1
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Krinninger M, Kraushofer F, Refvik NB, Blum M, Lechner BAJ. Interface Effects in the Stability of 2D Silica, Silicide, and Silicene on Pt(111) and Rh(111). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27481-27489. [PMID: 38747629 PMCID: PMC11145594 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Ultrathin two-dimensional silica films have been suggested as highly defined conductive models for fundamental studies on silica-supported catalyst particles. Key requirements in this context are closed silica films that isolate the gas phase from the underlying metal substrate and stability under reaction conditions. Here, we present silica bilayer films grown on Pt(111) and Rh(111) and characterize them by scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We provide the first report of silica bilayer films on Rh(111) and have further successfully prepared fully closed films on Pt(111). Interestingly, surface and interface silicide phases play a decisive role in both cases: On platinum, closed films can be stabilized only when silicon is deposited in excess, which results in an interfacial silicide or silicate layer. We show that these silica films can also be grown directly from a surface silicide phase. In the case of rhodium, the silica phase is less stable and can be reduced to a silicide in reductive environments. Though similar in appearance to the "silicene" phases that have been controversially discussed on Ag(111), we conclude that an interpretation of the phase as a surface silicide is more consistent with our data. Finally, we show that the silica film on platinum is stable in 0.8 mbar CO but unstable at elevated temperatures. We thus conclude that these systems are only suitable as model catalyst supports to a limited extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Krinninger
- Functional
Nanomaterials Group and Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry,
TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical
University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Kraushofer
- Functional
Nanomaterials Group and Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry,
TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical
University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nils B. Refvik
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Monika Blum
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Barbara A. J. Lechner
- Functional
Nanomaterials Group and Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry,
TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical
University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute
for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Dementyev P, Khayya N, Zanders D, Ennen I, Devi A, Altman EI. Size and Shape Exclusion in 2D Silicon Dioxide Membranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205602. [PMID: 36521931 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
2D membranes such as artificially perforated graphene are deemed to bring great advantages for molecular separation. However, there is a lack of structure-property correlations in graphene membranes as neither the atomic configurations nor the number of introduced sub-nanometer defects are known precisely. Recently, bilayer silica has emerged as an inherent 2D membrane with an unprecedentedly high areal density of well-defined pores. Mass transfer experiments with free-standing SiO2 bilayers demonstrated a strong preference for condensable fluids over inert species, and the measured membrane selectivity revealed a key role of intermolecular forces in ångstrom-scale openings. In this study, vapor permeation measurements are combined with quantitative adsorption experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to get insights into the mechanism of surface-mediated transport in vitreous 2D silicon dioxide. The membranes are shown to exhibit molecular sieving performance when exposed to vaporous methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and tert-butanol. The results are normalized to the coverage of physisorbed molecules and agree well with the calculated energy barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dementyev
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Neita Khayya
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Zanders
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Inga Ennen
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric I Altman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
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3
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Gura L, Soares EA, Paier J, Stavale F, Freund HJ. Models for Reactions in Confined Space: Can Surface Science Contribute? A Review and Perspective. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper reports and discusses some of our recent advances in surface science research on a silica film supported on a Ru(0001) substrate. This system is unique, as the silica is bound to the metal surface by dispersive forces only, and thus opens the possibility to study reactions in the confined space between the metal substrate and the silica film, acting as a permeable membrane. We demonstrate that this system allows for detailed insights into the complexity of reactions in confined space, including phenomena due to the response of the confined space to the presence of the reactants, and direct comparison to the situation when the same reaction occurs in open space.
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4
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Soares EA, Paier J, Gura L, Burson K, Ryczek C, Yang Z, Stavale F, Heyde M, Freund HJ. Structure and registry of the silica bilayer film on Ru(0001) as viewed by LEED and DFT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29721-29730. [PMID: 36454101 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04624e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silica bilayers are stable on various metal substrates, including Ru(0001) that is used for the present study. In a systematic attempt to elucidate the detailed structure of the silica bilayer film and its registry to the metal substrate, we performed a low energy electron diffraction (I/V-LEED) study. The experimental work is accompanied by detailed calculations on the stability, orientation and dynamic properties of the bilayer at room temperature. It was determined, that the film shows a certain structural diversity within the unit cell of the metal substrate, which depends on the oxygen content at the metal-bilayer interface. In connection with the experimental I/V-LEED study, it became apparent, that a high-quality structure determination is only possible if several structural motifs are taken into account by superimposing bilayer structures with varying registry to the oxygen covered substrate. This result is conceptually in line with the recently observed statistical registry in layered 2D-compound materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmar A Soares
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Joachim Paier
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Gura
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kristen Burson
- Hamilton College, Clinton, New York 13323, USA.,Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112, USA
| | | | - Zechao Yang
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Fernando Stavale
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Prieto MJ, Mullan T, Wan W, Tănase LC, de Souza Caldas L, Shaikhutdinov S, Sauer J, Usvyat D, Schmidt T, Cuenya BR. Plasma Functionalization of Silica Bilayer Polymorphs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48609-48618. [PMID: 36255411 PMCID: PMC9634693 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin silica films are considered suitable two-dimensional model systems for the study of fundamental chemical and physical properties of all-silica zeolites and their derivatives, as well as novel supports for the stabilization of single atoms. In the present work, we report the creation of a new model catalytic support based on the surface functionalization of different silica bilayer (BL) polymorphs with well-defined atomic structures. The functionalization is carried out by means of in situ H-plasma treatments at room temperature. Low energy electron diffraction and microscopy data indicate that the atomic structure of the films remains unchanged upon treatment. Comparing the experimental results (photoemission and infrared absorption spectra) with density functional theory simulations shows that H2 is added via the heterolytic dissociation of an interlayer Si-O-Si siloxane bond and the subsequent formation of a hydroxyl and a hydride group in the top and bottom layers of the silica film, respectively. Functionalization of the silica films constitutes the first step into the development of a new type of model system of single-atom catalysts where metal atoms with different affinities for the functional groups can be anchored in the SiO2 matrix in well-established positions. In this way, synergistic and confinement effects between the active centers can be studied in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J. Prieto
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Mullan
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099Berlin, Germany
| | - Weiming Wan
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Liviu C. Tănase
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas de Souza Caldas
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Shamil Shaikhutdinov
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Sauer
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Usvyat
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
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6
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Xu J, Mu C, Chen M. Structure and Properties of Ultrathin SiO x Films on Cu(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11414-11420. [PMID: 36067341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The metal-oxide interface plays a crucial role in catalysis, and it has attracted increasing interest in recent years. Cu/SiO2, as a common copper-based catalyst, has been widely used in industrial catalysis. However, it is still a challenge to clarify the structures of the interface of Cu-SiOx and the effect on catalytic performance. Herein, we prepared ultrathin SiOx films by evaporating Si onto a Cu(111) surface followed by annealing in an O2 atmosphere, which were characterized by various surface science techniques. The results showed that a SiOx film could grow nearly layer-by-layer on the Cu(111) surface in the present condition. Both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) results confirmed the presence of Cu-O-Si and Si-O-Si species. Thermal stability experiments illustrated that the well-ordered silica films were stable under annealing in vacuum. The feature of CO adsorption suggested a CO-Cuδ+ species induced from the Cuδ+-O-Si. Low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS) and XPS results demonstrated that some Cu2O appeared on the surface when the 1 ML SiOx/Cu(111) was exposed in O2 at 353 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Changle Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Mingshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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7
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin silica films have the potential to reach technological importance in electronics and catalysis. Several well-defined 2D-silica structures have been synthesized so far. The silica bilayer represents a 2D material with SiO2 stoichiometry. It consists of precisely two layers of tetrahedral [SiO4] building blocks, corner connected via oxygen bridges, thus forming a self-saturated silicon dioxide sheet with a thickness of ∼0.5 nm. Inspired by recent successful preparations and characterizations of these 2D-silica model systems, scientists now can forge novel concepts for realistic systems, particularly by atomic-scale studies with the most powerful and advanced surface science techniques and density functional theory calculations. This Review provides a solid introduction to these recent developments, breakthroughs, and implications on ultrathin 2D-silica films, including their atomic/electronic structures, chemical modifications, atom/molecule adsorptions, and catalytic reactivity properties, which can help to stimulate further investigations and understandings of these fundamentally important 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhong
- School of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Yang Z, Gura L, Kalaß F, Marschalik P, Brinker M, Kirstaedter W, Hartmann J, Thielsch G, Junkes H, Heyde M, Freund HJ. A high-speed variable-temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope with spiral scan capabilities. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:053704. [PMID: 35649753 DOI: 10.1063/5.0079868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and development of a variable-temperature high-speed scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The setup consists of a two-chamber ultra-high vacuum system, including a preparation and a main chamber. The preparation chamber is equipped with standard preparation tools for sample cleaning and film growth. The main chamber hosts the STM that is located within a continuous flow cryostat for counter-cooling during high-temperature measurements. The microscope body is compact, rigid, and highly symmetric to ensure vibrational stability and low thermal drift. We designed a hybrid scanner made of two independent tube piezos for slow and fast scanning, respectively. A commercial STM controller is used for slow scanning, while a high-speed Versa Module Eurocard bus system controls fast scanning. Here, we implement non-conventional spiral geometries for high-speed scanning, which consist of smooth sine and cosine signals created by an arbitrary waveform generator. The tip scans in a quasi-constant height mode, where the logarithm of the tunneling current signal can be regarded as roughly proportional to the surface topography. Scan control and data acquisition have been programmed in the experimental physics and industrial control system framework. With the spiral scans, we atomically resolved diffusion processes of oxygen atoms on the Ru(0001) surface and achieved a time resolution of 8.3 ms per frame at different temperatures. Variable-temperature measurements reveal an influence of the temperature on the oxygen diffusion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechao Yang
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Gura
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kalaß
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrik Marschalik
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Brinker
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - William Kirstaedter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gero Thielsch
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Junkes
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Naberezhnyi D, Mai L, Doudin N, Ennen I, Hütten A, Altman EI, Devi A, Dementyev P. Molecular Permeation in Freestanding Bilayer Silica. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1287-1293. [PMID: 35044780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and other single-layer structures are pursued as high-flux separation membranes, although imparting porosity endangers their crystalline integrity. In contrast, bilayer silica composed of corner-sharing (SiO4) units is foreseen to be permeable for small molecules due to its intrinsic lattice openings. This study sheds light on the mass transport properties of freestanding 2D SiO2 upon using atomic layer deposition (ALD) to grow large-area films on Au/mica substrates followed by transfer onto Si3N4 windows. Permeation experiments with gaseous and vaporous substances reveal the suspended material to be porous, but the membrane selectivity appears to diverge from the size exclusion principle. Whereas the passage of inert gas molecules is hindered with a permeance below 10-7 mol·s-1·m-2·Pa-1, condensable species like water are found to cross vitreous bilayer silica a thousand times faster in accordance with their superficial affinity. This work paves the way for bilayer oxides to be addressed as inherent 2D membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Mai
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nassar Doudin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Inga Ennen
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Hütten
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Eric I Altman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Petr Dementyev
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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10
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Water Formation Reaction under Interfacial Confinement: Al 0.25Si 0.75O 2 on O-Ru(0001). NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020183. [PMID: 35055203 PMCID: PMC8779344 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Confined nanosized spaces at the interface between a metal and a seemingly inert material, such as a silicate, have recently been shown to influence the chemistry at the metal surface. In prior work, we observed that a bilayer (BL) silica on Ru(0001) can change the reaction pathway of the water formation reaction (WFR) near room temperature when compared to the bare metal. In this work, we looked at the effect of doping the silicate with Al, resulting in a stoichiometry of Al0.25Si0.75O2. We investigated the kinetics of WFR at elevated H2 pressures and various temperatures under interfacial confinement using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The apparent activation energy was lower than that on bare Ru(0001) but higher than that on the BL-silica/Ru(0001). The apparent reaction order with respect to H2 was also determined. The increased residence time of water at the surface, resulting from the presence of the BL-aluminosilicate (and its subsequent electrostatic stabilization), favors the so-called disproportionation reaction pathway (*H2O + *O ↔ 2 *OH), but with a higher energy barrier than for pure BL-silica.
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11
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Wang M, Boscoboinik JA, Lu D. Exfoliating silica bilayers via intercalation at the silica/transition metal interface. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:135702. [PMID: 34911055 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growth of the silica (SiO2) bilayer (BL) films on transition metal (TM) surfaces creates a new class of two-dimensional (2D) crystalline, self-contained materials that interact weakly with the TM substrate. The BL-silica/TM heterojunction has shown unique physical and chemical properties that can lead to new chemical reaction mechanisms under the sub-nm confinement and broad potential applications ranging from surface protection, nano transistors, molecular sieves to nuclear waste removal. Novel applications of BL-silica can be further explored as a constituent of van der Waals assembly of 2D materials. Key to these applications is an unmet technical challenge to exfoliate and transfer BL-silica films in a large area from one substrate to another without material damage. In this study, we propose a new exfoliation mechanism based on gas molecule intercalation from density functional theory studies of the BL-silica/TM heterojunction. We found that the intercalation of O atoms and CO molecules at the BL-silica/TM interface weakens the BL-silica-TM hybridization, which results in an exponential decrease of the exfoliation energy against the interface distance as the coverage of interfacial species increases. This new intercalation mechanism opens up the opportunity for non-damaging exfoliation and transfer of large area silica bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengen Wang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States of America
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Deyu Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
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12
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Xu Y, Dorneles de Mello M, Zhou C, Sharma S, Karagoz B, Head AR, Darbari Z, Waluyo I, Hunt A, Stacchiola DJ, Manzi S, Boscoboinik AM, Pereyra VD, Boscoboinik JA. Xenon Trapping in Metal-Supported Silica Nanocages. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103661. [PMID: 34463426 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xenon (Xe) is a valuable and scarce noble gas used in various applications, including lighting, electronics, and anesthetics, among many others. It is also a volatile byproduct of the nuclear fission of uranium. A novel material architecture consisting of silicate nanocages in contact with a metal surface and an approach for trapping single Xe atoms in these cages is presented. The trapping is done at low Xe pressures and temperatures between 400 and 600 K, and the process is monitored in situ using synchrotron-based ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Release of the Xe from the cages occurs only when heating to temperatures above 750 K. A model that explains the experimental trapping kinetics is proposed and tested using Monte Carlo methods. Density functional theory calculations show activation energies for Xe exiting the cages consistent with experiments. This work can have significant implications in various fields, including Xe production, nuclear power, nuclear waste remediation, and nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. The results are also expected to apply to argon, krypton, and radon, opening an even more comprehensive range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xu
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Matheus Dorneles de Mello
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Advanced Energy Research and Technology Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1000 Innovation Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Burcu Karagoz
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Zubin Darbari
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 743 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, NY, 11967, USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 743 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, NY, 11967, USA
| | - Dario J Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Sergio Manzi
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP) - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - Alejandro M Boscoboinik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Victor D Pereyra
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada (IMASL) - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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13
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Prieto MJ, Mullan T, Schlutow M, Gottlob DM, Tănase LC, Menzel D, Sauer J, Usvyat D, Schmidt T, Freund HJ. Insights into Reaction Kinetics in Confined Space: Real Time Observation of Water Formation under a Silica Cover. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8780-8790. [PMID: 34096299 PMCID: PMC8297729 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We offer a comprehensive
approach to determine how physical confinement
can affect the water formation reaction. By using free-standing crystalline
SiO2 bilayer supported on Ru(0001) as a model system, we
studied the water formation reaction under confinement in situ and
in real time. Low-energy electron microscopy reveals that the reaction
proceeds via the formation of reaction fronts propagating across the
Ru(0001) surface. The Arrhenius analyses of the front velocity yield
apparent activation energies (Eaapp) of 0.32 eV for the confined
and 0.59 eV for the nonconfined reaction. DFT simulations indicate
that the rate-determining step remains unchanged upon confinement,
therefore ruling out the widely accepted transition state effect.
Additionally, H2O accumulation cannot explain the change
in Eaapp for the confined cases studied because its concentration
remains low. Instead, numerical simulations of the proposed kinetic
model suggest that the H2 adsorption process plays a decisive
role in reproducing the Arrhenius plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J Prieto
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Mullan
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Schlutow
- Institut für Mathematik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel M Gottlob
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liviu C Tănase
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich Menzel
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Physik-Department E20, Technical University München, James-Franck-Str.1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Sauer
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Usvyat
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Boscoboinik AM, Manzi SJ, Pereyra VD, Mas WL, Boscoboinik JA. Structural evolution of two-dimensional silicates using a "bond-switching" algorithm. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2408-2419. [PMID: 33319896 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07623f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicates are the most abundant materials in the earth's crust. In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) versions of them grown on metal supports (known as bilayer silicates) have allowed their study in detail down to the atomic scale. These structures are self-containing. They are not covalently bound to the metal support but interact with it through van der Waals forces. Like their three-dimensional counterparts, the 2D-silicates can form both crystalline and vitreous structures. Furthermore, the interconversion between vitreous to crystalline structures has been experimentally observed at the nanoscale. While theoretical work has been carried out to try to understand these transformations, a limitation for ab initio methods, and even molecular dynamics methods, is the computational cost of studying large systems and long timescales. In this work, we present a simple and computationally inexpensive approach, that can be used to represent the evolution of bilayer silicates using a bond-switching algorithm. This approach allows reaching equilibrium ring size distributions as a function of a parameter that can be related to the ratio between temperature and the energy required for the bond-switching event. The ring size distributions are compared to experimental data available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Boscoboinik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Sergio J Manzi
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP) - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis 5700, Argentina.
| | - Víctor D Pereyra
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada (IMASL) - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Walter L Mas
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Jorge Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
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15
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Lewandowski AL, Tosoni S, Gura L, Yang Z, Fuhrich A, Prieto MJ, Schmidt T, Usvyat D, Schneider W, Heyde M, Pacchioni G, Freund H. Growth and Atomic-Scale Characterization of Ultrathin Silica and Germania Films: The Crucial Role of the Metal Support. Chemistry 2021; 27:1870-1885. [PMID: 33118653 PMCID: PMC7898484 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present review reports on the preparation and atomic-scale characterization of the thinnest possible films of the glass-forming materials silica and germania. To this end state-of-the-art surface science techniques, in particular scanning probe microscopy, and density functional theory calculations have been employed. The investigated films range from monolayer to bilayer coverage where both, the crystalline and the amorphous films, contain characteristic XO4 (X=Si,Ge) building blocks. A side-by-side comparison of silica and germania monolayer, zigzag phase and bilayer films supported on Mo(112), Ru(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) leads to a more general comprehension of the network structure of glass former materials. This allows us to understand the crucial role of the metal support for the pathway from crystalline to amorphous ultrathin film growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversitá di Milano-BicoccaVia R. Cozzi, 5520125MilanItaly
| | - Leonard Gura
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Zechao Yang
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Alexander Fuhrich
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Mauricio J. Prieto
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Denis Usvyat
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | | | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversitá di Milano-BicoccaVia R. Cozzi, 5520125MilanItaly
| | - Hans‐Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614195BerlinGermany
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16
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Guo H, Wang X, Huang L, Jin X, Yang Z, Zhou Z, Hu H, Zhang YY, Lu H, Zhang Q, Shen C, Lin X, Gu L, Dai Q, Bao L, Du S, Hofer W, Pantelides ST, Gao HJ. Insulating SiO 2 under Centimeter-Scale, Single-Crystal Graphene Enables Electronic-Device Fabrication. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8584-8591. [PMID: 33200603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene on SiO2 enables fabrication of Si-technology-compatible devices, but a transfer of these devices from other substrates and direct growth have severe limitations due to a relatively small grain size or device-contamination. Here, we show an efficient, transfer-free way to integrate centimeter-scale, single-crystal graphene, of a quality suitable for electronic devices, on an insulating SiO2 film. Starting with single-crystal graphene grown epitaxially on Ru(0001), a SiO2 film is grown under the graphene by stepwise intercalation of silicon and oxygen. Thin (∼1 nm) crystalline or thicker (∼2 nm) amorphous SiO2 has been produced. The insulating nature of the thick amorphous SiO2 is verified by transport measurements. The device-quality of the corresponding graphene was confirmed by the observation of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, an integer quantum Hall effect, and a weak antilocalization effect within in situ fabricated Hall bar devices. This work provides a reliable platform for applications of large-scale, high-quality graphene in electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhong Yang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Zhou
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chengmin Shen
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lin Gu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Bao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
| | - Werner Hofer
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
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17
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Du H, Li G, Chen J, Lv Z, Chen Y, Liu S. A novel SiO monolayer with a negative Poisson's ratio and Dirac semimetal properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20107-20113. [PMID: 32936133 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although a number of interesting physical properties such as a negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) and Dirac semimetal (DS) properties have been recently predicted in two-dimensional (2D) materials, the realization of a 2D material that exhibits both of these DS and NPR features has rarely been reported. Here by adopting particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms combined with first-principles methods, we successfully construct a novel SiO monolayer (Pmna), the dynamic and thermal stability of which was characterized using phonon spectrum calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio calculations showed that the Pmna monolayer exhibits high mechanical anisotropy with an in-plane NPR originating from its puckered atomic arrangement. More notably, the band structure of the Pmna monolayer possesses zero bandgap with four Dirac cones in its first Brillouin zone, exhibiting a DS feature. From the calculations of orbital-resolved band structures, the Dirac cone was revealed to originate from the orbital hybridization of Si and O atoms. The Pmna monolayer is the first 2D structure in the Si-O system that has both an NPR and Dirac semi-metal properties, providing a new model for exploring 2D multifunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Du
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Energy Storage Materials and Applications, School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
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18
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Jin X, Zhang YY, Pantelides ST, Du S. Integration of graphene and two-dimensional ferroelectrics: properties and related functional devices. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1303-1308. [PMID: 32613986 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric (FE) thin films have been investigated for many years due to their broad applications in electronic devices. It was recently demonstrated that FE functionality persists in ultrathin films, possibly even in monolayers of two-dimensional (2D) FEs. However, the feasibility of 2D-based FE functional devices remains an open challenge. Here, we employ density-functional-theory calculations to propose and document the possible integration of graphene with 2D FE materials on metal substrates in the form of functional FE devices. We show that monolayers of proposed M2O3 (M = Al, Y) in the quintuple layer (QL) In2Se3 structure are stable 2D FE materials and that QL-M2O3 is a functional tunnel barrier in a graphene/QL-M2O3/Ru heterostructure. The QL-M2O3 barrier width can be modulated by its polarization direction, whereby the heterostructure can function as a prototype ferroelectric tunnel junction. Moreover, alternating the polarization of QL-M2O3 modulates the doping type of graphene, enabling the fabrication of graphene p-n junctions. By design, the proposed heterostructures can in principle be fabricated by intercalation, which is known to produce high-quality, large-scale 2D-based heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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19
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Rehman E, Ikram M, Feng MT, Rehman S. Sectoral-based CO 2 emissions of Pakistan: a novel Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29118-29129. [PMID: 32430720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Global warming regarded as the major global issue over the past few decades, whereas carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been cited as one of the main causes of this problem. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of energy consumption, economic development, and population growth on high CO2 emitting sectors of Pakistan such as transportation, industrial, and household. The data used in this study was taken from multiple databases from 2000 to 2018. We employed novel grey relational analysis (GRA) models to assess the connection between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, population, energy consumption, and CO2 emission. Furthermore, the Hurwicz method was used to analyze which factor contributing more to CO2 emission. Result reveals that CO2 emission, gross domestic product per capita, population, and energy consumption showed a strong association among all sectors. Whereas, population contributes more to intensifying CO2 emissions in the transportation sector of Pakistan. This study provides useful insights for policymakers to take preventive and corrective measures to overcome CO2 emissions as well as sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Rehman
- School of Statistics, Southwest University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- College of Management, Research Institute of Business Analytics and Supply Chain Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Ma Tie Feng
- School of Statistics, Southwest University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Shazia Rehman
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Harbin City, Heilongjiang, China
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20
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Sorek E, Arbiv G, Asscher M. Medium-Pressure Reactivity of Acetylene on Pd-Cu Alloy Nanoparticles Supported on Thin Silica Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8066-8074. [PMID: 32544336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to correlate industrial high-pressure catalysis with high-vacuum research has been of great interest for decades. We employed a double-chamber vacuum system to study the self-hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene and its trimerization to benzene at medium pressures to compare the reactivity in this pressure range to the known model catalytic acetylene reactivity in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). We measured the reactivity of Pd-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles (ANPs) with different elemental compositions deposited on top of native SiO2/Si(100) and on bilayer SiO2/Ru(0001) surfaces, where the latter was shown to contribute to ANP stability. Following exposure to 0.5 mbar of acetylene, ANPs on both surfaces catalyze the formation of ethylene and benzene, with ethylene as the more probable product. The ANPs on bilayer SiO2/Ru(0001) were highly selective toward ethylene formation, with an ethylene/benzene ratio of more than 2 orders of magnitude, whereas on the native SiO2/Si(100) there was a significantly lower selectivity (about 5) at the same temperature range and catalyst elemental composition. Interestingly, these selectivity values are similar to those found under UHV conditions. In addition, ANPs grown on native SiO2/Si(100), unlike SiO2/Ru(0001), revealed an optimal temperature for ethylene and benzene formation due to the limited stability of the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - G Arbiv
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Asscher
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
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21
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Klemm HW, Prieto MJ, Xiong F, Hassine GB, Heyde M, Menzel D, Sierka M, Schmidt T, Freund H. A Silica Bilayer Supported on Ru(0001): Following the Crystalline‐to Vitreous Transformation in Real Time with Spectro‐microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hagen W. Klemm
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 14195- Berlin Germany
| | - Mauricio J. Prieto
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 14195- Berlin Germany
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Chemical Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
- Current address: Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of, Petrochemical Technology (SRIPT) Shanghai 201208 China
| | - Ghada B. Hassine
- Otto-Schott-Institut für Materialforschung Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Löbdergraben 32 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 14195- Berlin Germany
| | - Dietrich Menzel
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 14195- Berlin Germany
- Physik-Department E20 Technical University München 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Marek Sierka
- Otto-Schott-Institut für Materialforschung Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Löbdergraben 32 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 14195- Berlin Germany
| | - Hans‐Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 14195- Berlin Germany
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22
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Klemm HW, Prieto MJ, Xiong F, Hassine GB, Heyde M, Menzel D, Sierka M, Schmidt T, Freund H. A Silica Bilayer Supported on Ru(0001): Following the Crystalline-to Vitreous Transformation in Real Time with Spectro-microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10587-10593. [PMID: 32173977 PMCID: PMC7318588 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The crystalline-to-vitreous phase transformation of a SiO2 bilayer supported on Ru(0001) was studied by time-dependent LEED, local XPS, and DFT calculations. The silica bilayer system has parallels to 3D silica glass and can be used to understand the mechanism of the disorder transition. DFT simulations show that the formation of a Stone-Wales-type of defect follows a complex mechanism, where the two layers show decoupled behavior in terms of chemical bond rearrangements. The calculated activation energy of the rate-determining step for the formation of a Stone-Wales-type of defect (4.3 eV) agrees with the experimental value. Charge transfer between SiO2 bilayer and Ru(0001) support lowers the activation energy for breaking the Si-O bond compared to the unsupported film. Pre-exponential factors obtained in UHV and in O2 atmospheres differ significantly, suggesting that the interfacial ORu underneath the SiO2 bilayer plays a role on how the disordering propagates within the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen W. Klemm
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
| | - Mauricio J. Prieto
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- Current address: Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of, Petrochemical Technology (SRIPT)Shanghai201208China
| | - Ghada B. Hassine
- Otto-Schott-Institut für MaterialforschungFriedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaLöbdergraben 3207743JenaGermany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
| | - Dietrich Menzel
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
- Physik-Department E20Technical University München85748GarchingGermany
| | - Marek Sierka
- Otto-Schott-Institut für MaterialforschungFriedrich-Schiller-Universität JenaLöbdergraben 3207743JenaGermany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
| | - Hans‐Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
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23
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Wang M, Zhou C, Akter N, Tysoe WT, Boscoboinik JA, Lu D. Mechanism of the Accelerated Water Formation Reaction under Interfacial Confinement. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengen Wang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Chen Zhou
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Nusnin Akter
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Wilfred T. Tysoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - J. Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Deyu Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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Jhang JH, Boscoboinik JA, Altman EI. Ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of water formation and adsorption under two-dimensional silica and aluminosilicate layers on Pd(111). J Chem Phys 2020; 152:084705. [PMID: 32113358 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations was used to characterize the interaction of water with two-dimensional (2D) silica and aluminosilicate bilayers on Pd(111). Starting with oxygen adsorbed at the SiO2/Pd interface, exposure to water caused the SiO2-derived XPS peaks to shift to higher binding energy and the removal of an O 1s feature associated with interfacial adsorbed oxygen. These observations were attributed to the formation of a mixed water-hydroxyl interface, which eliminates the interfacial dipolar layer, and its associated electrostatic potential, created by adsorbed oxygen. Interfacial oxygen also reacted with H2 to produce adsorbed water which also caused an upward binding energy shift of the SiO2 peaks. Spectra recorded under 0.5 Torr water revealed additional water adsorption and a further shift of the overlayer peaks to higher binding energy. Incorporating Al into the 2D material caused the bilayer peaks to shift to lower binding energy which could be explained by electron donation from the metal to the bilayer. Although the stronger interaction between the bilayer and Pd substrate should restrict interfacial adsorption and reaction, similar trends were observed for water and hydrogen exposure to interfacial adsorbed oxygen. Less water adsorption was observed at the aluminosilicate interface which is a consequence of Al strengthening the bond to the metal substrate. The results reveal how the sensitivity of XPS to interfacial dipoles can be exploited to distinguish reactions taking place in confined spaces under 2D layers and how tuning the composition of the 2D layer can impact such reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hao Jhang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Eric I Altman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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25
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Wang Y, Ren J. Computational discovery of two-dimensional HfO 2 zoo based on evolutionary structure search. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4481-4489. [PMID: 32064477 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hafnium oxides have been widely applied in modern electronic and photonic devices as a thin film layer due to their wide electronic band gap and high dielectric constant. Here, based on a high-throughput evolutionary structure search, we explore a two-dimensional HfO2 zoo and identify six thermodynamic stable phases of the atomic thin monolayer. We confirm their mechanical and dynamical stabilities by calculating the elastic tensors and phonon dispersions as well as by carrying out ab initio molecular dynamic simulations at finite temperatures. In particular, we investigate the electronic and optical properties of those stable two-dimensional HfO2 structures. In spite of their diverse different structures, the two-dimensional HfO2 phases all have wide electronic band gaps and high dielectric constants, all indicating large capacitances due to the small thickness of the monolayer structures. Our findings demonstrate that atomic thin two-dimensional HfO2 could be a potential supercapacitor and dielectric layer for advanced nanoscale optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Center for Nanophononics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Sciences and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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26
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Zhou C, Liang X, Hutchings GS, Jhang JH, Fishman ZS, Wu R, Gozar A, Schwarz UD, Ismail-Beigi S, Altman EI. Tuning two-dimensional phase formation through epitaxial strain and growth conditions: silica and silicate on Ni xPd 1-x(111) alloy substrates. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21340-21353. [PMID: 31670730 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05944j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials can have multiple phases close in energy but with distinct properties, with the phases that form during growth dependent on experimental conditions and the growth substrate. Here, the competition between 2D van der Waals (VDW) silica and 2D Ni silicate phases on NixPd1-x(111) alloy substrates was systematically investigated experimentally as a function of Si surface coverage, annealing time and temperature, O2 partial pressure, and substrate composition and the results were compared with thermodynamic predictions based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and thermochemical data for O2. Experimentally, 2D Ni silicate was exclusively observed at higher O2 pressures (∼10-6 Torr), higher annealing temperatures (1000 K), and more prolonged annealing (10 min) if the substrate contained any Ni and for initial Si coverages up to 2 monolayers. In contrast, decreasing the O2 pressure to ∼10-8 Torr and restricting the annealing temperature and time enabled 2D VDW silica formation. Amorphous 2D VDW silica was observed even when the substrate composition was tuned to lattice match crystalline 2D VDW silica. The trend of decreased O2 pressure favoring 2D VDW silica was consistent with the theoretical predictions; however, theory also suggested that sufficient Si coverage could avoid Ni silicate formation. The effect of epitaxial strain on 2D Ni silicate was investigated by modifying the solid solution alloy substrate composition. It was found that 2D Ni silicate will stretch to match the substrate lattice constant up to 1.12% tensile strain. When the lattice mismatch was over 1.40%, incommensurate crystalline domains were observed, indicating relaxation of the overlayer to its favored lattice constant. The limited epitaxial strain that could be applied was attributed to a combination of the 2D silicate stiffness, the insensitivity of its bonding to the substrate to its alignment with the substrate, and its lack of accessible structural rearrangements that can reduce the strain energy. The results demonstrate how the resulting 2D material can be manipulated through the growth conditions and how a solid solution alloy substrate can be used to maximize the epitaxial strain imparted to the 2D system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gregory S Hutchings
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jin-Hao Jhang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Zachary S Fishman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Rongting Wu
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Adrian Gozar
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Udo D Schwarz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Sohrab Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA and Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eric I Altman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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27
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Akter N, Sadowski JT, Zhou C, Zhong JQ, van Spronsen M, Xu Y, Tong X, Kim T, Tenney S, Head AR, Stacchiola DJ, Boscoboinik JA. Morphology of Palladium Thin Film Deposited on a Two-Dimensional Bilayer Aluminosilicate. Top Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-019-01193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Lewandowski AL, Tosoni S, Gura L, Schlexer P, Marschalik P, Schneider W, Heyde M, Pacchioni G, Freund H. From Crystalline to Amorphous Germania Bilayer Films at the Atomic Scale: Preparation and Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián L. Lewandowski
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversità di Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi, 55 Milan Italy
| | - Leonard Gura
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Philomena Schlexer
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversità di Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi, 55 Milan Italy
| | - Patrik Marschalik
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Wolf‐Dieter Schneider
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversità di Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi, 55 Milan Italy
| | - Hans‐Joachim Freund
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
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29
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Lewandowski AL, Tosoni S, Gura L, Schlexer P, Marschalik P, Schneider WD, Heyde M, Pacchioni G, Freund HJ. From Crystalline to Amorphous Germania Bilayer Films at the Atomic Scale: Preparation and Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10903-10908. [PMID: 31050096 PMCID: PMC6771709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new two‐dimensional (2D) germanium dioxide film has been prepared. The film consists of interconnected germania tetrahedral units forming a bilayer structure, weakly coupled to the supporting Pt(111) metal‐substrate. Density functional theory calculations predict a stable structure of 558‐membered rings for germania films, while for silica films 6‐membered rings are preferred. By varying the preparation conditions the degree of order in the germania films is tuned. Crystalline, intermediate ordered and purely amorphous film structures are resolved by analysing scanning tunnelling microscopy images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián L Lewandowski
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Department of Materials Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonard Gura
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philomena Schlexer
- Department of Materials Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrik Marschalik
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Schneider
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Department of Materials Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milan, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ormrod Morley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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31
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Kremer G, Alvarez Quiceno JC, Lisi S, Pierron T, González C, Sicot M, Kierren B, Malterre D, Rault JE, Le Fèvre P, Bertran F, Dappe YJ, Coraux J, Pochet P, Fagot-Revurat Y. Electronic Band Structure of Ultimately Thin Silicon Oxide on Ru(0001). ACS NANO 2019; 13:4720-4730. [PMID: 30916924 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silicon oxide can be formed in a crystalline form, when prepared on a metallic substrate. It is a candidate support catalyst and possibly the ultimately thin version of a dielectric host material for two-dimensional materials and heterostructures. We determine the atomic structure and chemical bonding of the ultimately thin version of the oxide, epitaxially grown on Ru(0001). In particular, we establish the existence of two sublattices defined by metal-oxygen-silicon bridges involving inequivalent substrate sites. We further discover four electronic bands below the Fermi level, at high binding energy, two of them having a linear dispersion at their crossing K point (Dirac cones) and two others forming semiflat bands. While the latter two correspond to hybridized states between the oxide and the metal, the former relate to the topmost silicon-oxygen plane, which is not directly coupled to the substrate. Our analysis is based on high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Kremer
- Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , BP 50840, 54011 Nancy , France
| | | | - Simone Lisi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Thomas Pierron
- Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , BP 50840, 54011 Nancy , France
| | - César González
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Muriel Sicot
- Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , BP 50840, 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Bertrand Kierren
- Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , BP 50840, 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Daniel Malterre
- Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , BP 50840, 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Julien E Rault
- Synchrotron SOLEIL , Saint-Aubin , BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Le Fèvre
- Synchrotron SOLEIL , Saint-Aubin , BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - François Bertran
- Synchrotron SOLEIL , Saint-Aubin , BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Yannick J Dappe
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Johann Coraux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Pascal Pochet
- Laboratoire de Simulation Atomistique , Univ. Grenoble Alpes & CEA , 38054 Grenoble , France
| | - Yannick Fagot-Revurat
- Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , BP 50840, 54011 Nancy , France
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32
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Dou YM, Zhang CW, Li P, Wang PJ. Novel graphene-like two-dimensional bilayer germanene dioxide: electronic structure and optical properties. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9633-9639. [PMID: 35520695 PMCID: PMC9062145 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00450e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Using ab initio calculations, we present a two-dimensional (2D) α-2D-germanene dioxide material with an ideal sp3 bonding network which possesses a large band gap up to 2.50 eV. The phonon dispersion curves and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation under the chosen parameters suggest that the novel 2D structure is stable. The dielectric function and absorption spectrum also show the consistent band gap within the electronic structure diagram, suggesting possible application as an ultraviolet light optical detector. The calculated carrier mobility of 4.09 × 103 cm2 V-1 s-1 can be observed along the x direction, which is much higher than that of MoS2 (∼3.0 cm2 V-1 s-1). Finally, we found that α-2D-germanene dioxide could potentially act as an ideal monolayer insulator in so-called van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure devices. These findings expand the potential applications of the emerging field of 2D α-2D-germanene dioxide materials in nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Dou
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wen Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ji Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan Jinan Shandong 250022 People's Republic of China
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33
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Boscoboinik JA. Chemistry in confined space through the eyes of surface science-2D porous materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:063001. [PMID: 30523939 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf2ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There are a rapidly growing number of studies showing exciting new opportunities in the way confinement effects on surfaces affect the properties of materials and their chemistry. These effects have been observed recently under two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials such as a graphene and boron nitride and for the case of supported 2D-porous oxides, including silicates, aluminosilicates and zeolite nanosheets. This review summarizes the current state of the art in this area of research and how confinement effects in 2D systems relate to those found in 3D porous and layered materials. The focus of this review is put in 2D-materials with inherent porosity, such as 2D-porous oxides. An outlook is also given for the future of this exciting emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
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34
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Wang S, Hu X, Goniakowski J, Noguera C, Castell MR. Influence of the support on stabilizing local defects in strained monolayer oxide films. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2412-2422. [PMID: 30667032 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08606k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials with a honeycomb lattice, such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, often contain local defects in which the hexagonal elements are replaced by four-, five-, seven-, and eight-membered rings. An example is the Stone-Wales (S-W) defect, where a bond rotation causes four hexagons to be transformed into a cluster of two pentagons and two heptagons. A further series of similar defects incorporating divacancies results in larger structures of non-hexagonal elements. In this paper, we use scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) modeling to investigate the structure and energetics of S-W and divacancy defects in a honeycomb (2 × 2) Ti2O3 monolayer grown on an Au(111) substrate. The epitaxial rumpled Ti2O3 monolayer is pseudomorphic and in a state of elastic compression. As a consequence, divacancy defects, which induce tension in freestanding films, relieve the compression in the epitaxial Ti2O3 monolayer and therefore have significantly lower energies when compared with their freestanding counterparts. We find that at the divacancy defect sites there is a local reduction of the charge transfer between the film and the substrate, the rumpling is reduced, and the film has an increased separation from the substrate. Our results demonstrate the capacity of the substrate to significantly influence the energetics, and hence favor vacancy-type defects, in compressively strained 2D materials. This approach could be applied more broadly, for example to tensile monolayers, where vacancy-type defects would be rare and interstitial-type defects might be favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiu Wang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
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35
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Barcaro G, Fortunelli A. 2D oxides on metal materials: concepts, status, and perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11510-11536. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00972h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional oxide-on-metal materials: concepts, methods, and link to technological applications, with 5 subtopics: structural motifs, robustness, catalysis, ternaries, and nanopatterning.
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36
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Lin H, Li T, Li H. Molecular dynamics study on the heterogeneous nucleation of liquid Al-Cu alloys on different kinds of copper substrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29856-29865. [PMID: 30468223 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Al-Cu alloys are widely used in aeronautics and aerospace engineering because they exhibit outstanding performance. However, their casting characteristics are poor. Heterogeneous nucleation plays a significant role in controlling crystal growth. MD simulations are performed to explore the heterogeneous nucleation of liquid Al-Cu on a copper substrate including the heat-up process, preservation process, and freezing process. The simulation results show that the Al-Cu melt becomes layered at the liquid-solid interface and tends to be ordered in the structure because of the induced effect from the substrate. The crystal structure information is found to be gradually delivered from the substrate to the liquid, and this transmission capacity of information decays with increasing distance from the substrate. The liquid Al-Cu alloy with high copper content frozen on the single substrate tends to form a perfect crystal structure more easily, but the Al-Cu melt with low copper content between two copper substrates tends to form an arch-shaped structure, which can disappear when the copper content reaches a specific proportion. Moreover, different angles of the grooved substrates also affect the heterogeneous nucleation of the Al-Cu melt and its solidified structure. Our findings provide new insights into the defect and structural changes during heterogeneous nucleation, and our findings also promote leading-edge studies, which can provide new ideas to mechanical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Zhang J. Phase transformation in two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks under compressive loading. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29462-29471. [PMID: 30456404 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a new class of two-dimensional (2D) materials, 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are proven to possess remarkable electronic and magnetic properties. However, their mechanical behaviours remain almost unexplored. In this work, taking the recently synthesised dimethylmethylene-bridged triphenylamine (DTPA) sheet as an example, we investigate the mechanical behaviours of 2D COFs based on molecular dynamics simulations together with density functional theory calculations. A novel phase transformation is observed in DTPA sheets when a relatively large in-plane compressive strain is applied to them. Specifically, the crystal structures of the transformed phases are topographically different when the compressive loading is applied in different directions. The compression-induced phase transformation in DTPA sheets is attributed to the buckling of their kagome lattice structures and is found to have significant impacts on their material properties. After the phase transformation, Young's modulus, band gap and thermal conductivity of DTPA sheets are greatly reduced and become strongly anisotropic. Moreover, a large in-plane negative Poisson's ratio is found in the transformed phases of DTPA sheets. It is expected that the results of the compression-induced phase transformation and its influence on the material properties observed in the present DTPA sheets can be further extended to other 2D COFs, since most 2D COFs are found to possess a similar kagome lattice structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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38
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Wilson M, Jenkins H. Crystalline thin films of silica: modelling, structure and energetics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:475401. [PMID: 30265250 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The static structural and energetic properties of thin crystalline films (∼two dimensional bilayers) of silica, SiO2, are modelled. Two potential models are considered in which the key interactions are described by purely harmonic terms and more complex electrostatic terms, respectively. The relative energetic stability of two potential crystalline forms, which represent alternative ways of tiling two dimensional space, is discussed. Coherent and incoherent distortions are introduced to the simulated crystals and their effects considered in terms of the ring structure formed by the Si atoms. The spatial relationship between distorted rings is analysed. An experimentally-observed single crystalline configuration is considered for comparison throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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39
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Abstract
Metal-support interaction is one of the most important parameters in controlling the catalysis of supported metal catalysts. Silica, a widely used oxide support, has been rarely reported as an effective support to create active metal-support interfaces for promoting catalysis. In this work, by coating Cu microparticles with mesoporous SiO2, we discover that Cu/SiO2 interface creates an exceptional effect to promote catalytic hydrogenation of esters. Both computational and experimental studies reveal that Cu-Hδ- and SiO-Hδ+ species would be formed at the Cu-O-SiOx interface upon H2 dissociation, thus promoting the ester hydrogenation by stablizing the transition states. Based on the proposed catalytic mechanism, encapsulting copper phyllosilicate nanotubes with mesoporous silica followed by hydrogen reduction is developed as an effective method to create a practical Cu nanocatalyst with abundant Cu-O-SiOx interfaces. The catalyst exhibits the best performance in the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol among all reported Cu catalysts.
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40
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Büchner C, Eder SD, Nesse T, Kuhness D, Schlexer P, Pacchioni G, Manson JR, Heyde M, Holst B, Freund HJ. Bending Rigidity of 2D Silica. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:226101. [PMID: 29906168 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.226101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A chemically stable bilayers of SiO_{2} (2D silica) is a new, wide band gap 2D material. Up till now graphene has been the only 2D material where the bending rigidity has been measured. Here we present inelastic helium atom scattering data from 2D silica on Ru(0001) and extract the first bending rigidity, κ, measurements for a nonmonoatomic 2D material of definable thickness. We find a value of κ=8.8 eV±0.5 eV which is of the same order of magnitude as theoretical values in the literature for freestanding crystalline 2D silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Büchner
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S D Eder
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - T Nesse
- Department of Physics, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - D Kuhness
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Schlexer
- Department of Materials Science, Universitá di Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milan, Italy
| | - G Pacchioni
- Department of Materials Science, Universitá di Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milan, Italy
| | - J R Manson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M Heyde
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Holst
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - H-J Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Kuhness D, Yang HJ, Klemm HW, Prieto M, Peschel G, Fuhrich A, Menzel D, Schmidt T, Yu X, Shaikhutdinov S, Lewandowski A, Heyde M, Kelemen A, Włodarczyk R, Usvyat D, Schütz M, Sauer J, Freund HJ. A Two-Dimensional 'Zigzag' Silica Polymorph on a Metal Support. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6164-6168. [PMID: 29688718 PMCID: PMC6078382 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a new polymorph of the two-dimensional (2D) silica film with a characteristic 'zigzag' line structure and a rectangular unit cell which forms on a Ru(0001) metal substrate. This new silica polymorph may allow for important insights into growth modes and transformations of 2D silica films as a model system for the study of glass transitions. Based on scanning tunneling microscopy, low energy electron diffraction, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements on the one hand, and density functional theory calculations on the other, a structural model for the 'zigzag' polymorph is proposed. In comparison to established monolayer and bilayer silica, this 'zigzag' structure system has intermediate characteristics in terms of coupling to the substrate and stoichiometry. The silica 'zigzag' phase is transformed upon reoxidation at higher annealing temperature into a SiO2 silica bilayer film which is chemically decoupled from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kuhness
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hyun Jin Yang
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagen W. Klemm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mauricio Prieto
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gina Peschel
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Fuhrich
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich Menzel
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Physik-Department
E20, TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Yu
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shamil Shaikhutdinov
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrian Lewandowski
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Kelemen
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radosław Włodarczyk
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Usvyat
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Sauer
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Thang HV, Tosoni S, Pacchioni G. Evidence of Charge Transfer to Atomic and Molecular Adsorbates on ZnO/X(111) (X = Cu, Ag, Au) Ultrathin Films. Relevance for Cu/ZnO Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Viet Thang
- Departimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Departimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Departimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
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43
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Usvyat D, Maschio L, Schütz M. Periodic and fragment models based on the local correlation approach. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Usvyat
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Lorenzo Maschio
- Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) CentreUniversità di TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
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44
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Li G, Zhang YY, Guo H, Huang L, Lu H, Lin X, Wang YL, Du S, Gao HJ. Epitaxial growth and physical properties of 2D materials beyond graphene: from monatomic materials to binary compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6073-6100. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00286j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances of epitaxial growth of 2D materials beyond graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation
| | - Hui Guo
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation
| | - Ye-Liang Wang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation
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45
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Pan Q, Li L, Shaikhutdinov S, Fujimori Y, Hollerer M, Sterrer M, Freund HJ. Model systems in heterogeneous catalysis: towards the design and understanding of structure and electronic properties. Faraday Discuss 2018; 208:307-323. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discuss in this paper two case studies related to nano-particle catalyst systems: one concerns a model system for the Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst for ethylene polymerization and the other provides additional information on Au nano-particles supported on ultrathin MgO(100)/Ag(100) films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Pan
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society
- Department of Chemical Physics
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - L. Li
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society
- Department of Chemical Physics
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - S. Shaikhutdinov
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society
- Department of Chemical Physics
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Y. Fujimori
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society
- Department of Chemical Physics
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - M. Hollerer
- University of Graz
- Institute of Physics
- NAWI Graz
- Universitätsplatz 5
- 8010 Graz
| | - M. Sterrer
- University of Graz
- Institute of Physics
- NAWI Graz
- Universitätsplatz 5
- 8010 Graz
| | - H.-J. Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society
- Department of Chemical Physics
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
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46
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Yao B, Mandrà S, Curry JO, Shaikhutdinov S, Freund HJ, Schrier J. Gas Separation through Bilayer Silica, the Thinnest Possible Silica Membrane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43061-43071. [PMID: 29156127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-based gas separation processes can address key challenges in energy and environment, but for many applications the permeance and selectivity of bulk membranes is insufficient for economical use. Theory and experiment indicate that permeance and selectivity can be increased by using two-dimensional materials with subnanometer pores as membranes. Motivated by experiments showing selective permeation of H2/CO mixtures through amorphous silica bilayers, here we perform a theoretical study of gas separation through silica bilayers. Using density functional theory calculations, we obtain geometries of crystalline free-standing silica bilayers (comprised of six-membered rings), as well as the seven-, eight-, and nine-membered rings that are observed in glassy silica bilayers, which arise due to Stone-Wales defects and vacancies. We then compute the potential energy barriers for gas passage through these various pore types for He, Ne, Ar, Kr, H2, N2, CO, and CO2 gases, and use the data to assess their capability for selective gas separation. Our calculations indicate that crystalline bilayer silica, which is less than a nanometer thick, can be a high-selectivity and high-permeance membrane material for 3He/4He, He/natural gas, and H2/CO separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College , 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, United States
| | - Salvatore Mandrà
- Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (QuAIL), Mail Stop 269-1, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
- Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies Inc. , 7701 Greenbelt Road, Suite 400, Greenbelt, Maryland 20770, United States
| | - John O Curry
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College , 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, United States
| | - Shamil Shaikhutdinov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz Haber Institute , Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz Haber Institute , Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Joshua Schrier
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College , 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, United States
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47
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48
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Zhang A, Li A, Tian W, Li Z, Wei C, Sun Y, Zhao W, Liu M, Liu J. A Target-Directed Chemo-Photothermal System Based on Transferrin and Copolymer-Modified MoS2
Nanoplates with pH-Activated Drug Release. Chemistry 2017; 23:11346-11356. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aitang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Aihua Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Tian
- School of Pharmacy; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266021 P. R. China
| | - Zichao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Chen Wei
- School of Pharmacy; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266021 P. R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- School of Pharmacy; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266021 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Mengli Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
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49
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Zhong JQ, Wang M, Akter N, Kestell JD, Boscoboinik AM, Kim T, Stacchiola DJ, Lu D, Boscoboinik JA. Immobilization of single argon atoms in nano-cages of two-dimensional zeolite model systems. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16118. [PMID: 28714478 PMCID: PMC5520055 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The confinement of noble gases on nanostructured surfaces, in contrast to bulk materials, at non-cryogenic temperatures represents a formidable challenge. In this work, individual Ar atoms are trapped at 300 K in nano-cages consisting of (alumino)silicate hexagonal prisms forming a two-dimensional array on a planar surface. The trapping of Ar atoms is detected in situ using synchrotron-based ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The atoms remain in the cages upon heating to 400 K. The trapping and release of Ar is studied combining surface science methods and density functional theory calculations. While the frameworks stay intact with the inclusion of Ar atoms, the permeability of gasses (for example, CO) through them is significantly affected, making these structures also interesting candidates for tunable atomic and molecular sieves. These findings enable the study of individually confined noble gas atoms using surface science methods, opening up new opportunities for fundamental research. While noble gases can be trapped in 3D porous structures, immobilizing them on 2D surfaces represents a formidable challenge. Here, the authors cage individual argon atoms in 2D model zeolite frameworks at room temperature, providing exciting opportunities for the fundamental study of isolated noble gas atoms using surface science methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Mengen Wang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, USA
| | - Nusnin Akter
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, USA
| | - John D Kestell
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Alejandro M Boscoboinik
- Instituto de Fisica Aplicada INFAP-CONICET-Departamento de Fìsica-Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917-5700-San Luis, Argentina
| | - Taejin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, USA
| | - Dario J Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Deyu Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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50
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Hutchings GS, Jhang JH, Zhou C, Hynek D, Schwarz UD, Altman EI. Epitaxial Ni xPd 1-x (111) Alloy Substrates with Continuously Tunable Lattice Constants for 2D Materials Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11266-11271. [PMID: 28281742 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial strain can be a powerful parameter for directing the growth of thin films. Unfortunately, conventional materials only offer discrete choices for setting the lattice strain. In this work, it is demonstrated that epitaxial growth of transition metal alloy solid solutions can provide thermally stable, high-quality growth substrates with continuously tunable lattice constants. Molecular beam epitaxy was used to grow NixPd1-x(111) alloy films with lattice constants between 3.61 and 3.89 Å on the hexagonal (0001) basal planes of α-Al2O3 and Cr2O3 (grown as epitaxial films on α-Al2O3 (0001)). The Cr2O3 acted as an adhesion layer, which not only improved the high-temperature stability of the films but also produced single-domain films with NixPd1-x [112̅] parallel to Cr2O3 [112̅0], in contrast to growth on α-Al2O3 that yielded twinned films. Surface characterization by electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) as well as bulk X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the films are suitable as inexpensive and stable substrates for thin-film growth and for surface science studies. To demonstrate this suitability, bilayer SiO2, a two-dimensional van der Waals material, was grown on a NixPd1-x(111) film tuned to closely match the film's lattice constant, with STM and electron diffraction results revealing a highly ordered, single-phase crystalline state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Hutchings
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jin-Hao Jhang
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chao Zhou
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David Hynek
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Udo D Schwarz
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Eric I Altman
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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