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Schirato A, Sanders SK, Proietti Zaccaria R, Nordlander P, Della Valle G, Alabastri A. Quantifying Ultrafast Energy Transfer from Plasmonic Hot Carriers for Pulsed Photocatalysis on Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18933-18947. [PMID: 38990155 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis with plasmonic nanostructures has lately emerged as a transformative paradigm to drive and alter chemical reactions using light. At the surface of metallic nanoparticles, photoexcitation results in strong near fields, short-lived high-energy "hot" carriers, and light-induced heating, thus creating a local environment where reactions can occur with enhanced efficiencies. In this context, it is critical to understand how to manipulate the nonequilibrium processes triggered by light, as their ultrafast (femto- to picoseconds) relaxation dynamics compete with the process of energy transfer toward the reactants. Accurate predictions of the plasmon photocatalytic activity can lead to optimized nanophotonic architectures with enhanced selectivity and rates, operating beyond the intrinsic limitations of the steady state. Here, we report on an original modeling approach to quantify, with space, time, and energy resolution, the ultrafast energy exchange from plasmonic hot carriers (HCs) to molecular systems adsorbed on the metal nanoparticle surface while consistently accounting for photothermal bond activation. Our analysis, illustrated for a few typical cases, reveals that the most energetic nonequilibrium carriers (i.e., with energies well far from the Fermi level) may introduce a wavelength-dependence of the reaction rates, and it elucidates on the role of the carriers closer to the Fermi energy and the photothermally heated lattice, suggesting ways to enhance and optimize each contribution. We show that the overall reaction rates can benefit strongly from using pulsed illumination with the optimal pulse width determined by the properties of the system. Taken together, these results contribute to the rational design of nanoreactors for pulsed catalysis, which calls for predictive modeling of the ultrafast HC-hot adsorbate energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schirato
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephen Keith Sanders
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | | | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Giuseppe Della Valle
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie─Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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2
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Podder C, Gong X, Pan H. Ultrafast, Non-Equilibrium and Transient Heating and Sintering of Nanocrystals for Nanoscale Metal Printing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103436. [PMID: 34617399 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The carrier excitation, relaxation, energy transport, and conversion processes during light-nanocrystal (NC) interactions have been intensively investigated for applications in optoelectronics, photocatalysis, and photovoltaics. However, there are limited studies on the non-equilibrium heating under relatively high laser excitation that leads to NCs sintering. Here, the authors use femtosecond laser two-pulse correlation and in-situ optical transmission probing to investigate the non-equilibrium heating of NCs and transient sintering dynamics. First, a two-pulse correlation study reveals that the sintering rate strongly increases when the two heating laser pulses are temporally separated by <10 ps. Second, the sintering rate is found to increase nonlinearly with laser fluence when heating with ≈700 fs laser pulses. By three-temperature modeling, the NC sintering mechanism mediated by electron induced ligand transformation is suggested. The ultrafast and non-equilibrium process facilitates sintering in dry (spin-coated) and wet (solvent suspended) environments. The nonlinear dependence of sintering rate on laser fluence is exploited to print sub-diffraction-limited features in NC suspension. The smallest feature printed is ≈200 nm, which is ≈¼ of the laser wavelength. These findings provide a new perspective toward nanomanufacturing development based on probing and engineering ultrafast transport phenomena in functional NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Podder
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xiangtao Gong
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Heng Pan
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65401, USA
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3
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Catalytic Oadsorbed + Oadsorbed = O2,gas desorption from c(2X2)-O and p(5X5)-O phases on single crystal Pd(1 0 0) surface: Observing the unseen using femtosecond laser spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Schwermann C, Linden S, Doltsinis NL, Zacharias H. On-Surface Chemistry Induced by Long-Lived Excitons: (NO) 2 Dissociation on C 60. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5490-5496. [PMID: 32584044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state excitonic excitations play an increasingly important role in optoelectronic and light harvesting processes due to their ubiquitous presence in dipolar two-dimensional materials. Here we show that long-lived solid-state excitons induce chemical reactions in adsorbed molecules and thus convert light into chemical energy. For the model system (NO)2 dimer adsorbed on ordered c(4×4) C60 films, time-of-flight measurements following UV laser excitation reveal a slow and a fast dissociative desorption channel, which are assigned to intersystem crossing and internal conversion, respectively, by time-dependent density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwermann
- Institute of Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Linden
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute of Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helmut Zacharias
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Jin Z, Subotnik JE. A practical ansatz for evaluating the electronic friction tensor accurately, efficiently, and in a nearly black-box format. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:164105. [PMID: 31042890 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that under conditions of fast electronic equilibration and weak nonadiabaticity, nonadiabatic effects induced by electron-hole pair excitations can be partly incorporated through a frictional force. However, ab initio computation of the electronic friction tensor suffers from numerical instability and usually demands a convergence check. In this study, we present an efficient and accurate interpolation method for computing the electronic friction tensor in a nearly black-box manner as appropriate for molecular dynamics. In almost all cases, our method agrees quite well with the exact friction tensor which is available for several quadratic Hamiltonians. As such, we outperform more conventional approaches that are based on the introduction of a broadening parameter. Future work will implement this interpolation approach within ab initio software packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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6
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Novko D, Tremblay JC, Alducin M, Juaristi JI. Ultrafast Transient Dynamics of Adsorbates on Surfaces Deciphered: The Case of CO on Cu(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:016806. [PMID: 31012646 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.016806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy constitutes an invaluable experimental tool for monitoring hot-carrier-induced surface reactions. However, the absence of a full understanding of the precise microscopic mechanisms causing the transient spectral changes has limited its applicability. Here we introduce a robust first-principles theoretical framework that successfully explains both the nonthermal frequency and linewidth changes of the CO internal stretch mode on Cu(100) induced by femtosecond laser pulses. Two distinct processes engender the changes: electron-hole pair excitations underlie the nonthermal frequency shifts, while electron-mediated vibrational mode coupling gives rise to linewidth changes. Furthermore, the origin and precise sequence of coupling events are finally identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Novko
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J C Tremblay
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Alducin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J I Juaristi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Químicas UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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7
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Zaum C, Morgenstern K. Understanding the Enhancement of Surface Diffusivity by Dimerization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:185901. [PMID: 30444386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.185901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Beyond dilute coverage, the collective diffusion of molecules might enhance material transport. We reveal an enhanced mobility of molecular dimers by separating two motions, diffusion and rotation, of CO dimers on elemental Ag(100) as well as on a dilute Cu alloy of Ag(100). From time-lapsed scanning tunneling microscopy movies recorded between 15 and 25 K, we determine the activation energy of dimer diffusion on elemental Ag(100) to be, at (40±2) meV, considerably smaller than the one for monomer diffusion, at (72±1) meV. The alloyed Cu atoms reduce the dimer mobility facilitating to determine their rotational barrier separately to be (39±3) meV. Disentangling different degrees of freedom suggests that a rotational motion is at the origin of enhanced dimer diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zaum
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, ATMOS, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Physikalische Chemie I, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Hong SY, Xu P, Camillone NR, White MG, Camillone N. Adlayer structure dependent ultrafast desorption dynamics in carbon monoxide adsorbed on Pd (111). J Chem Phys 2017; 145:014704. [PMID: 27394118 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report our ultrafast photoinduced desorption investigation of the coverage dependence of substrate-adsorbate energy transfer in carbon monoxide adlayers on the (111) surface of palladium. As the CO coverage is increased, the adsorption site population shifts from all threefold hollows (up to 0.33 ML), to bridge and near bridge (>0.5 to 0.6 ML) and finally to mixed threefold hollow plus top site (at saturation at 0.75 ML). We show that between 0.24 and 0.75 ML this progression of binding site motifs is accompanied by two remarkable features in the ultrafast photoinduced desorption of the adsorbates: (i) the desorption probability increases roughly two orders magnitude, and (ii) the adsorbate-substrate energy transfer rate observed in two-pulse correlation experiments varies nonmonotonically, having a minimum at intermediate coverages. Simulations using a phenomenological model to describe the adsorbate-substrate energy transfer in terms of frictional coupling indicate that these features are consistent with an adsorption-site dependent electron-mediated energy coupling strength, ηel, that decreases with binding site in the order: three-fold hollow > bridge and near bridge > top site. This weakening of ηel largely counterbalances the decrease in the desorption activation energy that accompanies this progression of adsorption site motifs, moderating what would otherwise be a rise of several orders of magnitude in the desorption probability. Within this framework, the observed energy transfer rate enhancement at saturation coverage is due to interadsorbate energy transfer from the copopulation of molecules bound in three-fold hollows to their top-site neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Young Hong
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Pan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Nina R Camillone
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Michael G White
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Nicholas Camillone
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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9
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Inoue KI, Watanabe K, Sugimoto T, Matsumoto Y, Yasuike T. Disentangling Multidimensional Nonequilibrium Dynamics of Adsorbates: CO Desorption from Cu(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:186101. [PMID: 27834990 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.186101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hot carriers at metal surfaces can drive nonthermal reactions of adsorbates. Characterizing nonequilibrium statistics among various degrees of freedom in an ultrafast time scale is crucial to understand and develop hot carrier-driven chemistry. Here we demonstrate multidimensional vibrational dynamics of carbon monoxide (CO) on Cu(100) along hot-carrier induced desorption studied by using time-resolved vibrational sum-frequency generation with phase-sensitive detection. Instantaneous frequency and amplitude of the CO internal stretching mode are tracked with a subpicosecond time resolution that is shorter than the vibrational dephasing time. These experimental results in combination with numerical analysis based on Langevin simulations enable us to extract nonequilibrium distributions of external vibrational modes of desorbing molecules. Superstatistical distributions are generated with mode-dependent frictional couplings in a few hundred femtoseconds after hot-electron excitation, and energy flow from hot electrons and intermode anharmonic coupling play crucial roles in the subsequent evolution of the non-Boltzman distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuya Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sugimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yasuike
- Department of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba 261-8586, Japan
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10
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Godsi O, Corem G, Kravchuk T, Bertram C, Morgenstern K, Hedgeland H, Jardine AP, Allison W, Ellis J, Alexandrowicz G. How Atomic Steps Modify Diffusion and Inter-adsorbate Forces: Empirical Evidence from Hopping Dynamics in Na/Cu(115). J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4165-4170. [PMID: 26529127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We followed the collective atomic-scale motion of Na atoms on a vicinal Cu(115) surface within a time scale of pico- to nanoseconds using helium spin echo spectroscopy. The well-defined stepped structure of Cu(115) allows us to study the effect that atomic steps have on the adsorption properties, the rate for motion parallel and perpendicular to the step edge, and the interaction between the Na atoms. With the support of a molecular dynamics simulation we show that the Na atoms perform strongly anisotropic 1D hopping motion parallel to the step edges. Furthermore, we observe that the spatial and temporal correlations between the Na atoms that lead to collective motion are also anisotropic, suggesting the steps efficiently screen the lateral interaction between Na atoms residing on different terraces.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Godsi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - G Corem
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - T Kravchuk
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - C Bertram
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K Morgenstern
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - H Hedgeland
- The Cavendish Laboratory , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - A P Jardine
- The Cavendish Laboratory , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - W Allison
- The Cavendish Laboratory , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - J Ellis
- The Cavendish Laboratory , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - G Alexandrowicz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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11
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Öberg H, Gladh J, Marks K, Ogasawara H, Nilsson A, Pettersson LGM, Öström H. Indication of non-thermal contribution to visible femtosecond laser-induced CO oxidation on Ru(0001). J Chem Phys 2015; 143:074701. [PMID: 26298142 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied CO oxidation on Ru(0001) induced by 400 nm and 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses where we find a branching ratio between CO oxidation and desorption of 1:9 and 1:31, respectively, showing higher selectivity towards CO oxidation for the shorter wavelength excitation. Activation energies computed with density functional theory show discrepancies with values extracted from the experiments, indicating both a mixture between different adsorbed phases and importance of non-adiabatic effects on the effective barrier for oxidation. We simulated the reactions using kinetic modeling based on the two-temperature model of laser-induced energy transfer in the substrate combined with a friction model for the coupling to adsorbate vibrations. This model gives an overall good agreement with experiment except for the substantial difference in yield ratio between CO oxidation and desorption at 400 nm and 800 nm. However, including also the initial, non-thermal effect of electrons transiently excited into antibonding states of the O-Ru bond yielded good agreement with all experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Öberg
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Gladh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Marks
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Ogasawara
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L G M Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Öström
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Zaum C, Meyer-Auf-der-Heide KM, Mehlhorn M, McDonough S, Schneider WF, Morgenstern K. Differences between thermal and laser-induced diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:146104. [PMID: 25910140 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.146104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A combination of femtosecond laser excitation with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope is used to study long-range interaction during diffusion of CO on Cu(111). Both thermal and laser-driven diffusion show an oscillatory energy dependence on the distance to neighboring molecules. Surprisingly, the phase is inverted; i.e., at distances at which thermal diffusion is most difficult, it is easiest for laser-driven diffusion and vice versa. We explain this unexpected behavior by a transient stabilization of the negative ion during diffusion as corroborated by ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Zaum
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung für atomare und molekulare Strukturen (ATMOS), Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - K M Meyer-Auf-der-Heide
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung für atomare und molekulare Strukturen (ATMOS), Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Mehlhorn
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung für atomare und molekulare Strukturen (ATMOS), Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S McDonough
- Departement of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - W F Schneider
- Departement of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - K Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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13
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Furuta K, Fuyuki M, Wada A. Cross-term selective, two-pulse correlation measurements by phase-shifted parallel modulation for analysis of a multi-photon process. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:1475-1479. [PMID: 23231911 DOI: 10.1366/12-06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new modulation technique for phase-sensitive detection to extract a cross-term signal appearing in multi-pulse experiments and demonstrate the selective detection of cross-term signal on two-pulse correlation measurements. This modulation technique can be widely applied to the selective detection in multi-beam laser experiments such as two-pulse correlation, auto-correlation, and double-resonance experiments, because the selectivity can be realized by using a conventional single-frequency mechanical chopper and 2f phase-sensitive detection. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was confirmed by two-pulse correlation measurements of two-photon-excited fluorescence from rhodamine 6G. In addition to the selective observation of a correlation peak, the technique succeeded in observing a weak correlation background. By combining asymmetric, two-pulse correlation measurements with the proposed technique, it was clarified that the background was produced by a three-photon process and assigned to fluorescence depletion caused by an up-conversion process. The results indicate that the cross-term selective, two-pulse correlation method that is based on the phase-shifted parallel modulation technique is powerful tool to find and analyze a high-order optical event buried in a low-order optical event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Furuta
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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14
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Inoue KI, Watanabe K, Matsumoto Y. Instantaneous vibrational frequencies of diffusing and desorbing adsorbates: CO/Pt(111). J Chem Phys 2012; 137:024704. [PMID: 22803555 DOI: 10.1063/1.4733720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, The Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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15
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Füchsel G, Tremblay JC, Klamroth T, Saalfrank P. Selective Excitation of Molecule-Surface Vibrations in H2 and D2 Dissociatively Adsorbed on Ru(0001). Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Tremblay JC, Monturet S, Saalfrank P. The effects of electron-hole pair coupling on the infrared laser-controlled vibrational excitation of NO on Au(111). J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10698-707. [PMID: 21861512 DOI: 10.1021/jp205902k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present theoretical simulations of laser-driven vibrational control of NO adsorbed on a gold surface. Our goal is to tailor laser pulses to selectively excite specific modes and vibrational eigenstates, as well as to favor photodesorption of the adsorbed molecule. To this end, various control schemes and algorithms are applied. For adsorbates at metallic surfaces, the creation of electron-hole pairs in the substrate is known to play a dominant role in the transfer of energy from the system to the surroundings. These nonadiabatic couplings are included perturbatively in our reduced density matrix simulations using a generalization of the state-resolved position-dependent anharmonic rate model we recently introduced. An extension of the reduced density matrix is also proposed to provide a sound model for photodesorption in dissipative systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Christophe Tremblay
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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17
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Harikumar KR, Polanyi JC, Zabet-Khosousi A, Czekala P, Lin H, Hofer WA. Directed long-range molecular migration energized by surface reaction. Nat Chem 2011; 3:400-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Imprinting Atomic and Molecular Patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096355-6.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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Olsen T, Schiotz J. Quantum corrected Langevin dynamics for adsorbates on metal surfaces interacting with hot electrons. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:034115. [PMID: 20649316 DOI: 10.1063/1.3457947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the importance of including quantized initial conditions in Langevin dynamics for adsorbates interacting with a thermal reservoir of electrons. For quadratic potentials the time evolution is exactly described by a classical Langevin equation and it is shown how to rigorously obtain quantum mechanical probabilities from the classical phase space distributions resulting from the dynamics. At short time scales, classical and quasiclassical initial conditions lead to wrong results and only correctly quantized initial conditions give a close agreement with an inherently quantum mechanical master equation approach. With CO on Cu(100) as an example, we demonstrate the effect for a system with ab initio frictional tensor and potential energy surfaces and show that quantizing the initial conditions can have a large impact on both the desorption probability and the distribution of molecular vibrational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Olsen
- Danish National Research Foundation's Center for Individual Nanoparticle Functionality (CINF), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Mehlhorn M, Gawronski H, Morgenstern K. Diffusion and dimer formation of CO molecules induced by femtosecond laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:076101. [PMID: 20366898 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.076101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigate two fundamental steps of a nonadiabatic surface process, the photo-induced movement and approach of CO molecules on the Cu(111) surface, at a hitherto unachieved single-molecule level through scanning tunneling microscope imaging. For the close approach of two CO molecules, we not only determine the nonadiabatic diffusion barrier (87 meV), but also discover a femto-second-laser-induced transient attraction (30 meV) of the usually repelling CO molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mehlhorn
- Abteilung ATMOS, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Olsen T, Schiøtz J. Origin of power laws for reactions at metal surfaces mediated by hot electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:238301. [PMID: 20366180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.238301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of experiments have established that certain chemical reactions at metal surfaces can be driven by multiple hot-electron-mediated excitations of adsorbates. A high transient density of hot electrons is obtained by means of femtosecond laser pulses and a characteristic feature of such experiments is the emergence of a power law dependence of the reaction yield on the laser fluence Y approximately F(n). We propose a model of multiple inelastic scattering by hot electrons which reproduces this power law and the observed exponents of several experiments. All parameters are calculated within density functional theory and the delta self-consistent field method. With a simplifying assumption, the power law becomes exact and we obtain a simple physical interpretation of the exponent n, which represents the number of adsorbate vibrational states participating in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Olsen
- Danish National Research Foundation's Center of Individual Nanoparticle Functionality (CINF), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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Li J, Zhu S, Li Y, Wang F. Molecular Mechanisms of a Single H2O Diffusion on Palladium Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11140-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja802819f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 62 Wencui Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 62 Wencui Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 62 Wencui Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fuhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 62 Wencui Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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23
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Arnolds H, King DA, Lane IM. Inducing non-adiabatic effects through coadsorption: CO+NO on iridium. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Tremblay JC, Beyvers S, Saalfrank P. Selective excitation of coupled CO vibrations on a dissipative Cu(100) surface by shaped infrared laser pulses. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:194709. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2916710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Szymanski P, Harris AL, Camillone N. Temperature-dependent femtosecond photoinduced desorption in CO/Pd(111). J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:12524-33. [PMID: 17975899 DOI: 10.1021/jp075923w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The desorption of CO from a Pd(111) surface following absorption of 120 fs pulses of 780 nm light occurs on two distinct and well-separated time scales. Two-pulse correlation measurements show a fast subpicosecond decay followed by a slower, approximately 40 ps decay. Simulations based on the two-temperature model of electron and phonon heat baths within the substrate, and an empirical friction model to treat coupling to the adsorbate, support the assignment of the desorption mechanism as an electron-mediated process. The photodesorption yield and overall width of the temporal response exhibit a marked dependence on the initial surface temperature in the 100-375 K range despite the much higher transient electronic temperatures (approximately 7000 K) achieved. The observed temperature dependences can be attributed directly to variations in the initial temperature within the frictional coupling picture. Simulations of this extended data set imply that the activation barrier to photoinduced desorption is equal in magnitude to that derived from thermal desorption experiments for this system within the limits of a one-dimensional Arrhenius desorption model. The simulations also imply that the slower decay is not the result of phonon-driven desorption. Though we cannot unambiguously determine the strength of the adsorbate-phonon coupling, our results suggest that its role is to moderate the degree of the adsorbate excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Szymanski
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
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Szymanski P, Harris AL, Camillone N. Adsorption-state-dependent subpicosecond photoinduced desorption dynamics. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:214709. [PMID: 17567215 DOI: 10.1063/1.2735594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Femtosecond laser excitation has been used to initiate desorption of molecular oxygen from the (111) surface of Pd and to study the adsorption-state dependence of the substrate-adsorbate coupling. The relative populations of the two chemical states, peroxo (O2(2-)) and superoxo (O2-), were varied by changing the total coverage. Two-pulse correlation measurements exhibit a dominant 400 fs response and a slower 10 ps decay that are relatively independent of the initial O2 coverage. In contrast, the photodesorption yield and the nonlinearity of the fluence dependence show a systematic coverage dependence. The coverage-independent subpicosecond response indicates that the photoinduced desorption from the two states is driven primarily by the same electron-mediated mechanism, while the coverage dependence of the yield indicates that the desorption efficiency from the superoxo state is greater than that from the peroxo state. These results are discussed in the context of the electron-phonon two-temperature model with an empirical adsorbate-electron frictional coupling that depends on both the electronic temperature and the activation energy for desorption. With a coupling strength that decreases as the activation energy decreases, the trends with varying coverage, absorbed fluence, and time delay can all be reproduced. The model is consistent with a transition from a resonantly enhanced (diabatic) regime to an adiabatic regime as the system relaxes, accounting for the biexponential correlation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Szymanski
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
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27
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Frischkorn C, Wolf M. Femtochemistry at metal surfaces: nonadiabatic reaction dynamics. Chem Rev 2007; 106:4207-33. [PMID: 17031984 DOI: 10.1021/cr050161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Frischkorn
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Mehlhorn M, Gawronski H, Nedelmann L, Grujic A, Morgenstern K. An instrument to investigate femtochemistry on metal surfaces in real space. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:033905. [PMID: 17411193 DOI: 10.1063/1.2432244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A newly established combination of a femtosecond laser with a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope is described, which facilitates one to analyze femtochemistry on metal surfaces in real space. The combined instrument enables focusing the laser to some tens of micrometers and guiding it reproducibly into the tunneling gap with the aid of in situ movable mirrors. Furthermore, a method to determine the focus size on the sample is presented. The focus size is used to calculate the electron and phonon temperatures at the surface. Despite the additional noise introduced by laser operation the vertical resolution of the microscope lies below 1 pm. The potential of the instrument is demonstrated on para-chloronitrobenzene clusters adsorbed on Au(111). Single chloronitrobenzene molecules diffuse upon femtosecond laser irradiation; some smaller clusters rotate by multiples of 30 degrees ; clusters of less compact form rearrange to close-packed clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mehlhorn
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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29
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Saalfrank P. Quantum Dynamical Approach to Ultrafast Molecular Desorption from Surfaces. Chem Rev 2006; 106:4116-59. [PMID: 17031982 DOI: 10.1021/cr0501691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Saalfrank
- Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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30
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Luntz AC, Persson M, Wagner S, Frischkorn C, Wolf M. Femtosecond laser induced associative desorption of H2 from Ru(0001): Comparison of “first principles” theory with experiment. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:244702. [PMID: 16821991 DOI: 10.1063/1.2206588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A three dimensional model based on molecular dynamics with electronic frictions is developed to describe the femtosecond laser induced associative desorption of H2 from Ru(0001)(1 x 1)H. Two molecular coordinates (internuclear separation d and center of mass distance to surface z) and a single phonon coordinate are included in the dynamics. Both the potential energy surface and the electronic friction tensor are calculated by density functional theory so that there are no adjustable parameters in the comparison of this model with the wide range of experiments available for this system. This "first principles" dynamic model gives results in semiquantitative agreement with all experimental results; nonlinear fluence dependence of the yield, isotope effect, two pulse correlation, and energy partitioning. The good agreement of theory with experiment supports a description of this surface femtochemistry in terms of thermalized hot electron induced chemistry with coupling to nuclear coordinates through electronic frictions. By comparing the dynamics with the analytical one dimensional frictional model used previously to fit the experiments for this system, we show that the success of the one dimensional model is based on the rapid intermixing of the z and d coordinates as the H-H climbs out of the adsorption well. However, projecting the three dimensional dynamics onto one dimension introduces a fluence (adsorbate temperature) dependent "entropic" barrier in addition to the potential barrier for the chemistry. This implies that some caution must be used in interpreting activation energies obtained in fitting experiments to the one dimensional model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Luntz
- Physics Department, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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31
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Backus EHG, Eichler A, Kleyn AW, Bonn M. Real-Time Observation of Molecular Motion on a Surface. Science 2005; 310:1790-3. [PMID: 16282524 DOI: 10.1126/science.1120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The laser-induced movement of CO molecules over a platinum surface was followed in real time by means of ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy. Because the CO molecules bound on different surface sites exhibit different C-O stretch vibrational frequencies, the site-to-site hopping, triggered by excitation with a laser pulse, can be determined from subpicosecond changes in the vibrational spectra. The unexpectedly fast motion--characterized by a 500-femtosecond time constant--reveals that a rotational motion of the CO molecules, rather than pure translation, is required for this diffusion process. This conclusion is corroborated by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H G Backus
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Ueba
- Department of Electronics, Toyama University, 930-8555, Toyama, Japan.
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