, including diabetes, aging, and cancer. The skin is the largest organ in the body. In this review, we discuss the role of the glyoxalase system in the progression of skin aging, and more importantly, skin malignancies. We also discuss the future prospects of the glyoxalase system in other skin abnormalities such as psoriasis and vitiligo, including hyperpigmentation. Finally, in the present review, we suggest the role of glyoxalase in the progression of skin aging and glyoxalase system as a potential target for anticancer drug development for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Yumnam
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea; (S.Y.); (L.S.)
| | - Lalita Subedi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea; (S.Y.); (L.S.)
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea; (S.Y.); (L.S.)
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-820-4931
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Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CDA. Methylglyoxal, a Highly Reactive Dicarbonyl Compound, in Diabetes, Its Vascular Complications, and Other Age-Related Diseases. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:407-461. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation and accumulation of methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, vascular complications of diabetes, and several other age-related chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and disorders of the central nervous system. MGO is mainly formed as a byproduct of glycolysis and, under physiological circumstances, detoxified by the glyoxalase system. MGO is the major precursor of nonenzymatic glycation of proteins and DNA, subsequently leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). MGO and MGO-derived AGEs can impact on organs and tissues affecting their functions and structure. In this review we summarize the formation of MGO, the detoxification of MGO by the glyoxalase system, and the biochemical pathways through which MGO is linked to the development of diabetes, vascular complications of diabetes, and other age-related diseases. Although interventions to treat MGO-associated complications are not yet available in the clinical setting, several strategies to lower MGO have been developed over the years. We will summarize several new directions to target MGO stress including glyoxalase inducers and MGO scavengers. Targeting MGO burden may provide new therapeutic applications to mitigate diseases in which MGO plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Schalkwijk
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C. D. A. Stehouwer
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Xue M, Shafie A, Qaiser T, Rajpoot NM, Kaltsas G, James S, Gopalakrishnan K, Fisk A, Dimitriadis GK, Grammatopoulos DK, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ, Weickert MO. Glyoxalase 1 copy number variation in patients with well differentiated gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NET). Oncotarget 2017; 8:76961-76973. [PMID: 29100361 PMCID: PMC5652755 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The glyoxalase-1 gene (GLO1) is a hotspot for copy-number variation (CNV) in human genomes. Increased GLO1 copy-number is associated with multidrug resistance in tumour chemotherapy, but prevalence of GLO1 CNV in gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NET) is unknown. Methods GLO1 copy-number variation was measured in 39 patients with GEP-NET (midgut NET, n = 25; pancreatic NET, n = 14) after curative or debulking surgical treatment. Primary tumour tissue, surrounding healthy tissue and, where applicable, additional metastatic tumour tissue were analysed, using real time qPCR. Progression and survival following surgical treatment were monitored over 4.2 ± 0.5 years. Results In the pooled GEP-NET cohort, GLO1 copy-number in healthy tissue was 2.0 in all samples but significantly increased in primary tumour tissue in 43% of patients with pancreatic NET and in 72% of patients with midgut NET, mainly driven by significantly higher GLO1 copy-number in midgut NET. In tissue from additional metastases resection (18 midgut NET and one pancreatic NET), GLO1 copy number was also increased, compared with healthy tissue; but was not significantly different compared with primary tumour tissue. During mean 3 - 5 years follow-up, 8 patients died and 16 patients showed radiological progression. In midgut NET, a high GLO1 copy-number was associated with earlier progression. In NETs with increased GLO1 copy number, there was increased Glo1 protein expression compared to non-malignant tissue. Conclusions GLO1 copy-number was increased in a large percentage of patients with GEP-NET and correlated positively with increased Glo1 protein in tumour tissue. Analysis of GLO1 copy-number variation particularly in patients with midgut NET could be a novel prognostic marker for tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhan Xue
- Division of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, U.K
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Division of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, U.K.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Qaiser
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
| | - Nasir M Rajpoot
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, Coventry, U.K
| | - Sean James
- University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, Coventry, U.K
| | - Kishore Gopalakrishnan
- University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, Coventry, U.K
| | - Adrian Fisk
- University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, Coventry, U.K
| | - Georgios K Dimitriadis
- Division of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, U.K.,University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, Coventry, U.K.,Coventry University, Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Coventry, U.K
| | - Dimitris K Grammatopoulos
- Division of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, U.K.,University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, Coventry, U.K
| | - Naila Rabbani
- Division of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, U.K.,Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Division of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, U.K.,Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Division of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, U.K.,University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, Coventry, U.K.,Coventry University, Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Coventry, U.K
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Rabbani N, Xue M, Thornalley PJ. Dicarbonyls and glyoxalase in disease mechanisms and clinical therapeutics. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:513-25. [PMID: 27406712 PMCID: PMC4975768 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reactive dicarbonyl metabolite methylglyoxal (MG) is the precursor of the major quantitative advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in physiological systems - arginine-derived hydroimidazolones and deoxyguanosine-derived imidazopurinones. The glyoxalase system in the cytoplasm of cells provides the primary defence against dicarbonyl glycation by catalysing the metabolism of MG and related reactive dicarbonyls. Dicarbonyl stress is the abnormal accumulation of dicarbonyl metabolites leading to increased protein and DNA modification contributing to cell and tissue dysfunction in ageing and disease. It is produced endogenously by increased formation and/or decreased metabolism of dicarbonyl metabolites. Dicarbonyl stress contributes to ageing, disease and activity of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. It contributes to ageing through age-related decline in glyoxalase 1 (Glo-1) activity. Glo-1 has a dual role in cancer as a tumour suppressor protein prior to tumour development and mediator of multi-drug resistance in cancer treatment, implicating dicarbonyl glycation of DNA in carcinogenesis and dicarbonyl-driven cytotoxicity in mechanism of action of anticancer drugs. Glo-1 is a driver of cardiovascular disease, likely through dicarbonyl stress-driven dyslipidemia and vascular cell dysfunction. Dicarbonyl stress is also a contributing mediator of obesity and vascular complications of diabetes. There are also emerging roles in neurological disorders. Glo-1 responds to dicarbonyl stress to enhance cytoprotection at the transcriptional level through stress-responsive increase of Glo-1 expression. Small molecule Glo-1 inducers are in clinical development for improved metabolic, vascular and renal health and Glo-1 inhibitors in preclinical development for multidrug resistant cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Coventry House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mingzhan Xue
- Glyoxalase Research Group, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Coventry House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Glyoxalase Research Group, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
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Wang KS, Zuo L, Pan Y, Xie C, Luo X. Genetic variants in the CPNE5 gene are associated with alcohol dependence and obesity in Caucasian populations. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 71:1-7. [PMID: 26522866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction may increase the risk of obesity due to shared genetic components. The Copine V (CPNE5) gene is involved in Ca(2+) binding and may play an important role in the development of the central nervous system. This study tested the genetic associations of 77 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CPNE5 gene with alcohol dependence (AD) and obesity using a Caucasian sample - The Study of Addiction - Genetics and Environment (SAGE) sample (1066 AD cases and 1278 non-AD controls, 422 obese cases and 1395 non-obese controls). The Marshfield sample (1442 obese cases and 2122 non-obese controls) was used for replication of obesity. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using the PLINK software. In the SAGE sample, we identified 10 SNPs associated with AD and 17 SNPs associated with obesity (p < 0.05). Interestingly, 6 SNPs (rs9986517, rs9470387, rs3213534, rs10456444, rs3752482, and rs9470386) were associated with both AD (OR = 0.77, 0.77, 0.83, 0.84, 0.79 and 1.14, respectively; p = 9.72 × 10(-5), 1.1 × 10(-4), 4.09 × 10(-3), 5.26 × 10(-3), 1.59 × 10(-2), and 3.81 × 10(-2), respectively) and obesity (OR = 0.77, 0.77, 0.78, 0.77, 0.68 and 1.18, respectively; p = 2.74 × 10(-3), 2.69 × 10(-3), 2.45 × 10(-3), 1.01 × 10(-3), 5.18 × 10(-3) and 3.85 × 10(-2), respectively). In the Marshfield sample, rs3752480 was associated with obesity (p = 0.0379). In addition, four SNPs (rs9986517, rs10456444, rs7763347 and rs4714010) showed associations with obesity in the meta-analysis using both samples (p = 0.00493, 0.0274, 0.00346, and 0.0141, respectively). These findings provide the first evidence of common genetic variants in the CPNE5 gene influencing both the AD and obesity; and will serve as a resource for replication in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Sheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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Pichi F, Carrai P, Srivastava SK, Lowder CY, Nucci P, Neri P. Genetic of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 2015; 36:419-33. [PMID: 26453112 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-015-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated uveitis may be associated with a systemic disease or may be localized to the eye. T-cell-dependent immunological events are increasingly being regarded as extremely important in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Several studies have also shown that macrophages are major effectors of tissue damage in uveitis. Uveitis phenotypes can differ substantially, and most uveitis diseases are considered polygenic with complex inheritance patterns. This review attempts to present the current state of knowledge from in vitro and in vivo research on the role of genetics in the development and clinical course of uveitis. A review of the literature in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases was conducted to identify clinical trials, comparative studies, case series, and case reports describing host genetic factors as well as immune imbalance which contribute to the development of uveitis. The search was limited to primary reports published in English with human subjects from 1990 to the present, yielding 3590 manuscripts. In addition, referenced articles from the initial searches were hand searched to identify additional relevant reports. After title and abstract selection, duplicate elimination, and manual search, 55 papers were selected for analysis and reviewed by the authors for inclusion in this review. Studies have demonstrated associations between various genetic factors and the development and clinical course of intraocular inflammatory conditions. Genes involved included genes expressing interleukins, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and tumor necrosis factor and genes involved in complement system. When considering the genetics of uveitis, common threads can be identified. Genome-wide scans and other genetic methods are becoming increasingly successful in identifying genetic loci and candidate genes in many inflammatory disorders that have a uveitic component. It will be important to test these findings as uveitis-specific genetic factors. Therefore, the burgeoning understanding of the human genome promises to result in new insight into the pathogenesis of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pichi
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, via San Vittore 12, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Carrai
- San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, via San Vittore 12, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Nucci
- San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, via San Vittore 12, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Neri
- The Ocular Immunology Service, The Eye Clinic, Università Politecnica dele Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveitis is a diverse group of intraocular inflammatory disease and is a significant cause of visual loss worldwide. Recent studies have identified various endogenous immune mechanisms and genetic factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of uveitis. This review provides an overview on the role of genetics in the development and clinical course of uveitis. METHODS PUBMED was used for literature search, and articles published from 1970 to 2012 that evaluated the genetic associations and mechanisms involved in the development and clinical features of uveitis were included. RESULTS Studies have demonstrated associations between various genetic factors and the development and clinical course of intraocular inflammatory conditions. Genes involved included genes expressing interleukins, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and tumor necrosis factor and genes involved in complement system, oxidation, and other intracellular molecular pathways. CONCLUSION Multiple genetic factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of uveitis and may influence the clinical course of uveitis. Further studies to investigate the genetic mechanisms of uveitis might identify additional genetic associations and might have the potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of intraocular inflammation.
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Abstract
The glyoxalase I gene GLO1 is a hotspot for copy number variation in the human and mouse genomes. The additional copies are often functional, giving rise to 2–4-fold increased glyoxalase I expression and activity. The prevalence of GLO1 copy number increase in the human population appears to be approximately 2% and may be linked to a risk of obesity, diabetes and aging. Increased GLO1 copy number has been found in human tumour cell lines and primary human tumours. The minimum common copy number increase region was approximately 1 Mb and it contained GLO1 and seven other genes. The increased copy number was generally functional, being associated with increased glyoxalase I protein and multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Glo1 duplication in the mouse genome is found within approximately 0.5 Mb of duplicated DNA. It was claimed to be linked to anxiety phenotypes, but other related discordant findings have doubted the association with glyoxalase I and further investigation is required.
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Liu Y, Jiang M, Li C, Yang P, Sun H, Tao D, Zhang S, Ma Y. Human t-Complex Protein 11 (TCP11), a Testis-Specific Gene Product, Is a Potential Determinant of the Sperm Morphology. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 224:111-7. [PMID: 21597245 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.224.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Department of Medical genetics & Division of Morbid Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Min Jiang
- Human sperm bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Medical genetics & Division of Morbid Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Medical genetics & Division of Morbid Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Huaqin Sun
- Department of Medical genetics & Division of Morbid Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Dachang Tao
- Department of Medical genetics & Division of Morbid Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Sizhong Zhang
- Department of Medical genetics & Division of Morbid Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yongxin Ma
- Department of Medical genetics & Division of Morbid Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
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13
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Zheng G, Yang YC. Acetylation and alternative splicing regulate ZNF76-mediated transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:1069-75. [PMID: 16337145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that ZNF76 is a general transcription repressor targeting TATA-binding protein (TBP), through a process regulated by sumoylation [G. Zheng, Y.C. Yang, ZNF76, a novel transcriptional repressor targeting TATA-binding protein, is modulated by sumoylation, J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 42410-42421]. In this study, two additional regulatory mechanisms for ZNF76 were identified. ZNF76 is acetylated by p300 and deacetylated by HDAC1, and acetylation of ZNF76 leads to its loss of sumoylation and attenuation of TBP interaction. Consistent with their physical antagonism, acetylation, and sumoylation play opposite roles in regulating the transactivation of ZNF76. Besides acetylation and sumoylation, ZNF76 is also regulated through mRNA splicing: two isoforms of ZNF76 have different abilities of interacting with TBP. Our study shows that ZNF76, a TBP-interacting transcriptional modulator, is regulated by both lysine modifications and alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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15
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Zheng G, Yang YC. ZNF76, a Novel Transcriptional Repressor Targeting TATA-binding Protein, Is Modulated by Sumoylation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42410-21. [PMID: 15280358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407287200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct interaction of positive and negative regulators with the general transcription machinery modulates transcription. The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is one target for transcriptional regulators. In this study, we identified ZNF76 as a novel transcriptional repressor that targets TBP. ZNF76 interacts with TBP through both its N and C termini, and both regions are required for ZNF76 to exert its inhibitory function on p53-mediated transactivation. The inhibitory effect of ZNF76 on p53 activity was demonstrated by reporter assays and endogenous target gene expression. We mapped the TBP-interacting region in the C terminus of ZNF76 to a glutamic acid-rich domain, which acts in a dominant negative manner to enhance p53-mediated transactivation in reporter assays. Mutagenesis study for ZNF76 suggests a correlation between interaction with TBP and effect on p53-mediated transactivation, supporting the conclusion that ZNF76 targets TBP for transcriptional repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that ZNF76 prevents TBP from occupying the endogenous p21 promoter. ZNF76 is sumoylated by PIAS1 at lysine 411, which is in the minimal TBP-interacting region. Overexpression of PIAS1 and SUMO-1 abolishes the interaction between ZNF76 and TBP and partially relieves the repressive effect of ZNF76. These results suggest that ZNF76 functions as a transcriptional repressor through its interaction with TBP and that sumoylation modulates its transcriptional repression activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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16
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Crossgrove K, Laudet V, Maina CV. Dirofilaria immitis encodes Di-nhr-7, a putative orthologue of the Drosophila ecdysone-regulated E78 gene. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 119:169-77. [PMID: 11814569 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Filarial parasites are responsible for several serious human diseases with symptoms such as lymphoedema, elephantiasis, and blindness. An understanding of how these parasites pass through developmental checkpoints may elucidate the general mechanisms of these illnesses and suggest potential targets for intervention. A useful model system for the study of human filariasis is the related nematode Dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of dog heartworm disease. In D. immitis, molting from the third to the fourth larval stage can be induced in vitro by the insect hormone 20-OH ecdysone, suggesting that ecdysone, or some related hormone, may play a similar role in the development of D. immitis. Ecdysone has a well-characterized developmental role in insects, where it is involved in the control of molting and metamorphosis. We have identified a D. immitis orthologue of the Drosophila ecdysone response early gene E78, a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. The D. immitis gene, Di-nhr-7 (NR1E1) encodes at least three isoforms, including two potential negative regulatory isoforms, and is expressed in a sex-specific manner. An MBP/Di-NHR-7 fusion protein is able to bind to DNA response elements that are recognized by the closely related mammalian NR Rev-erb(alpha).
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17
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Chatterjee PK, Briley LP. Analysis of a clonal selection event during transposon-mediated nested-deletion formation in rare BAC and PAC clones. Anal Biochem 2000; 285:121-6. [PMID: 10998271 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nested deletions from one end of the genomic DNA in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs) are readily generated by inserting a loxP site-containing Tn10 minitransposon into the recombinant clone and transducing with P1 phage. Although the size of clones in the deletion series is largely random, in about 5% of BACs and PACs the distribution appears skewed to a certain length, and in rare cases (<1%) is definitely skewed to a particular size. Here we investigate this relatively rare phenomenon and validate that sequence-specific transposon insertions are not the cause of such skewed nested-deletion libraries. Instead, a detailed analysis of our experiments with a BAC clone demonstrating this unusual feature indicates that deletions of a certain size arise from clonal expansion of a transposon insertion as a result of transient derepression of the transposase gene prior to IPTG induction. Transposition itself shows no bias to any particular region of insert DNA in the clone. We suggest a simple modification to the procedure for generating nested-deletions that allows all BACs and PACs to produce nested-deletions of random size. These findings should provide additional insight into the causes of site selectivity in genomic clones with other inducible transposon systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Chatterjee
- Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA.
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18
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Abstract
In this third update of a series of reviews on microsatellites in the HLA region or close to it we report 155 microsatellites, corresponding to 51 newly described markers, in addition to the 103 reported in the 1997 and 1998 reviews. This work is based both on a literature review and on data publicly available in molecular databases on the internet (http://www.gdb.org; http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/cards/; http://cedar.genetics.soton.ac.uk/) up to September 1999. Thanks to numerous studies involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC) microsatellites, documentation on HLA region is proposed, including information on microsatellites described through MHC sequence projects and presenting documented location, polymorphism and amplification condition, together with additional information on previously described microsatellites when available and information on data in the literature regarding gametic associations between HLA region loci and alleles and microsatellite alleles. As basic information are presented various documents: i) a table showing the following characteristics of the 155 microsatellites: name, localisation, polymorphism, primer sequences, reference; ii) an integrated map of some HLA region genes and the 155 microsatellites considered; and iii) a summary table on HLA and microsatellites association patterns. In addition, an overview on HLA microsatellite analysis application is presented, with a special focus on disease genetics studies in the form of recent references where the use of microsatellites of the HLA region was a key tool. This review aims at providing the human immunogenetics community with a tool for helping optimal choice of microsatellites to be used in various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Foissac
- Inserm U518, Epidémiologie et Analyses en Santé publique: Risques, maladies chroniques et handicaps, Faculté de Médecine, Toulouse, France
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19
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Volpi EV, Chevret E, Jones T, Vatcheva R, Williamson J, Beck S, Campbell RD, Goldsworthy M, Powis SH, Ragoussis J, Trowsdale J, Sheer D. Large-scale chromatin organization of the major histocompatibility complex and other regions of human chromosome 6 and its response to interferon in interphase nuclei. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 9):1565-76. [PMID: 10751148 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.9.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The large-scale chromatin organization of the major histocompatibility complex and other regions of chromosome 6 was studied by three-dimensional image analysis in human cell types with major differences in transcriptional activity. Entire gene clusters were visualized by fluorescence in situ hybridization with multiple locus-specific probes. Individual genomic regions showed distinct configurations in relation to the chromosome 6 terrritory. Large chromatin loops containing several megabases of DNA were observed extending outwards from the surface of the domain defined by the specific chromosome 6 paint. The frequency with which a genomic region was observed on an external chromatin loop was cell type dependent and appeared to be related to the number of active genes in that region. Transcriptional up-regulation of genes in the major histocompatibility complex by interferon-gamma led to an increase in the frequency with which this large gene cluster was found on an external chromatin loop. Our data are consistent with an association between large-scale chromatin organization of specific genomic regions and their transcriptional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Volpi
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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20
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Herbison CE, Sayer DC, Bellgard M, Allcock RJ, Christiansen FT, Price P. Structure and polymorphism of two stress-activated protein kinase genes centromeric of the MHC: SAPK2a and SAPK4. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 2000; 10:229-43. [PMID: 10727080 DOI: 10.3109/10425179909033952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As MHC genes are potent determinants of susceptibility to immunopathological diseases, the mapping of SAPK2a (CSBP) and SAPK4 to chromosome 6p 21.2-21.3 suggested that these genes may mediate the effects of the MHC on disease. Here we describe the genomic structure and localisation of both genes approximately 2.3Mb centromeric of HLA-DP. Examination of the complete coding region and selected intronic regions of SAPK2a and SAPK4 from 22 human EBV-transformed B-cell lines of different MHC haplotypes and racial background revealed complete sequence conservation. There were no notable differences in levels of expression of SAPK2a and SAPK4 mRNA in cell lines of different MHC haplotypes or racial origin. Examination of the SAPK2a and SAPK4 sequences from two chimpanzees revealed 3 nucleotide differences between human and chimpanzee in each gene resulting in only one amino acid change in SAPK4, and 6 nucleotide substitutions plus 2 deletions in 600bp of intronic sequence from SAPK4. This highlights the selective pressure placed on these genes to maintain their protein sequence, but does not favour a role in genetic regulation of disease or provide evidence of linkage disequilibrium with the MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Herbison
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia
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21
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Tripodis N, Palmer S, Phillips S, Milne S, Beck S, Ragoussis J. Construction of a high-resolution 2.5-Mb transcript map of the human 6p21.2-6p21.3 region immediately centromeric of the major histocompatibility complex. Genome Res 2000; 10:454-72. [PMID: 10779486 PMCID: PMC310888 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.4.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed a 2.5-Mb physical and transcription map that spans the human 6p21.2-6p21.3 region and includes the centromeric end of the MHC, using a combination of techniques. In total 88 transcription units including exons, cDNAs, and cDNA contigs were characterized and 60 were confidently positioned on the physical map. These include a number of genes encoding nuclear and splicing factors (Ndr kinase, HSU09564, HSRP20); cell cycle, DNA packaging, and apoptosis related [p21, HMGI(Y), BAK]; immune response (CSBP, SAPK4); transcription activators and zinc finger-containing genes (TEF-5, ZNF76); embryogenesis related (Csa-19); cell signaling (DIPP); structural (HSET), and other genes (TULP1, HSPRARD, DEF-6, EO6811, cyclophilin), as well as a number of RP genes and pseudogenes (RPS10, RPS12-like, RPL12-like, RPL35-like). Furthermore, several novel genes (a Br140-like, a G2S-like, a FBN2-like, a ZNF-like, and B1/KIAA0229) have been identified, as well as cDNAs and cDNA contigs. The detailed map of the gene content of this chromosomal segment provides a number of candidate genes, which may be involved in several biological processes that have been associated with this region, such as spermatogenesis, development, embryogenesis, and neoplasia. The data provide useful tools for synteny studies between mice and humans, for genome structure analysis, gene density comparisons, and studies of nucleotide composition, of different isochores and Giemsa light and Giemsa dark bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tripodis
- Genomics Laboratory, Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's Campus, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London SE1 9RT, UK
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22
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Feenstra M, Verdaasdonk M, van der Zwan AW, de Weger R, Slootweg P, Tilanus M. Microsatellite analysis of microdissected tumor cells and 6p high density microsatellite analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with down-regulated human leukocyte antigen class I expression. J Transl Med 2000; 80:405-14. [PMID: 10744076 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Down-regulated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression is frequently correlated with allelic loss at 6p21.3, which is the location of the HLA coding sequence, in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Previously, we have demonstrated loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 6p21.3 for at least one locus in 49% of the HNSCCs using 5 microsatellite markers spanning the 4 megabase HLA region. In the present study, the detection threshold (25%) to assign LOH was addressed by laser-assisted microdissection of tumor cells from tumors containing marginal loss. In addition, we describe high density microsatellite analysis of chromosome 6p21.3 in HNSCC with down-regulated HLA class I expression. The purpose of this study was to refine the identification of genetic alterations at 6p21.3 and to pinpoint allelic loss to individual HLA class I genes, using additional markers closely located to the HLA-A, -B, and -C loci and the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) genes. LOH analysis by amplification of microsatellite markers and subsequent fluorescent detection is a rapid and sensitive technique to predict HLA class I loss phenotypes in tumors. LOH can be identified at 25% relative signal reduction. Analysis of heterogeneous tumor samples and samples containing a small amount of tumor cells is facilitated by laser-assisted microdissection of tumor cells. In addition, we showed that accurate HLA LOH analysis requires application of microsatellite markers in close proximity to HLA class I and TAP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feenstra
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Feenstra M, Veltkamp M, van Kuik J, Wiertsema S, Slootweg P, van den Tweel J, de Weger R, Tilanus M. HLA class I expression and chromosomal deletions at 6p and 15q in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1999; 54:235-45. [PMID: 10519360 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss at the chromosomal region 6p21.3 is a frequent event in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Since the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex is located at 6p21.3, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of this region may provide tumour cells with an immune-escape tumour phenotype. In the present study, we have studied the correlation of HLA class I, TAP1 and TAP2 expression and LOH at 6p21.3. HLA class I and TAP1 and TAP2 protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemical procedures. A panel of 41 HNSCC with downregulated HLA class I expression was selected for LOH studies using 5 microsatellite markers located at 6p21.3 (D6S105, D6S265, D6S276, D6S273, D6S291) and 2 markers located at the chromosome 6 centromere (D6S473) and the 6p telomere (D6S277). In addition, LOH of the beta-2-nmicroglobulin (beta2m) gene was studied using 2 microsatellite markers flanking the beta2m gene (D15S126 and D15S153) and was correlated with beta2m and HLA class I expression. In 20/41 (49%) of the HNSCC, allelic loss for at least one locus at 6p21.3 was found. Loss at 15q was found in 4/10 (40%) HNSCC with downregulated beta2m expression and in 12/41 (29%) HNSCC with downregulated HLA class I expression. Our data show that downregulation of HLA class I expression is correlated with loss of chromosomal regions at 6p21.3 in HNSCC. In addition, LOH at 6p21.3 and 15q in 10 paired samples of DNA derived from the primary HNSCC, the lymph node metastases and from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was studied. Five (5/10) primary tumours contained the same deletion as the corresponding lymph node metastases. The other cases contained deletions either in the primary tumour (3 cases) or in the lymph node metastases (1 case) or no deletions at all (1 case).
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm
- HLA Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-A Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-A Antigens/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/chemistry
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Loss of Heterozygosity/genetics
- Lymph Nodes
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feenstra
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Abstract
We present the genomic organisation of the extended class II region of the human MHC. This initial sequence, which is nearing completion, spans about 1.2 Mbp and is at present a composite of more than one haplotype. The sequencing of single haplotypes is planned for the future. The current sequence encompasses all of the known class II genes at the DP, DO, DM, DQ and DR loci as well as the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)/low molecular weight protein (LMP) antigen processing genes and the Tapasin locus, at the extended centromeric end.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beck
- Sanger Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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25
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Price P, Witt C, Allcock R, Sayer D, Garlepp M, Kok CC, French M, Mallal S, Christiansen F. The genetic basis for the association of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (A1, B8, DR3) with multiple immunopathological diseases. Immunol Rev 1999; 167:257-74. [PMID: 10319267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An individual's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ancestral haplotype (AH) is the clearest single determinant of susceptibility to MHC associated immunopathological disease, as it defines the alleles carried at all loci in the MHC. However, the direct effects of any of the 150-200 genes that constitute the MHC are difficult to determine since recombination only occurs at defined hotspots. This review concerns the 8.1 AH (HLA-A1, C7, B8, C4AQ0, C4B1, DR3, DQ2), which is carried by most Caucasians with HLA-B8. It is associated with accelerated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, and susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatitis herpetiformis, common variable immunodeficiency and IgA deficiency, myasthenia gravis and several other conditions. We have mapped susceptibility genes for HIV, IDDM and myasthenia gravis to the central MHC between HLA-B and the tumour necrosis factor or complement genes. Here we consider which of the remaining 8.1-associated diseases are more closely associated with HLA-DR3 and/or DQ2. Several candidate genes in the central MHC have the potential to modulate immune or inflammatory responses in an antigen-independent manner, as is seen in studies of cultured cells from healthy carriers of the 8.1 AH. Hence these genes may act as a common co-factor in the diverse immunopathological conditions associated with the 8.1 AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Price
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
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26
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Herberg JA, Phillips S, Beck S, Jones T, Sheer D, Wu JJ, Prochazka V, Barr PJ, Kiefer MC, Trowsdale J. Genomic structure and domain organisation of the human Bak gene. Gene 1998; 211:87-94. [PMID: 9573342 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 homologue, Bak, is a potent inducer of apoptosis. FISH data presented here located the gene to 6p21.3. Mapping was consistent with its location centromeric of the HSET locus and approximately 400kb from the MHC. The construction of a contig of genomic clones across the locus facilitated the sequencing of a PAC containing the gene. Comparison of the gene structure to functional and physical domains revealed a good agreement between the physical structure and the intron-exon organisation. The position of a single intron was conserved in comparison to other members of the Bcl-2 family, namely Bax, CED-9, Bcl-X and Bcl-2, but all other introns were displaced, consistent with a divergent phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Herberg
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
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