1
|
Rosolen G, Wong LJ, Rivera N, Maes B, Soljačić M, Kaminer I. Metasurface-based multi-harmonic free-electron light source. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:64. [PMID: 30245811 PMCID: PMC6143620 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are subwavelength spatial variations in geometry and material where the structures are of negligible thickness compared to the wavelength of light and are optimized for far-field applications, such as controlling the wavefronts of electromagnetic waves. Here, we investigate the potential of the metasurface near-field profile, generated by an incident few-cycle pulse laser, to facilitate the generation of high-frequency light from free electrons. In particular, the metasurface near-field contains higher-order spatial harmonics that can be leveraged to generate multiple higher-harmonic X-ray frequency peaks. We show that the X-ray spectral profile can be arbitrarily shaped by controlling the metasurface geometry, the electron energy, and the incidence angle of the laser input. Using ab initio simulations, we predict bright and monoenergetic X-rays, achieving energies of 30 keV (with harmonics spaced by 3 keV) from 5-MeV electrons using 3.4-eV plasmon polaritons on a metasurface with a period of 85 nm. As an example, we present the design of a four-color X-ray source, a potential candidate for tabletop multicolor hard X-ray spectroscopy. Our developments could help pave the way for compact multi-harmonic sources of high-energy photons, which have potential applications in industry, medicine, and the fundamental sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Rosolen
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Micro- and Nanophotonic Materials Group, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634 Singapore
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Bjorn Maes
- Micro- and Nanophotonic Materials Group, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marin Soljačić
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maiden AM, Morrison GR, Kaulich B, Gianoncelli A, Rodenburg JM. Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy using ptychography with randomly phased illumination. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1669. [PMID: 23575673 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ptychography is a form of scanning diffractive imaging that can successfully retrieve the modulus and phase of both the sample transmission function and the illuminating probe. An experimental difficulty commonly encountered in diffractive imaging is the large dynamic range of the diffraction data. Here we report a novel ptychographic experiment using a randomly phased X-ray probe to considerably reduce the dynamic range of the recorded diffraction patterns. Images can be reconstructed reliably and robustly from this setup, even when scatter from the specimen is weak. A series of ptychographic reconstructions at X-ray energies around the L absorption edge of iron demonstrates the advantages of this method for soft X-ray spectromicroscopy, which can readily provide chemical sensitivity without the need for optical refocusing. In particular, the phase signal is in perfect registration with the modulus signal and provides complementary information that can be more sensitive to changes in the local chemical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Maiden
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Mahne N, Menk RH, Passos G, Raimondi L, Svetina C, Sandrin G, Zangrando M, Kiskinova M, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Fleckenstein H, Chapman HN, Schulz J, Bach J, Frömter R, Schleitzer S, Müller L, Gutt C, Grübel G. Invited article: Coherent imaging using seeded free-electron laser pulses with variable polarization: first results and research opportunities. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:051301. [PMID: 23742525 DOI: 10.1063/1.4807157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
FERMI@Elettra, the first vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) using by default a "seeded" scheme, became operational in 2011 and has been opened to users since December 2012. The parameters of the seeded FERMI FEL pulses and, in particular, the superior control of emitted radiation in terms of spectral purity and stability meet the stringent requirements for single-shot and resonant coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) experiments. The advantages of the intense seeded FERMI pulses with variable polarization have been demonstrated with the first experiments performed using the multipurpose experimental station operated at the diffraction and projection imaging (DiProI) beamline. The results reported here were obtained with fixed non-periodic targets during the commissioning period in 2012 using 20-32 nm wavelength range. They demonstrate that the performance of the FERMI FEL source and the experimental station meets the requirements of CDI, holography, and resonant magnetic scattering in both multi- and single-shot modes. Moreover, we present the first magnetic scattering experiments employing the fully circularly polarized FERMI pulses. The ongoing developments aim at pushing the lateral resolution by using shorter wavelengths provided by double-stage cascaded FERMI FEL-2 and probing ultrafast dynamic processes using different pump-probe schemes, including jitter-free seed laser pump or FEL-pump∕FEL-probe with two color FEL pulses generated by the same electron bunch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Capotondi
- FERMI, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 - km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Malm EB, Monserud NC, Brown CG, Wachulak PW, Xu H, Balakrishnan G, Chao W, Anderson E, Marconi MC. Tabletop single-shot extreme ultraviolet Fourier transform holography of an extended object. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:9959-9966. [PMID: 23609701 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.009959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate single and multi-shot Fourier transform holography with the use of a tabletop extreme ultraviolet laser. The reference wave was produced by a Fresnel zone plate with a central opening that allowed the incident beam to illuminate the sample directly. The high reference wave intensity allows for larger objects to be imaged compared to mask-based lensless Fourier transform holography techniques. We obtain a spatial resolution of 169 nm from a single laser pulse and a resolution of 128 nm from an accumulation of 20 laser pulses for an object ~11x11μm(2) in size. This experiment utilized a tabletop extreme ultraviolet laser that produces a highly coherent ~1.2 ns laser pulse at 46.9 nm wavelength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik B Malm
- Engineering Research Center for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, and Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spence JCH, Weierstall U, Chapman HN. X-ray lasers for structural and dynamic biology. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:102601. [PMID: 22975810 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Research opportunities and techniques are reviewed for the application of hard x-ray pulsed free-electron lasers (XFEL) to structural biology. These include the imaging of protein nanocrystals, single particles such as viruses, pump--probe experiments for time-resolved nanocrystallography, and snapshot wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) from molecules in solution. The use of femtosecond exposure times, rather than freezing of samples, as a means of minimizing radiation damage is shown to open up new opportunities for the molecular imaging of biochemical reactions at room temperature in solution. This is possible using a 'diffract-and-destroy' mode in which the incident pulse terminates before radiation damage begins. Methods for delivering hundreds of hydrated bioparticles per second (in random orientations) to a pulsed x-ray beam are described. New data analysis approaches are outlined for the correlated fluctuations in fast WAXS, for protein nanocrystals just a few molecules on a side, and for the continuous x-ray scattering from a single virus. Methods for determining the orientation of a molecule from its diffraction pattern are reviewed. Methods for the preparation of protein nanocrystals are also reviewed. New opportunities for solving the phase problem for XFEL data are outlined. A summary of the latest results is given, which now extend to atomic resolution for nanocrystals. Possibilities for time-resolved chemistry using fast WAXS (solution scattering) from mixtures is reviewed, toward the general goal of making molecular movies of biochemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C H Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Wang C, Hexemer A, Nasiatka J, Chan ER, Young AT, Padmore HA, Schlotter WF, Lüning J, Swaraj S, Watts B, Gann E, Yan H, Ade H. Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering of Polymers with a 2D Detector: Initial Results and System Developments at the Advanced Light Source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/14/1/012016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Zhu D, Wu B, Rick R, Stöhr J, Scherz A. Phase retrieval in x-ray lensless holography by reference beam tuning. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:2604-2606. [PMID: 19724505 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.002604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We show the ability to determine the relative phase between the object and a reference scatterer by tuning the overall intensity and phase of the reference wave. The proposed reference-guided phase retrieval algorithm uses the relative phase as a constraint to iteratively reconstruct the object and the reference simultaneously, and thus does not require precisely defined reference structures. The algorithm also features rapid and reliable convergence and overcomes the uniqueness problem. The method is demonstrated by a soft-x-ray coherent imaging experiment that utilizes a large micrometer-sized reference structure that can be turned on and off, yielding an object image with resolution close to the reconstruction pixel size of 21 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diling Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rick R, Scherz A, Schlotter WF, Zhu D, Lüning J, Stöhr J. Optimal signal-to-noise ratios for soft x-ray lensless imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:650-652. [PMID: 19252581 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a method to gauge and optimize the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in lensless imaging using partially coherent sources. Through spatial filtering we tuned the coherence width of an incoherent soft x-ray undulator source, and we deduce that there exists an optimal spatial filter setting for imaging micrometer-sized objects, while high-resolution imaging is best executed without spatial filtering. Our SNR analysis, given spatial coherence, allows for an estimation of the required exposure time at synchrotron sources and pulse fluence at x-ray laser sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rick
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|