1
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Luo M, Chen A, Huang C, Guo M, Cai T. Effects of Polymers on Cocrystal Growth in a Drug-Drug Coamorphous System: Relations between Glass-to-Crystal Growth and Surface-Enhanced Crystal Growth. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3591-3602. [PMID: 38818946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Coamorphous and cocrystal drug delivery systems provide attractive crystal engineering strategies for improving the solubilities, dissolution rates, and oral bioavailabilities of poorly water-soluble drugs. Polymeric additives have often been used to inhibit the unwanted crystallization of amorphous drugs. However, the transformation of a coamorphous phase to a cocrystal phase in the presence of polymers has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effects of low concentrations of the polymeric excipients poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) on the growth of carbamazepine-celecoxib (CBZ-CEL) cocrystals from the corresponding coamorphous phase. PEO accelerated the growth rate of the cocrystals by increasing the molecular mobility of the coamorphous system, while PVP had the opposite effect. The coamorphous CBZ-CEL system exhibited two anomalously fast crystal growth modes: glass-to-crystal (GC) growth in the bulk and accelerated crystal growth at the free surface. These two fast growth modes both disappeared after doping with PEO (1-3% w/w) but were retained in the presence of PVP, indicating a potential correlation between the two fast crystal growth modes. We propose that the different effects of PEO and PVP on the crystal growth modes arose from weaker effects of the polymers on cocrystallization at the surface than in the bulk. This work provides a deep understanding of the mechanisms by which polymers influence the cocrystallization kinetics of a multicomponent amorphous phase and highlights the importance of polymer selection in stabilizing coamorphous systems or preparing cocrystals via solid-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqian Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - An Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chengbin Huang
- CMC Drug Product, Research and Development, BeiGene Co., Inc., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minshan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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2
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Luo P, Wolf SE, Govind S, Stephens RB, Kim DH, Chen CY, Nguyen T, Wąsik P, Zhernenkov M, Mcclimon B, Fakhraai Z. High-density stable glasses formed on soft substrates. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:688-694. [PMID: 38413812 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Enabled by surface-mediated equilibration, physical vapour deposition can create high-density stable glasses comparable with liquid-quenched glasses aged for millions of years. Deposition is often performed at various rates and temperatures on rigid substrates to control the glass properties. Here we demonstrate that on soft, rubbery substrates, surface-mediated equilibration is enhanced up to 170 nm away from the interface, forming stable glasses with densities up to 2.5% higher than liquid-quenched glasses within 2.5 h of deposition. Gaining similar properties on rigid substrates would require 10 million times slower deposition, taking ~3,000 years. Controlling the modulus of the rubbery substrate provides control over the glass structure and density at constant deposition conditions. These results underscore the significance of substrate elasticity in manipulating the properties of the mobile surface layer and thus the glass structure and properties, allowing access to deeper states of the energy landscape without prohibitively slow deposition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - Shivajee Govind
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard B Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dong Hyup Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cindy Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Truc Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patryk Wąsik
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Brandon Mcclimon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Tsujioka T, Yamabayashi K, Kotani K. Surface Glass Transition Temperature Region of Diarylethene Films Determined by Nano-Marangoni Effect. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306145. [PMID: 37847904 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
For the last two decades, research has addressed whether the glass transition temperature and the molecular motions on the surface of organic films are significantly different from those inside the bulk glasses. It is reported that the surface of the photochromic diarylethene film prepared by vacuum deposition has fluidity and the vacuum deposition of small amount of rubrene molecules induces surface tension fluctuations, generating dents due to the Marangoni flow in nanoscale. The depth of the dents increases in proportion to these radii for the colorless diarylethene film with a bulk glass transition temperature (Tg) close to room temperature. On the other hand, in the colored diarylethene obtained by UV irradiation to the colorless film, the depth becomes constant at a certain level. The Tg distribution in the depth direction is clarified based on an analysis of the dent depth. By approximating the obtained Tg depth distribution with an exponential function, the outermost surface Tg is about 100 K lower than the bulk Tg in the case of photoisomerized diarylethene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsujioka
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamabayashi
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kotani
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
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4
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Ferron T, Fiori ME, Ediger MD, DeLongchamp DM, Sunday DF. Composition Dictates Molecular Orientation at the Heterointerfaces of Vapor-Deposited Glasses. JACS AU 2023; 3:1931-1938. [PMID: 37502150 PMCID: PMC10369407 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) can prepare organic glasses with a preferred molecular orientation. The relationships between deposition conditions and orientation have been extensively investigated in the film bulk. The role of interfaces on the structure is less well understood and remains a key knowledge gap, as the interfacial region can govern glass stability and optoelectronic properties. Robust experimental characterization has remained elusive due to complexities in interrogating molecular organization in amorphous, organic materials. Polarized soft X-rays are sensitive to both the composition and the orientation of transition dipole moments in the film, making them uniquely suited to probe molecular orientation in amorphous soft matter. Here, we utilize polarized resonant soft X-ray reflectivity (P-RSoXR) to simultaneously depth profile the composition and molecular orientation of a bilayer prepared through the physical vapor deposition of 1,4-di-[4-(N,N-diphenyl)amino]styryl-benzene (DSA-Ph) on a film of aluminum-tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3). The bulk orientation of the DSA-Ph layer is controlled by varying deposition conditions. Utilizing P-RSoXR to depth profile the films enables determination of both the bulk orientation of DSA-Ph and the orientation near the Alq3 interface. At the Alq3 surface, DSA-Ph always lies with its long axis parallel to the interface, before transitioning into the bulk orientation. This is likely due to the lower mobility and higher glass transition of Alq3, as the first several monolayers of DSA-Ph deposited on Alq3 appear to behave as a blend. We further show how orientation at the interface correlates with the bulk behavior of a codeposited glass of similar blend composition, demonstrating a straightforward approach to predicting molecular orientation at heterointerfaces. This work provides key insights into how molecules orient during vapor deposition and offers methods to predict this property, a critical step toward controlling interfacial behavior in soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
J. Ferron
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Marie E. Fiori
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dean M. DeLongchamp
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Daniel F. Sunday
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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5
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Cheng S, Lee Y, Yu J, Yu L, Ediger MD. Surface Equilibration Mechanism Controls the Stability of a Model Codeposited Glass Mixture of Organic Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4297-4303. [PMID: 37129465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While previous work has identified the conditions for preparing ultrastable single-component organic glasses by physical vapor deposition (PVD), little is known about the stability of codeposited mixtures. Here, we prepared binary PVD glasses of organic semiconductors, TPD (N,N'-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine) and m-MTDATA (4,4',4″-Tris[phenyl(m-tolyl)amino]triphenylamine), with a 50:50 mass concentration over a wide range of substrate temperatures (Tsub). The enthalpy and kinetic stability are evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Binary organic semiconductor glasses with exceptional thermodynamic and kinetic stability comparable to the most stable single-component organic glasses are obtained when deposited at Tsub = 0.78-0.90Tg (where Tg is the conventional glass transition temperature). When deposited at 0.94Tg, the enthalpy of the m-MTDATA/TPD glass equals that expected for the equilibrium liquid at that temperature. Thus, the surface equilibration mechanism previously advanced for single-component PVD glasses is also applicable for these codeposited glasses. These results provide an avenue for designing high-performance organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinian Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yejung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Junguang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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6
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Yin J, Pedersen C, Thees MF, Carlson A, Salez T, Forrest JA. Surface and bulk relaxation of vapor-deposited polystyrene glasses. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:094901. [PMID: 36889949 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the liquid-like response of the surface of vapor-deposited glassy films of polystyrene to the introduction of gold nanoparticles on the surface. The build-up of polymer material was measured as a function of time and temperature for both as-deposited films, as well as films that have been rejuvenated to become normal glasses cooled from the equilibrium liquid. The temporal evolution of the surface profile is well described by the characteristic power law of capillary-driven surface flows. In all cases, the surface evolution of the as-deposited films and the rejuvenated films is enhanced compared to bulk and is not easily distinguishable from each other. The temperature dependence of the measured relaxation times determined from the surface evolution is found to be quantitatively comparable to similar studies for high molecular weight spincast polystyrene. Comparisons to numerical solutions of the glassy thin film equation provide quantitative estimates of the surface mobility. For temperatures sufficiently close to the glass-transition temperature, particle embedding is also measured and used as a probe of bulk dynamics, and, in particular, bulk viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Christian Pedersen
- Mechanics Division, Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael F Thees
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andreas Carlson
- Mechanics Division, Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Salez
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - James A Forrest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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7
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Shi Q, Moinuddin SM, Wang Y, Ahsan F, Li F. Physical stability and dissolution behaviors of amorphous pharmaceutical solids: Role of surface and interface effects. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122098. [PMID: 35961416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous pharmaceutical solids (APS) are single- or multi-component systems in which drugs exist in high-energy states with long-range disordered molecular packing. APSs have become one of the most effective and widely used pharmaceutical delivery approaches for poorly water-soluble drugs in the last several decades. Considerable efforts have been made to investigate the physical stability and dissolution behaviors of APSs, however, the underlying mechanisms remain imperfectly understood. Recent studies reveal that surface and interface properties of APSs could strongly affect the physical stability and dissolution behaviors. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies focusing on the physical stability and dissolution behaviors of APSs from both surface and interface perspectives. We highlight the role of surface or interface properties in nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation, dissolution, and supersaturation. Meanwhile, the challenges and scope of research on surface and interface properties in the future are also briefly discussed. This review contributes to a better understanding of the surface- and interface-facilitated processes, which will provide more efficient and rational guidance for the design of APSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China.
| | - Sakib M Moinuddin
- California Northstate University, College of Pharmacy, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; East Bay Institute For Research & Education (EBIRE), 10535 Hospital Way, Bldg. 650 2nd Floor, Rm. 2B121A, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- California Northstate University, College of Pharmacy, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; East Bay Institute For Research & Education (EBIRE), 10535 Hospital Way, Bldg. 650 2nd Floor, Rm. 2B121A, Mather, CA 95655, USA.
| | - Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China.
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8
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Xu J, Wang X, Chen L, Ao W, Zuo B, Zhang C, Wang X. Spatially Heterogeneous Dynamics in Supported Ultrathin Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Films Depend on the Thicknesses of the Film and the Adsorbed Layer. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wentao Ao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Cuiyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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9
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Liu M, Liu H, Peng H. Orientational wetting and dynamical correlations toward glass transition on the surface of imidazolium-based ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034701. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0099845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface induces many fascinating physical phenomena, such as dynamic acceleration, surface anchoring, and orientational wetting, and, thus, is of great interest to study. Here, we report classic molecular dynamics simulations on the free-standing surface of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) [C4mim][PF6] and [C10mim][PF6]. On [C10mim][PF6] surface, a significant orientational wetting is observed, with the wetting strength showing a diverging tendency. Depth of the wetting was captured from the density and orientational order profile by a static length, which remarkably increases below the temperature Tstat upon cooling down. The dynamical correlation length that measures the distance of surface-dynamics acceleration into the bulk was characterized via the spatial-dependent mobility. The translational correlation exhibits a similar drastic increment at Tstat, while the rotational correlation drastically increases at a lower temperature Trot. We connect these results to the dynamics in bulk liquids, by finding Tstat and Trot that correspond to the onset temperatures where the liquids become cooperative for translational and rotational relaxation, respectively. This signifies the importance of collective dynamics in the bulk on the orientational wetting and surface dynamics in the ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Rd., 410083 Changsha, China
| | - Huashan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Rd., 410083 Changsha, China
| | - Hailong Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Rd., 410083 Changsha, China
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10
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Li Y, Yu J, Tan X, Yu L. Surface Mobility of Amorphous Indomethacin Containing Moisture and a Surfactant: A Concentration-Temperature Superposition Principle. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2962-2970. [PMID: 35816108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An amorphous material can have vastly higher mobility on the surface than in the bulk and, as a result, shows fast surface crystallization. Most amorphous materials contain multiple components, but the effect of composition on surface dynamics remains poorly understood. In this study, the surface mobility of amorphous indomethacin was measured using the method of surface-grating decay in the presence of moisture and the surfactant Tween 20. It is found that both components significantly enhance the surface mobility, and their effects are well described by the principle of concentration-temperature superposition (CTS); that is, the same surface dynamics is observed at the same Tg-normalized temperature T/Tg, where Tg is the composition-dependent glass transition temperature. For doped indomethacin showing CTS, the mechanism of surface evolution for a 1000 nm wavelength surface grating transitions from viscous flow at high temperatures to surface diffusion at low temperatures at 1.04 Tg. For the surfactant-doped system, the Tg used is the value for the surface layer that reflects the surface enrichment of the surfactant (measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). At a high surfactant concentration (>10% by weight), the surface-grating decay rate in the surface-diffusion regime is limited by the large, slow-diffusing surfactant molecules; in this case, CTS holds only for the viscous-flow regime. The CTS principle allows the prediction of the surface dynamics of multicomponent amorphous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Junguang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Xiao Tan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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11
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Yao X, Liu Q, Wang B, Yu J, Aristov MM, Shi C, Zhang GGZ, Yu L. Anisotropic Molecular Organization at a Liquid/Vapor Interface Promotes Crystal Nucleation with Polymorph Selection. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11638-11645. [PMID: 35735940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecules at the surface of a liquid have different organization and dynamics from those in the bulk, potentially altering the rate of crystal nucleation and polymorphic selection, but this effect remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that nucleation at the surface of a pure liquid, d-arabitol, is vastly enhanced, by 12 orders of magnitude, and selects a different polymorph. The surface effect intensifies with cooling and can be inhibited by a dilute, surface-active second component. This phenomenon arises from the anisotropic molecular packing at the interface and its similarity to the surface-nucleating polymorph. Our finding is relevant for controlling the crystallization and polymorphism in any system with a significant interface such as nanodroplets and atmospheric water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Qitong Liu
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Bu Wang
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Junguang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Michael M Aristov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Chenyang Shi
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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12
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Unni AB, Winkler R, Duarte DM, Tu W, Chat K, Adrjanowicz K. Vapor-Deposited Thin Films: Studying Crystallization and α-relaxation Dynamics of the Molecular Drug Celecoxib. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3789-3798. [PMID: 35580265 PMCID: PMC9150116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization is one of the major challenges in using glassy solids for technological applications. Considering pharmaceutical drugs, maintaining a stable amorphous form is highly desirable for improved solubility. Glasses prepared by the physical vapor deposition technique got attention because they possess very high stability, taking thousands of years for an ordinary glass to achieve. In this work, we have investigated the effect of reducing film thickness on the α-relaxation dynamics and crystallization tendency of vapor-deposited films of celecoxib (CXB), a pharmaceutical substance. We have scrutinized its crystallization behavior above and below the glass-transition temperature (Tg). Even though vapor deposition of CXB cannot inhibit crystallization completely, we found a significant decrease in the crystallization rate with decreasing film thickness. Finally, we have observed striking differences in relaxation dynamics of vapor-deposited thin films above the Tg compared to spin-coated counterparts of the same thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Beena Unni
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Roksana Winkler
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Daniel Marques Duarte
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Wenkang Tu
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chat
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Karolina Adrjanowicz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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13
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Dallachiesa L, Biaggio I. Electrically poled vapor-deposited organic glasses for integrated electro-optics. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1924-1927. [PMID: 35427301 DOI: 10.1364/ol.452742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce electrically poled small molecule assemblies that can serve as the active electro-optic material in nano-scale guided-wave circuits such as those of the silicon photonics platform. These monolithic organic materials can be vacuum-deposited to homogeneously fill nanometer-size integrated-optics structures, and electrically poled at higher temperatures to impart an orientational non-centrosymmetric order that remains stable at room temperature. An initial demonstration using the DDMEBT molecule and corona poling delivered a material with the required high optical quality, an effective glass transition temperature of the order of ∼80°C, and an electro-optic coefficient of 20 pm/V.
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14
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Li Y, Bishop C, Cui K, Schmidt JR, Ediger MD, Yu L. Surface diffusion of a glassy discotic organic semiconductor and the surface mobility gradient of molecular glasses. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:094710. [PMID: 35259874 DOI: 10.1063/5.0079890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface diffusion has been measured in the glass of an organic semiconductor, MTDATA, using the method of surface grating decay. The decay rate was measured as a function of temperature and grating wavelength, and the results indicate that the decay mechanism is viscous flow at high temperatures and surface diffusion at low temperatures. Surface diffusion in MTDATA is enhanced by 4 orders of magnitude relative to bulk diffusion when compared at the glass transition temperature Tg. The result on MTDATA has been analyzed along with the results on other molecular glasses without extensive hydrogen bonds. In total, these systems cover a wide range of molecular geometries from rod-like to quasi-spherical to discotic and their surface diffusion coefficients vary by 9 orders of magnitude. We find that the variation is well explained by the existence of a steep surface mobility gradient and the anchoring of surface molecules at different depths. Quantitative analysis of these results supports a recently proposed double-exponential form for the mobility gradient: log D(T, z) = log Dv(T) + [log D0 - log Dv(T)]exp(-z/ξ), where D(T, z) is the depth-dependent diffusion coefficient, Dv(T) is the bulk diffusion coefficient, D0 ≈ 10-8 m2/s, and ξ ≈ 1.5 nm. Assuming representative bulk diffusion coefficients for these fragile glass formers, the model reproduces the presently known surface diffusion rates within 0.6 decade. Our result provides a general way to predict the surface diffusion rates in molecular glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Camille Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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15
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Liu J, Hwu E, Bannow J, Grohganz H, Rades T. Impact of Molecular Surface Diffusion on the Physical Stability of Co-Amorphous Systems. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1183-1190. [PMID: 35230110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface diffusion of l-aspartic acid-carvedilol (ASP-CAR) co-amorphous systems at different ASP concentrations is measured and correlated with their physical stability. ASP-CAR films at ASP concentrations of 1-5% (w/w) were prepared by a newly developed method based on a vacuum compression molding process. Surface diffusion measurements were conducted on these systems based on the surface grating decay method using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results demonstrate that a small amount of ASP (i.e., ≤ 5% w/w) in the co-amorphous systems could significantly slow down the grating decay process compared with that of pure amorphous CAR, indicating a reduced surface diffusion of CAR molecules. The decay time gradually increased in co-amorphous systems with increasing ASP concentration from 1 to 5% (w/w), with the longest observed decay time of around 800 h for the 5%ASP-CAR system, which was more than 200 times longer compared to the decay time of pure amorphous CAR (approximately 3 h). A good correlation between the decay constants of the pure amorphous CAR and co-amorphous films at ASP concentrations of 1-5% (w/w) and the physical stability of corresponding amorphous powder samples was found. Overall, this study provides a new method to prepare co-amorphous films for surface property measurements and reveals the impact of surface diffusion on the physical stability of co-amorphous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - EnTe Hwu
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bannow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Li Y, Annamareddy A, Morgan D, Yu Z, Wang B, Cao C, Perepezko JH, Ediger MD, Voyles PM, Yu L. Surface Diffusion Is Controlled by Bulk Fragility across All Glass Types. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:075501. [PMID: 35244425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.075501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface diffusion is vastly faster than bulk diffusion in some glasses, but only moderately enhanced in others. We show that this variation is closely linked to bulk fragility, a common measure of how quickly dynamics is excited when a glass is heated to become a liquid. In fragile molecular glasses, surface diffusion can be a factor of 10^{8} faster than bulk diffusion at the glass transition temperature, while in the strong system SiO_{2}, the enhancement is a factor of 10. Between these two extremes lie systems of intermediate fragility, including metallic glasses and amorphous selenium and silicon. This indicates that stronger liquids have greater resistance to dynamic excitation from bulk to surface and enables prediction of surface diffusion, surface crystallization, and formation of stable glasses by vapor deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Ajay Annamareddy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Dane Morgan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Bu Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Chengrong Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - John H Perepezko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Paul M Voyles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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17
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Shi Q, Wang Y, Xu J, Liu Z, Chin CY. Fast crystal growth of amorphous nimesulide: implication of surface effects. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:33-39. [PMID: 35129118 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520621012749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding crystallization behaviors is of utmost importance for developing robust amorphous pharmaceutical solids. Herein, the crystal growth behaviors of amorphous anti-inflammatory drug nimesulide (NIME) are systemically investigated in the glassy and supercooled liquid state as a function of temperature. A sudden over-tenfold increase is observed in the bulk crystal growth of NIME on cooling below its glass transition temperature (Tg). This fast growth behavior is known as a glass-to-crystal (GC) mode and has been reported in some molecular glasses. Fast surface crystal growth of NIME can persist up to Tg + 57°C with a weak jump in its growth rates at 30-40°C. In addition, surface crystal growth and GC growth of NIME exhibit an almost identical temperature dependence, supporting the view that GC growth is indeed a surface-facilitated process. Moreover, the bubble-induced fast crystal growth of NIME is observed in the interior of its supercooled liquid with approximately the same growth kinetics as surface crystal growth. These findings are relevant for a full understanding of the surface-related crystallization behaviors and physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiang Su Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiang Su Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiang Su Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiang Su Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chai Yee Chin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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18
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Biaggio I. The appeal of small molecules for practical nonlinear optics. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103168. [PMID: 34727380 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Small organic molecules with a π-conjugated system that consists of only a few double or triple bonds can have significantly smaller optical excitation energies when equipped with donor- and acceptor groups, which raises the quantum limits to the molecular polarizabilities. As a consequence, third-order nonlinear optical polarizabilities become orders of magnitude larger than those of molecules of similar size without donor-acceptor substitution. This enables strong third-order nonlinear optical effects (as high as 1000 times those of silica glass) in dense, amorphous monolithic assemblies. These properties, accompanied by the possibility of deposition from the vapor phase and of electric-field poling at higher temperatures, make the resulting materials competitive towards adding an active nonlinear optical or electro-optic functionality to state-of-the-art integrated photonics platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Biaggio
- Lehigh University, Department of Physics, 16 Memorial Drive East, PA 18015, Bethlehem, UNITED STATES
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19
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Shi Q, Li F, Xu J, Wu L, Xin J, Chen H, Ling B. Bubble-induced fast crystal growth of indomethacin polymorphs in a supercooled liquid. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical stability is one of the main challenges when developing robust amorphous pharmaceutical formulations. This article reports fast crystal growth behaviors of the γ and α forms of indomethacin (IMC) initiated by bubbles in the interior of a supercooled liquid. Bubble-induced crystal growth of γ-IMC exhibits approximately the same kinetics as its surface crystal growth, supporting the view that bubble-induced crystal growth is a surface-facilitated process. In contrast, the rates of bubble-induced crystal growth of α-IMC are much faster than those of its surface crystal growth. These results indicate that the bubble-induced crystal growth not only depends on the interface created by the bubble but also strongly correlates with the true cavitation of the bubble. Moreover, bubble-induced fast crystal growth of γ- and α-IMC can be terminated at different temperatures by cooling. These outcomes are meaningful for the in-depth understanding of physical stability and pre-formulation study of amorphous pharmaceutical solids showing surface-facilitated crystal growth.
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20
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Tenopala-Carmona F, Lee OS, Crovini E, Neferu AM, Murawski C, Olivier Y, Zysman-Colman E, Gather MC. Identification of the Key Parameters for Horizontal Transition Dipole Orientation in Fluorescent and TADF Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100677. [PMID: 34338351 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), horizontal orientation of the emissive transition dipole moment (TDM) can improve light outcoupling efficiency by up to 50% relative to random orientation. Therefore, there have been extensive efforts to identify drivers of horizontal orientation. The aspect ratio of the emitter molecule and the glass-transition temperature (Tg ) of the films are currently regarded as particularly important. However, there remains a paucity of systematic studies that establish the extent to which these and other parameters control orientation in the wide range of emitter systems relevant for state-of-the-art OLEDs. Here, recent work on molecular orientation of fluorescent and thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters in vacuum-processed OLEDs is reviewed. Additionally, to identify parameters linked to TDM orientation, a meta-analysis of 203 published emitter systems is conducted and combined with density-functional theory calculations. Molecular weight (MW) and linearity are identified as key parameters in neat systems. In host-guest systems with low-MW emitters, orientation is mostly influenced by the host Tg , whereas the length and MW of the emitter become more relevant for systems involving higher-MW emitters. To close, a perspective of where the field must advance to establish a comprehensive model of molecular orientation is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tenopala-Carmona
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Oliver S Lee
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Ettore Crovini
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Ana M Neferu
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Murawski
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Malte C Gather
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939, Köln, Germany
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21
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Ediger MD, Gruebele M, Lubchenko V, Wolynes PG. Glass Dynamics Deep in the Energy Landscape. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9052-9068. [PMID: 34357766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When a liquid is cooled, progress down the energy landscape is arrested near the glass transition temperature Tg. In principle, lower energy states can be accessed by waiting for further equilibration, but the rough energy landscape of glasses quickly leads to kinetics on geologically slow time scales below Tg. Over the past decade, progress has been made probing deeper into the energy landscape via several techniques. By looking at bulk and surface diffusion, using layered deposition that promotes equilibration, imaging glass surfaces with faster dynamics below Tg, and optically exciting glasses, experiments have moved into a regime of ultrastable, low energy glasses that was difficult to access in the past. At the same time, both simulations and energy landscape theory based on a random first order transition (RFOT) have tackled systems that include surfaces, optical excitation, and interfacial dynamics. Here we review some of the recent experimental work, and how energy landscape theory illuminates glassy dynamics well below the glass transition temperature by making direct connections between configurational entropy, energy landscape barriers, and the resulting dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vassiliy Lubchenko
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, and the Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Peter G Wolynes
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, Biosciences, Materials Science and Nanoengineering, and the Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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22
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Yao X, Neusaenger AL, Yu L. Amorphous Drug-Polymer Salts. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081271. [PMID: 34452231 PMCID: PMC8401805 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous formulations provide a general approach to improving the solubility and bioavailability of drugs. Amorphous medicines for global health should resist crystallization under the stressful tropical conditions (high temperature and humidity) and often require high drug loading. We discuss the recent progress in employing drug–polymer salts to meet these goals. Through local salt formation, an ultra-thin polyelectrolyte coating can form on the surface of amorphous drugs, immobilizing interfacial molecules and inhibiting fast crystal growth at the surface. The coated particles show improved wetting and dissolution. By forming an amorphous drug–polymer salt throughout the bulk, stability can be vastly enhanced against crystallization under tropical conditions without sacrificing the dissolution rate. Examples of these approaches are given, along with suggestions for future work.
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23
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Ghanekarade A, Phan AD, Schweizer KS, Simmons DS. Nature of dynamic gradients, glass formation, and collective effects in ultrathin freestanding films. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104398118. [PMID: 34326262 PMCID: PMC8346796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104398118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular, polymeric, colloidal, and other classes of liquids can exhibit very large, spatially heterogeneous alterations of their dynamics and glass transition temperature when confined to nanoscale domains. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the related problem of near-interface relaxation and diffusion in thick films. However, the origin of "nanoconfinement effects" on the glassy dynamics of thin films, where gradients from different interfaces interact and genuine collective finite size effects may emerge, remains a longstanding open question. Here, we combine molecular dynamics simulations, probing 5 decades of relaxation, and the Elastically Cooperative Nonlinear Langevin Equation (ECNLE) theory, addressing 14 decades in timescale, to establish a microscopic and mechanistic understanding of the key features of altered dynamics in freestanding films spanning the full range from ultrathin to thick films. Simulations and theory are in qualitative and near-quantitative agreement without use of any adjustable parameters. For films of intermediate thickness, the dynamical behavior is well predicted to leading order using a simple linear superposition of thick-film exponential barrier gradients, including a remarkable suppression and flattening of various dynamical gradients in thin films. However, in sufficiently thin films the superposition approximation breaks down due to the emergence of genuine finite size confinement effects. ECNLE theory extended to treat thin films captures the phenomenology found in simulation, without invocation of any critical-like phenomena, on the basis of interface-nucleated gradients of local caging constraints, combined with interfacial and finite size-induced alterations of the collective elastic component of the structural relaxation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Ghanekarade
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Anh D Phan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam;
| | - Kenneth S Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - David S Simmons
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620;
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24
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Chatterjee D, Annamareddy A, Ketkaew J, Schroers J, Morgan D, Voyles PM. Fast Surface Dynamics on a Metallic Glass Nanowire. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11309-11316. [PMID: 34152730 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics near the surface of glasses can be much faster than in the bulk. We studied the surface dynamics of a Pt-based metallic glass using electron correlation microscopy with sub-nanometer resolution. Our studies show an ∼20 K suppression of the glass transition temperature at the surface. The enhancement in surface dynamics is suppressed by coating the metallic glass with a thin layer of amorphous carbon. Parallel molecular dynamics simulations on Ni80P20 show a similar temperature suppression of the surface glass transition temperature and that the enhanced surface dynamics are arrested by a capping layer that chemically binds to the glass surface. Mobility in the near-surface region occurs via atomic caging and hopping, with a strong correlation between slow dynamics and high cage-breaking barriers and stringlike cooperative motion. Surface and bulk dynamics collapse together as a function of temperature rescaled by their respective glass transition temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaditya Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ajay Annamareddy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jittisa Ketkaew
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jan Schroers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dane Morgan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Paul M Voyles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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25
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Roth CB. Polymers under nanoconfinement: where are we now in understanding local property changes? Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8050-8066. [PMID: 34086025 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00054c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are increasingly being used in applications with nanostructured morphologies where almost all polymer molecules are within a few tens to hundreds of nanometers from some interface. From nearly three decades of study on polymers in simplified nanoconfined systems such as thin films, we have come to understand property changes in these systems as arising from interfacial effects where local dynamical perturbations are propagated deeper into the material. This review provides a summary of local glass transition temperature Tg changes near interfaces, comparing across different types of interfaces: free surface, substrate, liquid, and polymer-polymer. Local versus film-average properties in thin films are discussed, making connections to other related property changes, while highlighting several historically important studies. By experimental necessity, most studies are on high enough molecule weight chains to be well entangled, although aspects that connect to lower molecule weight materials are described. Emphasis is made to identify observations and open questions that have yet to be fully understood such as the evidence of long-ranged interfacial effects, finite domain size, interfacial breadth, and chain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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26
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Annamareddy A, Li Y, Yu L, Voyles PM, Morgan D. Factors correlating to enhanced surface diffusion in metallic glasses. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104502. [PMID: 33722035 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of surface diffusion (DS) over the bulk (DV) in metallic glasses (MGs) is well documented and likely to strongly influence the properties of glasses grown by vapor deposition. Here, we use classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify different factors influencing the enhancement of surface diffusion in MGs. MGs have a simple atomic structure and belong to the category of moderately fragile glasses that undergo pronounced slowdown of bulk dynamics with cooling close to the glass transition temperature (Tg). We observe that DS exhibits a much more moderate slowdown compared to DV when approaching Tg, and DS/DV at Tg varies by two orders of magnitude among the MGs investigated. We demonstrate that both the surface energy and the fraction of missing bonds for surface atoms show good correlation to DS/DV, implying that the loss of nearest neighbors at the surface directly translates into higher mobility, unlike the behavior of network-bonded and hydrogen-bonded organic glasses. Fragility, a measure of the slowdown of bulk dynamics close to Tg, also correlates to DS/DV, with more fragile systems having larger surface enhancement of mobility. The deviations observed in the fragility-DS/DV relationship are shown to be correlated to the extent of segregation or depletion of the mobile element at the surface. Finally, we explore the relationship between the diffusion pre-exponential factor (D0) and the activation energy (Q) and compare it to a ln(D0)-Q correlation previously established for bulk glasses, demonstrating similar correlations from MD as in the experiments and that the surface and bulk have very similar ln(D0)-Q correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Annamareddy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Paul M Voyles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Dane Morgan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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27
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Barták J, Málek J, Bagchi K, Ediger MD, Li Y, Yu L. Surface mobility in amorphous selenium and comparison with organic molecular glasses. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0041273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Barták
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jirí Málek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Kushal Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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28
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Li F, Xin J, Shi Q. Diffusion-controlled and `diffusionless' crystal growth: relation between liquid dynamics and growth kinetics of griseofulvin. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720014636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how liquid dynamics govern crystallization is critical for maintaining the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical formulations. In the present study, griseofulvin (GSF), a classic antifungal drug, was used as the model system to investigate the correlations between crystal growth kinetics and liquid dynamics. The temperature dependence of the kinetic part of the bulk crystal growth in a supercooled liquid of GSF was weaker than that of the structural relaxation time τα and scaled as τα
−0.69. In the glassy state, GSF exhibited the glass-to-crystal (GC) growth behavior, whose growth rate was too fast to be under the control of the α-relaxation process. Moreover, from the perspective of τα, the GC growth of GSF also satisfied the general condition for GC growth to exist: D/u < 7 pm, where D is the diffusion coefficient and u the speed of crystal growth. Also compared were the fast surface crystal growth rates u
s and surface relaxation times τsurface predicted by the random first-order transition theory. Here, the surface crystal growth rate u
s of GSF exhibited a power-law dependence upon the surface structural relaxation time: u
s ∝ τsurface
−0.71, which was similar to that of the bulk growth rate and τα. These findings are important for understanding and predicting the crystallization of amorphous pharmaceutical solids both in the bulk and at the surface.
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29
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Gui Y, McCann EC, Yao X, Li Y, Jones KJ, Yu L. Amorphous Drug-Polymer Salt with High Stability under Tropical Conditions and Fast Dissolution: The Case of Clofazimine and Poly(acrylic acid). Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1364-1372. [PMID: 33522821 PMCID: PMC7927142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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We report that the
stability of amorphous clofazimine (CFZ) against
crystallization is vastly improved by salt formation with a polymer
without sacrificing dissolution rate. A simple slurry method was used
to produce the amorphous salt of CFZ with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)
at 75 wt % drug loading. The synthesis was performed under a mild
condition suitable for thermally unstable drugs and polymers. Salt
formation was confirmed by visible spectroscopy and glass temperature
elevation. The amorphous salt at 75 wt % drug loading is remarkably
stable against crystallization at 40 °C and 75% RH for at least
180 days. In contrast, the amorphous solid dispersion containing the
un-ionized CFZ dispersed in poly(vinylpyrrolidone) crystallized in
1 week under the same condition. The high stability of the amorphous
drug–polymer salt is a result of the absence of a drug–polymer
crystalline structure, reduced driving force for crystallizing the
free base, and reduced molecular mobility. Despite the elevated stability,
the amorphous drug–polymer salt showed fast dissolution and
high solution concentration in two biorelevant media (SGF and FaSSIF).
Additionally, the amorphous CFZ–PAA salt has improved tabletability
and powder flow relative to crystalline CFZ. The CFZ–PAA example
suggests a general method to prepare amorphous drugs with high physical
stability under tropical conditions and fast dissolution.
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30
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Tourlakis GM, Adamopoulos SAT, Gavra IK, Milpanis AA, Tsagri LF, Pachygianni ASG, Chatzikokolis SS, Tsekouras AA. Sign flipping of spontaneous polarization in vapour-deposited films of small polar organic molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14352-14362. [PMID: 34169950 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01584b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Films of polar molecules vapour-deposited on sufficiently cold substrates are not only amorphous, but also exhibit charge polarization across their thickness. This is an effect known for 50 years, but it is very poorly understood and no mechanism exists in the literature that can explain and predict it. We investigated this bulk effect for 18 small organic molecules as a function of substrate temperature (30-130 K). We found that, as a rule, alcohol films have the negative end on the vacuum side at all temperatures. Alkyl acetates and toluene showed positive voltages which reached a maximum around the middle of the temperature range investigated. Tetrahydrofuran showed positive voltages which dropped with increasing deposition temperature. Diethyl ether, acetone, propanal, and butanal showed positive film voltages at low temperatures, negative at intermediate temperatures and again positive voltages at higher temperatures. In all cases, film voltages were monitored during heating leading to film evaporation. Film voltages were irreversibly eliminated before film elimination, but voltage profiles during temperature ramps differed vastly depending on compound and deposition temperature. In general, there was a gradual voltage reduction, but propanal, butanal, and diethyl ether showed a change in voltage sign during temperature ramp in films deposited at low temperatures. All these data expand substantially the experimental information regarding spontaneous polarization in vapour-deposited films, but still require complementary measurements as well as numerical simulations for a detailed explanation of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios M Tourlakis
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784, Greece.
| | - Sotirios Alexandros T Adamopoulos
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784, Greece.
| | - Irini K Gavra
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784, Greece.
| | - Alexandros A Milpanis
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784, Greece.
| | - Liveria F Tsagri
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784, Greece.
| | - Aikaterini Sofia G Pachygianni
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784, Greece.
| | - Stylianos S Chatzikokolis
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784, Greece.
| | - Athanassios A Tsekouras
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, GR-15784, Greece.
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31
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Shi Q, Li F, Yeh S, Wang Y, Xin J. Physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids: Nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation and effects of the polymers. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119925. [PMID: 33011255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared to their crystalline forms, amorphous pharmaceutical solids present marvelous potential and advantages for effectively improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. A central issue in developing amorphous pharmaceutical solids is the stability against crystallization, which is particularly important for maintaining their advantages in solubility and dissolution rate. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies focusing on the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids affected by nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation and the addition of polymers. Moreover, we highlight the novel technologies and theories in the field of amorphous pharmaceutical solids. Meanwhile, the challenges and strategies in maintaining the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids are also discussed. With a better understanding of physical stability, the more robust amorphous pharmaceutical formulations with desired pharmaceutical performance would be easier to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Stacy Yeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem 27103, USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Junbo Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
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32
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Wang Y, Fan Y. Incident Velocity Induced Nonmonotonic Aging of Vapor-Deposited Polymer Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5740-5745. [PMID: 32539401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical vapor deposition can produce remarkably stable glassy materials. However, a mechanistic understanding of the interplay between control parameters during such nonequilibrium processing (e.g., deposition rate, substrate temperature, incident velocity, etc.) remains an unresolved challenge to date. In this study, we report on the discovery of a dual role of incident molecules' mass-center velocity in controlling the stability of vapor-deposited glasses through atomistic modeling. On one hand, larger velocities would impose the surface atoms into a higher effective temperature environment and facilitate the relaxation as the sample approaches the glass transition temperature. On the other hand, larger velocities would meanwhile cause faster cooling rates for the deposited molecules and destabilize the sample. The competition between the two factors results in a remarkable nonmonotonic variation of the sample's stability where an optimal velocity can be quantitatively resolved. Implications of our findings for better controlling molecular-level mechanisms in glassy materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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33
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Bhattacharyya D, Dhar P, Liu Y, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME, Benderskii AV. Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Study of the Interference Effect on a Thin Film of 4,4'-Bis( N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP) and Its Interfacial Orientation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26515-26524. [PMID: 32406227 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular organization of vapor-deposited organic molecules in the active layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been a matter of great interest as it directly influences various optoelectronic properties and the overall performance of the devices. Contrary to the general assumption of isotropic molecular orientation in vacuum-deposited thin-film OLEDs, it is possible to achieve an anisotropic molecular distribution at or near the surface under controlled experimental conditions. In this study, we have used interface-specific vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy to determine the orientation of a low-molecular weight OLED material, 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP), at free (air) and buried (CaF2) interfaces. VSFG spectra were measured at four different polarization combinations for five different thicknesses of the CBP film. The spectral shift and VSFG intensity changes with the film thickness can be accurately modeled by considering the optical interference effect of the signals coming from the CBP/air and CBP/CaF2 interfaces. A global fitting of the experimental spectra for all thicknesses along with theoretical simulations reveal that the long molecular axis of CBP is oriented at an angle of ∼58° (47-70°) from the surface normal at the air/CBP interface, whereas at the CBP/CaF2 interface, the angle is ∼48° (43-52°). Such a change in the angle (∼10°) suggests that the CBP molecule tends to orient more vertically (edge-on) at the buried CaF2 interface, which may be attributed to the intermolecular π-π stacking interaction between adjacent CBP molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Purnim Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Yifei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Alexander V Benderskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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34
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Li Y, Zhang W, Bishop C, Huang C, Ediger MD, Yu L. Surface diffusion in glasses of rod-like molecules posaconazole and itraconazole: effect of interfacial molecular alignment and bulk penetration. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5062-5070. [PMID: 32453335 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The method of surface grating decay has been used to measure surface diffusion in the glasses of two rod-like molecules posaconazole (POS) and itraconazole (ITZ). Although structurally similar antifungal medicines, ITZ forms liquid-crystalline phases while POS does not. Surface diffusion in these systems is significantly slower than in the glasses of quasi-spherical molecules of similar volume when compared at the glass transition temperature Tg. Between the two systems, ITZ has slower surface diffusion. These results are explained on the basis of the near-vertical orientation of the rod-like molecules at the surface and their deep penetration into the bulk where mobility is low. For molecular glasses without extensive hydrogen bonds, we find that the surface diffusion coefficient at Tg decreases smoothly with the penetration depth of surface molecules and the trend has the double-exponential form for the surface mobility gradient observed in simulations. This supports the view that these molecular glasses have a similar mobility vs. depth profile and their different surface diffusion rates arise simply from the different depths at which molecules are anchored. Our results also provide support for a previously observed correlation between the rate of surface diffusion and the fragility of the bulk liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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35
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Bannow J, Koren L, Salar-Behzadi S, Löbmann K, Zimmer A, Rades T. Hot Melt Coating of Amorphous Carvedilol. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060519. [PMID: 32517255 PMCID: PMC7356097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of amorphous drug delivery systems is an attractive approach to improve the bioavailability of low molecular weight drug candidates that suffer from poor aqueous solubility. However, the pharmaceutical performance of many neat amorphous drugs is compromised by their tendency for recrystallization during storage and lumping upon dissolution, which may be improved by the application of coatings on amorphous surfaces. In this study, hot melt coating (HMC) as a solvent-free coating method was utilized to coat amorphous carvedilol (CRV) particles with tripalmitin containing 10% (w/w) and 20% (w/w) of polysorbate 65 (PS65) in a fluid bed coater. Lipid coated amorphous particles were assessed in terms of their physical stability during storage and their drug release during dynamic in vitro lipolysis. The release of CRV during in vitro lipolysis was shown to be mainly dependent on the PS65 concentration in the coating layer, with a PS65 concentration of 20% (w/w) resulting in an immediate release profile. The physical stability of the amorphous CRV core, however, was negatively affected by the lipid coating, resulting in the recrystallization of CRV at the interface between the crystalline lipid layer and the amorphous drug core. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of lipid spray coating of amorphous CRV as a strategy to modify the drug release from amorphous systems but at the same time highlights the importance of surface-mediated processes for the physical stability of the amorphous form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bannow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Lina Koren
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sharareh Salar-Behzadi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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36
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Bannow J, Karl M, Larsen PE, Hwu ET, Rades T. Direct Measurement of Lateral Molecular Diffusivity on the Surface of Supersaturated Amorphous Solid Dispersions by Atomic Force Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1715-1722. [PMID: 32207959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying molecular surface diffusivity is of broad interest in many different fields of science and technology. In this study, the method of surface grating decay is utilized to investigate the surface diffusion of practical relevant amorphous solid dispersions of indomethacin and the polymeric excipient Soluplus (a polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer) at various polymer concentrations (1-20% w/w). The study confirms that measuring surface diffusivity below the system's glass transition temperature is possible with a simplified atomic force microscopy setup. Results highlight a striking polymer influence on the surface diffusivity of drug molecules at low polymer concentrations and a turnover point to a polymer dominated diffusion at around three percent (w/w) polymer concentration. The surface diffusion measurements further correlate well with the observed increase in physical stability of the system as measured by X-ray powder diffraction. These findings are of vital interest in both the applied use and fundamental understanding of amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bannow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Karl
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Emil Larsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - En Te Hwu
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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37
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Zhang W, Starr FW, Douglas JF. Reconciling computational and experimental trends in the temperature dependence of the interfacial mobility of polymer films. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:124703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5144262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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38
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Novakovic D, Peltonen L, Isomäki A, Fraser-Miller SJ, Nielsen LH, Laaksonen T, Strachan CJ. Surface Stabilization and Dissolution Rate Improvement of Amorphous Compacts with Thin Polymer Coatings: Can We Have It All? Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1248-1260. [PMID: 32027513 PMCID: PMC7145361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The distinction between surface and
bulk crystallization of amorphous
pharmaceuticals, as well as the importance of surface crystallization
for pharmaceutical performance, is becoming increasingly evident.
An emerging strategy in stabilizing the amorphous drug form is to
utilize thin coatings at the surface. While the physical stability
of systems coated with pharmaceutical polymers has recently been studied,
the effect on dissolution performance as a function of storage time,
as a further necessary step toward the success of these formulations,
has not been previously studied. Furthermore, the effect of coating
thickness has not been elucidated. This study investigated the effect
of these polymer-coating parameters on the interplay between amorphous
surface crystallization and drug dissolution for the first time. The
study utilized simple tablet-like coated dosage forms, comprising
a continuous amorphous drug core and thin polymer coating (hundreds
of nanometers to a micrometer thick). Monitoring included analysis
of both the solid-state of the model drug (with SEM, XRD, and ATR
FTIR spectroscopy) and dissolution performance (and associated morphology
and solid-state changes) after different storage times. Stabilization
of the amorphous form (dependent on the coating thickness) and maintenance
of early-stage intrinsic dissolution rates characteristic for the
unaged amorphous drug were achieved. However, dissolution in the latter
stages was likely inhibited by the presence of a polymer at the surface.
Overall, this study introduced a versatile coated system for studying
the dissolution of thin-coated amorphous dosage forms suitable for
different drugs and coating agents. It demonstrated the importance
of multiple factors that need to be taken into consideration when
aiming to achieve both physical stability and improved release during
the shelf life of amorphous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Novakovic
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Isomäki
- Biomedicum Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara J Fraser-Miller
- Dodd-Walls Center for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, 9016 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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39
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Moinuddin SM, Shi Q, Tao J, Guo M, Zhang J, Xue Q, Ruan S, Cai T. Enhanced Physical Stability and Synchronized Release of Febuxostat and Indomethacin in Coamorphous Solids. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:41. [PMID: 31898765 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coamorphous formulation, a homogeneous monophasic amorphous system composed of multiple components, has been demonstrated as an effective approach for delivering drugs with poor aqueous solubility. In this study, we prepared the coamorphous system composed of two poorly soluble drugs febuxostat (FEB) and indomethacin (IMC) by using cryogenic milling. The combination of these two drugs in the coamorphous form can attain a synergistic effect, especially on gout therapy. Coamorphous solid of FEB and IMC in 1:1 molar ratio exhibited superior physical stability compared with the individual amorphous components, as evidenced by X-ray powder diffractions after 30 days of storage at ambient and elevated temperature. In addition, the FEB-IMC coamorphous system has been demonstrated to show enhanced dissolution performance. The intrinsic dissolution rates of two components in the coamorphous system exhibited the synchronized drug release. Based on the FT-IR spectroscopy, the excellent physical stability and synchronized release of FEB-IMC coamorphous system could be attributed to the heterodimer structure formed by strong hydrogen bonding interactions between these drugs. Furthermore, the supersaturation potential of FEB-IMC coamorphous solids was also investigated through the cosolvent quenching method. The FEB-IMC coamorphous system can effectively inhibit the fast crystallization of FEB in the supersaturated solution. However, the maximum achievable supersaturation of IMC in the coamorphous system decreases to only one fifth of that achieved for the pure amorphous IMC. These results are relevant for understanding the physical stability and complex solution behaviors of the coamorphous formulation.
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40
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Parker AS, Taylor LS, Beaudoin SP. The role of surface energy heterogeneity on crystal morphology during solid-state crystallization at the amorphous atazanavir–water interface. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce02007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state crystallization at the amorphous atazanavir/water interface was studied via a lattice Monte Carlo model and atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Parker
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy
- College of Pharmacy
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Stephen P. Beaudoin
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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41
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Vishnugopi BS, Hao F, Verma A, Mukherjee PP. Surface diffusion manifestation in electrodeposition of metal anodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11286-11295. [PMID: 32383724 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01352h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of the electrodeposition morphology, facilitated by the surface self-diffusion across a step
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ankit Verma
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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42
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Schweizer KS, Simmons DS. Progress towards a phenomenological picture and theoretical understanding of glassy dynamics and vitrification near interfaces and under nanoconfinement. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:240901. [PMID: 31893888 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of alterations to dynamics and vitrification in the nanoscale vicinity of interfaces-commonly referred to as "nanoconfinement" effects on the glass transition-has been an open question for a quarter century. We first analyze experimental and simulation results over the last decade to construct an overall phenomenological picture. Key features include the following: after a metrology- and chemistry-dependent onset, near-interface relaxation times obey a fractional power law decoupling relation with bulk relaxation; relaxation times vary in a double-exponential manner with distance from the interface, with an intrinsic dynamical length scale appearing to saturate at low temperatures; the activation barrier and vitrification temperature Tg approach bulk behavior in a spatially exponential manner; and all these behaviors depend quantitatively on the nature of the interface. We demonstrate that the thickness dependence of film-averaged Tg for individual systems provides a poor basis for discrimination between different theories, and thus we assess their merits based on the above dynamical gradient properties. Entropy-based theories appear to exhibit significant inconsistencies with the phenomenology. Diverse free-volume-motivated theories vary in their agreement with observations, with approaches invoking cooperative motion exhibiting the most promise. The elastically cooperative nonlinear Langevin equation theory appears to capture the largest portion of the phenomenology, although important aspects remain to be addressed. A full theoretical understanding requires improved confrontation with simulations and experiments that probe spatially heterogeneous dynamics within the accessible 1-ps to 1-year time window, minimal use of adjustable parameters, and recognition of the rich quantitative dependence on chemistry and interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Schweizer
- Departments of Materials Science, Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - David S Simmons
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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43
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Ma J, Yang C, Liu X, Shang B, He Q, Li F, Wang T, Wei D, Liang X, Wu X, Wang Y, Gong F, Guan P, Wang W, Yang Y. Fast surface dynamics enabled cold joining of metallic glasses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax7256. [PMID: 31803833 PMCID: PMC6874482 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Design of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with excellent properties has been a long-sought goal in materials science and engineering. The grand challenge has been scaling up the size and improving the properties of metallic glasses of technological importance. In this work, we demonstrate a facile, flexible route to synthesize BMGs and metallic glass-glass composites out of metallic-glass ribbons. By fully activating atomic-scale stress relaxation within an ultrathin surface layer under ultrasonic vibrations, we accelerate the formation of atomic bonding between ribbons at a temperature far below the glass transition point. In principle, our approach overcomes the size and compositional limitations facing traditional methods, leading to the rapid bonding of metallic glasses of distinct physical properties without causing crystallization. The outcome of our current research opens up a window not only to synthesize BMGs of extended compositions, but also toward the discovery of multifunctional glass-glass composites, which have never been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Can Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Baoshuang Shang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Quanfeng He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fucheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dan Wei
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yunjiang Wang
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Feng Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Pengfei Guan
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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44
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Tanis I, Karatasos K, Salez T. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Capillary Leveling of a Glass-Forming Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8543-8549. [PMID: 31532672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by recent experimental studies probing (i) the existence of a mobile layer at the free surface of glasses and (ii) the capillary leveling of polymer nanofilms, we study the evolution of square-wave patterns at the free surface of a generic glass-forming binary Lennard-Jones mixture over a wide temperature range, by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The pattern's amplitude is monitored, and the associated decay rate is extracted. The evolution of the latter as a function of temperature exhibits a crossover between two distinct behaviors, over a temperature range typically bounded by the glass-transition temperature and the mode-coupling critical temperature. Layer-resolved analysis of the film particles' mean-squared displacements further shows that diffusion at the surface is considerably faster than in the bulk, below the glass-transition temperature. The diffusion coefficient of the surface particles is larger than its bulk counterpart by a factor that reaches 105 at the lowest temperature studied. This factor decreases upon heating, in agreement with recent experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tanis
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Théorique, UMR CNRS Gulliver 7083, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Kostas Karatasos
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , 54124 Thessaloniki , Greece.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser , Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, 711 10 Heraklion Crete , Greece
| | - Thomas Salez
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798 , F-33405 Talence , France.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-0808 , Japan
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45
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Orientationally ordered glasses via controlled deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21341-21342. [PMID: 31578254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915691116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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46
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Zhang W, Starr FW, Douglas JF. Collective Motion in the Interfacial and Interior Regions of Supported Polymer Films and Its Relation to Relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5935-5941. [PMID: 31192601 PMCID: PMC7430234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To understand the role of collective motion in the often large changes in interfacial molecular mobility observed in polymer films, we investigate the extent of collective motion in the interfacial regions of a thin supported polymer film and within the film interior by molecular dynamics simulation. Contrary to commonly stated expectations, we find that the extent of collective motion, as quantified by string-like molecular exchange motion, is similar in magnitude in the polymer-air interfacial layer as the film interior and distinct from the bulk material. This finding is consistent with Adam-Gibbs description of the segmental dynamics within mesoscopic film regions, where the extent of collective motion is related to the configurational entropy of the film as a whole rather than a locally defined extent of collective motion or configurational entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, United States
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, United States
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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47
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Wolff M, Devishvili A, Dura JA, Adlmann FA, Kitchen B, Pálsson GK, Palonen H, Maranville BB, Majkrzak CF, Toperverg BP. Nuclear Spin Incoherent Neutron Scattering from Quantum Well Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:016101. [PMID: 31386422 PMCID: PMC11135630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.016101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the detection and quantification of nuclear spin incoherent scattering from hydrogen occupying interstitial sites in a thin film of vanadium. The neutron wave field is enhanced in a quantum resonator with magnetically switchable boundaries. Our results provide a pathway for the study of dynamics at surfaces and in ultrathin films using inelastic and/or quasielastic neutron scattering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Wolff
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anton Devishvili
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joseph A. Dura
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute for Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Franz A. Adlmann
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian Kitchen
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K. Pálsson
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heikki Palonen
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Regementsvägen 1, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian B. Maranville
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute for Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Charles F. Majkrzak
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute for Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Boris P. Toperverg
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Leningrad Oblast, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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48
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Bangsund JS, Fielitz TR, Steiner TJ, Shi K, Van Sambeek JR, Clark CP, Holmes RJ. Formation of aligned periodic patterns during the crystallization of organic semiconductor thin films. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:725-731. [PMID: 31160800 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-organizing patterns with micrometre-scale features are promising for the large-area fabrication of photonic devices and scattering layers in optoelectronics. Pattern formation would ideally occur in the active semiconductor to avoid the need for further processing steps. Here, we report an approach to form periodic patterns in single layers of organic semiconductors by a simple annealing process. When heated, a crystallization front propagates across the film, producing a sinusoidal surface structure with wavelengths comparable to that of near-infrared light. These surface features initially form in the amorphous region within a micrometre of the crystal growth front, probably due to competition between crystal growth and surface mass transport. The pattern wavelength can be tuned from 800 nm to 2,400 nm by varying the film thickness and annealing temperature, and millimetre-scale domain sizes are obtained. This phenomenon could be exploited for the self-assembly of microstructured organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Bangsund
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas R Fielitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | - Trevor J Steiner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kaicheng Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jack R Van Sambeek
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Catherine P Clark
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Russell J Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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49
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Yu X, Wang T, Tsui OKC, Weng LT. Tuning the Effective Viscosity of Polymer Films by Chemical Modifications. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Samanta S, Huang G, Gao G, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Wolf S, Woods CN, Jin Y, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. Exploring the Importance of Surface Diffusion in Stability of Vapor-Deposited Organic Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4108-4117. [PMID: 30998844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stable glasses are formed during physical vapor deposition (PVD), through the surface-mediated equilibration process. Understanding surface relaxation dynamics is important in understanding the details of this process. Direct measurements of the surface relaxation times in molecular glass systems are challenging. As such, surface diffusion measurements have been used in the past as a proxy for the surface relaxation process. In this study, we show that the absence of enhanced surface diffusion is not a reliable predictor of reduced ability to produce stable glasses. To demonstrate, we have prepared stable glasses (SGs) from two structurally similar organic molecules, 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (TNB) and 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), with similar density increase and improved kinetic stability as compared to their liquid-quenched (LQ) counterparts. The surface diffusion values of these glasses were measured both in the LQ and SG states below their glass transition temperatures ( Tgs) using gold nanorod probes. While TNB shows enhanced surface diffusion in both SG and LQ states, no significant surface Tg diffusion is observed on the surface of α,α-A within our experimental time scales. However, isothermal dewetting experiments on ultrathin films of both molecules below Tg indicate the existence of enhanced dynamics in ultrathin films for both molecules, indirectly showing the existence of an enhanced mobile surface layer. Both films produce stable glasses, which is another indication for the existence of the mobile surface layer. Our results suggest that lateral surface diffusion may not be a good proxy for enhanced surface relaxation dynamics required to produce stable glasses, and thus, other types of measurements to directly probe the surface relaxation times may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Georgia Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Gui Gao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Sarah Wolf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Connor N Woods
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
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