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Lee H, Kim YB, Ryu JW, Kim S, Bae J, Koo Y, Jang D, Park KD. Recent progress of exciton transport in two-dimensional semiconductors. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:57. [PMID: 38102309 PMCID: PMC10724105 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatial manipulation of excitonic quasiparticles, such as neutral excitons, charged excitons, and interlayer excitons, in two-dimensional semiconductors offers unique capabilities for a broad range of optoelectronic applications, encompassing photovoltaics, exciton-integrated circuits, and quantum light-emitting systems. Nonetheless, their practical implementation is significantly restricted by the absence of electrical controllability for neutral excitons, short lifetime of charged excitons, and low exciton funneling efficiency at room temperature, which remain a challenge in exciton transport. In this comprehensive review, we present the latest advancements in controlling exciton currents by harnessing the advanced techniques and the unique properties of various excitonic quasiparticles. We primarily focus on four distinct control parameters inducing the exciton current: electric fields, strain gradients, surface plasmon polaritons, and photonic cavities. For each approach, the underlying principles are introduced in conjunction with its progression through recent studies, gradually expanding their accessibility, efficiency, and functionality. Finally, we outline the prevailing challenges to fully harness the potential of excitonic quasiparticles and implement practical exciton-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongwoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bin Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Ryu
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Bae
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjeong Koo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Jang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kim JH, Lee J, Seo C, Han GH, Cho BW, Kim J, Lee YH, Lee HS. Polymer-Waveguide-Integrated 2D Semiconductor Heterostructures for Optical Communications. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37988451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The demand for high-speed and low-loss interconnects in modern computer architectures is difficult to satisfy by using traditional Si-based electronics. Although optical interconnects offer a promising solution owing to their high bandwidth, low energy dissipation, and high-speed processing, integrating elements such as a light source, detector, and modulator, comprising different materials with optical waveguides, presents many challenges in an integrated platform. Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in vertically stackable optoelectronics and advanced flexible photonics. In this study, optoelectronic components for exciton-based photonic circuits are demonstrated by integrating lithographically patterned poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) waveguides on 2D vdW devices. The excitonic signals generated from the 2D materials by using laser excitation were transmitted through patterned PMMA waveguides. By introducing an external electric field and combining vdW heterostructures, an excitonic switch, phototransistor, and guided-light photovoltaic device on SiO2/Si substrates were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubok Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Seo
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Hee Han
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Wook Cho
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Lee
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Meng Y, Chen Y, Lu L, Ding Y, Cusano A, Fan JA, Hu Q, Wang K, Xie Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Gong M, Xiao Q, Sun S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Ni X. Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 34811345 PMCID: PMC8608813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Longhui Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qiaomu Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhoutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Huang PY, Qin JK, Zhu CY, Zhen L, Xu CY. 2D-1D mixed-dimensional heterostructures: progress, device applications and perspectives. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:493001. [PMID: 34479213 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted broad interests and been extensively exploited for a variety of functional applications. Moreover, one-dimensional (1D) atomic crystals can also be integrated into 2D templates to create mixed-dimensional heterostructures, and the versatility of combinations provides 2D-1D heterostructures plenty of intriguing physical properties, making them promising candidate to construct novel electronic and optoelectronic nanodevices. In this review, we first briefly present an introduction of relevant fabrication methods and structural configurations for 2D-1D heterostructures integration. We then discuss the emerged intriguing physics, including high optical absorption, efficient carrier separation, fast charge transfer and plasmon-exciton interconversion. Their potential applications such as electronic/optoelectronic devices, photonic devices, spintronic devices and gas sensors, are also discussed. Finally, we provide a brief perspective for the future opportunities and challenges in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Huang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Kai Qin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yi Zhu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yan Xu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
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5
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Kim H, Moon S, Kim J, Nam SH, Kim DH, Lee JS, Kim KH, Kang ESH, Ahn KJ, Kim T, Shin C, Suh YD. Purcell-enhanced photoluminescence of few-layer MoS 2 transferred on gold nanostructure arrays with plasmonic resonance at the conduction band edge. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5316-5323. [PMID: 33656502 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic coupling of metallic nanostructures with two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) atomic layers is an important topic because it provides a pathway to manipulate the optoelectronic properties and to overcome the limited optical cross-section of the materials. Plasmonic enhanced light-matter interaction of a MoS2 layer is known to be mainly governed by optical field enhancement and the Purcell effect, while the discrimination of the contribution from each mechanism to the plasmonic enhancement is challenging. Here, we investigate photoluminescence (PL) enhancement from few-layer MoS2 transferred on Au nanostructure arrays with controlled localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectral positions that were detuned from the excitation wavelengths. Two distinctive regimes in LSPR mode-dependent PL enhancement were revealed showing a maximum enhancement (∼40-fold) with zero detuning and a modest enhancement (∼10-fold) with the red-shift detuned LSPR from the excitation wavelength, which were attributed to LSPR-induced optical field enhancement and the Purcell effect, respectively. By applying the experimental parameters into the Purcell effect formalism, an effective mode volume of ∼0.016λ03 was estimated. Our work provides an insight into how to utilize few-layer MoS2 as a base material for optoelectronics by harnessing Purcell-enhanced optical responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
| | - Seunghyun Moon
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Nam
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Seop Lee
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Evan S H Kang
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Kwang Jun Ahn
- Department of Energy Systems Research/Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon-si, 16499, South Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Smart Grid Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
| | - ChaeHo Shin
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea. and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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6
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Song J, Kwon S, Kim B, Kim E, Murthy LNS, Lee T, Hong I, Lee BH, Lee SW, Choi SH, Kim KK, Cho CH, Hsu JWP, Kim DW. Opposite Polarity Surface Photovoltage of MoS 2 Monolayers on Au Nanodot versus Nanohole Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48991-48997. [PMID: 33048546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We prepared MoS2 monolayers on Au nanodot (ND) and nanohole (NH) arrays. Both these sample arrays exhibited enhanced photoluminescence intensity compared with that of a bare SiO2/Si substrate. The reflectance spectra of MoS2/ND and MoS2/NH had clear features originating from excitation of localized surface plasmon and propagating surface plasmon polaritons. Notably, the surface photovoltages (SPV) of these hybrid plasmonic nanostructures had opposite polarities, indicating negative and positive charging at MoS2/ND and MoS2/NH, respectively. Surface potential maps, obtained by Kelvin probe force microscopy, suggested that the potential gradient led to a distinct spatial distribution of photo-generated charges in these two samples under illumination. Furthermore, the local density of photo-generated excitons, as predicted from optical simulations, explained the SPV spectra of MoS2/ND and MoS2/NH. We show that the geometric configuration of the plasmonic nanostructures modified the polarity of photo-generated excess charges in MoS2. These findings point to a useful means of optimizing optoelectronic characteristics and improving the performance of MoS2-based plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Song
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Soyeong Kwon
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eunah Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Lakshmi N S Murthy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Taejin Lee
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Inhae Hong
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Byoung Hoon Lee
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sang Wook Lee
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Soo Ho Choi
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ki Kang Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Cho
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Julia W P Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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7
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Kwon S, Lee SY, Choi SH, Kang JW, Lee T, Song J, Lee SW, Cho CH, Kim KK, Yee KJ, Kim DW. Polarization-Dependent Light Emission and Charge Creation in MoS 2 Monolayers on Plasmonic Au Nanogratings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44088-44093. [PMID: 32892618 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated plasmonic hybrid nanostructures consisting of MoS2 monolayer flakes and Au nanogratings with a period of 500 nm. The angle-resolved reflectance and photoluminescence spectra of the hybrid nanostructures clearly indicated a coupling between surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and incoming photons. The surface photovoltage (SPV) maps could visualize the spatial distribution of net charges while shining light on the sample. Considerable polarization and wavelength dependence of the SPV signals suggested that the SPP mode enhanced the light-matter interaction and resulting exciton generation in the MoS2 monolayer. From the photoluminescence spectra and the morphology of the suspended MoS2 region, it could be noted that light irradiation did not much raise the temperature of the MoS2 monolayers on the nanogratings. Nanoscopic SPV and surface topography measurements could reveal the local optoelectronic and mechanical properties of MoS2 monolayers. This work provided us insights into the proposal of a high-performance MoS2/metal optoelectronic devices, based on the understanding of the SPP-photon and SPP-exciton coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeong Kwon
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seong-Yeon Lee
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Soo Ho Choi
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jang-Won Kang
- Department of Physics, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeollanam-do 58554, Korea
| | - Taejin Lee
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jungeun Song
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sang Wook Lee
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Cho
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Ki Kang Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ki-Ju Yee
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Kim JH, Lee HS, An GH, Lee J, Oh HM, Choi J, Lee YH. Dielectric Nanowire Hybrids for Plasmon-Enhanced Light-Matter Interaction in 2D Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11985-11994. [PMID: 32840363 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with a direct band gap are suitable for various optoelectronic applications such as ultrathin light emitters and absorbers. However, their weak light absorption caused by the atomically thin layer hinders more versatile applications for high optical gains. Although plasmonic hybridization with metal nanostructures significantly enhances light-matter interactions, the corrosion, instability of the metal nanostructures, and the undesired effects of direct metal-semiconductor contact act as obstacles to its practical application. Herein, we propose a dielectric nanostructure for plasmon-enhanced light-matter interaction of TMDs. TiO2 nanowires (NWs), as an example, are hybridized with a MoS2 monolayer on various substrates. The structure is implemented by placing a monolayer MoS2 between a TiO2 NW for a photonic scattering effect and metallic substrates with a spacer for the plasmonic Purcell effect. Here, the thin dielectric spacer is aimed at minimizing emission quenching from direct metal contact, while maximizing optical field localization in ultrathin MoS2 near the TiO2 NW. An effective emission enhancement factor of ∼22 is attained for MoS2 near the NW of the hybrid structure compared to the one without NWs. Our work is expected to facilitate a hybridized platform based on 2D semiconductors for high-performance and robust optoelectronics via engineering dielectric nanostructures with plasmonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Lee
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hwi An
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubok Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Oh
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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9
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Park S, Yun SJ, Kim YI, Kim JH, Kim YM, Kim KK, Lee YH. Tailoring Domain Morphology in Monolayer NbSe 2 and W xNb 1-xSe 2 Heterostructure. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8784-8792. [PMID: 32539339 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Domain morphology plays a pivotal role not only for the synthesis of high-quality 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) but also for the further unveiling of related physical and chemical properties, yet little has been divulged to date, especially for metallic TMDs. In addition, solid precursor as a transition metal source has been conventionally introduced for the synthesis of TMDs, which leads to an inhomogeneous distribution of local domains with the substrate position, making it difficult to obtain a reliable film. Here, we tailor the domain morphologies of metallic NbSe2 and NbSe2/WSe2 heterostructures using liquid-precursor chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We find that triangular, hexagonal, tripod-like, and herringbone-like NbSe2 flakes are constructed through control of growth temperature and promoter and precursor concentration. Liquid-precursor CVD ensures domain morphologies that are highly reproducible over repeated growth and uniform along the gas-flow direction. A domain coverage of ∼80% is achieved at a high precursor concentration, starting with tripod-like NbSe2 domain and evolving to the herringbone fractal. Furthermore, mixing liquid W and Nb precursors results in sea-urchin-like heterostructure domains with long-branch-shaped NbSe2 at low temperature, whereas protruded hexagonal heterostructure domains grow at high temperature. Our liquid precursor approach provides a shortcut for tailoring the domain morphologies of metallic TMDs as well as metal/semiconductor heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Park
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong In Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Kang Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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10
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Wang W, Zeng X, Warner JH, Guo Z, Hu Y, Zeng Y, Lu J, Jin W, Wang S, Lu J, Zeng Y, Xiao Y. Photoresponse-Bias Modulation of a High-Performance MoS 2 Photodetector with a Unique Vertically Stacked 2H-MoS 2/1T@2H-MoS 2 Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33325-33335. [PMID: 32583658 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer 2H-phase MoS2-based photodetectors exhibit high photon absorption but suffer from low photoresponse, which severely limits their applications in optoelectronic fields. The metallic 1T phase of MoS2, while transporting carriers faster, shows negligible response to visible light, which limits its usage in photodetectors. Herein, we propose an ultrafast-response MoS2-based photodetector having a channel that consists of a 2H-MoS2 sensitizing monolayer on top of 1T@2H-MoS2. The 1T@2H-MoS2 layer has a thickness of several nanometers and is a mixture of metallic 1T-MoS2 and semiconducting 2H-MoS2, imparting metal-like properties to the photodetector. Compared with the monolayer 2H-MoS2 photodetector, we observed a drastic increase in the photoresponse of the 2H-MoS2/1T@2H-MoS2 vertically stacked photodetector to a value of 1917 A W-1. Owing to the presence of metallic 1T-MoS2 within the metal-like 1T@2H-MoS2, the performance of the 2H-MoS2/1T@2H-MoS2 vertically stacked photodetector is voltage bias-modulated with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 448,384% and a specific detectivity of up to ∼1011 Jones. The higher carrier density and higher mobility of the 1T@2H-MoS2 layer explain the better bias-modulated performance. In addition, the interface between 2H-MoS2 and 1T@2H-MoS2 ensures fewer dangling bonds and reduced lattice mismatching. Thus, this study presents an exclusive vertically stacked MoS2-based photodetector that lays the foundation for the development of photodetectors exhibiting higher photoresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbin Zeng
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengyu Guo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishuo Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zeng
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Jin
- China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Shibo Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichang Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yirong Zeng
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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11
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Li Z, Xu B, Liang D, Pan A. Polarization-Dependent Optical Properties and Optoelectronic Devices of 2D Materials. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:5464258. [PMID: 33029588 PMCID: PMC7521027 DOI: 10.34133/2020/5464258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of optoelectronic devices requires breakthroughs in new material systems and novel device mechanisms, and the demand recently changes from the detection of signal intensity and responsivity to the exploration of sensitivity of polarized state information. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are a rich family exhibiting diverse physical and electronic properties for polarization device applications, including anisotropic materials, valleytronic materials, and other hybrid heterostructures. In this review, we first review the polarized-light-dependent physical mechanism in 2D materials, then present detailed descriptions in optical and optoelectronic properties, involving Raman shift, optical absorption, and light emission and functional optoelectronic devices. Finally, a comment is made on future developments and challenges. The plethora of 2D materials and their heterostructures offers the promise of polarization-dependent scientific discovery and optoelectronic device application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Boyi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Delang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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12
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Xiong B, Deng L, Peng R, Liu Y. Controlling the degrees of freedom in metasurface designs for multi-functional optical devices. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3786-3806. [PMID: 36132119 PMCID: PMC9418445 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00343f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the control over the degrees of freedom (DOF) in metasurfaces, which include the input DOF (the polarization, wavelength and incident angle of the input light and some dynamic controls), parameter DOF (the complex geometric design of metasurfaces) and output DOF (the phase, polarization and amplitude of the output light). This framework could clearly show us the development process of metasurfaces, from single-functional to multi-functional ones. Advantages of the multi-functional metasurfaces are discussed in the context of various applications, including 3D holography, broadband achromatic metalenses and multi-dimensional encoded information. By combining all the input and output DOF together, we can realize ideal optical meta-devices with deep subwavelength thickness and striking functions beyond the reach of traditional optical components. Moreover, new research directions may emerge when merging different DOF in metasurfaces with other important concepts, such as parity-time symmetry and topology, so that we can have the complete control of light waves in a prescribed manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Ruwen Peng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yongmin Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
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13
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Optical logic operation via plasmon-exciton interconversion in 2D semiconductors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9164. [PMID: 31235812 PMCID: PMC6591228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanophotonic devices manipulating light for high-speed computing are a counterpart of speed-limited electronic circuits. Although plasmonic circuits are a promising platform for subwavelength miniaturization, the logic-operation principle is still limited to mimicking those of photonic waveguides using phase shifts, polarization, interference, and resonance. Meanwhile, reconfigurable interconversion between exciton and plasmon engender emerging applications like exciton transistors and multiplexers, exciton amplifiers, chiral valleytronics, and nonlinear excitonics. Here, we propose optical logic principles realized by exciton-plasmon interconversion in Ag-nanowires (NW) overlapped on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) monolayers. Excitons generated from TMDs couple to the Ag-NW plasmons, eventually collected as output signals at the Ag-NW end. Using two lasers, we demonstrate AND gate by modulating single excitons in Ag-NW on MoS2 and a half-adder by modulating dual excitons in lateral WSe2 and WS2. Moreover, a 4-to-2 binary encoder is realized in partially overlapped MoSe2 and MoS2 using four-terminal laser inputs. Our results represent great advances in communication processing for optical photonics integrable with subwavelength architectures.
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14
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Mosconi D, Giovannini G, Jacassi A, Ponzellini P, Maccaferri N, Vavassori P, Serri M, Dipalo M, Darvill D, De Angelis F, Agnoli S, Garoli D. Site-Selective Integration of MoS 2 Flakes on Nanopores by Means of Electrophoretic Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9294-9300. [PMID: 31460018 PMCID: PMC6648040 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose an easy method for site-selective deposition of two-dimensional (2D) material flakes onto nanoholes by means of electrophoretic deposition. This method can be applied to both simple flat nanostructures and complex three-dimensional structures incorporating nanoholes. The deposition method is here used for the decoration of large ordered arrays of plasmonic structures with either a single or few layers of MoS2. In principle, the plasmonic field generated by the nanohole can significantly interact with the 2D layer leading to enhanced light-material interaction. This makes our platform an ideal system for hybrid 2D material/plasmonic investigations. The engineered deposition of 2D materials on plasmonic nanostructures is useful for several important applications such as enhanced light emission, strong coupling, hot-electron generation, and 2D material sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Mosconi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Jacassi
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Ponzellini
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicolò Maccaferri
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Physics
and Materials Science Research Unit, University
of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Paolo Vavassori
- CIC
nanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea,
76, E-20018 Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Michele Serri
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Dipalo
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniel Darvill
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Agnoli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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15
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Luong DH, Lee HS, Ghimire G, Lee J, Kim H, Yun SJ, An GH, Lee YH. Enhanced Light-Matter Interactions in Self-Assembled Plasmonic Nanoparticles on 2D Semiconductors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802949. [PMID: 30303606 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers of versatile material library are spotlighted for numerous unexplored research fields. While monolayer TMDs exhibit an efficient excitonic emission, the weak light absorption arising from their low dimensionality limits potential applications. To enhance the light-matter interactions of TMDs, while various plasmonic hybridization methods have been intensively studied, controlling plasmonic nanostructures via self-assembly processes remains challenging. Herein, strong light-matter interactions are reported in plasmonic Ag nanoparticles (NPs) hybridized on TMDs via an aging-based self-assembly process at room temperature. This hybridization is implemented by transferring MoS2 monolayers grown via chemical vapor deposition onto thin-spacer-covered Ag films. After a few weeks of aging in a vacuum desiccator, the Ag atoms in the heterolayered film diffuse to the MoS2 layers through a SiO2 spacer and self-cluster onto MoS2 point defects, resulting in the formation of Ag-NPs with an estimated diameter of ≈50 nm. The photoluminescence intensities for the Ag-NP/MoS2 hybrids are enhanced up to 35-fold compared with bare MoS2 owing to the local field enhancement near the plasmonic Ag-NPs. The localized surface plasmon resonances modes of this hybrid are systematically investigated via numerical simulations and dark-field scattering microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Hoa Luong
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Lee
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Ghimire
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubok Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hwi An
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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16
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Shi WB, Zhang L, Wang D, Zhang RL, Zhu Y, Zhang LH, Peng R, Bao W, Fan RH, Wang M. Hybrid coupling enhances photoluminescence of monolayer MoS 2 on plasmonic nanostructures. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4128-4131. [PMID: 30160733 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of photoluminescence (PL) of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) significantly influences their practical applications in optoelectronic devices. In this work, we study multiple coupling among excitons, surface plasmons, and optical modes, and their effects on PL of monolayer MoS2 atop plasmonic nanohole arrays. Under the illumination of visible light, strong intensity enhancement of PL from monolayer MoS2 is observed in the system. We further demonstrate that there exist excitons induced from MoS2, localized and propagating surface plasmons excited from nanoholes, and optical modes related to the incident laser. And hybrid coupling of those modes significantly improves the PL signals and also lightens the PL images of monolayer MoS2. This work provides a unique way to improve the emission of monolayer TMDCs. The atomically thin TMDCs coupled to plasmonic metamaterials are also promising for advanced applications such as ultrathin integrated light-emission diodes, photodetection, and nanolasers.
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17
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Kim KK, Lee HS, Lee YH. Synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures for 2D van der Waals electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6342-6369. [PMID: 30043784 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among two dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) layered materials such as graphene, which is used like a metal, and transition metal chalcogenides (TMdCs), which are used as semiconductors and metals, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which is used as an insulator, is ubiquitous as a building block to construct 2D vdW electronics for versatile tunneling devices. Monolayer and few-layer hBN films have been prepared with flake sizes of a few hundred micrometer via mechanical exfoliation and transfer methods. Another approach used to synthesize hBN films on a large scale is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Although the single-crystal film growth of hBN on the wafer scale is the key to realizing realistic electronic applications, the various functionalities of hBN for 2D electronics are mostly limited to the microscale. Here, we review the recent progress for the large-area synthesis of hBN and other related vdW heterostructures via CVD, and the artificial construction of vdW heterostructures and 2D vdW electronics based on hBN, in terms of charge fluctuations, passivation, gate dielectrics, tunneling, Coulombic interactions, and contact resistances. The challenges and future perspectives for practical applications are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Kang Kim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04320, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Bang S, Duong NT, Lee J, Cho YH, Oh HM, Kim H, Yun SJ, Park C, Kwon MK, Kim JY, Kim J, Jeong MS. Augmented Quantum Yield of a 2D Monolayer Photodetector by Surface Plasmon Coupling. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2316-2323. [PMID: 29561626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer (1L) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are promising materials for nanoscale optoelectronic devices because of their direct band gap and wide absorption range (ultraviolet to infrared). However, 1L-TMDCs cannot be easily utilized for practical optoelectronic device applications (e.g., photodetectors, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes) because of their extremely low optical quantum yields (QYs). In this investigation, a high-gain 1L-MoS2 photodetector was successfully realized, based on the surface plasmon (SP) of the Ag nanowire (NW) network. Through systematic optical characterization of the hybrid structure consisting of a 1L-MoS2 and the Ag NW network, it was determined that a strong SP and strain relaxation effect influenced a greatly enhanced optical QY. The photoluminescence (PL) emission was drastically increased by a factor of 560, and the main peak was shifted to the neutral exciton of 1L-MoS2. Consequently, the overall photocurrent of the hybrid 1L-MoS2 photodetector was observed to be 250 times better than that of the pristine 1L-MoS2 photodetector. In addition, the photoresponsivity and photodetectivity of the hybrid photodetector were effectively improved by a factor of ∼1000. This study provides a new approach for realizing highly efficient optoelectronic devices based on TMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungho Bang
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Thanh Duong
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jubok Lee
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hyun Cho
- Department of Photonic Engineering , Chosun University , Gwangju 61452 , Republic of Korea
- Bio-Health Research Center , Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI) , Gwangju 61007 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Oh
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chulho Park
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ki Kwon
- Department of Photonic Engineering , Chosun University , Gwangju 61452 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Yeon Kim
- Bio-Health Research Center , Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI) , Gwangju 61007 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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19
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Wei H, Pan D, Zhang S, Li Z, Li Q, Liu N, Wang W, Xu H. Plasmon Waveguiding in Nanowires. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2882-2926. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Deng Pan
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shunping Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Nano-Structure (NPNS), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Wenhui Wang
- School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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20
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Li Y, Kang M, Shi J, Wu K, Zhang S, Xu H. Transversely Divergent Second Harmonic Generation by Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Single Metallic Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7803-7808. [PMID: 29140716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coherently adding up signal wave from different locations are a prerequisite for realizing efficient nonlinear optical processes in traditional optical configurations. While nonlinear optical processes in plasmonic waveguides with subwavelength light confinement are in principle desirable for enhancing nonlinear effects, so far it has been difficult to improve the efficiency due to the large momentum mismatch. Here we demonstrate, using remotely excited surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), axial collimated but transversely divergent second harmonic (SH) generation in a single silver nanowire-monolayer molybdenum disulfide hybrid system. Fourier imaging of the generated SH signal confirms the momentum conservation conditions between the incident and reflected SPPs and reveals distinct features inherent to the 1D plasmonic waveguides: (i) the SH photons are collimated perpendicular to the nanowire axis but are divergent within the perpendicular plane; (ii) the collimation (divergence) is inversely proportional to the length of the active region (lateral confinement of the SPPs); and (iii) the SH emission pattern resembles that of an aligned dipole chain on top of the substrate with an emission peak at the critical angle. Our results pave the way to generate and manipulate SH emission around subwavelength waveguides and open up new possibilities for realizing high efficiency on-chip nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng Kang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Junjun Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ke Wu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shunping Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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21
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Li Y, Li Z, Chi C, Shan H, Zheng L, Fang Z. Plasmonics of 2D Nanomaterials: Properties and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600430. [PMID: 28852608 PMCID: PMC5566264 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics has developed for decades in the field of condensed matter physics and optics. Based on the classical Maxwell theory, collective excitations exhibit profound light-matter interaction properties beyond classical physics in lots of material systems. With the development of nanofabrication and characterization technology, ultra-thin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials attract tremendous interest and show exceptional plasmonic properties. Here, we elaborate the advanced optical properties of 2D materials especially graphene and monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), review the plasmonic properties of graphene, and discuss the coupling effect in hybrid 2D nanomaterials. Then, the plasmonic tuning methods of 2D nanomaterials are presented from theoretical models to experimental investigations. Furthermore, we reveal the potential applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics and photodetections, based on the development of 2D nanomaterials, we make a prospect for the future theoretical physics and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Ziwei Li
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Cheng Chi
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Hangyong Shan
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Liheng Zheng
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum MatterPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
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22
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Li Z, Li Y, Han T, Wang X, Yu Y, Tay B, Liu Z, Fang Z. Tailoring MoS 2 Exciton-Plasmon Interaction by Optical Spin-Orbit Coupling. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1165-1171. [PMID: 28245544 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayer as one of the atomic thickness two-dimensional materials has remarkable electronic and optical properties, which is an ideal candidate for a wide range of optoelectronic applications. However, the atomic monolayer thickness poses a significant challenge in MoS2 photoluminescence emission due to weak light-matter interaction. Here, we investigate the MoS2 exciton-plasmon interaction with spin-orbit coupling of light. The plasmonic spiral rings with subwavelength dimensions are designed and fabricated on hybrid substrates. MoS2 photoluminescence enhancement can be actively controlled by changing the incident optical spin states, laser powers, and the nanospiral geometries, which is arising from the change of field enhancement at near-field region. Planar light-emitting devices based on spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effect were further realized and flexibly controlled by changing the polarization of light. The SOC effect is discussed by the accumulation of geometric and dynamic phases, which can be demonstrated and elaborated by the Majorana sphere model. Our results provide a way to manipulate MoS2 light-matter interaction actively and can be further applied in the spin-dependent light-emitting devices at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyang Han
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingli Wang
- NOVITAS, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technology University , Singapore 639798
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bengkang Tay
- NOVITAS, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technology University , Singapore 639798
| | - Zheng Liu
- NOVITAS, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technology University , Singapore 639798
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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23
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Abstract
The light–matter interaction of the MoS2 monolayer can be enhanced on a substrate with a gold mirror layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Xu
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering
- Suzhou University
- Suzhou 234000
- PR China
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24
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Reconfigurable exciton-plasmon interconversion for nanophotonic circuits. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13663. [PMID: 27892463 PMCID: PMC5133701 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent challenges for improving the operation speed of nanoelectronics have motivated research on manipulating light in on-chip integrated circuits. Hybrid plasmonic waveguides with low-dimensional semiconductors, including quantum dots and quantum wells, are a promising platform for realizing sub-diffraction limited optical components. Meanwhile, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received broad interest in optoelectronics owing to tightly bound excitons at room temperature, strong light-matter and exciton-plasmon interactions, available top-down wafer-scale integration, and band-gap tunability. Here, we demonstrate principal functionalities for on-chip optical communications via reconfigurable exciton-plasmon interconversions in ∼200-nm-diameter Ag-nanowires overlapping onto TMD transistors. By varying device configurations for each operation purpose, three active components for optical communications are realized: field-effect exciton transistors with a channel length of ∼32 μm, field-effect exciton multiplexers transmitting multiple signals through a single NW and electrical detectors of propagating plasmons with a high On/Off ratio of∼190. Our results illustrate the unique merits of two-dimensional semiconductors for constructing reconfigurable device architectures in integrated nanophotonic circuits. Here the authors demonstrate functionality for on-chip optical communications via reconfigurable exciton-plasmon interconversion in 200 nm-diameter silver nanowires overlapping onto two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide transistors.
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25
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Jeong HY, Kim UJ, Kim H, Han GH, Lee H, Kim MS, Jin Y, Ly TH, Lee SY, Roh YG, Joo WJ, Hwang SW, Park Y, Lee YH. Optical Gain in MoS2 via Coupling with Nanostructured Substrate: Fabry-Perot Interference and Plasmonic Excitation. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8192-8198. [PMID: 27556640 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the direct band gap of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), their optical gain remains limited because of the poor light absorption in atomically thin, layered materials. Most approaches to improve the optical gain of TMDs mainly involve modulation of the active materials or multilayer stacking. Here, we report a method to enhance the optical absorption and emission in MoS2 simply through the design of a nanostructured substrate. The substrate consisted of a dielectric nanofilm spacer (TiO2) and metal film. The overall photoluminescence intensity from monolayer MoS2 on the nanostructured substrate was engineered based on the TiO2 thickness and amplified by Fabry-Perot interference. In addition, the neutral exciton emission was selectively amplified by plasmonic excitations from the local field originating from the surface roughness of the metal film with spacer thicknesses of less than 10 nm. We further demonstrate that the quality factor of the device can also be engineered by selecting a spacer material with a different refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yun Jeong
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Jeong Kim
- Device Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , Suwon 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Hee Han
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangsook Lee
- AE Group, Platform Technology Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , Suwon 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjo Jin
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Young Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Geun Roh
- Device Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , Suwon 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Joo
- Device Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , Suwon 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Hwang
- Device Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , Suwon 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsang Park
- Device Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , Suwon 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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26
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Kim MS, Seo C, Kim H, Lee J, Luong DH, Park JH, Han GH, Kim J. Simultaneous Hosting of Positive and Negative Trions and the Enhanced Direct Band Emission in MoSe2/MoS2 Heterostacked Multilayers. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6211-9. [PMID: 27187667 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterostacking of layered transition-metal dichalcogenide (LTMD) monolayers (1Ls) offers a convenient way of designing two-dimensional exciton systems. Here we demonstrate the simultaneous hosting of positive trions and negative trions in heterobilayers made by vertically stacking 1L MoSe2 and 1L MoS2. The charge transfer occurring between the 1Ls of MoSe2 and MoS2 converted the polarity of trions in 1L MoSe2 from negative to positive, resulting in the presence of positive trions in the 1L MoSe2 and negative trions in the 1L MoS2 of the same heterostacked bilayer. Significantly enhanced MoSe2 photoluminescence (PL) in the heterostacked bilayers compared to the PL of 1L MoSe2 alone suggests that, unlike other previously reported heterostacked bilayers, direct band transition of 1L MoSe2 in heterobilayer was enhanced after the vertical heterostacking. Moreover, by inserting hexagonal BN monolayers between 1L MoSe2 and 1L MoS2, we were able to adjust the charge transfer to maximize the MoSe2 PL of the heteromultilayers and have achieved a 9-fold increase of the PL emission. The enhanced optical properties of our heterostacked LTMDs suggest the exciting possibility of designing LTMD structures that exploit the superior optical properties of 1L LTMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Seo
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubok Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Hoa Luong
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Hee Han
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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