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Omar H, Ahamadi S, Hülagü D, Hidde G, Hertwig A, Szymoniak P, Schönhals A. Investigations of the adsorbed layer of polysulfone: Influence of the thickness of the adsorbed layer on the glass transition of thin films. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:054904. [PMID: 39092946 DOI: 10.1063/5.0223415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This work studies the influence of the adsorbed layer on the glass transition of thin films of polysulfone. Therefore, the growth kinetics of the irreversibly adsorbed layer of polysulfone on silicon substrates was first investigated using the solvent leaching approach, and the thickness of the remaining layer was measured with atomic force microscopy. Annealing conditions before leaching were varied in temperature and time (0-336 h). The growth kinetics showed three distinct regions: a pre-growth step where it was assumed that phenyl rings align parallel to the substrate at the shortest annealing times, a linear growth region, and a crossover from linear to logarithmic growth observed at higher temperatures for the longest annealing times. No signs of desorption were observed, pointing to the formation of a strongly adsorbed layer. Second, the glass transition of thin polysulfone films was studied in dependence on the film thickness using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Three annealing conditions were compared: two with only a tightly bound layer formed in the linear growth regime and one with both tightly bound and loosely adsorbed layers formed in the logarithmic growth regime. The onset thickness and increase in the glass transition temperature increases with annealing time and temperature. These differences were attributed to the distinct conformations of the formed adsorbed layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Omar
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) (Fachbereich 6.6), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shayan Ahamadi
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) (Fachbereich 6.6), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Deniz Hülagü
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) (Fachbereich 6.6), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gundula Hidde
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) (Fachbereich 6.6), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hertwig
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) (Fachbereich 6.6), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paulina Szymoniak
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) (Fachbereich 6.6), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) (Fachbereich 6.6), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Liu J, Urban MW. Dynamic Interfaces in Self-Healable Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7268-7285. [PMID: 38395626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
It is well-established that interfaces play critical roles in biological and synthetic processes. Aside from significant practical applications, the most accessible and measurable quantity is interfacial tension, which represents a measure of the energy required to create or rejoin two surfaces. Owing to the fact that interfacial processes are critical in polymeric materials, this review outlines recent advances in dynamic interfacial processes involving physics and chemistry targeting self-healing. Entropic interfacial energies stored during damage participate in the recovery, and self-healing depends upon copolymer composition and monomer sequence, monomer molar ratios, molecular weight, and polymer dispersity. These properties ultimately impact chain flexibility, shape-memory recovery, and interfacial interactions. Self-healing is a localized process with global implications on mechanical and other properties. Selected examples driven by interfacial flow and shape memory effects are discussed in the context of covalent and supramolecular rebonding targeting self-healable materials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Marek W Urban
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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3
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Lee J, Lee S, Lee K, Joung H, Choi SK, Kim M, Yang J, Paeng K. Segmental dynamics of polystyrene near polymer-polymer interfaces. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124902. [PMID: 38516976 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the segmental dynamics of polymers near polymer-polymer interfaces by probing the rotation of polymer-tethered fluorescent molecules using imaging rotational fluorescence correlation microscopy. Multilayered films were utilized to provide spatial selectivity relative to different polymer-polymer interfaces. In the experimental setup, for the overlayer polymer, polystyrene (PS) was employed and a 15 nm-thick probe-containing layer was placed ≈25 nm apart from different underlayer polymers with glass transition temperatures (Tg) either lower or higher than that of PS. The underlayer of poly-n-butyl methacrylate had 72 K lower Tg than that of PS, whereas polymethyl methacrylate and polysulfone had 22 and 81 K higher Tg, respectively, than that of PS. Two key dynamic features of the glass transition, the non-Arrhenius temperature dependence and stretched relaxation, were examined to study the influence of soft and hard confinements on the segmental dynamics of the overlayer polymer near the polymer-polymer interfaces. Although complications exist in the probing location owing to the diffusion of the polymer-tethered probe during the annealing protocol to consolidate the multilayers, the results suggest that either the segmental dynamics of the polymer near the polymer-polymer interface do not change owing to the soft and hard confinements or the interfacial perturbation is very short ranged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Keonchang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Liu J, Song L, He Z, Wang S, Zhang W, Yang H, Li F, Li S, Wang J, Xiao H, Xu D, Liu Y, Wu Y, Wang JQ, Shui X, Hu YC, Shang J, Li RW. Size Dependent Phase Transformation of Liquid Gallium. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305798. [PMID: 37849041 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
As the most popular liquid metal (LM), gallium (Ga) and its alloys are emerging as functional materials due to their unique combination of fluidic and metallic properties near room temperature. As an important branch of utilizing LMs, micro- and submicron-particles of Ga-based LM are widely employed in wearable electronics, catalysis, energy, and biomedicine. Meanwhile, the phase transition is crucial not only for the applications based on this reversible transformation process, but also for the solidification temperature at which fluid properties are lost. While Ga has several solid phases and exhibits unusual size-dependent phase behavior. This complex process makes the phase transition and undercooling of Ga uncontrollable, which considerably affects the application performance. In this work, extensive (nano-)calorimetry experiments are performed to investigate the polymorph selection mechanism during liquid Ga crystallization. It is surprisingly found that the crystallization temperature and crystallization pathway to either α -Ga or β -Ga can be effectively engineered by thermal treatment and droplet size. The polymorph selection process is suggested to be highly relevant to the capability of forming covalent bonds in the equilibrium supercooled liquid. The observation of two different crystallization pathways depending on the annealing temperature may indicate that there exist two different liquid phases in Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zidong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengding Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wuxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huali Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Fali Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huiyun Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Shui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Chao Hu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Domingues TS, Coifman RR, Haji-Akbari A. Robust Estimation of Position-Dependent Anisotropic Diffusivity Tensors from Molecular Dynamics Trajectories. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8644-8659. [PMID: 37757480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Confinement breaks translational and rotational symmetry in materials and makes all physical properties functions of position. Such spatial variations are key to modulating material properties at the nanoscale, and characterizing them accurately is therefore an intense area of research in the molecular simulations community. This is relatively easy to accomplish for basic mechanical observables. Determining spatial profiles of transport properties, such as diffusivity, is, however, much more challenging, as it requires calculating position-dependent autocorrelations of mechanical observables. In our previous paper (Domingues, T.S.; Coifman, R.; Haji-Akbari, A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2023, 127, 5273 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00670), we analytically derive and numerically validate a set of filtered covariance estimators (FCEs) for quantifying spatial variations of the diffusivity tensor from stochastic trajectories. In this work, we adapt these estimators to extract diffusivity profiles from MD trajectories and validate them by applying them to a Lennard-Jones fluid within a slit pore. We find our MD-adapted estimator to exhibit the same qualitative features as its stochastic counterpart, as it accurately estimates the lateral diffusivity across the pore while systematically underestimating the normal diffusivity close to hard boundaries. We introduce a conceptually simple and numerically efficient correction scheme based on simulated annealing and diffusion maps to resolve the latter artifact and obtain normal diffusivity profiles that are consistent with the self-part of the van Hove correlation functions. Our findings demonstrate the potential of this MD-adapted estimator in accurately characterizing spatial variations of diffusivity in confined materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago S Domingues
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ronald R Coifman
- Department of Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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6
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Domingues TS, Coifman RR, Haji-Akbari A. Robust Estimation of Position-Dependent Anisotropic Diffusivity Tensors from Stochastic Trajectories. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37261948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Materials under confinement can possess properties that deviate considerably from their bulk counterparts. Indeed, confinement makes all physical properties position-dependent and possibly anisotropic, and characterizing such spatial variations and directionality has been an intense area of focus in experimental and computational studies of confined matter. While this task is fairly straightforward for simple mechanical observables, it is far more daunting for transport properties such as diffusivity that can only be estimated from autocorrelations of mechanical observables. For instance, there are well established methods for estimating diffusivity from experimentally observed or computationally generated trajectories in bulk systems. No rigorous generalizations of such methods, however, exist for confined systems. In this work, we present two filtered covariance estimators for computing anisotropic and position-dependent diffusivity tensors and validate them by applying them to stochastic trajectories generated according to known diffusivity profiles. These estimators can accurately capture spatial variations that span over several orders of magnitude and that assume different functional forms. Our kernel-based approach is also very robust to implementation details such as the localization function and time discretization and performs significantly better than estimators that are solely based on local covariance. Moreover, the kernel function does not have to be localized and can instead belong to a dictionary of orthogonal functions. Therefore, the proposed estimator can be readily used to obtain functional estimates of diffusivity rather than a tabulated collection of pointwise estimates. Nonetheless, the susceptibility of the proposed estimators to time discretization is higher at the immediate vicinity of hard boundaries. We demonstrate this heightened susceptibility to be common among all covariance-based estimators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago S Domingues
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ronald R Coifman
- Department of Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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7
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Kawahara K, Matsuno H, Tanaka K. Aggregation States and Segmental Dynamics of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in Nanofiber Mats. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7192-7200. [PMID: 37171789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiber mats composed of polymers, having a large surface-to-volume ratio and high porosity, have been widely applied in the environmental and biomedical fields but fundamental knowledge on the polymer chains in the mats seems to be limited. We here report the aggregation states and segmental dynamics of poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) with different stereoregularities in electrospun nanofiber mats. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that, in the case of atactic PMMA (at-PMMA), the population of the trans-trans conformation of the main chain part, which allows carbonyl groups of the side group to interact affirmatively with each other, increased in the electrospun nanofiber mat. On the other hand, in the case of isotactic PMMA (it-PMMA), the skeletal conformation was unchanged even in the nanofiber mat. As a result of the aggregation states of PMMA chains, the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the electrospun nanofiber mats increased and remained unchanged from the corresponding bulk value for at- and it-PMMA, respectively. These findings should be useful for designing materials and devices composed of electrospun nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kawahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hisao Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Centre for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Centre for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Omar H, Hidde G, Szymoniak P, Hertwig A, Schönhals A. Growth kinetics of the adsorbed layer of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and its effect on the glass transition behavior in thin films. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14473-14483. [PMID: 37179996 PMCID: PMC10173819 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02020g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glass transition behavior of thin films of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PBAC) was studied employing ellipsometry. The glass transition temperature increases with the reduction of the film thickness. This result is attributed to the formation of an adsorbed layer with a reduced mobility compared to bulk PBAC. Therefore, for the first time, the growth kinetics of the adsorbed layer of PBAC was investigated, prepared by leaching samples from a 200 nm thin film which were annealed for several times at three different temperatures. The thickness of each prepared adsorbed layer was measured by multiple scans using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, an unannealed sample was measured. Comparison of the measurements of the unannealed and the annealed samples provides proof of a pre-growth regime for all annealing temperatures which was not observed for other polymers. For the lowest annealing temperature after the pre-growth stage only a growth regime with a linear time dependence is observed. For higher annealing temperatures the growth kinetics changes from a linear to a logarithmic growth regime at a critical time. At the longest annealing times the films showed signs of dewetting where segments of the adsorbed film were removed from the substrate (dewetting by desorption). The dependence of the surface roughness of the PBAC surface on annealing time also confirmed that the films annealed at highest temperatures for the longest times desorbed from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Omar
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany +49 30/8104-1617 +49 30/8104-3384
| | - Gundula Hidde
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany +49 30/8104-1617 +49 30/8104-3384
| | - Paulina Szymoniak
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany +49 30/8104-1617 +49 30/8104-3384
| | - Andreas Hertwig
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany +49 30/8104-1617 +49 30/8104-3384
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany +49 30/8104-1617 +49 30/8104-3384
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9
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Yin J, Forrest JA. Film Thickness Dependent Stability and Glass Transition Temperature of Polymer Films Produced by Physical Vapor Deposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:168101. [PMID: 37154633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.168101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of the onset temperature of rejuvenation, T_{onset}, and the fictive temperature, T_{f}, for ultrathin stable polystyrene with thicknesses from 10 to 50 nm prepared by physical vapor deposition. We also measure the T_{g} of these glasses on the first cooling after rejuvenation as well as the density anomaly of the as-deposited material. Both the T_{g} in rejuvenated films and the T_{onset} in stable films decrease with decreasing film thickness. The T_{f} value increases for decreasing film thickness. The density increase typical of stable glasses also decreases with decreasing film thickness. Collectively, the results are consistent with a decrease in apparent T_{g} due to the existence of a mobile surface layer, as well as a decrease in the film stability as the thickness is decreased. The results provide the first self-consistent set of measurements of stability in ultrathin films of stable glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A Forrest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Shimokita K, Yamamoto K, Miyata N, Nakanishi Y, Shibata M, Takenaka M, Yamada NL, Seto H, Aoki H, Miyazaki T. Neutron reflectivity study on the nanostructure of PMMA chains near substrate interfaces based on contrast variation accompanied with small molecule sorption. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2082-2089. [PMID: 36808205 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the case of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films on a Si substrate, thermal annealing induces the formation of a layer of PMMA chains tightly adsorbed near the substrate interface, and the strongly adsorbed PMMA remains on the substrate, even after washing with toluene (hereinafter called adsorbed sample). Neutron reflectometry revealed that the concerned structure consists of three layers: an inner layer (tightly bound on the substrate), a middle layer (bulk-like), and an outer layer (surface) in the adsorbed sample. When an adsorbed sample was exposed to toluene vapor, it became clear that, between the solid adsorption layer (which does not swell) and bulk-like swollen layer, there was a "buffer layer" that could sorb more toluene molecules than the bulk-like layer. This buffer layer was found not only in the adsorbed sample but also in the standard spin-cast PMMA thin films on the substrate. When the polymer chains were firmly adsorbed and immobilized on the Si substrate, the freedom of the possible structure right next to the tightly bound layer was reduced, which restricted the relaxation of the conformation of the polymer chain strongly. The "buffer layer" was manifested by the sorption of toluene with different scattering length density contrasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shimokita
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Noboru Miyata
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan.
| | - Yohei Nakanishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Motoki Shibata
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Hideki Seto
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan
- Materials and Life Science Division, J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Miyazaki
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan.
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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11
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Yan J, Xu J, Weng LT, Wang F, Wang X, Yuan H, Wang T, Tsui OKC. Glass Transition of the Surface Monolayer of Polystyrene Films with Different Film Thicknesses and Supporting Surfaces. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Yan
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianquan Xu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Lu-Tao Weng
- Materials Characterization and Preparation Facility (GZ), Advanced Materials Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou511400, Guangdong, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Hailin Yuan
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208-3120, United States
| | - Ophelia K. C. Tsui
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
- William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077Hong Kong, China
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12
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Shi L, Fu X, Li Y, Wu S, Meng S, Wang J. Molecular Dynamic Simulations and Experiments Study on the Mechanical Properties of HTPE Binders. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:5491. [PMID: 36559858 PMCID: PMC9788334 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of HTPE binders have been systemically studied through combining the microstructure molecular simulations with macroscopic experiments. In this study, the crosslinking structures of HTPE binders were established by a computational procedure. Based on the optimized crosslinking models, the mechanical properties and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of HTPE/N-100, HTPE/HDI, HTPE/TDI, and HTPE/IPDI binder systems were simulated; specifically, the Tg were 245.758 K, 244.573 K, 254.877 K, and 240.588 K, respectively. Then the bond-length distributions, conformation properties, cohesive energy densities, and fraction free volume were investigated to analyze how the microstructures of the crosslinking models influenced the mechanical properties of HTPE binders. Simultaneously, FTIR-ATR spectra analysis of HTPE binders proved that the special peaks, such as -NH and -NCO, could be seen in the crosslinking polyurethane structures synthesized between prepolymers and curing agents. The dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out, and it found that the Tg of HTPE/N-100, HTPE/HDI, HTPE/TDI, and HTPE/IPDI binder systems were -68.18 °C, -68.63 °C, -65.67 °C, and -68.66 °C, respectively. In addition, the uniaxial tension verified that both the ultimate stress and Young's modulus of HTPE binder systems declined with the rising temperatures, while the strains at break presented a fluctuant variation. When it was closer to glass temperatures, especially -40 °C, the mechanical properties of HTPE binders were more prominent. The morphology of the fractured surface revealed that the failure modes of HTPE binders were mainly intermolecular slipping and molecular chain breakage. In a word, the experimental results were prospectively satisfied using the simulations, which confirmed the accuracy of the crosslinking models between prepolymers and curing agents. This study could provide a scientific option for the HTPE binder systems and guide the design of polyurethanes for composite solid propellant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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13
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Bay RK, Zhang T, Shimomura S, Ilton M, Tanaka K, Riggleman RA, Crosby AJ. Decoupling the Impact of Entanglements and Mobility on the Failure Properties of Ultrathin Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ko̅nane Bay
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tianren Zhang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shinichiro Shimomura
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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14
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Tannoury L, Solar M, Paul W. Structure and dynamics of a 1,4-polybutadiene melt in an alumina nanopore: A molecular dynamics simulation. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:124901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present results of Molecular Dynamics simulations of a chemically realistic model of 1,4-polybutadiene (PBD)confined in a cylindrical alumina nanopore of diameter 10 nm. The simulations are done at three different temperaturesabove the glass transition temperature T g . We investigate the density layering across the nanopore as well as theorientational ordering in the polymer melt, brought about by the confinement, on both the segmental and chain scales.For the chain scale ordering, the magnitude and orientation of the axes of the gyration tensor ellipsoid of single chainsare studied and are found to prefer to align parallel to the pore axis. Even though double bonds near the wall arepreferentially oriented along the pore walls, studying the nematic order parameter indicates that there is no nematicordering at the melt-wall interface. As for the dynamics in the melt, we focus here on the mean-square-displacement ofthe monomers for several layers across the nanopore as well as the movement of the chain center of mass which bothdisplay a slowing down of the dynamics in the layer at the wall. We also show the strong adsorption of the monomersto the pore wall at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Tannoury
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Mathieu Solar
- Institut f. Physik, Institut National des Sciences Appliques, France
| | - Wolfgang Paul
- Institut f. Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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15
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Majood M, Shakeel A, Agarwal A, Jeevanandham S, Bhattacharya R, Kochhar D, Singh A, Kalyanasundaram D, Mohanty S, Mukherjee M. Hydrogel Nanosheets Confined 2D Rhombic Ice: A New Platform Enhancing Chondrogenesis. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044885 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement within flexible interfaces is a key step towards exploiting confinement effects in several biological and technological systems wherein flexible 2D materials are frequently utilized but are arduous to prepare. Hitherto unreported, the synthesis of 2D Hydrogel nanosheets (HNS) using a template- and catalyst-free process is developed representing a fertile ground for fundamental structure-property investigations. In due course of time, nucleating folds propagating along the edges trigger co-operative deformations of HNS generating regions of nanoconfinement within trapped water islands. These severely constricting surfaces force water molecules to pack within the nanoscale regime of HNS almost parallel to the surface bringing about phase transition into puckered rhombic ice with AA and AB Bernal stacking pattern, which was mostly restricted to Molecular dynamics (MD) studies so far. Interestingly, under high lateral pressure and spatial inhomogeneity within nanoscale confinement, bilayer rhombic ice structures were formed with an in-plane lattice spacing of 0.31 nm. In this work, a systematic exploration of rhombic ice formation within HNS has been delineated using High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and its ultrathin morphology was examined using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images revealed high porosity while mechanical testing presented young's modulus of 155 kPa with ~84% deformation, whereas contact angle suggested high hydrophilicity. The combinations of nanosheets, porosity, nanoconfinement, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength, motivated us to explore their application as a scaffold for cartilage regeneration, by inducing chondrogenesis of human Wharton Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ MSCs). HNS promoted the formation of cell aggregates giving higher number of spheroid formation and a marked expression of chondrogenic markers (ColI, ColII, ColX, ACAN and S-100), thereby providing some cues for guiding chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Majood
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Adeeba Shakeel
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aakanksha Agarwal
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | | | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aarti Singh
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Cardio-Thoracic Sciences Centre, Orbo Building, first floor,, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, INDIA
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16
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Petek ES, Katsumata R. Thickness Dependence of Contact Angles in Multilayered Ultrathin Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evon S. Petek
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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17
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Zhang H, Chang T, Zhang S, Zhou K, Zhang W, Hu Z. Effects of chain ends and densities on the glass transition of polymer thin films probed by linear and cyclic polystyrene. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Shi L, Ren L, Li Y, Fu X, Meng S, Wang J. A study of the mechanical properties of the NEPE binders by molecular dynamic simulations and experiments. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16319-16328. [PMID: 35733693 PMCID: PMC9157741 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02692a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the crosslinking structures of nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) binders were constructed by a computational procedure. Based on the final crosslinking models, the glass transition temperatures, mechanical properties, and thermal expansion coefficients of polyethylene glycol400/multi-functional isocyanate (PEG400/N-100), polyethylene glycol400/toluene diisocyanate (PEG400/HDI), polyethylene glycol400/hexamethylene diisocyanate (PEG400/TDI) and polyethylene glycol400/isophorone diisocyanate (PEG400/IPDI) models were simulated by molecular dynamics, and could be confirmed by experiments. Then the bond-length distributions, conformation properties and cohesive energy densities were used to analyze in detail how the different cured structures influenced the mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, the radial distribution function, mean square radius of gyration, volume shrinkage and fraction free volume were calculated, which could directly explain the relationships between the intermolecular chains and macroscopical properties of the NEPE binders. Lastly, PEG400/N-100 and PEG400/HDI systems were chosen for the experiments. The dynamic mechanical analysis results explained that PEG400-HDI showed better flexibility and its T g value was 45 °C lower than that of PEG400-N100. The mechanical properties illustrated that the ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus of PEG400/N-100 were both to an extent higher than that of PEG400/HDI in the temperature range of -40 °C to 50 °C, according to the results provided by a universal tensile test machine. The experimental results were in good agreement with the simulation analysis. This work can help us to have an efficient comprehension on the crosslinking structures and micro-property relationships of the NEPE binders and act as a guidance for designing applicable polyurethanes in propellant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Shi
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Li Ren
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Yang Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Saiqin Meng
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Jiangning Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China
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19
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Zheng T, Li T, Shi J, Wu T, Zhuang Z, Xu J, Guo B. Molecular Insight into the Toughness of Polyureas: A Hybrid All-Atom/Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Study. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Li
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Jiaxin Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhuo Zhuang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Baohua Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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20
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Wei X, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Fu S, Xia R. Detailed study on rubbed PFN‐Br as alignment layer for liquid crystalline conjugated polymer chain‐orientation. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Wei
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Advanced materials 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing CHINA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Advanced materials 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing CHINA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Advanced materials 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing CHINA
| | - Shuai Fu
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Advanced materials 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing CHINA
| | - Ruidong Xia
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Advanced Materials 9 Wenyuan Road 210023 Nanjing CHINA
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21
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Choi JH, Kwon T, Sung BJ. Relative Chain Flexibility Determines the Spatial Arrangement and the Diffusion of a Single Ring Chain in Linear Chain Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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22
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Wang J, Gao J, Chou MY, Landman U. Structure Relaxation and Liquidlike Enhanced Cu Diffusion at the Surface of β-Cu 2S Chalcocite. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8895-8900. [PMID: 34617776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The hitherto unexplored surface structural and dynamical properties of the thermoelectric material β-Cu2S chalcocite, are uncovered using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations at 450 K. The material exhibits a hybrid crystalline-liquid behavior, with the liquidlike dynamics of the Cu atoms and the crystalline order of the sulfur sublattice. The topmost nanoscale region of the material is predicted to undergo significant structural relaxation, resulting in a ∼10% increase in the distance between the topmost S-layers accompanied by an increased Cu density. Cu diffusion in the interlayer regions of the surface S-sublattice is enhanced (doubled) compared to the bulk value, and an underlying microscopic mechanism, entailing marked emergent surface-induced softening of the S-sublattice vibrational dynamics, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Jianping Gao
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Mei-Yin Chou
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
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23
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Siddika S, Balar N, Booth RE, O'Connor BT. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Polymer Thin Films Using a Kirigami-Inspired Support. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1107-1112. [PMID: 35549074 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method of determining the mechanical relaxation behavior of polymer thin films is presented that employs a kirigami-inspired sample support. The film of interest is placed on the kirigami support and loaded into a dynamic mechanical analyzer. When the composite is placed in tension, the substrate effectively transfers the load to the film of interest. We demonstrate the approach using a number of polymers and conjugated polymer: small molecule blends relevant for organic photovoltaics. The kirigami-inspired method is found to provide an accurate view of thermal relaxation behavior in polymer thin films, including a quantitative assessment of the film storage modulus. The method is particularly valuable in thin films where film morphology is highly dependent on processing conditions. We show that differences in casting conditions have a clear impact on the thermal relaxation of both the neat and blend conjugated polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Siddika
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nrup Balar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Oraganic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ronald E Booth
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Oraganic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Oraganic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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24
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Saito M, Ito K, Yokoyama H. Mechanical Properties of Ultrathin Polystyrene- b-Polybutadiene- b-Polystyrene Block Copolymer Films: Film Thickness-Dependent Young’s Modulus. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saito
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kohzo Ito
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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25
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Relaxation behavior of polymer thin films: Effects of free surface, buried interface, and geometrical confinement. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Roth CB. Polymers under nanoconfinement: where are we now in understanding local property changes? Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8050-8066. [PMID: 34086025 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00054c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are increasingly being used in applications with nanostructured morphologies where almost all polymer molecules are within a few tens to hundreds of nanometers from some interface. From nearly three decades of study on polymers in simplified nanoconfined systems such as thin films, we have come to understand property changes in these systems as arising from interfacial effects where local dynamical perturbations are propagated deeper into the material. This review provides a summary of local glass transition temperature Tg changes near interfaces, comparing across different types of interfaces: free surface, substrate, liquid, and polymer-polymer. Local versus film-average properties in thin films are discussed, making connections to other related property changes, while highlighting several historically important studies. By experimental necessity, most studies are on high enough molecule weight chains to be well entangled, although aspects that connect to lower molecule weight materials are described. Emphasis is made to identify observations and open questions that have yet to be fully understood such as the evidence of long-ranged interfacial effects, finite domain size, interfacial breadth, and chain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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27
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Zhang S, Galuska LA, Gu X. Water‐assisted
mechanical testing of polymeric
thin‐films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
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28
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Zhang S, Koizumi M, Cao Z, Mao KS, Qian Z, Galuska LA, Jin L, Gu X. Directly Probing the Fracture Behavior of Ultrathin Polymeric Films. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:16-29. [PMID: 36855554 PMCID: PMC9954313 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding fracture mechanics of ultrathin polymeric films is crucial for modern technologies, including semiconductor and coating industries. However, up to now, the fracture behavior of sub-100 nm polymeric thin films is rarely explored due to challenges in handling samples and limited testing methods available. In this work, we report a new testing methodology that can not only visualize the evolution of the local stress distribution through wrinkling patterns and crack propagation during the deformation of ultrathin films but also directly measure their fracture energies. Using ultrathin polystyrene films as a model system, we both experimentally and computationally investigate the effect of the film thickness and molecular weight on their fracture behavior, both of which show a ductile-to-brittle transition. Furthermore, we demonstrate the broad applicability of this testing method in semicrystalline semiconducting polymers. We anticipate our methodology described here could provide new ways of studying the fracture behavior of ultrathin films under confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Masato Koizumi
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Keyou S. Mao
- Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States,
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States,
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29
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Venkatesh RB, Manohar N, Qiang Y, Wang H, Tran HH, Kim BQ, Neuman A, Ren T, Fakhraai Z, Riggleman RA, Stebe KJ, Turner K, Lee D. Polymer-Infiltrated Nanoparticle Films Using Capillarity-Based Techniques: Toward Multifunctional Coatings and Membranes. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:411-437. [PMID: 34097843 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101220-093836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-infiltrated nanoparticle films (PINFs) are a new class of nanocomposites that offer synergistic properties and functionality derived from unusually high fractions of nanomaterials. Recently, two versatile techniques,capillary rise infiltration (CaRI) and solvent-driven infiltration of polymer (SIP), have been introduced that exploit capillary forces in films of densely packed nanoparticles. In CaRI, a highly loaded PINF is produced by thermally induced wicking of polymer melt into the nanoparticle packing pores. In SIP, exposure of a polymer-nanoparticle bilayer to solvent vapor atmosphere induces capillary condensation of solvent in the pores of nanoparticle packing, leading to infiltration of polymer into the solvent-filled pores. CaRI/SIP PINFs show superior properties compared with polymer nanocomposite films made using traditional methods, including superb mechanical properties, thermal stability, heat transfer, and optical properties. This review discusses fundamental aspects of the infiltration process and highlights potential applications in separations, structural coatings, and polymer upcycling-a process to convert polymer wastes into useful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bharath Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Neha Manohar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Yiwei Qiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Hong Huy Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , , .,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering, Université Grenoble Alpes), LMGP, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Baekmin Q Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , , .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Anastasia Neuman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Tian Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Kevin Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
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30
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Zhang L, Fleck NA. Molecular dynamics simulations of ultrathin PMMA films. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Dong J, Huan Y, Huang B, Yi J, Liu YH, Sun BA, Wang WH, Bai HY. Unusually thick shear-softening surface of micrometer-size metallic glasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:100106. [PMID: 34557757 PMCID: PMC8454631 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The surface of glass is crucial for understanding many fundamental processes in glassy solids. A common notion is that a glass surface is a thin layer with liquid-like atomic dynamics and a thickness of a few tens of nanometers. Here, we measured the shear modulus at the surface of both millimeter-size and micrometer-size metallic glasses (MGs) through high-sensitivity torsion techniques. We found a pronounced shear-modulus softening at the surface of MGs. Compared with the bulk, the maximum decrease in the surface shear modulus (G) for the micro-scale MGs reaches ~27%, which is close to the decrease in the G upon glass transition, yet it still behaves solid-like. Strikingly, the surface thickness estimated from the shear-modulus softening is at least 400 nm, which is approximately one order of magnitude larger than that revealed from the glass dynamics. The unusually thick surface is also confirmed by measurements using X-ray nano-computed tomography, and this may account for the brittle-to-ductile transition of the MGs with size reductions. The unique and unusual properties at the surface of the micrometer-size MGs are physically related to the negative pressure effect during the thermoplastic formation process, which can dramatically reduce the density of the proximate surface region in the supercooled liquid state. The shear modulus and thickness of metallic glass (MG) surface is determined through torsion testing on micrometer-size wires The surface region of MG wires has a significant shear-modulus softening close to the supercooled liquid, yet still behaves solid-like The thickness of the soft surface of MG wires is at least 400 nm, which is about one order of magnitude larger than those revealed from surface dynamics The unusually thick surface accounts for the brittle-to-ductile transition of the MGs with size reduction
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dong
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Y Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - B Huang
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - J Yi
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Y H Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - B A Sun
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - W H Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - H Y Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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32
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Chung Y, Nam J, Son D, Lee H, Kim M, Paeng K. Direct Observations of Segmental Dynamics at the Polymer–Substrate Interface Enabled by Localizing Fluorescent Probes with Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yura Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Son
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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33
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Börnhorst T, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Drying Kinetics from Micrometer- to Nanometer-Scale Polymer Films: A Study on Solvent Diffusion, Polymer Relaxation, and Substrate Interaction Effects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6022-6031. [PMID: 33947182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The drying behavior of two different polymers [polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyisobutylene (PIB)] with different glass transition temperatures are investigated and compared as a function of film thickness from micrometer (∼3 μm) to nanometer scale (∼10 nm). The focus of this study is to distinguish between solvent diffusion, polymer relaxation, and substrate confinement of polymer chain mobility toward the interface as the dominating mechanism of drying kinetics. Relaxation kinetics becomes more dominant when the film thickness is reduced, which is shown experimentally for the first time for nanometer-scale film thicknesses. Identical drying curves regardless of the film thickness of PVP/methanol indicate the limitation of solvent transport by relaxation kinetics. The viscoelastic relaxation behavior of the polymer/solvent film is modeled by a Maxwell element. The results are in accordance with the experimental drying curves and allow for the determination of the characteristic relaxation time. Relaxation limitation becomes relevant at high diffusion Deborah numbers when the relaxation time-which is a function of the deployed material and the polymer/solvent composition-is higher than the characteristic diffusion time in the film. The latter is a function of the polymer/solvent composition and the thickness of the film. Drying curves of PIB/toluene films show additional effect in a substrate-near region of about 5 nm in which polymer chain mobility is confined, resulting in decelerated solvent diffusion. Although this effect near the substrate interface is expected to be present regardless of the film thickness, it becomes more dominant when the substrate-near region represents a significant fraction of the total film thickness. The key to the derived methodology for characterization of the polymer/solvent drying process is to vary dry film thickness from micrometers to a few nanometers which allows us to determine the dominating mechanism of drying kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Börnhorst
- Thin Film Technology (TFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Philip Scharfer
- Thin Film Technology (TFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schabel
- Thin Film Technology (TFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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34
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Galuska LA, Muckley ES, Cao Z, Ehlenberg DF, Qian Z, Zhang S, Rondeau-Gagné S, Phan MD, Ankner JF, Ivanov IN, Gu X. SMART transfer method to directly compare the mechanical response of water-supported and free-standing ultrathin polymeric films. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2347. [PMID: 33879775 PMCID: PMC8058343 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic mechanical properties of sub-100 nm thin films are markedly difficult to obtain, yet an ever-growing necessity for emerging fields such as soft organic electronics. To complicate matters, the interfacial contribution plays a major role in such thin films and is often unexplored despite supporting substrates being a main component in current metrologies. Here we present the shear motion assisted robust transfer technique for fabricating free-standing sub-100 nm films and measuring their inherent structural-mechanical properties. We compare these results to water-supported measurements, exploring two phenomena: 1) The influence of confinement on mechanics and 2) the role of water on the mechanical properties of hydrophobic films. Upon confinement, polystyrene films exhibit increased strain at failure, and reduced yield stress, while modulus is reduced only for the thinnest 19 nm film. Water measurements demonstrate subtle differences in mechanics which we elucidate using quartz crystal microbalance and neutron reflectometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Galuska
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Eric S Muckley
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Dakota F Ehlenberg
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, N9B3P4
| | - Minh D Phan
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - John F Ankner
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ilia N Ivanov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA.
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35
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Rolle K, Schilling T, Westermeier F, Das S, Breu J, Fytas G. Large T g Shift in Hybrid Bragg Stacks through Interfacial Slowdown. Macromolecules 2021; 54:2551-2560. [PMID: 33814616 PMCID: PMC8016143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of glass transition under confinement frequently employ supported polymer thin films, which are known to exhibit different transition temperature T g close to and far from the interface. Various techniques can selectively probe interfaces, however, often at the expense of sample designs very specific to a single experiment. Here, we show how to translate results on confined thin film T g to a "nacre-mimetic" clay/polymer Bragg stack, where periodicity allows to limit and tune the number of polymer layers to either one or two. Exceptional lattice coherence multiplies signal manifold, allowing for interface studies with both standard T g and broadband dynamic measurements. For the monolayer, we not only observe a dramatic increase in T g (∼ 100 K) but also use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to probe platelet dynamics, originating from interfacial slowdown. This is confirmed from the bilayer, which comprises both "bulk-like" and clay/polymer interface contributions, as manifested in two distinct T g processes. Because the platelet dynamics of monolayers and bilayers are similar, while the segmental dynamics of the latter are found to be much faster, we conclude that XPCS is sensitive to the clay/polymer interface. Thus, large T g shifts can be engineered and studied once lattice spacing approaches interfacial layer dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rolle
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Theresa Schilling
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches
Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | - Sudatta Das
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - George Fytas
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
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36
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Rolle K, Butt HJ, Fytas G. Flash Brillouin Scattering: A Confocal Technique for Measuring Glass Transitions at High Scan Rates. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:531-539. [PMID: 33634207 PMCID: PMC7898954 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glass transition temperatures T g are most commonly measured by differential scanning calorimetry, a method that has been extended to the flash scanning calorimetry (FSC) regime by reducing sample volumes. However, significant manual preparation effort can render FSC impractical for, e.g., local probing of spatially heterogeneous specimens. Another strategy can be to select a small volume by focusing down a laser beam, where Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) is a proven method for confocal T g measurement. Here, we introduce Flash Brillouin Scattering, which extends BLS to fast scan rates, achieved by periodically heating the probed region with an infrared laser. For comparison with conventional BLS, we first characterize T g of pure glycerol, and show how rapid quenching produces a less packed glass with downshifted sound velocity. We then turn toward its aqueous solutions, which crystallize too fast for a nonflash approach, and demonstrate scan rates in excess of 105 K/s. These results are of interest not only because glycerol is a model system for hydrogen-bonded glass formers, but also because of its applications as a cryoprotectant for frozen biological samples. Light scattering studies of the latter, currently limited to cryo-Raman spectroscopy, are likely to be complemented by the technique introduced here.
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37
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Tata JR, Torres Arellano AK, McKenna GB. Liquid dewetting of ultrathin polystyrene films: Is there a molecular architecture effect? JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Tata
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Astrid K. Torres Arellano
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
- Engineered Materials Division Berry Global, Inc. Chippewa Falls Wisconsin USA
| | - Gregory B. McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
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38
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Kwon T, Sung BJ. Confinement effects on the mechanical heterogeneity of polymer fiber glasses. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:052501. [PMID: 33327119 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.052501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Both polymer fiber glasses and bulk polymer glasses exhibit nonlinear mechanical responses under uniaxial deformation. In polymer fibers, however, polymer chains are confined strongly and the surface area is relatively large compared to their volume. The confinement and the surface may lead to the spatially heterogeneous relaxation of chains in polymer fibers. In this work we perform molecular dynamics simulations and investigate the relation between the heterogeneous dynamics and the nonlinear mechanical responses at a molecular level. Our molecular simulations capture successfully not only the nonlinear mechanical response but also the dependence of mechanical properties on the strain rate of typical polymer glasses as in experiments. We find that the local elastic modulus and the nonaffine displacement are spatially heterogeneous in the pre-yield regime, which results in a lower elastic modulus for polymer fibers than bulk polymer glasses. In the post-yield regime, those mechanical properties become relatively homogeneous. Monomers with large nonaffine displacement are localized mainly at the interfacial region in the pre-yield regime while highly nonaffine monomers are distributed throughout the fibers in the post-yield regime. We show that the nonaffine displacement during deformation relates closely to the mechanical response of the polymer fibers. We also find that in the strain-hardening regime there is a significant difference in the energetic contribution to the stress between polymer fibers and bulk polymers, for which the modulus of the strain-hardening regime of the polymer fibers is smaller than that of bulk polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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39
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Severi J, De Simone D, De Gendt S. Dielectric Response Spectroscopy as Means to Investigate Interfacial Effects for Ultra-Thin Film Polymer-Based High NA EUV Lithography. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122971. [PMID: 33322737 PMCID: PMC7762983 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme ultra-violet lithography (EUVL) is the leading-edge technology to produce advanced nanoelectronics. The further development of EUVL is heavily based on implementing the so-called high numerical aperture (NA) EUVL, which will enable even smaller pitches up to 8 nm half pitch (HP). In anticipation of this high NA technology, it is crucial to assess the readiness of the current resist materials for the high NA regime to comply with the demanding requirements of resolution, line-edge roughness, and sensitivity (RLS). The achievable tighter pitches require lower film thicknesses for both resist and underlying transfer layers. A concern that is tied to the thinning down is the potential change in resist properties and behavior due to the interaction with the underlayer. To increase the fundamental understanding of ultra-thin films for high NA EUVL, a method to investigate the interplay of reduced film thickness and different patterning-relevant underlayers is developed by looking at the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer-based resists. To minimize the ambiguity of the results due to resist additives (i.e., photoacid generator (PAG) and quencher), it was opted to move forward with polymer-only samples, the main component of the resist, at this stage of the investigation. By using dielectric response spectroscopy, the results obtained show that changing the protection group of the polymer, as well as altering the polymer film thickness impacts the dynamics of the polymer mobility, which can be assessed through the Tg of the system. Unexpectedly, changing the underlayer did not result in a clear change in the polymer mobility at the tested film thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren Severi
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Advanced Patterning, imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Danilo De Simone
- Department of Advanced Patterning, imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Stefan De Gendt
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Advanced Patterning, imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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40
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Vuković F, Walsh TR. Moisture Ingress at the Molecular Scale in Hygrothermal Aging of Fiber-Epoxy Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55278-55289. [PMID: 33226762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Almost all applications of carbon fiber reinforced composites are susceptible to water aging, either via ambient humidity or through direct exposure to liquid water environments. Although the impacts of water aging in composites can be readily quantified via experimental efforts, details regarding the mechanisms of moisture ingress and aging, particularly at the incipient stages of aging under hygrothermal conditions, have proven challenging to resolve using experimental techniques alone. A deeper understanding of the factors that drive incipient moisture ingress during aging is required for more targeted approaches to combat water aging. Here, molecular dynamics simulations of a novel epoxy/carbon fiber interface exposed to liquid water under hygrothermal conditions are used to elucidate molecular details of the moisture ingress mechanisms at the incipient stages of the aging process. Remarkably, the simulations show that the fiber-matrix interface is not vulnerable to a moisture-wicking type of incipient water ingress and does not readily flood in these early stages of water aging. Instead, water is preferentially absorbed via the matrix-water interface, an ingress pathway that is facilitated by the dynamic mobility of polymer chains at this interface. These chains present electronegative sites that can capture water molecules and provide a conduit to transiently exposed pores and channels on the polymer surface, which creates a presoaked staging reservoir for subsequent deeper ingress into the composite. Characterization of the absorbed water is according to hydrogen bonding to the matrix, and the distributions and transport behavior of these waters are consistent with experimental observations. This work introduces new insights regarding the molecular-level details of moisture ingress and spatial distribution of water in these materials during hygrothermal aging, informing future design directions for extending both the service life and shelf life of next-generation composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vuković
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Tiffany R Walsh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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41
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42
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Storey AN, Zhang W, Douglas JF, Starr FW. How Does Monomer Structure Affect the Interfacial Dynamics of Supported Ultrathin Polymer Films? Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Storey
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, United States
| | - Wengang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, United States
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43
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Ivancic RJS, Riggleman RA. Dynamic phase transitions in freestanding polymer thin films. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25407-25413. [PMID: 33008880 PMCID: PMC7568329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006703117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than two decades of study, many fundamental questions remain unanswered about the dynamics of glass-forming materials confined to thin films. Experiments and simulations indicate that free interfaces enhance dynamics over length scales larger than molecular sizes, and this effect strengthens at lower temperatures. The nature of the influence of interfaces, however, remains a point of significant debate. In this work, we explore the properties of the nonequilibrium phase transition in dynamics that occurs in trajectory space between high- and low-mobility basins in a set of model polymer freestanding films. In thick films, the film-averaged mobility transition is broader than the bulk mobility transition, while in thin films it is a variant of the bulk result shifted toward a higher bias. Plotting this transition's local coexistence points against the distance from the films' surface shows thick films have surface and film-center transitions, while thin films practically have a single transition throughout the film. These observations are reminiscent of thermodynamic capillary condensation of a vapor-liquid phase between parallel plates, suggesting they constitute a demonstration of such an effect in a trajectory phase transition in the dynamics of a structural glass former. Moreover, this transition bears similarities to several experiments exhibiting anomalous behavior in the glass transition upon reducing film thickness below a material-dependent onset, including the broadening of the glass transition and the homogenization of surface and bulk glass transition temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J S Ivancic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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44
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Ogieglo W, Genduso G, Rubner J, Hofmann-Préveraud de Vaumas J, Wessling M, Pinnau I. CO 2/CH 4 Pure- and Mixed-Gas Dilation and Sorption in Thin (∼500 nm) and Ultrathin (∼50 nm) Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ogieglo
- Functional Polymer Membranes Group, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giuseppe Genduso
- Functional Polymer Membranes Group, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jens Rubner
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Pinnau
- Functional Polymer Membranes Group, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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45
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Xu J, Lv C, Du B, Wang X, Tsui OKC. Effective Viscosity of Unentangled Random Copolymer Films of Styrene and 4-Methoxystyrene with Different Copolymer Compositions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Xu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binyang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ophelia K. C. Tsui
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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Ishikawa Y, Maruyama S, Matsumoto Y. In situ vacuum ellipsometry approach to investigation of glass transition behavior in ionic liquid thin films. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Lock SSM, Lau KK, Jusoh N, Shariff AM, Yeong YF, Yiin CL, Ammar Taqvi SA. Physical property and gas transport studies of ultrathin polysulfone membrane from 298.15 to 328.15 K and 2 to 50 bar: atomistic molecular simulation and empirical modelling. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32370-32392. [PMID: 35516493 PMCID: PMC9056602 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05836j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of ultrathin polymeric membrane at the laboratory scale is complicated at different operating conditions due to limitation of instruments to obtain in situ measurement data of membrane physical properties. This is essential since their effects are reversible. In addition, tedious experimental work is required to collect gas transport data at varying operating conditions. Recently, we have proposed a validated Soft Confining Methodology for Ultrathin Films that can be used to simulate ultrathin polysulfone (PSF) membranes upon confinement limited to 308.15 K and 2 bars. In industry application, these ultrathin membranes are operated within 298.15–328.15 K and up to 50 bars. Therefore, our proposed methodology using computational chemistry has been adapted to circumvent limitation in experimental study by simulating ultrathin PSF membranes upon confinement at different operating temperatures (298.15 to 328.15 K) and pressures (2 to 50 bar). The effect of operating parameters towards non-bonded and potential energy, free volume, specific volume and gas transport data (e.g. solubility and diffusivity) for oxygen and nitrogen of the ultrathin films has been simulated and collected using molecular simulation. Our previous empirical equations that have been confined to thickness dependent gas transport properties have been modified to accommodate the effect of operating parameters. The empirical equations are able to provide a good quantitative characterization with R2 ≥ 0.99 consistently, and are able to be interpolated to predict gas transport properties within the range of operating conditions. The modified empirical model can be utilized in process optimization studies to determine optimal membrane design for typical membrane specifications and operating parameters used in industrial applications. Pioneering work to elucidate and model the effect of operating conditions on physical and transport properties of ultrathin membranes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- S S M Lock
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - K K Lau
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Norwahyu Jusoh
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - A M Shariff
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Y F Yeong
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Chung Loong Yiin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 94300 Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi 75270 Pakistan
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Tian Q, Zhao H, Simon SL. Kinetic study of alkyl methacrylate polymerization in nanoporous confinement over a broad temperature range. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Effect of tetrahydrofuran on poly(methyl methacrylate) and silica in the interfacial regions of polymer nanocomposites. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hajduk B, Bednarski H, Trzebicka B. Temperature-Dependent Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Thin Polymer Films. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3229-3251. [PMID: 32275433 PMCID: PMC7590969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Thin polymer films have found many important applications in organic electronics, such as active layers, protective layers, or antistatic layers. Among the various experimental methods suitable for studying the thermo-optical properties of thin polymer films, temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry plays a special role as a nondestructive and very sensitive optical technique. In this Review Article, issues related to the physical origin of the dependence of ellipsometric angles on temperature are surveyed. In addition, the Review Article discusses the use of temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry for studying phase transitions in thin polymer films. The benefits of studying thermal transitions using different cooling/heating speeds are also discussed. Furthermore, it is shown how the analysis and modeling of raw ellipsometric data can be used to determine the thermal properties of thin polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Bednarski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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