1
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Woźniak AP, Moszyński R. Modeling of High-Harmonic Generation in the C 60 Fullerene Using Ab Initio, DFT-Based, and Semiempirical Methods. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2683-2702. [PMID: 38534023 PMCID: PMC11017253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
We report calculations of the high-harmonic generation spectra of the C60 fullerene molecule carried out by employing a diverse set of real-time time-dependent quantum chemical methods. All methodologies involve expanding the propagated electronic wave function in bases consisting of the ground and singly excited time-independent eigenstates obtained through the solution of the corresponding linear-response equations. We identify the correlation and exchange effect in the spectra by comparing the results from methods relying on the Hartree-Fock reference determinant with those obtained using approaches based on the density functional theory with different exchange-correlation functionals. The effect of the full random-phase approximation treatment of the excited electronic states is also analyzed and compared with the configuration interaction singles and the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. We also showcase the fact that the real-time extension of the semiempirical method INDO/S can be effectively applied for an approximate description of laser-driven dynamics in large systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Moszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University
of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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2
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Vimal M, Luttmann M, Gadeyne T, Guer M, Cazali R, Bresteau D, Lepetit F, Tcherbakoff O, Hergott JF, Auguste T, Ruchon T. Photon Pathways and the Nonperturbative Scaling Law of High Harmonic Generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:203402. [PMID: 38039449 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.203402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
High harmonic generation (HHG) has become a core pillar of attosecond science. Traditionally described with field-based models, HHG can also be viewed in a parametric picture, which predicts all properties of the emitted photons, but not the nonperturbative efficiency of the process. Driving HHG with two noncollinear beams and deriving analytically the corresponding yield scaling laws for any intensity ratio, we herein reconcile the two interpretations, introducing a generalized photonic description of HHG. It is in full agreement with field-based simulations and experimental data, opening the route to smart engineering of HHG with multiple driving beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekha Vimal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin Luttmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Titouan Gadeyne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Guer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Romain Cazali
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Bresteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabien Lepetit
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Thierry Auguste
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thierry Ruchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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3
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Fu TT, Guo FM, Zhou SS, Qiao Y, Wang XY, Chen JG, Wang J, Yang YJ. Circularly polarized attosecond light generation from OCS molecules irradiated by the combination of linear polarized infrared and orthogonal terahertz fields. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:164312. [PMID: 37902609 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Researching ultrafast dynamics and creating coherent light sources will both benefit significantly from the establishment of polarization control in high-order harmonic generation (HHG). By employing the time-dependent density functional theory method, we investigate HHG of carbonyl sulfide molecules using a combination of a linear polarized infrared (IR) laser and a weaker orthogonal Terahertz (THz) field. Our findings show that by adjusting the amplitude of the THz field, the movement scale of electrons in the THz direction can be tuned, thereby one can control the harmonic intensity in the IR laser direction. This method allows for the creation of near-circularly polarized attosecond pulses. Furthermore, the ellipticity of the attosecond pulse may be changed by modifying the carrier-envelope phase of the IR laser pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Fu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fu-Ming Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shu-Shan Zhou
- School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Yue Qiao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ji-Gen Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cutting Tools, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, 318000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu-Jun Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China
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4
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Appi E, Weissenbilder R, Nagyillés B, Diveki Z, Peschel J, Farkas B, Plach M, Vismarra F, Poulain V, Weber N, Arnold CL, Varjú K, Kahaly S, Eng-Johnsson P, L'Huillier A. Two phase-matching regimes in high-order harmonic generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:31687-31697. [PMID: 37858988 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
High-order harmonic generation (HHG) provides scalable sources of coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation with pulse duration down to the attosecond time scale. Efficient HHG requires the constructive interplay between microscopic and macroscopic effects in the generation volume, which can be achieved over a large range of experimental parameters from the driving field properties to those of the generating medium. Here, we present a systematic study of the harmonic yield as a function of gas pressure and medium length. Two regimes for optimum yield are identified, supporting the predictions of a recently proposed analytical model. Our observations are independent on the focusing geometry and, to a large extent, on the pulse duration and laser intensity, providing a versatile approach to HHG optimization.
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5
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Theoretical Simulation of the High–Order Harmonic Generated from Neon Atom Irradiated by the Intense Laser Pulse. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the strong field approximation theory and numerical solution of Maxwell’s propagation equations, the high–order harmonic is generated from a neon (Ne) atom irradiated by a high–intensity laser pulse whose central wavelength is 800 nm. In the harmonic spectrum, it is found that in addition to the odd harmonics of the driving laser, a new frequency peak appeared. By examining the time–dependent behavior of the driving laser, it is found that the symmetry of the laser field is broken. We demonstrated that these new spectrum peaks are caused by the intensity reduction and frequency blue shift of the high–intensity laser during propagation. Our results reveal that it is feasible to modulate the harmonics of the specific energy to produce high–intensity harmonic emission by changing the gas density and the position of the gas medium interacting with the laser pulse.
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6
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Guo Q, Dendzik M, Berntsen MH, Grubišić-Čabo A, Li C, Chen W, Wang Y, Tjernberg O. Efficient low-density grating setup for monochromatization of XUV ultrafast light sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8914-8926. [PMID: 36859996 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast light sources have become an indispensable tool to access and understand transient phenomenon in material science. However, a simple and easy-to-implement method for harmonic selection, with high transmission efficiency and pulse duration conservation, is still a challenge. Here we showcase and compare two approaches for selecting the desired harmonic from a high harmonic generation source while achieving the above goals. The first approach is the combination of extreme ultraviolet spherical mirrors with transmission filters and the second approach uses a normal-incidence spherical grating. Both solutions target time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with photon energies in the 10-20 eV range but are relevant for other experimental techniques as well. The two approaches for harmonic selection are characterized in terms of focusing quality, photon flux, and temporal broadening. It is demonstrated that a focusing grating is able to provide much higher transmission as compared to the mirror+filter approach (3.3 times higher for 10.8 eV and 12.9 times higher for 18.1 eV), with only a slight temporal broadening (6.8% increase) and a somewhat larger spot size (∼30% increase). Overall, our study establishes an experimental perspective on the trade-off between a single grating normal incidence monochromator design and the use of filters. As such, it provides a basis for selecting the most appropriate approach in various fields where an easy-to-implement harmonic selection from high harmonic generation is needed.
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7
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Camper A, Ferré A, Blanchet V, Descamps D, Lin N, Petit S, Lucchese R, Salières P, Ruchon T, Mairesse Y. Quantum-Path-Resolved Attosecond High-Harmonic Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:083201. [PMID: 36898107 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.083201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Strong-field ionization of molecules releases electrons which can be accelerated and driven back to recombine with their parent ion, emitting high-order harmonics. This ionization also initiates attosecond electronic and vibrational dynamics in the ion, evolving during the electron travel in the continuum. Revealing this subcycle dynamics from the emitted radiation usually requires advanced theoretical modeling. We show that this can be avoided by resolving the emission from two families of electronic quantum paths in the generation process. The corresponding electrons have the same kinetic energy, and thus the same structural sensitivity, but differ by the travel time between ionization and recombination-the pump-probe delay in this attosecond self-probing scheme. We measure the harmonic amplitude and phase in aligned CO_{2} and N_{2} molecules and observe a strong influence of laser-induced dynamics on two characteristic spectroscopic features: a shape resonance and multichannel interference. This quantum-path-resolved spectroscopy thus opens wide prospects for the investigation of ultrafast ionic dynamics, such as charge migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Camper
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem Sælandsvei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amélie Ferré
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LP3, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Nan Lin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - Stéphane Petit
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, UMR5107 Talence, France
| | - Robert Lucchese
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Pascal Salières
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thierry Ruchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yann Mairesse
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, UMR5107 Talence, France
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8
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Fu Z, Chen Y, Peng S, Zhu B, Li B, Martín-Hernández R, Fan G, Wang Y, Hernández-García C, Jin C, Murnane M, Kapteyn H, Tao Z. Extension of the bright high-harmonic photon energy range via nonadiabatic critical phase matching. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd7482. [PMID: 36563146 PMCID: PMC9788764 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add7482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The concept of critical ionization fraction has been essential for high-harmonic generation, because it dictates the maximum driving laser intensity while preserving the phase matching of harmonics. In this work, we reveal a second, nonadiabatic critical ionization fraction, which substantially extends the phase-matched harmonic energy, arising because of the strong reshaping of the intense laser field in a gas plasma. We validate this understanding through a systematic comparison between experiment and theory for a wide range of laser conditions. In particular, the properties of the high-harmonic spectrum versus the laser intensity undergoes three distinctive scenarios: (i) coincidence with the single-atom cutoff, (ii) strong spectral extension, and (iii) spectral energy saturation. We present an analytical model that predicts the spectral extension and reveals the increasing importance of the nonadiabatic effects for mid-infrared lasers. These findings are important for the development of high-brightness soft x-ray sources for applications in spectroscopy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yudong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sainan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bingbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baochang Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Rodrigo Martín-Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Salamanca, E- 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Guangyu Fan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, Universität Hamburg, 149 Luruper Chaussee, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Salamanca, E- 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cheng Jin
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Margaret Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Henry Kapteyn
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhensheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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9
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Mandal A, Rost JM, Pfeifer T, Singh KP. Widely tunable XUV harmonics using double IR pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:45020-45030. [PMID: 36522913 DOI: 10.1364/oe.472385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tunable attosecond pulses are necessary for various attosecond resolved spectroscopic applications, which can potentially be obtained through the tuning of high harmonic generation. Here we show theoretically, using the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and strong field approximation, a continuously tunable spectral shift of high-order harmonics by exploiting the interaction of two delayed identical infrared (IR) pulses within the single-atom response. The tuning spans more than twice the driving frequency (∼2ω) range, for several near-cutoff harmonics, with respect to only one control parameter: the change in delay between the two IR pulses. We show that two distinct mechanisms contribute to the spectral shift of the harmonic spectra. The dominant part of the spectral shift of the harmonics is due to the modulation of the central frequency of the composite IR-IR pulse with respect to delay. The second contribution comes from the non-adiabatic phase-shift of the recolliding electron wavepacket due to the change in amplitude of the subcycle electric field within the double pulse envelope. For optical few-cycle pulses this scheme can produce tunable attosecond pulse trains (APT), and in the single-cycle regime the same can be used for tuning isolated attosecond pulses (IAP). We quantify the dependence of tuning range and tuning rate on the laser pulse duration. We envision that the proposed scheme can be easily implemented with compact in-line setups for generating frequency tunable APT/IAP.
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10
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Spectral and Divergence Characteristics of Plateau High-Order Harmonics Generated by Femtosecond Chirped Laser Pulses in a Semi-Infinite Gas Cell. ATOMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms10020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of high-order harmonics in a semi-infinite cell by femtosecond laser pulses is a common practice for reliable coherent and low divergence XUV source beams for applications. Despite the relative simplicity of the experimental method, several phenomena coexist that affect the generated spectral and divergence characteristics of the high harmonic XUV frequency comb. The ionisation degree of the medium and the consequent plasma formation length imposes a spatiotemporal evolution of the fundamental EM field and XUV absorption. Varying the laser pulse chirp and the focusing conditions, as well as the gas density, we measured intense harmonic spectral and divergence variations attributed mainly to self-phase modulations of the laser EM field in the partially ionised medium. Additionally, low-divergence high harmonics are observed for certain laser chirp values attributed to the strong phase matching of only the short electron quantum path. Thus, a tunable, low divergent, and coherent XUV source can be realised for spatiotemporal imaging applications in the nanoscale.
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11
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Autuori A, Platzer D, Lejman M, Gallician G, Maëder L, Covolo A, Bosse L, Dalui M, Bresteau D, Hergott JF, Tcherbakoff O, Marroux HJB, Loriot V, Lépine F, Poisson L, Taïeb R, Caillat J, Salières P. Anisotropic dynamics of two-photon ionization: An attosecond movie of photoemission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl7594. [PMID: 35319974 PMCID: PMC8942362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imaging in real time the complete dynamics of a process as fundamental as photoemission has long been out of reach because of the difficulty of combining attosecond temporal resolution with fine spectral and angular resolutions. Here, we achieve full decoding of the intricate angle-dependent dynamics of a photoemission process in helium, spectrally and anisotropically structured by two-photon transitions through intermediate bound states. Using spectrally and angularly resolved attosecond electron interferometry, we characterize the complex-valued transition probability amplitude toward the photoelectron quantum state. This allows reconstructing in space, time, and energy the complete formation of the photoionized wave packet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Autuori
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dominique Platzer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mariusz Lejman
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Lucie Maëder
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Covolo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lea Bosse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Malay Dalui
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Bresteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Loriot
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck Lépine
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lionel Poisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay,91405 Orsay, France
| | - Richard Taïeb
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Caillat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Salières
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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12
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Guo Q, Dendzik M, Grubišić-Čabo A, Berntsen MH, Li C, Chen W, Matta B, Starke U, Hessmo B, Weissenrieder J, Tjernberg O. A narrow bandwidth extreme ultra-violet light source for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2022; 9:024304. [PMID: 35540107 PMCID: PMC9054270 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a high repetition rate, narrow bandwidth, extreme ultraviolet photon source for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The narrow bandwidth pulses Δ E = 9 , 14 , and 18 meV for photon energies h ν = 10.8 , 18.1 , and 25.3 eV are generated through high harmonic generation using ultra-violet drive pulses with relatively long pulse lengths (461 fs). The high harmonic generation setup employs an annular drive beam in tight focusing geometry at a repetition rate of 250 kHz. Photon energy selection is provided by a series of selectable multilayer bandpass mirrors and thin film filters, thus avoiding any time broadening introduced by single grating monochromators. A two stage optical-parametric amplifier provides < 100 fs tunable pump pulses from 0.65 μm to 9 μm. The narrow bandwidth performance of the light source is demonstrated through angle-resolved photoemission measurements on a series of quantum materials, including high-temperature superconductor Bi-2212, WSe2, and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinda Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maciej Dendzik
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonija Grubišić-Čabo
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus H. Berntsen
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wanyu Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bharti Matta
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Starke
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Björn Hessmo
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Tjernberg
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Electron quantum path control in high harmonic generation via chirp variation of strong laser pulses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23882. [PMID: 34903823 PMCID: PMC8668923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum phases of the electron paths driven by an ultrafast laser in high harmonic generation in an atomic gas depends linearly on the instantaneous cycle-averaged laser intensity. Using high laser intensities, a complete single ionisation of the atomic gas may occur before the laser pulse peak. Therefore, high harmonic generation could be localised only in a temporal window at the leading edge of laser pulse envelope. Varying the laser frequency chirp of an intense ultrafast laser pulse, the centre, and the width of the temporal window, that the high harmonic generation phenomenon occurs, could be controlled with high accuracy. This way, both the duration and the phase of the electron trajectories, that generate efficiently high harmonics, is fully controlled. A method of spectral control and selection of the high harmonic extreme ultraviolet light from distinct quantum paths is experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, a phenomenological numerical model enlightens the physical processes that take place. This novel approach of the electron quantum path selection via laser chirp is a simple and versatile way of controlling the time-spectral characteristics of the coherent extreme ultraviolet light with applications in the fields of attosecond pulses and soft x-ray nano-imaging.
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14
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Li PC, Liu HC, Jooya HZ, Belmiro Chu CT, Chu SI. Resolving the quantum dynamics of near cut-off high-order harmonic generation in atoms by Bohmian trajectories. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:7134-7144. [PMID: 33726220 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an ab initio study of the quantum dynamics of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) near the cutoff in intense laser fields. To uncover the subtle dynamical origin of the HHG near the cutoff, we extend the Bohmian mechanics (BM) approach for the treatment of attosecond electronic dynamics of H and Ar atoms in strong laser fields. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the self-interaction-free time-dependent density functional theory are numerically solved accurately and efficiently by means of the time-dependent generalized pseudospectral method for nonuniform spatial discretization of the Hamiltonian. We find that the most devoting trajectories calculated by the BM to the plateau harmonics are shorter traveling trajectories, but the contributions of the short trajectories near the cutoff are suppressed in HHG. As a result, the yields of those harmonics in the region near the cutoff are relatively weak. However, for the last few harmonics just above the cutoff, the HHG intensity becomes a little higher. This is because the HHG just above the cutoff arises from those electrons ionized near the peak of the laser pulse, where the ionization rate is the highest. In addition, the longer Bohmian trajectories return to the core with lower energies, these trajectories contribute to the below-threshold harmonics. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the generation of supercontinuum harmonic spectra and attosecond pulses via near cutoff HHG.
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15
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Bittner DM, Gope K, Strasser D. Time-resolved dissociative ionization and double photoionization of CO 2. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:194201. [PMID: 33218224 DOI: 10.1063/5.0028812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 single-photon double photoionization, Coulomb explosion, and dissociative ionization are studied with ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pump and time-delayed near-infrared probe pulses. Kinetic energy release and momentum correlations for the two-body CO+ + O+ and three-body O+ + C+ + O fragmentation products are determined by 3D coincidence fragment imaging. The transient enhancement of the ratio of two-body vs three-body Coulomb explosion events and the time dependence of low and high kinetic energy release dissociation events are discussed in terms of dissociative ionization and Coulomb explosion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror M Bittner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Krishnendu Gope
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Daniel Strasser
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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16
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Makos I, Orfanos I, Nayak A, Peschel J, Major B, Liontos I, Skantzakis E, Papadakis N, Kalpouzos C, Dumergue M, Kühn S, Varju K, Johnsson P, L'Huillier A, Tzallas P, Charalambidis D. Α 10-gigawatt attosecond source for non-linear XUV optics and XUV-pump-XUV-probe studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3759. [PMID: 32111920 PMCID: PMC7048767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum mechanical motion of electrons and nuclei in systems spatially confined to the molecular dimensions occurs on the sub-femtosecond to the femtosecond timescales respectively. Consequently, the study of ultrafast electronic and, in specific cases, nuclear dynamics requires the availability of light pulses with attosecond (asec) duration and of sufficient intensity to induce two-photon processes, essential for probing the intrinsic system dynamics. The majority of atoms, molecules and solids absorb in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) spectral region, in which the synthesis of the required attosecond pulses is feasible. Therefore, the XUV spectral region optimally serves the study of such ultrafast phenomena. Here, we present a detailed review of the first 10-GW class XUV attosecond source based on laser driven high harmonic generation in rare gases. The pulse energy of this source largely exceeds other laser driven attosecond sources and is comparable to the pulse energy of femtosecond Free-Electron-Laser (FEL) XUV sources. The measured pulse duration in the attosecond pulse train is 650 ± 80 asec. The uniqueness of the combined high intensity and short pulse duration of the source is evidenced in non-linear XUV-optics experiments. It further advances the implementation of XUV-pump-XUV-probe experiments and enables the investigation of strong field effects in the XUV spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Makos
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I Orfanos
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - A Nayak
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Dom tér 9, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - J Peschel
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Major
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I Liontos
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - E Skantzakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - N Papadakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - C Kalpouzos
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - M Dumergue
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - S Kühn
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - K Varju
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dom tér 9, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - P Johnsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - A L'Huillier
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Tzallas
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - D Charalambidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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17
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Isinger M, Busto D, Mikaelsson S, Zhong S, Guo C, Salières P, Arnold CL, L'Huillier A, Gisselbrecht M. Accuracy and precision of the RABBIT technique. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170475. [PMID: 30929623 PMCID: PMC6452058 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the most ubiquitous techniques within attosecond science is the so-called reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions (RABBIT). Originally proposed for the characterization of attosecond pulses, it has been successfully applied to the accurate determination of time delays in photoemission. Here, we examine in detail, using numerical simulations, the effect of the spatial and temporal properties of the light fields and of the experimental procedure on the accuracy of the method. This allows us to identify the necessary conditions to achieve the best temporal precision in RABBIT measurements. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Isinger
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - D. Busto
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Mikaelsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Zhong
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - C. Guo
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - P. Salières
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. L. Arnold
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. L'Huillier
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Gisselbrecht
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Chatziathanasiou S, Kahaly S, Charalambidis D, Tzallas P, Skantzakis E. Imaging the source of high-harmonics generated in atomic gas media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:9733-9739. [PMID: 31045122 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.009733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the application of the time gated ion microscopy technique in accessing online the position of the source of harmonics generated in atomic gas media. This is achieved by mapping the spatial extreme-ultraviolet (XUV)-intensity distribution of the harmonic source onto a spatial ion distribution, produced in a separate focal volume of the generated XUV beam through single photon ionization of atoms. It is found that the position of the harmonic source depends on the relative position of the harmonic generation gas medium and the focus of the driving infrared (IR) beam. In particular, by translating the gas medium with respect to the IR beam focus different "virtual" source positions are obtained online. Access to such online source positioning allows better control and provides increased possibilities in experiments where selection of electron trajectory is important. The present study gives also access to quantitative information which is connected to the divergence, the coherence properties and the photon flux of the harmonics. Finally, it constitutes a precise direct method for providing complementary experimental info to different attosecond metrology techniques.
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19
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QnAs with Anne L’Huillier. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4767-4768. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901713116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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20
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Zhang Y, Kellner P, Adolph D, Zille D, Wustelt P, Würzler D, Skruszewicz S, Möller M, Max Sayler A, Paulus GG. Single-shot, real-time carrier-envelope phase measurement and tagging based on stereographic above-threshold ionization at short-wave infrared wavelengths. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:5150-5153. [PMID: 29240160 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.005150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-precision, single-shot, and real-time carrier-envelope phase (CEP) measurement at 1.8 μm laser wavelength based on stereographic photoelectron spectroscopy is presented. A precision of the CEP measurement of 120 mrad for each and every individual laser shot for a 1 kHz pulse train with randomly varying CEP is demonstrated. Simultaneous to the CEP measurement, the pulse lengths are characterized by evaluating the spatial asymmetry of the measured above-threshold ionization (ATI) spectra of xenon and referenced to a standard pulse-duration measurement based on frequency-resolved optical gating. The validity of the CEP measurement is confirmed by implementing phase tagging for a CEP-dependent measurement of ATI in xenon with high energy resolution.
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21
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Kettle B, Dzelzainis T, White S, Li L, Dromey B, Zepf M, Lewis CLS, Williams G, Künzel S, Fajardo M, Dacasa H, Zeitoun P, Rigby A, Gregori G, Spindloe C, Heathcote R, Riley D. Experimental measurements of the collisional absorption of XUV radiation in warm dense aluminium. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:023203. [PMID: 27627403 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.023203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The collisional (or free-free) absorption of soft x rays in warm dense aluminium remains an unsolved problem. Competing descriptions of the process exist, two of which we compare to our experimental data here. One of these is based on a weak scattering model, another uses a corrected classical approach. These two models show distinctly different behaviors with temperature. Here we describe experimental evidence for the absorption of 26-eV photons in solid density warm aluminium (T_{e}≈1 eV). Radiative x-ray heating from palladium-coated CH foils was used to create the warm dense aluminium samples and a laser-driven high-harmonic beam from an argon gas jet provided the probe. The results indicate little or no change in absorption upon heating. This behavior is in agreement with the prediction of the corrected classical approach, although there is not agreement in absolute absorption value. Verifying the correct absorption mechanism is decisive in providing a better understanding of the complex behavior of the warm dense state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kettle
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - T Dzelzainis
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - S White
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - L Li
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - B Dromey
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - M Zepf
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - C L S Lewis
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - G Williams
- Group of Lasers and Plasmas, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Künzel
- Group of Lasers and Plasmas, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Fajardo
- Group of Lasers and Plasmas, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - H Dacasa
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 Boulevard des Marchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Ph Zeitoun
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 Boulevard des Marchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - A Rigby
- Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G Gregori
- Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C Spindloe
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R Heathcote
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - D Riley
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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22
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Tsatrafyllis N, Bergues B, Schröder H, Veisz L, Skantzakis E, Gray D, Bodi B, Kuhn S, Tsakiris GD, Charalambidis D, Tzallas P. The ion microscope as a tool for quantitative measurements in the extreme ultraviolet. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21556. [PMID: 26868370 PMCID: PMC4751500 DOI: 10.1038/srep21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a tool for quantitative measurements in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral region measuring spatially resolved atomic ionization products at the focus of an EUV beam. The ionizing radiation is a comb of the 11(th)-15(th) harmonics of a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser beam produced in a Xenon gas jet. The spatial ion distribution at the focus of the harmonics is recorded using an ion microscope. Spatially resolved single- and two-photon ionization products of Argon and Helium are observed. From such ion distributions single- and two-photon generalized cross sections can be extracted by a self-calibrating method. The observation of spatially resolved two-EUV-photon ionization constitutes an initial step towards future single-shot temporal characterization of attosecond pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Tsatrafyllis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, GR71003 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
| | - B. Bergues
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H. Schröder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L. Veisz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - E. Skantzakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
| | - D. Gray
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
| | - B. Bodi
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - S. Kuhn
- ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source, ELI-Hu Kft., Dugonics ter 13, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - G. D. Tsakiris
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. Charalambidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, GR71003 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source, ELI-Hu Kft., Dugonics ter 13, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - P. Tzallas
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source, ELI-Hu Kft., Dugonics ter 13, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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23
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Goh SJ, Tao Y, van der Slot PJM, Bastiaens HJM, Herek J, Biedron SG, Danailov MB, Milton SV, Boller KJ. Single-shot fluctuations in waveguided high-harmonic generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:24888-24902. [PMID: 26406689 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.024888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For exploring the application potential of coherent soft x-ray (SXR) and extreme ultraviolet radiation (XUV) provided by high-harmonic generation, it is important to characterize the central output parameters. Of specific importance are pulse-to-pulse (shot-to-shot) fluctuations of the high-harmonic output energy, fluctuations of the direction of the emission (pointing instabilities), and fluctuations of the beam divergence and shape that reduce the spatial coherence. We present the first single-shot measurements of waveguided high-harmonic generation in a waveguided (capillary-based) geometry. Using a capillary waveguide filled with Argon gas as the nonlinear medium, we provide the first characterization of shot-to-shot fluctuations of the pulse energy, of the divergence and of the beam pointing. We record the strength of these fluctuations vs. two basic input parameters, which are the drive laser pulse energy and the gas pressure in the capillary waveguide. In correlation measurements between single-shot drive laser beam profiles and single-shot high-harmonic beam profiles we prove the absence of drive laser beam-pointing-induced fluctuations in the high-harmonic output. We attribute the main source of high-harmonic fluctuations to ionization-induced nonlinear mode mixing during propagation of the drive laser pulse inside the capillary waveguide.
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24
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Sayrac M, Kolomenskii AA, Anumula S, Boran Y, Hart NA, Kaya N, Strohaber J, Schuessler HA. Pressure optimization of high harmonic generation in a differentially pumped Ar or H₂ gas jet. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:043108. [PMID: 25933842 DOI: 10.1063/1.4917302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally studied the dependence of high harmonic generation in argon and molecular hydrogen on pressure changes in a gas jet that cause variations of the phase matching conditions and absorption. The study was performed at a peak laser intensity of ∼1.5 × 10(14) W/cm(2). To enable measurements over a wide range of pressures, we employed differential pumping with an additional cell (∼20 cm(3) volume) enclosing the gas jet. By increasing the pressure in the gas jet up to a maximum of 1.5 bars with argon or 0.5 bars with hydrogen, we observed an increase in the high harmonic (HH) yield until an optimum pressure of 0.2 bars was reached for Ar, beyond which the output began decreasing. For H2, we observed an increase of the HH output up to the maximum pressure of 0.5 bars. This pressure-dependence study allowed us to achieve a tenfold enhancement in the high harmonic yield at the optimum pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sayrac
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - A A Kolomenskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - S Anumula
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - Y Boran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - N A Hart
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - N Kaya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - J Strohaber
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - H A Schuessler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
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25
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Goh SJ, Bastiaens HJM, Vratzov B, Huang Q, Bijkerk F, Boller KJ. Fabrication and characterization of free-standing, high-line-density transmission gratings for the vacuum UV to soft X-ray range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:4421-4434. [PMID: 25836479 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.004421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present state-of-the-art high resolution transmission gratings, applicable for spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and the soft X-ray (SRX) wavelength range, fabricated with a novel process using ultraviolet based nano imprint lithography (UV-NIL). Free-standing, high-line-density gratings with up to 10,000 lines per mm and various space-to-period ratios were fabricated. An optical characterization of the gratings was carried out in the range from 17 to 34 nm wavelength using high-harmonic generation in a capillary waveguide filled with Ne, and around 13.5 nm wavelength (from 10 to 17 nm) using a Xenon discharge plasma.
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26
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Bian XB, Bandrauk AD. Probing nuclear motion by frequency modulation of molecular high-order harmonic generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:193901. [PMID: 25415907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.193901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular high-order harmonic generation (MHOHG) in a non-Born-Oppenheimer treatment of H(2)(+), D(2)(+), is investigated by numerical simulations of the corresponding time-dependent Schrödinger equations in full dimensions. As opposed to previous studies on amplitude modulation of intracycle dynamics in MHOHG, we demonstrate redshifts as frequency modulation (FM) of intercycle dynamics in MHOHG. The FM is induced by nuclear motion using intense laser pulses. Compared to fixed-nuclei approximations, the intensity of MHOHG is much higher due to the dependence of enhanced ionization on the internuclear distance. The width and symmetry of the spectrum of each harmonic in MHOHG encode rich information on the dissociation process of molecules at the rising and falling parts of the laser pulses, which can be used to retrieve the nuclear dynamics. Isotope effects are studied to confirm the FM mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - André D Bandrauk
- Laboratoire de chimie théorique, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebéc J1K 2R1, Canada
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27
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Tracing dissociation dynamics of CH3Br in the 3Q0 state with femtosecond extreme ultraviolet ionization. Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Cassou K, Daboussi S, Hort O, Guilbaud O, Descamps D, Petit S, Mével E, Constant E, Kazamias S. Enhanced high harmonic generation driven by high-intensity laser in argon gas-filled hollow core waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3770-3773. [PMID: 24978733 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that a significant enhancement of the photon flux produced by high harmonic generation can be obtained through guided configuration at high laser intensity largely above the saturation intensity. We identify two regimes. At low pressure, we observe an intense second plateau in the high harmonic spectrum in argon. At relatively high pressure, complex interplay between strongly time-dependent ionization processes and propagation effects leads to important spectral broadening without loss of spectral brightness. We show that the relevant parameter for this physical process is the product of laser peak power by gas pressure. We compare source performances with high harmonic generation using a gas jet in loose focusing geometry and conclude that the source developed is a good candidate for injection devices such as seeded soft x-ray lasers or free electron lasers in the soft x-ray range.
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29
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Peng P, Li N, Li J, Yang H, Liu P, Li R, Xu Z. Spectral modulation of high-order harmonic generation from prealigned CO2 molecules. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4872-4875. [PMID: 24322154 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally that prealigned molecules produce observable spectral redshift or blueshift on the high-order harmonic generation. We distinguish two effects of molecular alignment on the phase modulation of the harmonics; one is from the gradient of alignment degree and the other is the plasma density varied by the molecular alignment. The finding provides an insight on the spectral distribution of molecular harmonics and a method of fine-tuning the harmonic spectrum.
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30
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Spectral Shifts of Nonadiabatic High-Order Harmonic Generation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/app3010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Kolliopoulos G, Carpeggiani PA, Rompotis D, Charalambidis D, Tzallas P. A compact collinear polarization gating scheme for many cycle laser pulses. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:063102. [PMID: 22755610 DOI: 10.1063/1.4725590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of a broadband coherent continuum extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation produced by the interaction of gases with a many-cycle infrared (IR) laser field, utilizing a compact collinear many cycle-polarization gating (CMC-PG) device. The spectral width of the XUV radiation can support isolated pulses of 200 asec duration. The CMC-PG device forms a high energy content ultra-short temporal gate in a many-cycle laser pulse, within which the XUV emission is taking place. The gate width has been measured and is in agreement with the theoretical calculations. The simplicity, the compactness, the long term stability, and the high IR energy output within the gate, make the CMC-PG device an ideal tool for generating energetic isolated attosecond pulses and measure the carrier-envelope phase of a high-power many-cycle laser field.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kolliopoulos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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32
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Michelswirth M, Dachraoui H, Mattay J, Heinzmann U. Radiationless S1 → S0phenyl deactivation pathway: an investigation of iodine-marked bi-phenyl on a silicon surface by means of time resolved core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2011.640289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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33
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Schütte B, Frühling U, Wieland M, Azima A, Drescher M. Electron wave packet sampling with laser-generated extreme ultraviolet and terahertz fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:18833-18841. [PMID: 21996826 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.018833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on transferring the concept of light-field streaking with intense terahertz fields from free-electron lasers to the laboratory scale. Utilizing a commercial laser system, synchronized 300 μm terahertz and 13 nm extreme ultraviolet pulses are generated by optical rectification and high harmonic generation, respectively. The terahertz fields are sufficiently strong to support electron wave packet sampling with a few fs resolution. The capability of this approach is demonstrated by measuring the duration of electron pulses formed by direct photoemission from a neon gas target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schütte
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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34
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Heyl CM, Güdde J, Höfer U, L'Huillier A. Spectrally resolved maker fringes in high-order harmonic generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:033903. [PMID: 21838359 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.033903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate macroscopic interference effects in high-order harmonic generation using a Ti:sapphire laser operating at a 100 kHz repetition rate. The structure and behavior of spectral and spatial interference fringes are explained and analytically described by transient phase matching of the long electron trajectory contribution. Time-frequency mapping due to the temporal chirp of the harmonic emission allows us to observe Maker fringes directly in the spectral domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Heyl
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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35
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Swoboda M, Fordell T, Klünder K, Dahlström JM, Miranda M, Buth C, Schafer KJ, Mauritsson J, L'Huillier A, Gisselbrecht M. Phase measurement of resonant two-photon ionization in helium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:103003. [PMID: 20366419 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We study resonant two-color two-photon ionization of helium via the 1s3p (1)P(1) state. The first color is the 15th harmonic of a tunable Ti:sapphire laser, while the second color is the fundamental laser radiation. Our method uses phase-locked high-order harmonics to determine the phase of the two-photon process by interferometry. The measurement of the two-photon ionization phase variation as a function of detuning from the resonance and intensity of the dressing field allows us to determine the intensity dependence of the transition energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Swoboda
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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36
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Kim S, Park IY, Choi J, Kim SW. High Harmonic Generation by Plasmonic Enhancement of Femtosecond Pulse Laser. SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15054-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Loh ZH, Khalil M, Correa RE, Leone SR. A tabletop femtosecond time-resolved soft x-ray transient absorption spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:073101. [PMID: 18681685 DOI: 10.1063/1.2947737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A laser-based, tabletop instrument is constructed to perform femtosecond soft x-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Ultrashort soft x-ray pulses produced via high-order harmonic generation of the amplified output of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system are used to probe atomic core-level transient absorptions in atoms and molecules. The results provide chemically specific, time-resolved dynamics with sub-50-fs time resolution. In this setup, high-order harmonics generated in a Ne-filled capillary waveguide are refocused by a gold-coated toroidal mirror into the sample gas cell, where the soft x-ray light intersects with an optical pump pulse. The transmitted high-order harmonics are spectrally dispersed with a homebuilt soft x-ray spectrometer, which consists of a gold-coated toroidal mirror, a uniform-line spaced plane grating, and a soft x-ray charge coupled device camera. The optical layout of the instrument, design of the soft x-ray spectrometer, and spatial and temporal characterizations of the high-order harmonics are described. Examples of static and time-resolved photoabsorption spectra collected on this apparatus are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Heng Loh
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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38
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High-harmonic generation by resonant plasmon field enhancement. Nature 2008; 453:757-60. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1162] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Zaïr A, Holler M, Guandalini A, Schapper F, Biegert J, Gallmann L, Keller U, Wyatt AS, Monmayrant A, Walmsley IA, Cormier E, Auguste T, Caumes JP, Salières P. Quantum path interferences in high-order harmonic generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:143902. [PMID: 18518033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.143902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the intensity dependence of high-order harmonic generation in argon when the two shortest quantum paths contribute to the harmonic emission. For the first time to our knowledge, experimental conditions were found to clearly observe interference between these two quantum paths that are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. This result is a first step towards the direct experimental characterization of the full single-atom dipole moment and demonstrates an unprecedented accuracy of quantum path control on an attosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaïr
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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40
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Mairesse Y, Dudovich N, Levesque J, Kartashov D, Villeneuve DM, Corkum PB, Auguste T. Transient phase masks in high-harmonic generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2007; 32:436-8. [PMID: 17356678 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for controlling the spatial properties of high-harmonic beams with high efficiency. The high nonlinearity of harmonic generation allows weak control beams to induce a phase mask for the extreme UV light as it is formed. We fabricate a phase grating and demonstrate efficient diffraction in the far field. Diffractive elements formed in this way are transient. Since they are induced by the subcycle interaction of the medium with the fundamental and control fields, they can be extended to the attosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mairesse
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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41
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Dharmadhikari AK, Rajgara FA, Mathur D. Depolarization of white light generated by ultrashort laser pulses in optical media. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:2184-6. [PMID: 16794720 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of the extinction ratio (ER) of white light generated upon irradiation of BK7 glass by ultrashort (36 fs) laser pulses with incident power approximately 10(3) times larger than the critical power for self-focusing. At low incident powers, the continuum is symmetric about the incident laser wavelength; at high powers it becomes broader and distinctly asymmetric towards the blue side. We observe that ER degrades by 100-fold after the onset of multiphoton-induced free-electron generation (at incident intensity approximately 2 TW cm-2), which also corresponds to the onset of asymmetry in white-light spectra.
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42
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Gordon A, Kärtner FX, Rohringer N, Santra R. Role of many-electron dynamics in high harmonic generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:223902. [PMID: 16803307 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.223902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High harmonic generation (HHG) in many-electron atoms is studied theoretically. The breakdown of the frozen-core single active electron approximation is demonstrated, as it predicts roughly the same radiation amplitude in all noble gases. This is in contradiction with experiments, where heavier noble gases are known to emit much stronger HHG radiation than lighter ones. This experimental behavior of the noble gases can be qualitatively reproduced when many-electron dynamics, within a simple approximation, is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gordon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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43
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Gaudiosi DM, Reagan B, Popmintchev T, Grisham M, Berrill M, Cohen O, Walker BC, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Rocca JJ. High-order harmonic generation from ions in a capillary discharge. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:203001. [PMID: 16803170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.203001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a significant extension of the high-order harmonic cutoff by using a fully-ionized capillary discharge plasma as the generation medium. The preionized plasma dramatically reduces ionization-induced defocusing and energy loss of the driving laser due to ionization. This allows for significantly higher photon energies, up to 150 eV, to be generated from xenon ions, compared with the 70 eV observed previously. We also demonstrate enhancement of the harmonic flux of nearly 2 orders of magnitude at photon energies around 90 eV when the capillary discharge is used to ionize xenon, compared with harmonic generation in a hollow waveguide. The use of a plasma as a medium for high-order harmonic generation shows great promise for extending efficient harmonic generation to much shorter wavelengths using ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gaudiosi
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0440, USA
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44
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Brandi F, Giammanco F, Ubachs W. Spectral redshift in harmonic generation from plasma dynamics in the laser focus. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:123904. [PMID: 16605907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.123904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
High-precision spectral measurements on the 9th harmonic generated in xenon gas are compared with calculations of the plasma dynamics resulting from multiphoton ionization in the laser focus. For the regime of 300 ps pulses and above-saturation intensities a novel mechanism producing redshifts in the harmonics is uncovered and explained. Ions play a double role: the nonlinear susceptibility of the ions is decisive for the harmonic intensity, while their mutual repulsion and the associated increase of the index of refraction is identified as the cause of the redshift.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brandi
- Physics Department, University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127-Pisa, Italy.
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45
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Kovacev M, Fomichev SV, Priori E, Mairesse Y, Merdji H, Monchicourt P, Breger P, Norin J, Persson A, L'Huillier A, Wahlström CG, Carré B, Salières P. Extreme ultraviolet Fourier-transform spectroscopy with high order harmonics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:223903. [PMID: 16384221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.223903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new scheme for extreme ultraviolet (xuv) Fourier-transform spectroscopy based on the generation of two phase-locked high-harmonic beams. It allows us to measure for the first time interferograms at wavelengths as short as 90 nm, and open the perspective of performing high-resolution Fourier-transform absorption spectroscopy in the xuv. Our measurements also demonstrate that a precise control of the relative phase of harmonic pulses can be obtained with an accuracy on an attosecond time scale, of importance for future xuv pump-xuv probe attosecond spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kovacev
- CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, bât. 522, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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46
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Gohle C, Udem T, Herrmann M, Rauschenberger J, Holzwarth R, Schuessler HA, Krausz F, Hänsch TW. A frequency comb in the extreme ultraviolet. Nature 2005; 436:234-7. [PMID: 16015324 DOI: 10.1038/nature03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since 1998, the interaction of precision spectroscopy and ultrafast laser science has led to several notable accomplishments. Femtosecond laser optical frequency 'combs' (evenly spaced spectral lines) have revolutionized the measurement of optical frequencies and enabled optical atomic clocks. The same comb techniques have been used to control the waveform of ultrafast laser pulses, which permitted the generation of single attosecond pulses, and have been used in a recently demonstrated 'oscilloscope' for light waves. Here we demonstrate intra-cavity high harmonic generation in the extreme ultraviolet, which promises to lead to another joint frontier of precision spectroscopy and ultrafast science. We have generated coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation at a repetition frequency of more than 100 MHz, a 1,000-fold improvement over previous experiments. At such a repetition rate, the mode spacing of the frequency comb, which is expected to survive the high harmonic generation process, is large enough for high resolution spectroscopy. Additionally, there may be many other applications of such a quasi-continuous compact and coherent extreme ultraviolet source, including extreme ultraviolet holography, microscopy, nanolithography and X-ray atomic clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gohle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, Germany.
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47
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Mairesse Y, Gobert O, Breger P, Merdji H, Meynadier P, Monchicourt P, Perdrix M, Salières P, Carré B. High harmonic XUV spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:173903. [PMID: 15904292 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.173903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first experimental complete temporal characterization of high-harmonic XUV pulses by spectral phase interferometry, with an all-optical setup. This method allows us to perform single-shot measurements of the harmonic temporal profile and phase, revealing a remarkable shot-to-shot stability. We characterize harmonics generated in argon by a 50 fs 800 nm laser pulse. The 11th harmonic is found to be 22 fs long with a negative chirp rate of -4.8 x 10(27) s(-2). This duration can be reduced to 13 fs by modulating the polarization of the generating laser. The technique is easy to implement and could be routinely used in femtosecond XUV pump-probe experiments with harmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mairesse
- DSM-DRECAM-Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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48
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Mairesse Y, de Bohan A, Frasinski LJ, Merdji H, Dinu LC, Monchicourt P, Breger P, Kovacev M, Auguste T, Carré B, Muller HG, Agostini P, Salières P. Optimization of attosecond pulse generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:163901. [PMID: 15524990 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.163901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The generation of attosecond pulses by superposition of high harmonics relies on their synchronization in the emission. Our experiments in the low-order, plateau, and cutoff regions of the spectrum reveal different regimes in the electron dynamics determining the synchronization quality. The shortest pulses are obtained by combining a spectral filtering of harmonics from the end of the plateau and the cutoff, and a far-field spatial filtering that selects a single electron quantum path contribution to the emission. This method applies to isolated pulses as well as pulse trains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mairesse
- CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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49
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Siffalovic P, Michelswirth M, Bartz P, Decker B, Agena C, Schäfer C, Molter S, Ros R, Bach M, Neumann M, Anselmetti D, Mattay J, Heinzmann U, Drescher M. Large-scale homogeneous molecular templates for femtosecond time-resolved studies of the guest–host interaction. J Biotechnol 2004; 112:139-49. [PMID: 15288949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayer films based on iodobenzoyloxy-functionalized resorc[4]arenes were prepared on gold substrates to serve as model systems for future time-resolved studies of molecular recognition, a mechanism of outstanding importance in bioorganic systems. The film properties were tested using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and imaging ellipsometry. An apparatus for time-resolved electron spectroscopy utilizing femtosecond soft X-ray pulses is capable of detecting iodine core-level photolines and the photoinduced dissociation after ultraviolet illumination. The developed technique holds promise for tracking the temporal evolution of chemical shifts of atomic markers as local probes for the dynamics of the guest-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Siffalovic
- Molekül und Oberflächenphysik, Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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50
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Gibson EA, Paul A, Wagner N, Tobey R, Backus S, Christov IP, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC. High-order harmonic generation up to 250 eV from highly ionized argon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:033001. [PMID: 14753868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.033001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of very high-order harmonics, up to 250 eV, using argon gas. This extends by 100 eV the highest harmonics previously observed using Ar and exceeds the energies observed using any other medium besides helium. This advance is made possible by using a waveguide geometry to limit plasma-induced laser beam defocusing, making it possible to generate high harmonics from Ar ions. This work shows that high harmonic emission from ions can extend laser-based coherent up-conversion into the soft x-ray region of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Gibson
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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