1
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Iyer A, Kandel YP, Xu W, Nichol JM, Renninger WH. Coherent optical coupling to surface acoustic wave devices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3993. [PMID: 38734759 PMCID: PMC11088653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAW) and associated devices are ideal for sensing, metrology, and hybrid quantum devices. While the advances demonstrated to date are largely based on electromechanical coupling, a robust and customizable coherent optical coupling would unlock mature and powerful cavity optomechanical control techniques and an efficient optical pathway for long-distance quantum links. Here we demonstrate direct and robust coherent optical coupling to Gaussian surface acoustic wave cavities with small mode volumes and high quality factors (>105 measured here) through a Brillouin-like optomechanical interaction. High-frequency SAW cavities designed with curved metallic acoustic reflectors deposited on crystalline substrates are efficiently optically accessed along piezo-active directions, as well as non-piezo-active (electromechanically inaccessible) directions. The precise optical technique uniquely enables controlled analysis of dissipation mechanisms as well as detailed transverse spatial mode spectroscopy. These advantages combined with simple fabrication, large power handling, and strong coupling to quantum systems make SAW optomechanical platforms particularly attractive for sensing, material science, and hybrid quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Iyer
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Yadav P Kandel
- Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wendao Xu
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John M Nichol
- Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - William H Renninger
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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2
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Horváth R, Modica G, Ghorbel I, Beaudoin G, Pantzas K, Sagnes I, Martin A, De Rossi A, Combrié S, Braive R. Sub-Hz Closed-Loop Electro-Optomechanical Oscillator with Gallium Phosphide Photonic Crystal Integrated on SoI Circuitry. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:2540-2548. [PMID: 37602296 PMCID: PMC10437041 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new approach of a low phase noise electro-optomechanical oscillator directly working in the GHz frequency range. The developed nanoscale oscillator is a one-dimensional photonic crystal made of gallium phosphide (GaP), heterogeneously integrated on silicon-on-insulator circuitry. Based on the strong interaction between the optical mode at the telecommunication wavelength and the mechanical mode in GHz, ultra-pure mechanical oscillations are enabled and directly imprinted on an optical carrier. Further stabilization is achieved with a delayed optoelectronic feedback loop using integrated electro-mechanical self-injection. We achieve a short-term stability of 0.7 Hz linewidth and a long-term stability with an Allan deviation below 10-7 Hz/Hz at 10 s averaging time, which represents an important step toward fully integrated optomechanical oscillators. Integrability and the low phase noise of this oscillator address some of the most important needs of optoelectronic oscillators and pave the way toward on-chip integrated microwave oscillators for microwave applications such as RADARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Horváth
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Giuseppe Modica
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Inès Ghorbel
- Thales
Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Grégoire Beaudoin
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Konstantinos Pantzas
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Isabelle Sagnes
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Aude Martin
- Thales
Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Alfredo De Rossi
- Thales
Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Sylvain Combrié
- Thales
Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Rémy Braive
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
- Université
Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris 75231, France
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3
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Chiappina P, Banker J, Meesala S, Lake D, Wood S, Painter O. Design of an ultra-low mode volume piezo-optomechanical quantum transducer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22914-22927. [PMID: 37475390 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Coherent transduction of quantum states from the microwave to the optical domain can play a key role in quantum networking and distributed quantum computing. We present the design of a piezo-optomechanical device formed in a hybrid lithium niobate on silicon platform, that is suitable for microwave-to-optical quantum transduction. Our design is based on acoustic hybridization of an ultra-low mode volume piezoacoustic cavity with an optomechanical crystal cavity. The strong piezoelectric nature of lithium niobate allows us to mediate transduction via an acoustic mode which only minimally interacts with the lithium niobate, and is predominantly silicon-like, with very low electrical and acoustic loss. We estimate that this transducer can realize an intrinsic conversion efficiency of up to 35% with <0.5 added noise quanta when resonantly coupled to a superconducting transmon qubit and operated in pulsed mode at 10 kHz repetition rate. The performance improvement gained in such hybrid lithium niobate-silicon transducers make them suitable for heralded entanglement of qubits between superconducting quantum processors connected by optical fiber links.
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4
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Ultra-low-noise microwave to optics conversion in gallium phosphide. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6583. [PMID: 36323690 PMCID: PMC9630281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical resonators can act as excellent intermediaries to interface single photons in the microwave and optical domains due to their high quality factors. Nevertheless, the optical pump required to overcome the large energy difference between the frequencies can add significant noise to the transduced signal. Here we exploit the remarkable properties of thin-film gallium phosphide to demonstrate bi-directional on-chip conversion between microwave and optical frequencies, realized by piezoelectric actuation of a Gigahertz-frequency optomechanical resonator. The large optomechanical coupling and the suppression of two-photon absorption in the material allows us to operate the device at optomechanical cooperativities greatly exceeding one. Alternatively, when using a pulsed upconversion pump, we demonstrate that we induce less than one thermal noise phonon. We include a high-impedance on-chip matching resonator to mediate the mechanical load with the 50-Ω source. Our results establish gallium phosphide as a versatile platform for ultra-low-noise conversion of photons between microwave and optical frequencies.
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5
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Wei T, Wu D, Miao Q, Yang C, Luo J. Tunable microwave-optical entanglement and conversion in multimode electro-opto-mechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:10135-10151. [PMID: 35299424 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study tunable double-channel microwave-optical (M-O) entanglement and coherent conversion by controlling the quantum interference effect. This is realized in a two-mechanical-mode electro-opto-mechanical (EOM) system, in which two mechanical resonators (MRs) are coupled with each other by phase-dependent phonon-phonon interaction, and link the interaction between the microwave and optical cavity. It's demonstrated that the mechanical coupling between two MRs leads to the interference of two pathways of electro-opto-mechanical interaction, which can generate the tunable double-channel phenomena in comparison with a typical three-mode EOM system. In particular, by tuning of phonon-phonon interaction and couplings between cavities with MRs, we can not only steer the switch from the M-O interaction with a single channel to that of the double-channel, but also modulate the entanglement and conversion characteristics in each channel. Moreover, our scheme can be extended to an N-mechanical-mode EOM system, in which N discrete channels will be observed and controlled. This study opens up prospects for quantum information transduction and storage with a wide bandwidth and multichannel quantum interface.
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6
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Navarro-Urrios D, Colombano MF, Arregui G, Madiot G, Pitanti A, Griol A, Makkonen T, Ahopelto J, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Martínez A. Room-Temperature Silicon Platform for GHz-Frequency Nanoelectro-Opto-Mechanical Systems. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:413-419. [PMID: 36193113 PMCID: PMC9523580 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectro-opto-mechanical systems enable the synergistic coexistence of electrical, mechanical, and optical signals on a chip to realize new functions. Most of the technology platforms proposed for the fabrication of these systems so far are not fully compatible with the mainstream CMOS technology, thus, hindering the mass-scale utilization. We have developed a CMOS technology platform for nanoelectro-opto-mechanical systems that includes piezoelectric interdigitated transducers for electronic driving of mechanical signals and nanocrystalline silicon nanobeams for an enhanced optomechanical interaction. Room-temperature operation of devices at 2 GHz and with peak sensitivity down to 2.6 cavity phonons is demonstrated. Our proof-of-principle technology platform can be integrated and interfaced with silicon photonics, electronics, and MEMS devices and may enable multiple functions for coherent signal processing in the classical and quantum domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Navarro-Urrios
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- MIND-IN2UB,
Departament d’Electrònica, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martín F. Colombano
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Arregui
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guilhem Madiot
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Pitanti
- NEST,
Istituto Nanoscienze − CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica
de Valencia, Building 8F, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tapani Makkonen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jouni Ahopelto
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Clivia M. Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan
Institute for Research and Advances Studies ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica
de Valencia, Building 8F, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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7
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Heinrich AJ, Oliver WD, Vandersypen LMK, Ardavan A, Sessoli R, Loss D, Jayich AB, Fernandez-Rossier J, Laucht A, Morello A. Quantum-coherent nanoscience. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1318-1329. [PMID: 34845333 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For the past three decades nanoscience has widely affected many areas in physics, chemistry and engineering, and has led to numerous fundamental discoveries, as well as applications and products. Concurrently, quantum science and technology has developed into a cross-disciplinary research endeavour connecting these same areas and holds burgeoning commercial promise. Although quantum physics dictates the behaviour of nanoscale objects, quantum coherence, which is central to quantum information, communication and sensing, has not played an explicit role in much of nanoscience. This Review describes fundamental principles and practical applications of quantum coherence in nanoscale systems, a research area we call quantum-coherent nanoscience. We structure this Review according to specific degrees of freedom that can be quantum-coherently controlled in a given nanoscale system, such as charge, spin, mechanical motion and photons. We review the current state of the art and focus on outstanding challenges and opportunities unlocked by the merging of nanoscience and coherent quantum operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS), Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea.
- Physics Department, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - William D Oliver
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | - Arzhang Ardavan
- CAESR, The Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Department of Chemistry 'U. Schiff' & INSTM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniel Loss
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Joaquin Fernandez-Rossier
- QuantaLab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Arne Laucht
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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8
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Krastanov S, Raniwala H, Holzgrafe J, Jacobs K, Lončar M, Reagor MJ, Englund DR. Optically Heralded Entanglement of Superconducting Systems in Quantum Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:040503. [PMID: 34355947 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Networking superconducting quantum computers is a longstanding challenge in quantum science. The typical approach has been to cascade transducers: converting to optical frequencies at the transmitter and to microwave frequencies at the receiver. However, the small microwave-optical coupling and added noise have proven formidable obstacles. Instead, we propose optical networking via heralding end-to-end entanglement with one detected photon and teleportation. This new protocol can be implemented on standard transduction hardware while providing significant performance improvements over transduction. In contrast to cascaded direct transduction, our scheme absorbs the low optical-microwave coupling efficiency into the heralding step, thus breaking the rate-fidelity trade-off. Moreover, this technique unifies and simplifies entanglement generation between superconducting devices and other physical modalities in quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Krastanov
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hamza Raniwala
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey Holzgrafe
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kurt Jacobs
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Matthew J Reagor
- Rigetti Computing, 775 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, California 94710, USA
| | - Dirk R Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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9
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Rampal A, Kleiman RN. Optical actuation of a micromechanical photodiode via the photovoltaic-piezoelectric effect. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:29. [PMID: 34567743 PMCID: PMC8433330 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiation pressure and photothermal forces have been previously used to optically actuate micro/nanomechanical structures fabricated from semiconductor piezoelectric materials such as gallium arsenide (GaAs). In these materials, coupling of the photovoltaic and piezoelectric properties has not been fully explored and leads to a new type of optical actuation that we call the photovoltaic-piezoelectric effect (PVPZ). We demonstrate this effect by electrically measuring, via the direct piezoelectric effect, the optically induced strain in a novel torsional resonator. The micron-scale torsional resonator is fabricated from a lattice-matched single-crystal molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown GaAs photodiode heterostructure. We find that the strain depends on the product of the electro-optic responsivity and piezoelectric constant of GaAs. The photovoltaic-piezoelectric effect has important potential applications, such as in the development of configurable optical circuits, which can be used in neuromorphic photonic chips, processing of big data with deep learning and the development of quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rampal
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7 Canada
- Present Address: CircuitMind Inc, 185 Spadina Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2C6 Canada
| | - R. N. Kleiman
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7 Canada
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10
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Liu JH, Yu YF, Wu Q, Wang JD, Zhang ZM. Tunable high-order sideband generation in a coupled double-cavity optomechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:12266-12277. [PMID: 33984990 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tunable high-order sideband generation has important applications in the realization of the optical frequency comb with a varying spectral region (corresponding to the sideband range) and frequency resolution (corresponding to the sideband interval). In this paper, we propose a theoretical scheme to tune both the range and the interval of the high-order sidebands in a coupled double-cavity optomechanical system, which consists of an optomechanical cavity and an auxiliary cavity. Our proposal can be realized by driving the optomechanical cavity with a control field and a probe field simultaneously, driving the auxiliary cavity with a pump field. Furthermore, we assume that the frequency detuning between the control field and the probe field (the pump field) equals ωb/n (ωb/m), where ωb is the mechanical frequency, m and n are integers. When n = m = 1, we find that the sideband range can be effectively enlarged by increasing the pump amplitude or the photon-hopping coupling rate, or by decreasing the auxiliary cavity damping rate. When n = 1 and m > 1, the output spectrum consists of a series of integer-order sidebands, fraction-order sidebands, and the sum and difference sidebands, and the sideband interval becomes ωb/m and can be diminished by simultaneously increasing m and the pump amplitude.
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11
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Liu YG, Xia K, Zhu SL. Efficient microwave-to-optical single-photon conversion with a single flying circular Rydberg atom. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9942-9959. [PMID: 33820157 DOI: 10.1364/oe.416983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme for converting a microwave (mw) single photon in a mw cavity to a flying optical photon. The conversion is realized by using a flying circular Rydberg atom, which plays a role of the "data bus" as an excellent memory to connect the mw and optical cavities. To link the energy levels of atom in optical domain and mw domain, we use fast decircularization method and three-photon Raman transition method. Thank to these low loss processes and the super long lifetime of circular Rydberg states, this scheme can efficiently convert single mw photons into the optical domain. Based on existing experiments and data, the conversion efficiency is simulated as 60%. The theoretical limit of the conversion efficiency is about 87%.
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12
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Marinković I, Drimmer M, Hensen B, Gröblacher S. Hybrid Integration of Silicon Photonic Devices on Lithium Niobate for Optomechanical Wavelength Conversion. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:529-535. [PMID: 33393311 PMCID: PMC7809686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of quantum information processors has accelerated the demand for technologies that enable quantum networking. One promising approach uses mechanical resonators as an intermediary between microwave and optical fields. Signals from a superconducting, topological, or spin qubit processor can then be converted coherently to optical states at telecom wavelengths. However, current devices built from homogeneous structures suffer from added noise and a small conversion efficiency. Combining advantageous properties of different materials into a heterogeneous design should allow for superior quantum transduction devices-so far these hybrid approaches have however been hampered by complex fabrication procedures. Here we present a novel integration method, based on previous pick-and-place ideas, that can combine independently fabricated device components of different materials into a single device. The method allows for a precision alignment by continuous optical monitoring during the process. Using our method, we assemble a hybrid silicon-lithium niobate device with state-of-the-art wavelength conversion characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bas Hensen
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience,
Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft
University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience,
Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft
University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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13
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Han X, Fu W, Zhong C, Zou CL, Xu Y, Sayem AA, Xu M, Wang S, Cheng R, Jiang L, Tang HX. Cavity piezo-mechanics for superconducting-nanophotonic quantum interface. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3237. [PMID: 32591510 PMCID: PMC7320138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid quantum systems are essential for the realization of distributed quantum networks. In particular, piezo-mechanics operating at typical superconducting qubit frequencies features low thermal excitations, and offers an appealing platform to bridge superconducting quantum processors and optical telecommunication channels. However, integrating superconducting and optomechanical elements at cryogenic temperatures with sufficiently strong interactions remains a tremendous challenge. Here, we report an integrated superconducting cavity piezo-optomechanical platform where 10 GHz phonons are resonantly coupled with photons in a superconducting cavity and a nanophotonic cavity at the same time. Taking advantage of the large piezo-mechanical cooperativity (Cem ~7) and the enhanced optomechanical coupling boosted by a pulsed optical pump, we demonstrate coherent interactions at cryogenic temperatures via the observation of efficient microwave-optical photon conversion. This hybrid interface makes a substantial step towards quantum communication at large scale, as well as novel explorations in microwave-optical photon entanglement and quantum sensing mediated by gigahertz phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Changchun Zhong
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yuntao Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ayed Al Sayem
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mingrui Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sihao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Risheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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14
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Jiang W, Sarabalis CJ, Dahmani YD, Patel RN, Mayor FM, McKenna TP, Van Laer R, Safavi-Naeini AH. Efficient bidirectional piezo-optomechanical transduction between microwave and optical frequency. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1166. [PMID: 32127538 PMCID: PMC7054291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient interconversion of both classical and quantum information between microwave and optical frequency is an important engineering challenge. The optomechanical approach with gigahertz-frequency mechanical devices has the potential to be extremely efficient due to the large optomechanical response of common materials, and the ability to localize mechanical energy into a micron-scale volume. However, existing demonstrations suffer from some combination of low optical quality factor, low electrical-to-mechanical transduction efficiency, and low optomechanical interaction rate. Here we demonstrate an on-chip piezo-optomechanical transducer that systematically addresses all these challenges to achieve nearly three orders of magnitude improvement in conversion efficiency over previous work. Our modulator demonstrates acousto-optic modulation with [Formula: see text] = 0.02 V. We show bidirectional conversion efficiency of [Formula: see text] with 3.3 μW red-detuned optical pump, and [Formula: see text] with 323 μW blue-detuned pump. Further study of quantum transduction at millikelvin temperatures is required to understand how the efficiency and added noise are affected by reduced mechanical dissipation, thermal conductivity, and thermal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Christopher J Sarabalis
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yanni D Dahmani
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rishi N Patel
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Felix M Mayor
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Timothy P McKenna
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Raphaël Van Laer
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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15
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Forsch M, Stockill R, Wallucks A, Marinković I, Gärtner C, Norte RA, van Otten F, Fiore A, Srinivasan K, Gröblacher S. Microwave-to-optics conversion using a mechanical oscillator in its quantum groundstate. NATURE PHYSICS 2020; 16:69-74. [PMID: 34795789 PMCID: PMC8596963 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Conversion between signals in the microwave and optical domains is of great interest both for classical telecommunication, as well as for connecting future superconducting quantum computers into a global quantum network. For quantum applications, the conversion has to be both efficient, as well as operate in a regime of minimal added classical noise. While efficient conversion has been demonstrated using mechanical transducers, they have so far all operated with a substantial thermal noise background. Here, we overcome this limitation and demonstrate coherent conversion between GHz microwave signals and the optical telecom band with a thermal background of less than one phonon. We use an integrated, on-chip electro-opto-mechanical device that couples surface acoustic waves driven by a resonant microwave signal to an optomechanical crystal featuring a 2.7 GHz mechanical mode. We initialize the mechanical mode in its quantum groundstate, which allows us to perform the transduction process with minimal added thermal noise, while maintaining an optomechanical cooperativity >1, so that microwave photons mapped into the mechanical resonator are effectively upconverted to the optical domain. We further verify the preservation of the coherence of the microwave signal throughout the transduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Forsch
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Stockill
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Wallucks
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Marinković
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Claus Gärtner
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard A Norte
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Otten
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Fiore
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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16
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Ramp H, Clark TJ, Hauer BD, Doolin CD, Balram KC, Srinivasan K, Davis JP. Wavelength transduction from a 3D microwave cavity to telecom using piezoelectric optomechanical crystals. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2020; 116:10.1063/5.0002160. [PMID: 34815582 PMCID: PMC8607442 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-to-optical transduction has received a great deal of interest from the cavity optomechanics community as a landmark application for electro-optomechanical systems. In this Letter, we demonstrate a novel transducer that combines high-frequency mechanical motion and a microwave cavity for the first time. The system consists of a 3D microwave cavity and a gallium arsenide optomechanical crystal, which has been placed in the microwave electric field maximum. This allows the microwave cavity to actuate the gigahertz-frequency mechanical breathing mode in the optomechanical crystal through the piezoelectric effect, which is then read out using a telecom optical mode. The gallium arsenide optomechanical crystal is a good candidate for low-noise microwave-to-telecom transduction, as it has been previously cooled to the mechanical ground state in a dilution refrigerator. Moreover, the 3D microwave cavity architecture can naturally be extended to couple to superconducting qubits and to create hybrid quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ramp
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - T. J. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - B. D. Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - C. D. Doolin
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - K. C. Balram
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - K. Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - J. P. Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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