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Kargar HMP, Noshiri H. Protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on anxiety-like behavior, memory and prevention of hippocampal oxidative stress in methamphetamine-treated rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:315-326. [PMID: 37882813 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alpha-lipoic acid is an essential cofactor for aerobic metabolism and acts as a potent antioxidant in the body. It has been shown that acute exposure to methamphetamine induces oxidative stress, which is responsible for severe cognitive deficits in animals. The hippocampus plays a crucial role in the processing of memory and anxiety-like behavior. OBJECTIVES In this study, preventive effect of the alpha-lipoic acid on memory impairment in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity was investigated. METHODS Wistar male rats (200-220 g) were allocated to five groups (seven rats in each group): (1) saline + saline, (2) saline + vehicle (sunflower oil as alpha-lipoic acid solvent), (3) methamphetamine + vehicle, (4) methamphetamine + alpha-lipoic acid 10 mg/kg, and (5) methamphetamine + alpha-lipoic acid 40 mg/kg. Rats received intraperitoneal methamphetamine repeatedly (2 × 20 mg/kg, 2 h interval). Alpha-lipoic acid was injected 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h after the last injection of methamphetamine. The passive avoidance test and open field were used for evaluation of memory retrieval and anxiety, respectively. After behavioral test, rats were anesthetized, their brains were extracted, and after preparing hippocampal homogenates, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were evaluated. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that injection of saline or sunflower oil had no significant effect on anxiety, memory, or oxidative stress markers. Methamphetamine induced memory impairment, increased anxiety-like behavior and MDA level, but it reduced catalase and SOD activity. Treatment with alpha-lipoic acid decreased MDA, increased catalase and SOD activity, and also prevented memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior. Our results showed that alpha-lipoic acid protected the hippocampus from oxidative stress by elevating SOD and CAT activities and reduced memory impairment following acute methamphetamine injection. These findings suggest that alpha-lipoic acid may have a protective effect against the adverse effects of methamphetamine exposure on the hippocampus. Therefore, the current data indicated that ALA can reduce oxidative stress predominantly by its antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammad Pour Kargar
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran.
| | - Hamid Noshiri
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
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2
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Wideman CE, Huff AE, Messer WS, Winters BD. Muscarinic receptor activation overrides boundary conditions on memory updating in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent manner. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1358-1366. [PMID: 36928353 PMCID: PMC10354085 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-term memory storage is a dynamic process requiring flexibility to ensure adaptive behavioural responding in changing environments. Indeed, it is well established that memory reactivation can "destabilize" consolidated traces, leading to various forms of updating. However, the neurobiological mechanisms rendering long-term memories labile and modifiable remain poorly described. Moreover, boundary conditions, such as the age or strength of the memory, can reduce the likelihood of this destabilization; yet, intuitively, these most behaviourally influential of memories should also be modifiable under appropriate conditions. Here, we provide evidence that salient novelty at the time of memory reactivation promotes integrative updating of resistant object memories in rats. Furthermore, blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs; with pirenzepine) or disruption of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) with KN-93, a Ca2+/CaM-binding molecule that inhibits calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation, in perirhinal cortex (PRh) prevented novelty-induced destabilization and updating of resistant object memories. Finally, PRh M1 mAChR activation (with CDD-0102A) was sufficient to destabilize resistant object memories for updating, and this effect was blocked by KN-93, possibly via inhibition of CaMKII activity. Thus, mAChRs and activation of CaMKII appear to interact as part of a mechanism to override boundary conditions on resistant object memories to ensure integrative modification with novel information. These findings therefore have important implications for understanding the dynamic nature of long-term memory storage and potential treatments for conditions characterized by maladaptive and inflexible memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy E Wideman
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrew E Huff
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - William S Messer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toldeo, OH, USA
| | - Boyer D Winters
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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3
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Nazari M, Rashidy-Pour A, Ali Vafaei A, Raise-Abdullahi P. Systemic corticosterone administration impairs the late fear memory reconsolidation via basolateral amygdala glucocorticoid receptors: dependence on the time window and memory age. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023:107797. [PMID: 37385522 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) play an important role in memory reconsolidation. The present study investigated the role of the BLA GRs in the late reconsolidation of fear memory using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task in male Wistar rats. Stainless steel cannulae were implanted bilaterally into the BLA of the rats. After 7 days of recovery, the animals were trained in a one-trial IA task (1mA, 3s). In Experiment one, 48h after the training session, the animals received 3 systemic doses of corticosterone (CORT; 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by an intra-BLA microinjection of the vehicle (0.3µl/side) at different time points (immediately, 12, or 24h) after memory reactivation. Memory reactivation was performed by returning the animals to the light compartment while the sliding door was open. No shock was delivered during memory reactivation. CORT (10 mg/kg) injection 12h after memory reactivation most effectively impaired the late memory reconsolidation (LMR). In the second part of Experiment one, immediately, 12, or 24h after memory reactivation, GR antagonist RU38486 (RU; 1ng/0.3µl/side) was injected into BLA following a systemic injection of CORT (10 mg/kg) to examine whether it would block the CORT effect. RU inhibited the impairing effects of CORT on LMR. In Experiment two, the animals received CORT (10 mg/kg) with time windows immediately, 3, 6, 12, and 24h after memory reactivation. Again, CORT (10 mg/kg) injection 12h after MR impaired LMR. Memory reactivation was performed in the third Experiment, 7, 14, 28, or 56 days after the training session. Injection of CORT (10 mg/kg) 12h later had no significant effect on the LMR. The impairing effect of CORT was seen only in 2-day-old but not 7, 14, 28, and 56-day-old memories. GRs located in BLA seem to play an important role in the LMR of young memory, as with increasing the age of memories, they become less sensitive to manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nazari
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Dissociating the involvement of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in object memory destabilization and reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 195:107686. [PMID: 36174889 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The content of long-term memory is neither fixed nor permanent. Reminder cues can destabilize consolidated memories, rendering them amenable to change before being reconsolidated. However, not all memories destabilize following reactivation. Characteristics of a memory, such as its age or strength, impose boundaries on destabilization. Previously, we demonstrated that presentation of salient novel information at the time of reactivation can readily destabilize resistant object memories in rats and this form of novelty-induced destabilization is dependent upon acetylcholine (ACh) activity at muscarinic receptors (mAChRs). In the present study, we sought to determine if this same mechanism for initiating destabilization of resistant object memories is present in mice and further expand our understanding of the mechanisms through which ACh modulates object memory destabilization by investigating the role of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). We provide evidence that in mice mAChRs are necessary for destabilizing object memories that are readily destabilized and those that are resistant to destabilization. Conversely, nAChRs were found to be necessary only when memories are readily destabilized. We then investigated the role of both receptors in the reconsolidation of destabilized object memory traces and determined that nAChRs, but not mAChRs, are necessary for object memory reconsolidation. Together, these results suggest that nAChRs may play a more selective role in the re-storage of object memories following destabilization and that ACh acts through mAChRs to act as an override signal to initiate destabilization of resistant object memories following reactivation with novelty. These findings expand our current understanding of the role of ACh in the dynamic storage of long-term memory.
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Jardine KH, Huff AE, Wideman CE, McGraw SD, Winters BD. The evidence for and against reactivation-induced memory updating in humans and nonhuman animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104598. [PMID: 35247380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systematic investigation of reactivation-induced memory updating began in the 1960s, and a wave of research in this area followed the seminal articulation of "reconsolidation" theory in the early 2000s. Myriad studies indicate that memory reactivation can cause previously consolidated memories to become labile and sensitive to weakening, strengthening, or other forms of modification. However, from its nascent period to the present, the field has been beset by inconsistencies in researchers' abilities to replicate seemingly established effects. Here we review these many studies, synthesizing the human and nonhuman animal literature, and suggest that these failures-to-replicate reflect a highly complex and delicately balanced memory modification system, the substrates of which must be finely tuned to enable adaptive memory updating while limiting maladaptive, inaccurate modifications. A systematic approach to the entire body of evidence, integrating positive and null findings, will yield a comprehensive understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of long-term memory storage and the potential for harnessing modification processes to treat mental disorders driven by pervasive maladaptive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Jardine
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Ethan Huff
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cassidy E Wideman
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shelby D McGraw
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Boyer D Winters
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Krawczyk MC, Millan J, Blake MG, Boccia MM. Role of prediction error and the cholinergic system on memory reconsolidation processes in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107534. [PMID: 34619364 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to make predictions based on stored information is a general coding strategy. A prediction error (PE) is a mismatch between expected and current events. Our memories, like ourselves, are subject to change. Thus, an acquired memory can become active and update its content or strength by a labilization-reconsolidation process. Within the reconsolidation framework, PE drives the updating of consolidated memories. In the past our lab has made key progresses showing that a blockade in the central cholinergic system during reconsolidation can cause memory impairment, while reinforcement of cholinergic activity enhances it. In the present work we determined that PE is a necessary condition for memory to reconsolidate in an inhibitory avoidance task using both male and female mice. Depending on the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (US) used during training, a negative (higher US intensity) or positive (lower US intensity/no US) PE on a retrieval session modified the behavioral response on a subsequent testing session. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the cholinergic system modulates memory reconsolidation only when PE is detected. In this scenario administration of oxotremorine, scopolamine or nicotine after memory reactivation either enhanced or impaired memory reconsolidation in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Krawczyk
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Millan
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M G Blake
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M M Boccia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tobore TO. On the theory of mental representation block. a novel perspective on learning and behavior. Commun Integr Biol 2021; 14:41-50. [PMID: 33796209 PMCID: PMC7971303 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2021.1898752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind memory, learning, and behavior is crucial to human development and significant research has been done in this area. Classical and operant conditioning and other theories of learning have elucidated different mechanisms of learning and how it modulates behavior. Even with advances in this area, questions remain on how to unlearn faulty ideas or extinguish maladaptive behaviors. In this paper, a novel theory to improve our understanding of this area is proposed. The theory proposes that as a consequence of the brain's energy efficiency evolutionary adaptations, all learning following memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and repeated reinforcements or strengthening over time, results in a phenomenon called mental representation block. The implications of this block on learning and behavior are significant and broad and include cognitive biases, belief in a creator or God, close-mindedness, dogmatism, physician misdiagnosis, racism, homophobia, and transphobia, susceptibility to deception and indoctrination, hate and love, artificial intelligence and creativity.
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Krawczyk MC, Millan J, Blake MG, Boccia MM. Critical role of hippocampal muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on memory reconsolidation in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 177:107360. [PMID: 33307182 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, experimental and clinical evidence has given support to the idea that acetylcholine (Ach) plays an essential role in mnemonic phenomena. On the other hand, the Hippocampus is already known to have a key role in learning and memory. What is yet unclear is how the Ach receptors may contribute to this brain region role during memory retrieval. The Ach receptors are divided into two broad subtypes: the ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Back in 2010, we demonstrated for the first time the critical role of hippocampal α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in memory reconsolidation process of an inhibitory avoidance response in mice. In the present work, we further investigate the possible implication of hippocampal muscarinic Ach receptors (mAchRs) in this process using a pharmacological approach. By specifically administrating agonists and antagonists of the different mAchRs subtypes in the hippocampus, we found that M1 and M2 but not M3 subtype may be involved in memory reconsolidation processes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Krawczyk
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Millan
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M G Blake
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M M Boccia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Nikitin V, Solntseva S, Kozyrev S, Nikitin P. Long-term memory consolidation or reconsolidation impairment induces amnesia with key characteristics that are similar to key learning characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:542-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Krawczyk MC, Millan J, Blake MG, Feld M, Boccia MM. Relevance of ERK1/2 Post-retrieval Participation on Memory Processes: Insights in Their Particular Role on Reconsolidation and Persistence of Memories. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:95. [PMID: 31057366 PMCID: PMC6478671 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Back in 1968, Misanin and his group posited that reactivation of consolidated memories could support changes in that trace, similar to what might happen during the consolidation process. Not until 2000, when Nader et al. (2000) studied the behavioral effect of a protein synthesis inhibitor on retrieved memories, could this previous statement be taken under consideration once again; suggesting that consolidated memories can become labile after reactivation. The process of strengthening after memory labilization was named memory reconsolidation. In recent years, many studies pointed towards a critical participation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway in different memory processes (e.g., consolidation, extinction, reconsolidation, among others). In this review article, we will focus on how this system might be modulating the processes triggered after retrieval of well-consolidated memories in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Krawczyk
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Millan
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano G Blake
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Feld
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CABA, Argentina
| | - Mariano M Boccia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Flavell CR, Lee JLC. Dopaminergic D1 receptor signalling is necessary, but not sufficient for cued fear memory destabilisation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3667-3676. [PMID: 31392356 PMCID: PMC6892761 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pharmacological targeting of memory reconsolidation is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of fear memory-related disorders. However, the success of reconsolidation-based approaches depends upon the effective destabilisation of the fear memory by memory reactivation. OBJECTIVES Here, we aimed to determine the functional involvement of dopamine D1 receptors in cued fear memory destabilisation, using systemic drug administration. RESULTS We observed that direct D1 receptor agonism was not sufficient to stimulate tone fear memory destabilisation to facilitate reconsolidation disruption by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. Instead, administration of the nootropic nefiracetam did facilitate mifepristone-induced amnesia, in a manner that was dependent upon dopamine D1 receptor activation. Finally, while the combined treatment with nefiracetam and mifepristone did not confer fear-reducing effects under conditions of extinction learning, there was some evidence that mifepristone reduces fear expression irrespective of memory reactivation parameters. CONCLUSIONS The use of combination pharmacological treatment to stimulate memory destabilisation and impair reconsolidation has potential therapeutic benefits, without risking a maladaptive increase of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R. Flavell
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Hills Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Jonathan L. C. Lee
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Hills Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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12
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Bignante EA, Ponce NE, Heredia F, Musso J, Krawczyk MC, Millán J, Pigino GF, Inestrosa NC, Boccia MM, Lorenzo A. APP/Go protein Gβγ-complex signaling mediates Aβ degeneration and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease models. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 64:44-57. [PMID: 29331876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ), the proteolytic product of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), might cause neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the direct involvement of APP in the mechanism of Aβ-induced degeneration in AD remains on debate. Here, we analyzed the interaction of APP with heterotrimeric Go protein in primary hippocampal cultures and found that Aβ deposition dramatically enhanced APP-Go protein interaction in dystrophic neurites. APP overexpression rendered neurons vulnerable to Aβ toxicity by a mechanism that required Go-Gβγ complex signaling and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Gallein, a selective pharmacological inhibitor of Gβγ complex, inhibited Aβ-induced dendritic and axonal dystrophy, abnormal tau phosphorylation, synaptic loss, and neuronal cell death in hippocampal neurons expressing endogenous protein levels. In the 3xTg-AD mice, intrahippocampal application of gallein reversed memory impairment associated with early Aβ pathology. Our data provide further evidence for the involvement of APP/Go protein in Aβ-induced degeneration and reveal that Gβγ complex is a signaling target potentially relevant for developing therapies for halting Aβ degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anahi Bignante
- Instituto de Investigación Médica "Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra", INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoda (IUCBC), Argentina
| | - Nicolás Eric Ponce
- Instituto de Investigación Médica "Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra", INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia Heredia
- Instituto de Investigación Médica "Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra", INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juliana Musso
- Instituto de Investigación Médica "Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra", INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Krawczyk
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Millán
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo F Pigino
- Instituto de Investigación Médica "Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra", INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Mariano M Boccia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Lorenzo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica "Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra", INIMEC-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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Treanor M, Brown LA, Rissman J, Craske MG. Can Memories of Traumatic Experiences or Addiction Be Erased or Modified? A Critical Review of Research on the Disruption of Memory Reconsolidation and Its Applications. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:290-305. [PMID: 28346121 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616664725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the mere act of retrieving a memory can temporarily make that memory vulnerable to disruption. This process of "reconsolidation" will typically restabilize the neural representation of the memory and foster its long-term storage. However, the process of reconsolidating the memory takes time to complete, and during this limited time window, the original memory may be modified either by the presentation of new information or with pharmacological agents. Such findings have prompted rising interest in using disruption during reconsolidation as a clinical intervention for anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and substance use disorders. However, "boundary conditions" on memory reconsolidation may pose significant obstacles to clinical translation. The aim of this article is to critically examine the nature of these boundary conditions, their neurobiological substrates, and the potential effect they may have on disruption of reconsolidation as a clinical intervention. These boundary conditions also highlight potential constraints on the reconsolidation phenomenon and suggest a limited role for memory updating consistent with evolutionary accounts of associative learning for threat and reward. We conclude with suggestions for future research needed to elucidate the precise conditions under which reconsolidation disruption may be clinically useful.
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Stiver ML, Cloke JM, Nightingale N, Rizos J, Messer WS, Winters BD. Linking muscarinic receptor activation to UPS-mediated object memory destabilization: Implications for long-term memory modification and storage. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 145:151-164. [PMID: 29030298 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Consolidated memories can become destabilized during reactivation, resulting in a transient state of instability, a process that has been hypothesized to underlie long-term memory updating. Consistent with this notion, relatively remote memories, which are resistant to standard destabilization procedures, are reliably destabilized when novel information (i.e., the opportunity for memory updating) is present during reactivation. We have also shown that cholinergic muscarinic receptor (mAChR) activation can similarly destabilize consolidated object memories. Synaptic protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has previously been linked to destabilization of fear and object-location memories. Given the role of calcium in regulating proteasome activity, we hypothesized that activation of cholinergic receptors, specifically M1 mAChRs, stimulates the UPS via inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated release of intracellular calcium stores to facilitate object memory destabilization. We present converging evidence for this hypothesis, which we tested using a modified spontaneous object recognition task for rats and microinfusions into perirhinal cortex (PRh), a brain region strongly implicated in object memory. We extend our previous findings by demonstrating that M1 mAChRs are necessary for novelty-induced object memory destabilization. We also show that proteasome inhibition or IP3R antagonism in PRh prevents object memory destabilization induced by novelty or M1 mAChR stimulation. These results establish an intracellular pathway linking M1 receptors, IP3Rs, and UPS activity to object memory destabilization and suggest a previously unacknowledged role for cholinergic signaling in long-term memory modification and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela L Stiver
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob M Cloke
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Nightingale
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julian Rizos
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - William S Messer
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Boyer D Winters
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Elsey JWB, Kindt M. Breaking boundaries: optimizing reconsolidation-based interventions for strong and old memories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:472-479. [PMID: 28814473 PMCID: PMC5580524 DOI: 10.1101/lm.044156.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that consolidated memories can enter a temporary labile state after reactivation, requiring restabilization in order to persist. This process, known as reconsolidation, potentially allows for the modification and disruption of memory. Much interest in reconsolidation stems from the possibility that maladaptive memory traces—a core feature of several psychiatric conditions—could be tackled by disrupting their reconsolidation. However, research has indicated a range of supposed boundary conditions on the induction of reconsolidation. Stronger memories, often resulting from exposure to stressful conditions, or older memories, appear to be relatively resistant to undergoing reconsolidation. This may be taken as a potential stumbling block for reconsolidation-based interventions: in clinical practice, old and strong maladaptive memories are the norm rather than the exception. Yet, boundary conditions have been derived from limited experimental evidence, are not unique to reconsolidation-based interventions, and do not seem to be absolute. In this paper, we review a range of experimental studies that have aimed to disrupt old memories, or memories that were strengthened by stress manipulations, through reconsolidation. Such research highlights several techniques that could be used to optimize reconsolidation-based approaches and overcome putative boundary conditions. We supplement this review of experimental literature with a case study of a reconsolidation-based treatment of a strong and decades-old phobia for mice, further suggesting that age and strength of memory may not be insurmountable barriers. Translating findings from basic science, to human experiments, to clinical applications and back again, can potentially unlock powerful new treatments for the many people who suffer daily from anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W B Elsey
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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The role of glucocorticoids in emotional memory reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:126-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Krawczyk MC, Fernández RS, Pedreira ME, Boccia MM. Toward a better understanding on the role of prediction error on memory processes: From bench to clinic. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 142:13-20. [PMID: 28017817 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Experimental psychology defines Prediction Error (PE) as a mismatch between expected and current events. It represents a unifier concept within the memory field, as it is the driving force of memory acquisition and updating. Prediction error induces updating of consolidated memories in strength or content by memory reconsolidation. This process has two different neurobiological phases, which involves the destabilization (labilization) of a consolidated memory followed by its restabilization. The aim of this work is to emphasize the functional role of PE on the neurobiology of learning and memory, integrating and discussing different research areas: behavioral, neurobiological, computational and clinical psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Krawczyk
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 5(to)piso, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Rodrigo S Fernández
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pab. II, 2(do)piso, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María E Pedreira
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pab. II, 2(do)piso, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariano M Boccia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 5(to)piso, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Reconsolidation-induced memory persistence: Participation of late phase hippocampal ERK activation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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The fate of memory: Reconsolidation and the case of Prediction Error. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:423-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Different components of conditioned food aversion memory. Brain Res 2016; 1642:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Krawczyk M, Blake M, Baratti C, Romano A, Boccia M, Feld M. Memory reconsolidation of an inhibitory avoidance task in mice involves cytosolic ERK2 bidirectional modulation. Neuroscience 2015; 294:227-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kozyrev SA, Solntseva SV, Nikitin VP. Long-term phase reorganization of conditioned food aversion memory in edible snail. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:416-20. [PMID: 25110074 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The specific features of memory reconsolidation in edible snails were studied over 30 days after learning of conditioned food aversion. Injections of a NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 or protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide in combination with the conditioned food stimulus (reminder) on day 2 after learning were followed by the development of amnesia. Repeated training on day 10 after the induction of amnesia did not result in skill formation. Injections of MK-801 or cycloheximide and reminder by the 10th day after training had no effect on memory retention. Injections of MK-801 or cycloheximide and reminder by the 30th day after training were followed by the development of amnesia. In these experiments, memory was recovered after repeated training. Our results indicate that a complex phase reorganization of memory occurs over 30 days after learning. This process includes memory consolidation over the first days after training, stabilization and resistance to adverse factors after 10 days, and newly acquired ability for reconsolidation by the 30th day after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kozyrev
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Neuropharmacology of memory consolidation and reconsolidation: Insights on central cholinergic mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:286-91. [PMID: 24819880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Central cholinergic system is critically involved in all known memory processes. Endogenous acetylcholine release by cholinergic neurons is necessary for modulation of acquisition, encoding, consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction, retrieval and expression. Experiments from our laboratory are mainly focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which acetylcholine modulates memory processes. Blockade of hippocampal alpha-7-nicotinic receptors (α7-nAChRs) with the antagonist methyllycaconitine impairs memory reconsolidation. However, the administration of a α7-nAChR agonist (choline) produce a paradoxical modulation, causing memory enhancement in mice trained with a weak footshock, but memory impairment in animals trained with a strong footshock. All these effects are long-lasting, and depend on the age of the memory trace. This review summarizes and discusses some of our recent findings, particularly regarding the involvement of α7-nAChRs on memory reconsolidation.
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Taherian F, Vafaei AA, Vaezi GH, Eskandarian S, Kashef A, Rashidy-Pour A. Propranolol-induced Impairment of Contextual Fear Memory Reconsolidation in Rats: A similar Effect on Weak and Strong Recent and Remote Memories. Basic Clin Neurosci 2014; 5:231-9. [PMID: 25337385 PMCID: PMC4202546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have demonstrated that the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol impairs fear memory reconsolidation in experimental animals. There are experimental parameters such as the age and the strength of memory that can interact with pharmacological manipulations of memory reconsolidation. In this study, we investigated the ability of the age and the strength of memory to influence the disrupting effects of propranolol on fear memory reconsolidation in rats. METHODS The rats were trained in a contextual fear conditioning using two (weak training) or five (strong training) footshocks (1mA). Propranolol (10mg/kg) injection was immediately followed retrieval of either a one-day recent (weak or strong) or 36-day remote (weak or strong) contextual fear memories. RESULTS We found that propranolol induced a long-lasting impairment of subsequent expression of recent and remote memories with either weak or strong strength. We also found no memory recovery after a weak reminder shock. Furthermore, no significant differences were found on the amount of memory deficit induced by propranolol among memories with different age and strength. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that the efficacy of propranolol in impairing fear memory reconsolidation is not limited to the age or strength of the memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | | | - Adel Kashef
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran,Corresponding Author: SuAli Rashidy-Pour, PhD, Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98(231)3354186. E-mail:
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Blake MG, Boccia MM, Krawczyk MC, Baratti CM. Hippocampal α7-nicotinic cholinergic receptors modulate memory reconsolidation: a potential strategy for recovery from amnesia. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:193-203. [PMID: 24036397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When subjects are exposed to new learning experiences, the novel information could be acquired and eventually stored through memory consolidation process. The exposure of mice to a novel experience (a hole-board) after being trained in an inhibitory avoidance apparatus is followed by impaired performance of the avoidance memory in subsequent tests. The same impairing effect is produced when mice are exposed to the novel environment after the reactivation of the avoidance memory. This interfering effect is due to impaired consolidation or reconsolidation of the avoidance memory. The administration of the α7-nicotinic receptor agonist choline (Ch) in the dorsal hippocampus (0.8 μg/hippocampus) immediately after the inhibitory avoidance memory reactivation, allowed memory recovery. This effect of Ch was time-dependent, and retention performance was not affected in drug-treated mice that were not subjected to memory reactivation, suggesting that the effects on performance are not due to non-specific effects of the drug. The effects of Ch also depended on the age of the reactivated memory. Altogether, our results suggest that Ch exerts its effects by modulating memory reconsolidation, and that the memory impairment induced by new learning is a memory expression failure and not a storage deficit. Therefore, reconsolidation, among other functions, might serve to change whether a memory will be expressed in later tests. Summarizing, our results open new avenues about the behavioral significance and the physiological functions of memory reconsolidation, providing new strategies for recovering memories from some types of amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Blake
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Recall and reconsolidation of contextual fear memory: differential control by ERK and Zif268 expression dosage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72006. [PMID: 23977192 PMCID: PMC3745394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence points to the existence of independent cellular processes involved in the consolidation and reconsolidation of memory. For instance, a double dissociation has been reported between hippocampal Extracellular-Regulated Kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) activity being necessary for contextual fear conditioning (CFC) consolidation but not reconsolidation. Conversely, hippocampal expression of the immediate early gene Zif268 is necessary for CFC reconsolidation but not consolidation. Since we previously reported that ERK1/2 controls the transcription of Zif268 in the hippocampus, we examined the precise role of ERK1/2 activity and Zif268 gene expression dosage in CFC memory processing. For this, we first assessed performance of Zif268 homozygous and heterozygous mutant mice in a CFC paradigm. Whereas Zif268−/− mice displayed a deficit of both consolidation and reconsolidation, Zif268+/− mice displayed a selective deficit of reconsolidation only, therefore pointing to the relationship between Zif268 gene expression dosage and CFC memory processing. Zif268 gene expression dosage interfered with the reconsolidation process if and only if CFC memory was relatively recently encoded and directly reactivated. Furthermore, CFC memory strengthening previously reported to involve Zif268 expression in the hippocampus was spared in Zif268+/− mice. Finally, blocking ERK1/2 activity prior to CFC retrieval prevented the deficit of reconsolidation observed in Zif268+/− mice. Collectively, these results highlight a tight relationship between Zif268 gene expression dosage and CFC memory processing. They also suggest that ERK1/2 activity upon CFC memory recall is necessary for its retrieval, a prerequisite for its reactivation and subsequent reconsolidation.
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Besnard A, Caboche J, Laroche S. Reconsolidation of memory: A decade of debate. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:61-80. [PMID: 22877586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Blake M, Boccia M, Krawczyk M, Delorenzi A, Baratti C. Choline reverses scopolamine-induced memory impairment by improving memory reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98:112-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Alberini CM. The role of reconsolidation and the dynamic process of long-term memory formation and storage. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:12. [PMID: 21436877 PMCID: PMC3056265 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the processes of memory formation and storage are exquisitely dynamic. Elucidating the nature and temporal evolution of the biological changes that accompany encoding, storage, and retrieval is key to understand memory formation. For explicit or medial temporal lobe-dependent memories that form after a discrete event and are stored for a long time, the physical changes underlying the encoding and processing of the information (memory trace or engram) remain in a fragile state for some time. However, over time, the new memory becomes increasingly resistant to disruption until it is consolidated. Retrieval or reactivation of an apparently consolidated memory can render the memory labile again, and reconsolidation is the process that occurs to mediate its restabilization. Reconsolidation also evolves with the age of the memory: Young memories are sensitive to post-reactivation disruption, but older memories are more resistant. Why does a memory become labile again if it is retrieved or reactivated? Here I suggest that the main function of reconsolidation is to contribute to the lingering consolidation process and mediate memory strengthening. I also discuss the literature and results regarding the influence of the passage of time on the reconsolidation of memory. These points have important implications for the use of reconsolidation in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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30
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Boccia MM, Blake MG, Krawczyk MC, Baratti CM. Sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, enhances memory reconsolidation of an inhibitory avoidance task in mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:319-24. [PMID: 21333692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular levels of the second messengers cAMP and cGMP are maintained through a balance between production, carried out by adenyl cyclase (AC) and guanylyl cyclase (GC), and degradation, carried out by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Recently, PDEs have gained increased attention as potential new targets for cognition enhancement, with particular reference to phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5A). It is accepted that once consolidation is completed memory becomes permanent, but it has also been suggested that reactivation (memory retrieval) of the original memory makes it sensitive to the same treatments that affect memory consolidation when given after training. This new period of sensitivity coined the term reconsolidation. Sildenafil (1, 3, and 10mg/kg, ip), a cGMP-PDE5 inhibitor, facilitated retention performance of a one-trial step-through inhibitory avoidance task, when administered to CF-1 male mice immediately after retrieval. The effects of sildenafil (1mg/kg, ip) were time-dependent, long-lasting and inversely correlated with memory age. The administration of sildenafil (1mg/kg, ip) 30 min prior to the 2nd retention test did not affect retention of mice given post-retrieval injections of either vehicle or sildenafil (1mg/kg, ip). Finally, an enhancement of retention was also observed in CF-1 female mice receiving sildenafil (1mg/kg, ip) immediately, but not 180 min after retrieval. In the present paper we reported for the first time that systemic administration of sildenafil after memory reactivation enhances retention performance of the original learning. Our results indirectly point out cGMP, a component of the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway, as a necessary factor for memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Boccia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Boccia M, Blake M, Krawczyk M, Baratti C. Hippocampal alpha7 nicotinic receptors modulate memory reconsolidation of an inhibitory avoidance task in mice. Neuroscience 2010; 171:531-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
The nonreinforced expression of long-tem memory may lead to two opposite protein synthesis-dependent processes: extinction and reconsolidation. Extinction weakens consolidated memories, whereas reconsolidation allows incorporation of additional information into them. Knowledge about these two processes has accumulated in recent years, but their possible interaction has not been evaluated yet. Here, we report that inhibition of protein synthesis in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus after retrieval of fear extinction impedes subsequent reactivation of the extinction memory trace without affecting its storage or that of the initial fear memory. Our results suggest that extinction memory is susceptible to a retrieval-induced process similar to reconsolidation in the hippocampus.
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Winters BD, Tucci MC, DaCosta-Furtado M. Older and stronger object memories are selectively destabilized by reactivation in the presence of new information. Learn Mem 2009; 16:545-53. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.1509909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baratti CM, Boccia MM, Blake MG. Pharmacological effects and behavioral interventions on memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:148-54. [PMID: 19274341 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we will review some behavioral, pharmacological and neurochemical studies from our laboratory on mice, which might contribute to our understanding of the complex processes of memory consolidation and reconsolidation. We discuss the post-training (memory consolidation) and post-reactivation (memory reconsolidation) effects of icv infusions of hemicholinium, a central inhibitor of acetylcholine synthesis, of intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME, a non-specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, of intrahippocampal injections of an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and the exposure of mice to a new learning situation on retention performance of an inhibitory avoidance response. All treatments impair long-term memory consolidation and retrieval-induced memory processes different from extinction, probably in accordance with the 'reconsolidation hypothesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Baratti
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
The predominant view about memory formation states that a consolidation process stabilizes newly acquired traces until they are safely stored in the brain. However, during the last ten years evidence has accumulated to indicate that, upon retrieval, consolidated memories are rendered again vulnerable to the action of metabolic blockers, notably protein synthesis inhibitors. This has led to the hypothesis that memories are reconsolidated at the time of retrieval, and that this requires protein synthesis in different brain regions. Here we will address the consolidation-reconsolidation debate and discuss some controversial issues about the reconsolidation hypothesis, in particular the biological role of this process.
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36
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Taubenfeld SM, Riceberg JS, New AS, Alberini CM. Preclinical assessment for selectively disrupting a traumatic memory via postretrieval inhibition of glucocorticoid receptors. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:249-57. [PMID: 18708183 PMCID: PMC2668168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic experiences may lead to debilitating psychiatric disorders including acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current treatments for these conditions are largely ineffective, and novel therapies are needed. A cardinal symptom of these pathologies is the reexperiencing of the trauma through intrusive memories and nightmares. Studies in animal models indicate that memories can be weakened by interfering with the postretrieval restabilization process known as memory reconsolidation. We previously reported that, in rats, intraamygdala injection of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 disrupts the reconsolidation of a traumatic memory. Here we tested parameters important for designing novel clinical protocols targeting the reconsolidation of a traumatic memory with RU38486. METHODS Using rat inhibitory avoidance, we tested the efficacy of postretrieval systemic administration of RU38486 on subsequent memory retention and evaluated several key preclinical parameters. RESULTS Systemic administration of RU38486 before or after retrieval persistently weakens inhibitory avoidance memory retention in a dose-dependent manner, and memory does not reemerge following a footshock reminder. The efficacy of treatment is a function of the intensity of the initial trauma, and intense traumatic memories can be disrupted by changing the time and number of interventions. Furthermore, one or two treatments are sufficient to disrupt the memory maximally. The treatment selectively targets the reactivated memory without interfering with the retention of another nonreactivated memory. CONCLUSIONS RU38486 is a potential novel treatment for psychiatric disorders linked to traumatic memories. Our data provide the parameters for designing promising clinical trials for the treatment of flashback-type symptoms of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Taubenfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Justin S. Riceberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Antonia S. New
- Department Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Cristina M. Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029,Department Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029,Correspondence should be addressed to: Cristina M. Alberini, Department of Neuroscience, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, , Phone: 212-659-5967, Fax: 212-996-9785
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Bustos SG, Maldonado H, Molina VA. Disruptive effect of midazolam on fear memory reconsolidation: decisive influence of reactivation time span and memory age. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:446-57. [PMID: 18509330 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepine (BDZ) administered shortly after retrieval disrupts the reconsolidation of fear memory. In this research, we explored the way in which different factors that limit the emergence of such process may affect BDZ's disruptive effect on fear memory reconsolidation. Animals were conditioned in a contextual fear paradigm; the consolidated memory was reactivated by exposure to the associated context for different periods of time that were followed by midazolam (MDZ) administration. We also studied MDZ amnesic effect after reactivating fear memories of several ages. We finally analyzed the effectiveness of different MDZ doses in preventing the reconsolidation of different age fear memories. The memory trace was disrupted following MDZ when the reactivation session lasted 3-5 min but it was not after a briefer 1-min reactivation period. Over a 10-min reactivation session, all animals gradually reduced their fear response, which indicates the emergence of the extinction process. When tested, MDZ rats exhibited a robust fear, suggesting that MDZ impaired the consolidation of extinction. In a 3-min reactivation session, MDZ (1-1.5 mg/kg) prevented the reconsolidation of recently acquired memories. A 21-day-old fear memory was only vulnerable to MDZ at a 1.5 mg/kg dose with a reactivation session of 5 and not 3 min, whereas a 36-day-old memory was only disrupted with a higher MDZ dose (3 mg/kg) regardless of the reactivation trial's duration. This study demonstrated MDZ's interference on fear-memory reconsolidation within a relatively short reactivation period in recently acquired memories. Over longer reexposure, MDZ disrupts the consolidation of extinction. A longer duration of the reexposure session, as well as higher MDZ doses, is required to prevent the reconsolidation process of remote fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Bustos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba, Argentina
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Amaral OB, Osan R, Roesler R, Tort ABL. A synaptic reinforcement-based model for transient amnesia following disruptions of memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Hippocampus 2008; 18:584-601. [PMID: 18306305 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The observation of memory recovery following post-training amnestic interventions has historically caused controversy over the meaning of this finding, leading some authors to question the paradigm of a consolidation period for memories. Similarly, recent demonstrations of transient amnesia caused by interventions following memory reactivation have been used to question the existence of a retrieval-driven reconsolidation process. The present work aims to approach the phenomenon of transient amnesia following disruptions of consolidation and reconsolidation, discussing how memory recovery might be explained within a framework of systems consolidation, persistent synaptic reinforcement, and multiple memory traces. With these concepts in mind, we propose that long-term consolidation processes can underlie recovery from amnesia, demonstrating the feasibility of such a hypothesis in a two-structure computational model of learning in which consolidation is dependent upon synaptic reentry reinforcement. On the basis of this, we suggest that prolonged consolidation can account for experimental findings of transient amnesia, in a way that explains differences between disruptions of consolidation and reconsolidation without the need to dwell into the discussion between storage- and retrieval-based explanations for memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavo B Amaral
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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de Oliveira Alvares L, Pasqualini Genro B, Diehl F, Molina V, Quillfeldt J. Opposite action of hippocampal CB1 receptors in memory reconsolidation and extinction. Neuroscience 2008; 154:1648-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The molecular cascades of long-term potentiation underlie memory consolidation of one-trial avoidance in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the basolateral amygdala or the neocortex. Neurotox Res 2008; 14:273-94. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Baratti CM, Boccia MM, Blake MG, Acosta GB. Reactivated memory of an inhibitory avoidance response in mice is sensitive to a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 89:426-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Activation of hippocampal nuclear factor-kappa B by retrieval is required for memory reconsolidation. J Neurosci 2007; 27:13436-45. [PMID: 18057202 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4430-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially, memory is labile and requires consolidation to become stable. However, several studies support that consolidated memories can undergo a new period of lability after retrieval. The mechanistic differences of this process, termed reconsolidation, with the consolidation process are under debate, including the participation of hippocampus. Up to this point, few reports describe molecular changes and, in particular, transcription factor (TF) involvement in memory restabilization. Increasing evidence supports the participation of the TF nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in memory consolidation. Here, we demonstrate that the inhibition of NF-kappaB after memory reactivation impairs retention of a hippocampal-dependent inhibitory avoidance task in mice. We used two independent disruptive strategies to reach this conclusion. First, we administered intracerebroventricular or intrahippocampal sulfasalazine, an inhibitor of IKK (IkappaB kinase), the kinase that activates NF-kappaB. Second, we infused intracerebroventricular or intrahippocampal kappaB decoy, a direct inhibitor of NF-kappaB consisting of a double-stranded DNA oligonucleotide that contains the kappaB consensus sequence. When injected immediately after memory retrieval, sulfasalazine or kappaB decoy (Decoy) impaired long-term retention. In contrast, a one base mutated kappaB decoy (mDecoy) had no effect. Furthermore, we also found NF-kappaB activation in the hippocampus, with a peak 15 min after memory retrieval. This activation was earlier than that found during consolidation. Together, these results indicate that NF-kappaB is an important transcriptional regulator in memory consolidation and reconsolidation in hippocampus, although the temporal kinetics of activation differs between the two processes.
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Myskiw JC, Rossato JI, Bevilaqua LRM, Medina JH, Izquierdo I, Cammarota M. On the participation of mTOR in recognition memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 89:338-51. [PMID: 18039584 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that activation of the neuronal protein synthesis machinery is required in areas of the brain relevant to memory for consolidation and persistence of the mnemonic trace. Here, we report that inhibition of hippocampal mTOR, a protein kinase involved in the initiation of mRNA translation, immediately or 180min but not 540min after training impairs consolidation of long-term object recognition memory without affecting short-term memory retention or exploratory behavior. When infused into dorsal CA1 after long-term memory reactivation in the presence of familiar objects the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAP) did not affect retention. However, when given immediately after exposing animals to a novel and a familiar object, RAP impaired memory for both of them. The amnesic effect of the post-retrieval administration of RAP was long-lasting, did not happen after exposure to two novel objects or following exploration of the training arena in the absence of other stimuli, suggesting that it was contingent with reactivation of the consolidated trace in the presence of a behaviorally relevant and novel cue. Our results indicate that mTOR activity is required in the dorsal hippocampus for consolidation of object recognition memory and suggest that inhibition of this kinase after memory retrieval in the presence of a particular set of cues hinders persistence of the original recognition memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jociane C Myskiw
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
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Milekic MH, Pollonini G, Alberini CM. Temporal requirement of C/EBPbeta in the amygdala following reactivation but not acquisition of inhibitory avoidance. Learn Mem 2007; 14:504-11. [PMID: 17644752 PMCID: PMC1934346 DOI: 10.1101/lm.598307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following learning, a memory is fragile and undergoes a protein synthesis-dependent consolidation process in order to become stable. Established memories can again become transiently sensitive to disruption if reactivated and require another protein synthesis-dependent process, known as reconsolidation, in order to persist. Here, we show that, in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), protein synthesis is necessary for both consolidation and reconsolidation of inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory, while the expression of the transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) is essential only for the reconsolidation process. Moreover, the critical roles of both protein synthesis and C/EBPbeta following IA reactivation are temporally restricted, as they are necessary only for recent but not old IA memories. These results, together with previous findings showing that in the hippocampus both protein synthesis and C/EBPbeta expression are required for consolidation but not reconsolidation of IA indicate that the stabilization process that takes place either after training or memory retrieval engages distinct neural circuits. Within these circuits, the C/EBPbeta-dependent molecular pathway appears to be differentially recruited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H. Milekic
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Gabriella Pollonini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Cristina M. Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (212) 849-2611
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Bonini JS, Da Silva WC, Bevilaqua LRM, Medina JH, Izquierdo I, Cammarota M. On the participation of hippocampal PKC in acquisition, consolidation and reconsolidation of spatial memory. Neuroscience 2007; 147:37-45. [PMID: 17499932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Memory consolidation involves a sequence of temporally defined and highly regulated changes in the activation state of several signaling pathways that leads to the lasting storage of an initially labile trace. Despite appearances, consolidation does not make memories permanent. It is now known that upon retrieval well-consolidated memories can become again vulnerable to the action of amnesic agents and in order to persist must undergo a protein synthesis-dependent process named reconsolidation. Experiments with genetically modified animals suggest that some PKC isoforms are important for spatial memory and earlier studies indicate that several PKC substrates are activated following spatial learning. Nevertheless, none of the reports published so far analyzed pharmacologically the role played by PKC during spatial memory processing. Using the conventional PKC and PKCmu inhibitor 12-(2-cyanoethyl)-6,7,12,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-5H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrollo[3,4-c]carbazole (Gö6976) we found that the activity of these kinases is required in the CA1 region of the rat dorsal hippocampus for acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory in the Morris water maze learning task. Our results also show that when infused into dorsal CA1 after non-reinforced retrieval, Gö6976 produces a long-lasting amnesia that is independent of the strength of the memory trace, suggesting that post-retrieval activation of hippocampal PKC is essential for persistence of spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bonini
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
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46
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47
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Rossato JI, Bevilaqua LR, Myskiw JC, Medina JH, Izquierdo I, Cammarota M. On the role of hippocampal protein synthesis in the consolidation and reconsolidation of object recognition memory. Learn Mem 2007; 14:36-46. [PMID: 17272651 PMCID: PMC1838544 DOI: 10.1101/lm.422607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Upon retrieval, consolidated memories are again rendered vulnerable to the action of metabolic blockers, notably protein synthesis inhibitors. This has led to the hypothesis that memories are reconsolidated at the time of retrieval, and that this depends on protein synthesis. Ample evidence indicates that the hippocampus plays a key role both in the consolidation and reconsolidation of different memories. Despite this fact, at present there are no studies about the consequences of hippocampal protein synthesis inhibition in the storage and post-retrieval persistence of object recognition memory. Here we report that infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin in the dorsal CA1 region immediately or 180 min but not 360 min after training impairs consolidation of long-term object recognition memory without affecting short-term memory, exploratory behavior, anxiety state, or hippocampal functionality. When given into CA1 after memory reactivation in the presence of familiar objects, ANI did not affect further retention. However, when administered into CA1 immediately after exposing animals to a novel and a familiar object, ANI impaired memory of both of them. The amnesic effect of ANI was long-lasting, did not happen after exposure to two novel objects, following exploration of the context alone, or in the absence of specific stimuli, suggesting that it was not reversible but was contingent on the reactivation of the consolidated trace in the presence of a salient, behaviorally relevant novel cue. Our results indicate that hippocampal protein synthesis is required during a limited post-training time window for consolidation of object recognition memory and show that the hippocampus is engaged during reconsolidation of this type of memory, maybe accruing new information into the original trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine I. Rossato
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brasil and Laboratorio de Neuroreceptores, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. Dr. Eduardo de Robertis,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 3° Piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CP 1121, Argentina
| | - Lia R.M. Bevilaqua
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brasil and Laboratorio de Neuroreceptores, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. Dr. Eduardo de Robertis,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 3° Piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CP 1121, Argentina
| | - Jociane C. Myskiw
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brasil and Laboratorio de Neuroreceptores, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. Dr. Eduardo de Robertis,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 3° Piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CP 1121, Argentina
| | - Jorge H. Medina
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brasil and Laboratorio de Neuroreceptores, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. Dr. Eduardo de Robertis,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 3° Piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CP 1121, Argentina
| | - Iván Izquierdo
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brasil and Laboratorio de Neuroreceptores, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. Dr. Eduardo de Robertis,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 3° Piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CP 1121, Argentina
| | - Martín Cammarota
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brasil and Laboratorio de Neuroreceptores, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. Dr. Eduardo de Robertis,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 3° Piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CP 1121, Argentina
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Da Silva WC, Bonini JS, Bevilaqua LRM, Medina JH, Izquierdo I, Cammarota M. Inhibition of mRNA synthesis in the hippocampus impairs consolidation and reconsolidation of spatial memory. Hippocampus 2007; 18:29-39. [PMID: 17853412 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using two different mRNA synthesis inhibitors, we show that blockade of hippocampal gene expression during restricted posttraining or postretrieval time windows hinders retention of long-term spatial memory for the Morris water maze task, without affecting short-term memory, nonspatial learning, or the functionality of the hippocampus. Our results indicate that spatial memory consolidation induces the activation of the hippocampal transcriptional machinery and suggest the existence of a gene expression-dependent reconsolidation process that operates in the dorsal hippocampus at the moment of retrieval to stabilize the reactivated mnemonic trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weber C Da Silva
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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