1
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Novikov VN, Sokolov AP. Temperature Dependence of Structural Relaxation in Glass-Forming Liquids and Polymers. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1101. [PMID: 36010765 PMCID: PMC9407199 DOI: 10.3390/e24081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the microscopic mechanism of the transition of glass remains one of the most challenging topics in Condensed Matter Physics. What controls the sharp slowing down of molecular motion upon approaching the glass transition temperature Tg, whether there is an underlying thermodynamic transition at some finite temperature below Tg, what the role of cooperativity and heterogeneity are, and many other questions continue to be topics of active discussions. This review focuses on the mechanisms that control the steepness of the temperature dependence of structural relaxation (fragility) in glass-forming liquids. We present a brief overview of the basic theoretical models and their experimental tests, analyzing their predictions for fragility and emphasizing the successes and failures of the models. Special attention is focused on the connection of fast dynamics on picosecond time scales to the behavior of structural relaxation on much longer time scales. A separate section discusses the specific case of polymeric glass-forming liquids, which usually have extremely high fragility. We emphasize the apparent difference between the glass transitions in polymers and small molecules. We also discuss the possible role of quantum effects in the glass transition of light molecules and highlight the recent discovery of the unusually low fragility of water. At the end, we formulate the major challenges and questions remaining in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Novikov
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry and Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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2
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Böhmer T, Gabriel JP, Zeißler R, Richter T, Blochowicz T. Glassy dynamics in polyalcohols: intermolecular simplicity vs. intramolecular complexity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18272-18280. [PMID: 35880532 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01969h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using depolarized light scattering, we have recently shown that structural relaxation in a broad range of supercooled liquids follows, to good approximation, a generic line shape with high-frequency power law ω-1/2. We now continue this study by investigating a systematic series of polyalcohols (PAs), frequently used as model-systems in glass-science, i.a., because the width of their respective dielectric loss spectra varies strongly along the series. Our results reveal that the microscopic origin of the observed relaxation behavior varies significantly between different PAs: while short-chained PAs like glycerol rotate as more or less rigid entities and their light scattering spectra follow the generic shape, long-chained PAs like sorbitol display pronounced intramolecular dynamic contributions on the time scale of structural relaxation, leading to systematic deviations from the generic shape. Based on these findings we discuss an important limitation for observing the generic shape in a supercooled liquid: the dynamics that is probed needs to reflect the intermolecular dynamic heterogeneity, and must not be superimposed by effects of intramolecular dynamic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Böhmer
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Jan Philipp Gabriel
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rolf Zeißler
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Timo Richter
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Thomas Blochowicz
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Xia J, Guo H. Construction of a quantitative relation between structural relaxation and dynamic heterogeneity by vibrational dynamics in glass-forming liquids and polymers. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10753-10764. [PMID: 34792079 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01049b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The structural relaxation slows down drastically upon approaching the glass transition, accompanied by the significant growth of dynamic heterogeneity. The fundamental question of elusiveness and interest is whether there exists an underlying quantitative relationship between structural relaxation and dynamic heterogeneity. Here, we reveal that b̃ which is related to the reduced mean square displacements to overcome the energy barriers of activated jumps, instead of the kinetic fragility m, is the genuine key parameter connecting dynamic heterogeneity with structural relaxation for varying types of glass formers. Furthermore, based on the dependence of dynamic heterogeneity on the Debye-Waller factor we obtained a direct quantitative relation between dynamic heterogeneity and structural relaxation is built for different glass-forming liquids. More importantly, a scaling collapse of structural relaxation and dynamic heterogeneity is achieved by the important parameter b̃. These results are of fundamental and critical importance for developing a unified theory of glassy dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Collinson DW, Sheridan RJ, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC. Best practices and recommendations for accurate nanomechanical characterization of heterogeneous polymer systems with atomic force microscopy. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Shundo A, Aoki M, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Cross-Linking Effect on Segmental Dynamics of Well-Defined Epoxy Resins. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuomi Shundo
- Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mika Aoki
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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6
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Labardi M, Bertolla A, Sollogoub C, Casalini R, Capaccioli S. Lateral resolution of electrostatic force microscopy for mapping of dielectric interfaces in ambient conditions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:335710. [PMID: 32353839 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8ede] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The attainable lateral resolution of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) in an ambient air environment on dielectric materials was characterized on a reference sample comprised of two distinct, immiscible glassy polymers cut in a cross-section by ultramicrotomy. Such a sample can be modeled as two semi-infinite dielectrics with a sharp interface, presenting a quasi-ideal, sharp dielectric contrast. Electric polarizability line profiles across the interface were obtained, in both lift-mode and feedback-regulated dynamic mode EFM, as a function of probe/surface separation, for different cases of oscillation amplitudes. We find that the results do not match predictions for dielectric samples, but comply well or are even better than predicted for conductive interfaces. A resolution down to 3 nm can be obtained by operating in feedback-regulated EFM realized by adopting constant-excitation frequency-modulation mode. This suggests resolution is ruled by the closest approach distance rather than by average separation, even with probe oscillation amplitudes as high as 10 nm. For better comparison with theoretical predictions, effective probe radii and cone aperture angles were derived from approach curves, by also taking into account the finite oscillation amplitude of the probe, by exploiting a data reduction procedure previously devised for the derivation of interatomic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Labardi
- CNR-IPCF, Sede Secondaria di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Wang L, Xu N, Wang WH, Guan P. Revealing the Link between Structural Relaxation and Dynamic Heterogeneity in Glass-Forming Liquids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:125502. [PMID: 29694097 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.125502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the use of glasses for thousands of years, the nature of the glass transition is still mysterious. On approaching the glass transition, the growth of dynamic heterogeneity has long been thought to play a key role in explaining the abrupt slowdown of structural relaxation. However, it still remains elusive whether there is an underlying link between structural relaxation and dynamic heterogeneity. Here, we unravel the link by introducing a characteristic time scale hiding behind an identical dynamic heterogeneity for various model glass-forming liquids. We find that the time scale corresponds to the kinetic fragility of liquids. Moreover, it leads to scaling collapse of both the structural relaxation time and dynamic heterogeneity for all liquids studied, together with a characteristic temperature associated with the same dynamic heterogeneity. Our findings imply that studying the glass transition from the viewpoint of dynamic heterogeneity is more informative than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Wang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - W H Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Guan
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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8
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Rijal B, Soto Puente JA, Atawa B, Delbreilh L, Fatyeyeva K, Saiter A, Dargent E. Correlated and cooperative motions in segmental relaxation: Influence of constitutive unit weight and intermolecular interactions. Phys Rev E 2017; 94:062502. [PMID: 28085415 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.062502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work clarifies the notion of correlated and cooperative motions appearing during the α-relaxation process through the role of the molecular weight of the constitutive units and of the interchain dipolar interactions. By studying amorphous copolymers of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) with different vinyl acetate contents, we show that the correlated motions are not sensitive to the interchain dipolar interactions, in contrast to the cooperative motions, which increase with a strengthening of the intermolecular interactions for this sample family. Concerning the influence of the molecular weight m_{0}, the notion of "correlated motions" seems to be equivalent to the notion of "cooperative motions" only for low m_{0} systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidur Rijal
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, LECAP, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jorge Arturo Soto Puente
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, LECAP, 76000 Rouen, France.,Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Bienvenu Atawa
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, LECAP, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Eric Dargent
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, LECAP, 76000 Rouen, France
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9
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Nandi SK, Ramaswamy S. Glass susceptibility: Growth kinetics and saturation under shear. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:012607. [PMID: 27575179 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.012607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the growth kinetics of glassy correlations in a structural glass by monitoring the evolution, within mode-coupling theory, of a suitably defined three-point function χ_{C}(t,t_{w}) with time t and waiting time t_{w}. From the complete wave-vector-dependent equations of motion for domain growth, we pass to a schematic limit to obtain a numerically tractable form. We find that the peak value χ_{C}^{P} of χ_{C}(t,t_{w}), which can be viewed as a correlation volume, grows as t_{w}^{0.5}, and the relaxation time as t_{w}^{0.8}, following a quench to a point deep in the glassy state. These results constitute a theoretical explanation of the simulation findings of Parisi [J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 4128 (1999)JPCBFK1520-610610.1021/jp983967m] and Kob and Barrat [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4581 (1997)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4581], and they are also in qualitative agreement with Parsaeian and Castillo [Phys. Rev. E 78, 060105(R) (2008)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.78.060105]. On the other hand, if the quench is to a point on the liquid side, the correlation volume grows to saturation. We present a similar calculation for the growth kinetics in a p-spin spin glass mean-field model where we find a slower growth, χ_{C}^{P}∼t_{w}^{0.13}. Further, we show that a shear rate γ[over ̇] cuts off the growth of glassy correlations when t_{w}∼1/γ[over ̇] for quench in the glassy regime and t_{w}=min(t_{r},1/γ[over ̇]) in the liquid, where t_{r} is the relaxation time of the unsheared liquid. The relaxation time of the steady-state fluid in this case is ∝γ[over ̇]^{-0.8}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Nandi
- Department of Physics, Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Sriram Ramaswamy
- Department of Physics, Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 21 Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500 075, India
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10
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Rijal B, Delbreilh L, Saiter A. Dynamic Heterogeneity and Cooperative Length Scale at Dynamic Glass Transition in Glass Forming Liquids. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bidur Rijal
- AMME-LECAP
EA 4528 International
Laboratory, Normandie Université, Université et INSA de Rouen, Av. de l’Université BP 12, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Delbreilh
- AMME-LECAP
EA 4528 International
Laboratory, Normandie Université, Université et INSA de Rouen, Av. de l’Université BP 12, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray Cedex, France
| | - Allisson Saiter
- AMME-LECAP
EA 4528 International
Laboratory, Normandie Université, Université et INSA de Rouen, Av. de l’Université BP 12, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray Cedex, France
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11
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Koperwas K, Grzybowski A, Grzybowska K, Wojnarowska Z, Paluch M. Effects of dynamic heterogeneity and density scaling of molecular dynamics on the relationship among thermodynamic coefficients at the glass transition. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:024502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4923005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Koperwas
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - K. Grzybowska
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Z. Wojnarowska
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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12
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Busselez R, Pezeril T, Gusev VE. Structural heterogeneities at the origin of acoustic and transport anomalies in glycerol glass-former. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:234505. [PMID: 24952550 DOI: 10.1063/1.4883504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
By means of large scale molecular dynamics simulations, we explore mesoscopic properties of prototypical glycerol glass-former above and below the glass transition. The model used, in excellent agreement with various experimental techniques, permits to carefully study the structure and the vibrational dynamics. We find that a medium range order is present in glycerol glass-former and arises from hydrogen bond network extension. The characteristic size of the structural heterogeneities is related to the anomalous properties of acoustic vibrations (Rayleigh scattering, "mode softening," and Boson Peak) in the glassy state. Finally the characteristic size of these heterogeneities, nearly constant in temperature, is also connected to the cross-over between structural relaxation and diffusion in liquid glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Busselez
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans UMR-CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Le Mans, France
| | - Thomas Pezeril
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans UMR-CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Le Mans, France
| | - Vitalyi E Gusev
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Maine, UMR-CNRS 6613 Université du Maine, Le Mans, France
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13
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Grzybowski A, Koperwas K, Kolodziejczyk K, Grzybowska K, Paluch M. Spatially Heterogeneous Dynamics in the Density Scaling Regime: Time and Length Scales of Molecular Dynamics near the Glass Transition. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:4273-4278. [PMID: 26296178 DOI: 10.1021/jz402060x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Grzybowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - K Koperwas
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - K Kolodziejczyk
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - K Grzybowska
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - M Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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14
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Koperwas K, Grzybowski A, Grzybowska K, Wojnarowska Z, Sokolov AP, Paluch M. Effect of temperature and density fluctuations on the spatially heterogeneous dynamics of glass-forming Van der Waals liquids under high pressure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:125701. [PMID: 24093275 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.125701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we show how temperature and density fluctuations affect the spatially heterogeneous dynamics at ambient and elevated pressures. By using high-pressure experimental data for van der Waals liquids, we examine contributions of the temperature and density fluctuations to the dynamics heterogeneity. We show that the dynamic heterogeneity decreases significantly with increasing pressure at a constant structural relaxation time (isochronal condition), while the broadening of the relaxation spectrum remains constant. This observation questions the relationship between spectral broadening and dynamic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koperwas
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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15
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Kolodziejczyk K, Paluch M, Grzybowska K, Grzybowski A, Wojnarowska Z, Hawelek L, Ziolo JD. Relaxation Dynamics and Crystallization Study of Sildenafil in the Liquid and Glassy States. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2270-82. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300479r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kolodziejczyk
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - K. Grzybowska
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Z. Wojnarowska
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - L. Hawelek
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Institute of Non Ferrous Metals,
ul. Sowinskiego 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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16
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Malins A, Eggers J, Tanaka H, Royall CP. Lifetimes and lengthscales of structural motifs in a model glassformer. Faraday Discuss 2013; 167:405-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00078h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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