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Zielińska JA, van der Laan F, Norrman A, Reimann R, Frimmer M, Novotny L. Long-Axis Spinning of an Optically Levitated Particle: A Levitated Spinning Top. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:253601. [PMID: 38996235 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.253601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
An elongated object can be rotated around one of its short axes, like a propeller, or around its long axis, like a spinning top. Using optically levitated nanoparticles, short-axis rotation and libration have been systematically investigated in several recent studies. Notably, short-axis rotational degrees of freedom have been cooled to millikelvin temperatures and driven into gigahertz rotational speeds. However, controlled long-axis spinning has so far remained an unrealized goal. Here, we demonstrate controlled long-axis spinning of an optically levitated nanodumbbell with spinning rates exceeding 1 GHz. We show that the damping rate in high vacuum can be as low as a few millihertz. Our results open up applications in inertial torque sensing and studies of rotational quantum interference.
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2
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Zeng K, Xu X, Wu Y, Wu X, Xiao D. Optically levitated micro gyroscopes with an MHz rotational vaterite rotor. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:78. [PMID: 38894853 PMCID: PMC11183073 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The field of levitated optomechanics has experienced significant advancements in manipulating the translational and rotational dynamics of optically levitated particles and exploring their sensing applications. The concept of using optically levitated particles as gyroscopes to measure angular motion has long been explored but has not yet been proven either theoretically or experimentally. In this study, we present the first rotor gyroscope based on optically levitated high-speed rotating particles. The gyroscope is composed of a micrometer-size ellipsoidal vaterite particle that is driven to rotate at MHz frequencies in a vacuum environment. When an external angular velocity is input, the optical axis deviates from its initial position, resulting in changes in the frequency and amplitude of the rotational signal. By analyzing these changes, the angular velocity of the input can be accurately detected, making it the smallest rotor gyroscope in the world. The angular rate bias instability of the gyroscope is measured to be 0.08°/s and can be further improved to as low as 10-9°/h theoretically by cooling the motion and increasing the angular moment of the levitated particle. Our work opens a new application paradigm for levitated optomechanical systems and may pave the way for the development of quantum rotor gyroscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zeng
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Xiangming Xu
- College of Information and Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Wuhan, 430000 China
| | - Yulie Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Xuezhong Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
- Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Dingbang Xiao
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
- Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
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3
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Vijayan J, Piotrowski J, Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Weber K, Romero-Isart O, Novotny L. Cavity-mediated long-range interactions in levitated optomechanics. NATURE PHYSICS 2024; 20:859-864. [PMID: 38799980 PMCID: PMC11116115 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The ability to engineer cavity-mediated interactions has emerged as a powerful tool for the generation of non-local correlations and the investigation of non-equilibrium phenomena in many-body systems. Levitated optomechanical systems have recently entered the multiparticle regime, which promises the use of arrays of strongly coupled massive oscillators to explore complex interacting systems and sensing. Here we demonstrate programmable cavity-mediated interactions between nanoparticles in vacuum by combining advances in multiparticle optical levitation and cavity-based quantum control. The interaction is mediated by photons scattered by spatially separated particles in a cavity, resulting in strong coupling that is long-range in nature. We investigate the scaling of the interaction strength with cavity detuning and interparticle separation and demonstrate the tunability of interactions between different mechanical modes. Our work will enable the exploration of many-body effects in nanoparticle arrays with programmable cavity-mediated interactions, generating entanglement of motion, and the use of interacting particle arrays for optomechanical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayadev Vijayan
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Present Address: Photon Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Johannes Piotrowski
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Present Address: Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin Weber
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Maňka T, Šiler M, Liška V, Zemánek P, Šerý M, Brzobohatý O. Simulation of optomechanical interaction of levitated nanoparticle with photonic crystal micro cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:7185-7196. [PMID: 38439406 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We propose and analyze theoretically a promising design of an optical trap for vacuum levitation of nanoparticles based on a one-dimensional (1D) silicon photonic crystal cavity (PhC). The considered cavity has a quadratically modulated width of the silicon wave guiding structure, leading to a calculated cavity quality factor of 8 × 105. An effective mode volume of approximately 0.16 μm3 having the optical field strongly confined outside the silicon structure enables optical confinement on nanoparticle in all three dimensions. The optical forces and particle-cavity optomechanical coupling are comprehensively analyzed for two sizes of silica nanoparticles (100 nm and 150 nm in diameter) and various mode detunings. The value of trapping stiffnesses in the microcavity is predicted to be 5 order of magnitudes higher than that reached for optimized optical tweezers, moreover the linear single photon coupling rate can reach MHz level which is 6 order magnitude larger than previously reported values for common bulk cavities. The theoretical results support optimistic prospects towards a compact chip for optical levitation in vacuum and cooling of translational mechanical degrees of motion for the silica nanoparticle of a diameter of 100 nm.
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5
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Kamba M, Shimizu R, Aikawa K. Nanoscale feedback control of six degrees of freedom of a near-sphere. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7943. [PMID: 38040746 PMCID: PMC10692201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the rotational as well as the translational degrees of freedom of rigid bodies has been a crucial ingredient in diverse areas, from optically controlled micro-robots, navigation, and precision measurements at macroscale to artificial and biological Brownian motors at nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate feedback cooling of all the angular motions of a near-spherical neutral nanoparticle with all the translational motions feedback-cooled to near the ground state. The occupation numbers of the three translational motions are 6 ± 1, 6 ± 1, and 0.69 ± 0.18. A tight, anisotropic optical confinement allows us to clearly observe three angular oscillations and to identify the ratio of two radii to the longest radius with a precision of 0.08 %. We develop a thermometry for three angular oscillations and realize feedback cooling of them to temperatures of lower than 0.03 K by electrically controlling the electric dipole moment of the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Kamba
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoga Shimizu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Aikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Ju P, Jin Y, Shen K, Duan Y, Xu Z, Gao X, Ni X, Li T. Near-Field GHz Rotation and Sensing with an Optically Levitated Nanodumbbell. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10157-10163. [PMID: 37909774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A levitated nonspherical nanoparticle in a vacuum is ideal for studying quantum rotations and is an ultrasensitive torque detector for probing fundamental particle-surface interactions. Here, we optically levitate a silica nanodumbbell in a vacuum at 430 nm away from a sapphire surface and drive it to rotate at GHz frequencies. The relative linear speed between the tip of the nanodumbbell and the surface reaches 1.4 km s-1 at a submicrometer separation. The rotating nanodumbbell near the surface demonstrates a torque sensitivity of (5.0 ± 1.1) × 10-26 N m Hz-1/2 at room temperature. Moreover, we probed the near-field laser intensity distribution beyond the optical diffraction limit with a nanodumbbell levitated near a nanograting. Our numerical simulations show that the system can measure the Casimir torque and will improve the detection limit of non-Newtonian gravity by several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuanbin Jin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kunhong Shen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yao Duan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Kamba M, Aikawa K. Revealing the Velocity Uncertainties of a Levitated Particle in the Quantum Ground State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:183602. [PMID: 37977629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.183602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate time-of-flight measurements for an ultracold levitated nanoparticle and reveal its velocity for the translational motion brought to the quantum ground state. We discover that the velocity distributions obtained with repeated release-and-recapture measurements are significantly broadened via librational motions of the nanoparticle. Under feedback cooling on all the librational motions, we recover the velocity distributions in reasonable agreement with an expectation from the occupation number, with approximately twice the width of the quantum limit. The strong impact of librational motions on the translational motions is understood as a result of the deviation between the libration center and the center of mass, induced by the asymmetry of the nanoparticle. Our results elucidate the importance of the control over librational motions and establish the basis for exploring quantum mechanical properties of levitated nanoparticles in terms of their velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamba
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Aikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, 152-8550 Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Pires LB, Goerlich R, da Fonseca AL, Debiossac M, Hervieux PA, Manfredi G, Genet C. Optimal Time-Entropy Bounds and Speed Limits for Brownian Thermal Shortcuts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:097101. [PMID: 37721846 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.097101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
By controlling the variance of the radiation pressure exerted on an optically trapped microsphere in real time, we engineer temperature protocols that shortcut thermal relaxation when transferring the microsphere from one thermal equilibrium state to another. We identify the entropic footprint of such accelerated transfers and derive optimal temperature protocols that either minimize the production of entropy for a given transfer duration or accelerate the transfer for a given entropic cost as much as possible. Optimizing the trade-off yields time-entropy bounds that put speed limits on thermalization schemes. We further show how optimization expands the possibilities for accelerating Brownian thermalization down to its fundamental limits. Our approach paves the way for the design of optimized, finite-time thermodynamics for Brownian engines. It also offers a platform for investigating fundamental connections between information geometry and finite-time processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Barbosa Pires
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS, UMR 7006, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Rémi Goerlich
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS, UMR 7006, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Arthur Luna da Fonseca
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS, UMR 7006, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Maxime Debiossac
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul-Antoine Hervieux
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS, UMR 7006, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Zielińska JA, van der Laan F, Norrman A, Rimlinger M, Reimann R, Novotny L, Frimmer M. Controlling Optomechanical Libration with the Degree of Polarization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:203603. [PMID: 37267539 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.203603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Control of the potential energy and free evolution lie at the heart of levitodynamics as key requirements for sensing, wave function expansion, and mechanical squeezing protocols. Here, we experimentally demonstrate versatile control over the optical potential governing the libration motion of a levitated anisotropic nanoparticle. This control is achieved by introducing the degree of polarization as a new tool for rotational levitodynamics. We demonstrate thermally driven free rotation of a levitated anisotropic scatterer around its short axis and we use the rotational degrees of freedom to probe the local spin of a strongly focused laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Zielińska
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F van der Laan
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Norrman
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - M Rimlinger
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Reimann
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Tang Y, Liang C, Wen X, Li W, Xu AN, Liu YC. PT-Symmetric Feedback Induced Linewidth Narrowing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:193602. [PMID: 37243661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.193602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Narrow linewidth is a long-pursued goal in precision measurement and sensing. We propose a parity-time symmetric (PT-symmetric) feedback method to narrow the linewidths of resonance systems. By using a quadrature measurement-feedback loop, we transform a dissipative resonance system into a PT-symmetric system. Unlike the conventional PT-symmetric systems that typically require two or more modes, here the PT-symmetric feedback system contains only a single resonance mode, which greatly extends the scope of applications. The method enables remarkable linewidth narrowing and enhancement of measurement sensitivity. We illustrate the concept in a thermal ensemble of atoms, achieving a 48-fold narrowing of the magnetic resonance linewidth. By applying the method in magnetometry, we realize a 22-times improvement of the measurement sensitivity. This work opens the avenue for studying non-Hermitian physics and high-precision measurements in resonance systems with feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - An-Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Japha Y, Folman R. Quantum Uncertainty Limit for Stern-Gerlach Interferometry with Massive Objects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:113602. [PMID: 37001089 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the fundamental coherence limit of a nano-object with an embedded spin in a Stern-Gerlach interferometer. This limit stems from the which-path information provided by the object's rotational degrees of freedom due to the evolution of their quantum uncertainty. We show that such interferometry is straightforward in a weak magnetic field and short duration. Large wave packet separation is made possible with proper fine-tuning over long durations. This opens the door to fundamental tests of quantum theory and quantum gravity. The results and conclusions are extendable to any type of interferometry with complex objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
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12
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Vijayan J, Zhang Z, Piotrowski J, Windey D, van der Laan F, Frimmer M, Novotny L. Scalable all-optical cold damping of levitated nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:49-54. [PMID: 36411375 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Motional control of levitated nanoparticles relies on either autonomous feedback via a cavity or measurement-based feedback via external forces. Recent demonstrations of the measurement-based ground-state cooling of a single nanoparticle employ linear velocity feedback, also called cold damping, and require the use of electrostatic forces on charged particles via external electrodes. Here we introduce an all-optical cold damping scheme based on the spatial modulation of trap position, which has the advantage of being scalable to multiple particles. The scheme relies on programmable optical tweezers to provide full independent control over the trap frequency and position of each tweezer. We show that the technique cools the centre-of-mass motion of particles along one axis down to 17 mK at a pressure of 2 × 10-6 mbar and demonstrate its scalability by simultaneously cooling the motion of two particles. Our work paves the way towards studying quantum interactions between particles; achieving three-dimensional quantum control of particle motion without cavity-based cooling, electrodes or charged particles; and probing multipartite entanglement in levitated optomechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Rudolph H, Delić U, Aspelmeyer M, Hornberger K, Stickler BA. Force-Gradient Sensing and Entanglement via Feedback Cooling of Interacting Nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:193602. [PMID: 36399739 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.193602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We show theoretically that feedback cooling of two levitated, interacting nanoparticles enables differential sensing of forces and the observation of stationary entanglement. The feedback drives the two particles into a stationary, nonthermal state which is susceptible to inhomogeneous force fields and which exhibits entanglement for sufficiently strong interparticle couplings. We predict that force-gradient sensing at the zepto-Newton per micron range is feasible and that entanglement due to the Coulomb interaction between charged particles can be realistically observed in state-of-the-art setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Rudolph
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Uroš Delić
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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14
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Rusconi CC, Perdriat M, Hétet G, Romero-Isart O, Stickler BA. Spin-Controlled Quantum Interference of Levitated Nanorotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:093605. [PMID: 36083661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe how to prepare an electrically levitated nanodiamond in a superposition of orientations via microwave driving of a single embedded nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. Suitably aligning the magnetic field with the NV center can serve to reach the regime of ultrastrong coupling between the NV and the diamond rotation, enabling single-spin control of the particle's three-dimensional orientation. We derive the effective spin-oscillator Hamiltonian for small amplitude rotation about the equilibrium configuration and develop a protocol to create and observe quantum superpositions of the particle orientation. We discuss the impact of decoherence and argue that our proposal can be realistically implemented with near-future technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo C Rusconi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Schellingstrasse 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Maxime Perdriat
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gabriel Hétet
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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15
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Aggarwal N, Winstone GP, Teo M, Baryakhtar M, Larson SL, Kalogera V, Geraci AA. Searching for New Physics with a Levitated-Sensor-Based Gravitational-Wave Detector. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:111101. [PMID: 35363016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The levitated sensor detector (LSD) is a compact resonant gravitational-wave (GW) detector based on optically trapped dielectric particles that is under construction. The LSD sensitivity has more favorable frequency scaling at high frequencies compared to laser interferometer detectors such as LIGO and VIRGO. We propose a method to substantially improve the sensitivity by optically levitating a multilayered stack of dielectric discs. These stacks allow the use of a more massive levitated object while exhibiting minimal photon recoil heating due to light scattering. Over an order of magnitude of unexplored frequency space for GWs above 10 kHz is accessible with an instrument 10 to 100 meters in size. Particularly motivated sources in this frequency range are gravitationally bound states of the axion from quantum chromodynamics with decay constant near the grand unified theory scale that form through black hole superradiance and annihilate to GWs. The LSD is also sensitive to GWs from binary coalescence of sub-solar-mass primordial black holes and as-yet unexplored new physics in the high-frequency GW window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Aggarwal
- Center for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - George P Winstone
- Center for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Mae Teo
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Masha Baryakhtar
- Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shane L Larson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Vicky Kalogera
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Andrew A Geraci
- Center for Fundamental Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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16
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Aspelmeyer M, Novotny L, Quidant R, Romero-Isart O. Levitodynamics: Levitation and control of microscopic objects in vacuum. Science 2021; 374:eabg3027. [PMID: 34618558 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Quidant
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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