1
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Ma C, Yang J, Li P, Rugeramigabo EP, Zopf M, Ding F. Circular photonic crystal grating design for charge-tunable quantum light sources in the telecom C-band. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14789-14800. [PMID: 38859415 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Efficient generation of entangled photon pairs at telecom wavelengths is a key ingredient for long-range quantum networks. While embedding semiconductor quantum dots into hybrid circular Bragg gratings has proven effective, it conflicts with p-i-n diode heterostructures which offer superior coherence. We propose and analyze hybrid circular photonic crystal gratings, incorporating air holes to facilitate charge carrier transport without compromising optical properties. Through numerical simulations, a broad cavity mode with a Purcell factor of 23 enhancing both exciton and biexciton transitions, and exceptional collection efficiency of 92.4% into an objective with numerical aperture of 0.7 are achieved. Furthermore, our design demonstrates direct coupling efficiency over 90.5% into a single-mode fiber over the entire telecom C-band. The hybrid circular photonic crystal grating thereby emerges as a promising solution for the efficient generation of highly coherent, polarization-entangled photon pairs.
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2
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Burakowski M, Holewa P, Mrowiński P, Sakanas A, Musiał A, Sȩk G, Yvind K, Semenova E, Syperek M. Heterogeneous integration of single InAs/InP quantum dots with the SOI chip using direct bonding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10874-10886. [PMID: 38570950 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Quantum information processing with photons in small-footprint and highly integrated silicon-based photonic chips requires incorporating non-classical light sources. In this respect, self-assembled III-V semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are an attractive solution, however, they must be combined with the silicon platform. Here, by utilizing the large-area direct bonding technique, we demonstrate the hybridization of InP and SOI chips, which allows for coupling single photons to the SOI chip interior, offering cost-effective scalability in setting up a multi-source environment for quantum photonic chips. We fabricate devices consisting of self-assembled InAs QDs embedded in the tapered InP waveguide (WG) positioned over the SOI-defined Si WG. Focusing on devices generating light in the telecom C-band compatible with the low-loss optical fiber networks, we demonstrate the light coupling between InP and SOI platforms by observing photons outcoupled at the InP-made circular Bragg grating outcoupler fabricated at the end of an 80 µm-long Si WG, and at the cleaved edge of the Si WG. Finally, for a device with suppressed multi-photon generation events exhibiting 80% single photon generation purity, we measure the photon number outcoupled at the cleaved facet of the Si WG. We estimate the directional on-chip photon coupling between the source and the Si WG to 5.1%.
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3
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Masuko T, Yoshida D, Aida A, Hong FL, Horikiri T. Frequency-multiplexed on-demand storage in five modes of atomic frequency comb through simultaneous application of control pulses. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:1875-1880. [PMID: 38437292 DOI: 10.1364/ao.514004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
In quantum communication with quantum repeaters, multiplexed quantum memory is expected to enhance communication rates. When using an atomic frequency comb (AFC) for on-demand storage, the frequency mode number is often limited by the optical power of the control pulses. Here, using a space-coupled waveguide electro-optic modulator, we increased the output power, allowing us to apply control pulses to multiple modes simultaneously. Further, through enhancement of an experimental setup that increases power density, we increased the number of modes. Consequently, we pioneered, to the best of our knowledge, on-demand storage using five modes of AFC. This technology is a significant achievement toward frequency-multiplexed on-demand quantum memory.
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4
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Dong MX, Zhang WH, Zeng L, Ye YH, Li DC, Guo GC, Ding DS, Shi BS. Highly Efficient Storage of 25-Dimensional Photonic Qudit in a Cold-Atom-Based Quantum Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:240801. [PMID: 38181137 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.240801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Building an efficient quantum memory in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces is one of the fundamental requirements for establishing high-dimensional quantum repeaters, where it offers many advantages over two-dimensional quantum systems, such as a larger information capacity and enhanced noise resilience. To date, it remains a challenge to develop an efficient high-dimensional quantum memory. Here, we experimentally realize a quantum memory that is operational in Hilbert spaces of up to 25 dimensions with a storage efficiency of close to 60% and a fidelity of 84.2±0.6%. The proposed approach exploits the spatial-mode-independent interaction between atoms and photons which are encoded in transverse-size-invariant vortex modes. In particular, our memory features uniform storage efficiency and low crosstalk disturbance for 25 individual spatial modes of photons, thus allowing the storing of qudit states programmed from 25 eigenstates within the high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. These results have great prospects for the implementation of long-distance high-dimensional quantum networks and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Wei-Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ying-Hao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Da-Chuang Li
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bao-Sen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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5
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Wo KJ, Avis G, Rozpędek F, Mor-Ruiz MF, Pieplow G, Schröder T, Jiang L, Sørensen AS, Borregaard J. Resource-efficient fault-tolerant one-way quantum repeater with code concatenation. NPJ QUANTUM INFORMATION 2023; 9:123. [PMID: 38665254 PMCID: PMC11041798 DOI: 10.1038/s41534-023-00792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
One-way quantum repeaters where loss and operational errors are counteracted by quantum error-correcting codes can ensure fast and reliable qubit transmission in quantum networks. It is crucial that the resource requirements of such repeaters, for example, the number of qubits per repeater node and the complexity of the quantum error-correcting operations are kept to a minimum to allow for near-future implementations. To this end, we propose a one-way quantum repeater that targets both the loss and operational error rates in a communication channel in a resource-efficient manner using code concatenation. Specifically, we consider a tree-cluster code as an inner loss-tolerant code concatenated with an outer 5-qubit code for protection against Pauli errors. Adopting flag-based stabilizer measurements, we show that intercontinental distances of up to 10,000 km can be bridged with a minimized resource overhead by interspersing repeater nodes that each specialize in suppressing either loss or operational errors. Our work demonstrates how tailored error-correcting codes can significantly lower the experimental requirements for long-distance quantum communication.
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Grants
- NWO Gravitation Program Quantum Software Consortium - QSC024.003.037
- ARO(W911NF-23-1-0077), ARO MURI (W911NF-21-1-0325), AFOSR MURI (FA9550-19-1-0399, FA9550-21-1-0209), AFRL (FA8649- 21-P-0781), NSF (OMA-1936118, ERC-1941583, OMA-2137642), NTT Research, Packard Foundation (2020-71479), and the Marshall and Arlene Bennett Family Research Program.
- Austrian Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung)
- Finanziert von der Europäischen Union - NextGenerationEU
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)
- European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant "QUREP")
- Danish Nation Research Foundation (Center of Excellence "Hy-Q," Grant No. DNRF139)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Jen Wo
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117543 Singapore
| | - Guus Avis
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Quantum Computer Science, EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Filip Rozpędek
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Maria Flors Mor-Ruiz
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Pieplow
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Schröder
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liang Jiang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Anders S. Sørensen
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Johannes Borregaard
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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6
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Jiang MH, Xue W, He Q, An YY, Zheng X, Xu WJ, Xie YB, Lu Y, Zhu S, Ma XS. Quantum storage of entangled photons at telecom wavelengths in a crystal. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6995. [PMID: 37914741 PMCID: PMC10620411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum storage and distribution of entanglement are the key ingredients for realizing a global quantum internet. Compatible with existing fiber networks, telecom-wavelength entangled photons and corresponding quantum memories are of central interest. Recently, 167Er3+ ions have been identified as a promising candidate for an efficient telecom quantum memory. However, to date, no storage of entangled photons, the crucial step of quantum memory using these promising ions, 167Er3+, has been reported. Here, we demonstrate the storage and retrieval of the entangled state of two telecom photons generated from an integrated photonic chip. Combining the natural narrow linewidth of the entangled photons and long storage time of 167Er3+ ions, we achieve storage time of 1.936 μs, more than 387 times longer than in previous works. Successful storage of entanglement in the crystal is certified using entanglement witness measurements. These results pave the way for realizing quantum networks based on solid-state devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyi Xue
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian He
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Yang An
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Bo Xie
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Song Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid-state Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, 230088, Hefei, China.
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7
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Zhang X, Zhang B, Wei S, Li H, Liao J, Li C, Deng G, Wang Y, Song H, You L, Jing B, Chen F, Guo G, Zhou Q. Telecom-band-integrated multimode photonic quantum memory. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4587. [PMID: 37450592 PMCID: PMC10348679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Telecom-band-integrated quantum memory is an elementary building block for developing quantum networks compatible with fiber communication infrastructures. Toward such a network with large capacity, an integrated multimode photonic quantum memory at telecom band has yet been demonstrated. Here, we report a fiber-integrated multimode quantum storage of single photon at telecom band on a laser-written chip. The storage device is a fiber-pigtailed Er3+:LiNbO3 waveguide and allows a storage of up to 330 temporal modes of heralded single photon with 4-GHz-wide bandwidth at 1532 nm and a 167-fold increasing of coincidence detection rate with respect to single mode. Our memory system with all-fiber addressing is performed using telecom-band fiber-integrated and on-chip components. The results represent an important step for the future quantum networks using integrated photonics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shihai Wei
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jinyu Liao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guangwei Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - You Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haizhi Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lixing You
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guangcan Guo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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8
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Kirsanov NS, Pastushenko VA, Kodukhov AD, Yarovikov MV, Sagingalieva AB, Kronberg DA, Pflitsch M, Vinokur VM. Forty thousand kilometers under quantum protection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8756. [PMID: 37253776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a revolutionary cryptography response to the rapidly growing cyberattacks threat posed by quantum computing. Yet, the roadblock limiting the vast expanse of secure quantum communication is the exponential decay of the transmitted quantum signal with the distance. Today's quantum cryptography is trying to solve this problem by focusing on quantum repeaters. However, efficient and secure quantum repetition at sufficient distances is still far beyond modern technology. Here, we shift the paradigm and build the long-distance security of the QKD upon the quantum foundations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and end-to-end physical oversight over the transmitted optical quantum states. Our approach enables us to realize quantum states' repetition by optical amplifiers keeping states' wave properties and phase coherence. The unprecedented secure distance range attainable through our approach opens the door for the development of scalable quantum-resistant communication networks of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M Pflitsch
- Terra Quantum AG, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
| | - V M Vinokur
- Terra Quantum AG, St. Gallen, 9000, Switzerland.
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9
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Krutyanskiy V, Canteri M, Meraner M, Bate J, Krcmarsky V, Schupp J, Sangouard N, Lanyon BP. Telecom-Wavelength Quantum Repeater Node Based on a Trapped-Ion Processor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:213601. [PMID: 37295084 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A quantum repeater node is presented based on trapped ions that act as single-photon emitters, quantum memories, and an elementary quantum processor. The node's ability to establish entanglement across two 25-km-long optical fibers independently, then to swap that entanglement efficiently to extend it over both fibers, is demonstrated. The resultant entanglement is established between telecom-wavelength photons at either end of the 50 km channel. Finally, the system improvements to allow for repeater-node chains to establish stored entanglement over 800 km at hertz rates are calculated, revealing a near-term path to distributed networks of entangled sensors, atomic clocks, and quantum processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Krutyanskiy
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Canteri
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Meraner
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Bate
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Krcmarsky
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Schupp
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - N Sangouard
- Institut de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B P Lanyon
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Lago-Rivera D, Rakonjac JV, Grandi S, Riedmatten HD. Long distance multiplexed quantum teleportation from a telecom photon to a solid-state qubit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1889. [PMID: 37019899 PMCID: PMC10076279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum teleportation is an essential capability for quantum networks, allowing the transmission of quantum bits (qubits) without a direct exchange of quantum information. Its implementation between distant parties requires teleportation of the quantum information to matter qubits that store it for long enough to allow users to perform further processing. Here we demonstrate long distance quantum teleportation from a photonic qubit at telecom wavelength to a matter qubit, stored as a collective excitation in a solid-state quantum memory. Our system encompasses an active feed-forward scheme, implementing a conditional phase shift on the qubit retrieved from the memory, as required by the protocol. Moreover, our approach is time-multiplexed, allowing for an increase in the teleportation rate, and is directly compatible with the deployed telecommunication networks, two key features for its scalability and practical implementation, that will play a pivotal role in the development of long-distance quantum communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Lago-Rivera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Jelena V Rakonjac
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Samuele Grandi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Aizawa N, Niizeki K, Sasaki R, Horikiri T. Sagnac interferometer-type nondegenerate polarization entangled two-photon source with a Fresnel rhomb. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2273-2277. [PMID: 37132865 DOI: 10.1364/ao.484456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Telecommunication wavelength-entangled photon sources (EPS) are indispensable systems for a fiber-based quantum network. We developed a Sagnac-type spontaneous parametric down conversion system adopting a Fresnel rhomb as a wideband and reasonable retarder. This novelty, to the best of our knowledge, enables the generation of a highly nondegenerate two-photon entanglement comprising the telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm) and quantum memory wavelength (606 nm for Pr:YSO) with only one nonlinear crystal. Quantum state tomography was performed to evaluate the degree of entanglement, and the fidelity with a Bell state |Φ+⟩ with a maximum of 94.4% was obtained. Therefore, this paper shows the potential of nondegenerate EPSs that are compatible with both telecommunication wavelength and quantum-memory wavelength to be installed in quantum repeater architecture.
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12
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Li CL, Fu Y, Liu WB, Xie YM, Li BH, Zhou MG, Yin HL, Chen ZB. All-photonic quantum repeater for multipartite entanglement generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1244-1247. [PMID: 36857258 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantum network applications such as distributed quantum computing and quantum secret sharing represent a promising future network equipped with quantum resources. Entanglement generation and distribution over long distances are critical and unavoidable when utilizing quantum technology in a fully connected network. The distribution of bipartite entanglement over long distances has seen some progress, while the distribution of multipartite entanglement over long distances remains unsolved. Here we report a two-dimensional quantum repeater protocol for the generation of multipartite entanglement over long distances with an all-photonic framework to fill this gap. The entanglement generation yield remains proportional to the transmission efficiency regardless of the number of network users and shows long transmission distance under various numbers of network users. With the improved efficiency and flexibility of extending the number of users, we anticipate that our protocol can work as a significant building block for quantum networks in the future.
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13
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Liu H, Wang M, Jiao H, Lu J, Fan W, Li S, Wang H. Cavity-enhanced and temporally multiplexed atom-photon entanglement interface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:7200-7211. [PMID: 36859856 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Practical realization of quantum repeaters requires quantum memories with high retrieval efficiency, multi-mode storage capacities, and long lifetimes. Here, we report a high-retrieval-efficiency and temporally multiplexed atom-photon entanglement source. A train of 12 write pulses in time is applied to a cold atomic ensemble along different directions, which generates temporally multiplexed pairs of Stokes photons and spin waves via Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller processes. The two arms of a polarization interferometer are used to encode photonic qubits of 12 Stokes temporal modes. The multiplexed spin-wave qubits, each of which is entangled with one Stokes qubit, are stored in a "clock" coherence. A ring cavity that resonates simultaneously with the two arms of the interferometer is used to enhance retrieval from the spin-wave qubits, with the intrinsic retrieval efficiency reaching 70.4%. The multiplexed source gives rise to a ∼12.1-fold increase in atom-photon entanglement-generation probability compared to the single-mode source. The measured Bell parameter for the multiplexed atom-photon entanglement is 2.21(2), along with a memory lifetime of up to ∼125 µs.
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14
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Sharma AN, Levine ZH, Ritter MA, Kagalwala KH, Weissler EJ, Goldschmidt EA, Migdall AL. Photon echoes using atomic frequency combs in Pr:YSO - experiment and semiclassical theory. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4899-4919. [PMID: 36785446 DOI: 10.1364/oe.479872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photon echoes in rare-earth-doped crystals are studied to understand the challenges of making broadband quantum memories using the atomic frequency comb (AFC) protocol in systems with hyperfine structure. The hyperfine structure of Pr3+ poses an obstacle to this goal because frequencies associated with the hyperfine transitions change the simple picture of modulation at an externally imposed frequency. The current work focuses on the intermediate case where the hyperfine spacing is comparable to the comb spacing, a challenging regime that has recently been considered. Operating in this regime may facilitate storing quantum information over a larger spectral range in such systems. In this work, we prepare broadband AFCs using optical combs with tooth spacings ranging from 1 MHz to 16 MHz in fine steps, and measure transmission spectra and photon echoes for each. We predict the spectra and echoes theoretically using the optical combs as input to either a rate equation code or a density matrix code, which calculates the redistribution of populations. We then use the redistributed populations as input to a semiclassical theory using the frequency-dependent dielectric function. The two sets of predictions each give a good, but different account of the photon echoes.
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15
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Pettit RM, Karasahin A, von den Driesch N, Jansen MM, Pawlis A, Waks E. Correlations between Cascaded Photons from Spatially Localized Biexcitons in ZnSe. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9457-9461. [PMID: 36441911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cascades emit correlated photon pairs, providing a pathway for the generation of entangled photons. The realization of a radiative cascade with impurity atoms in semiconductors, a leading platform for the generation of quantum light, would therefore provide a new avenue for the development of entangled photon pair sources. Here we demonstrate a radiative cascade from the decay of a biexciton at an impurity-atom complex in a ZnSe quantum well. The emitted photons show clear temporal correlations revealing the time-ordering of the cascade. Our result establishes impurity atoms in ZnSe as a potential platform for photonic quantum technologies using radiative cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Pettit
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Aziz Karasahin
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nils von den Driesch
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-FIT (Fundamentals of Future Information Technology), Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52062 Aechen, Germany
| | - Marvin Marco Jansen
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-FIT (Fundamentals of Future Information Technology), Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52062 Aechen, Germany
| | - Alexander Pawlis
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-FIT (Fundamentals of Future Information Technology), Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52062 Aechen, Germany
| | - Edo Waks
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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16
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Ye YH, Zeng L, Dong MX, Zhang WH, Li EZ, Li DC, Guo GC, Ding DS, Shi BS. Long-Lived Memory for Orbital Angular Momentum Quantum States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:193601. [PMID: 36399758 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum memories that are capable of storing multiple spatial modes offer advantages in speed and robustness when incorporated into quantum networks. When it comes to spatial degrees of freedom, orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes have received widespread attention since they enable encoding with inherent infinite number of dimensions. Although the faithful storage of OAM qubits or qutrits has been realized in previous works, the achieved lifetimes are still on the order of a few microseconds as limited by the spatially dependent decoherence. We here demonstrate a long-lived quantum memory for OAM qutrits by suppressing the decoherence in the transverse and longitude direction simultaneously; the achieved fidelity beats the quantum-classical criteria after a storage time of 400 μs, which is 2 orders of magnitude longer than earlier works. The present work is promising for establishing high-dimensional quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Institute for Quantum Control and Quantum Information and School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming-Xin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Institute for Quantum Control and Quantum Information and School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Wei-Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - En-Ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Da-Chuang Li
- Institute for Quantum Control and Quantum Information and School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bao-Sen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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17
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Non-classical correlations over 1250 modes between telecom photons and 979-nm photons stored in 171Yb 3+:Y 2SiO 5. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6438. [PMID: 36307421 PMCID: PMC9616888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum repeaters based on heralded entanglement require quantum nodes that are able to generate multimode quantum correlations between memories and telecommunication photons. The communication rate scales linearly with the number of modes, yet highly multimode quantum storage remains challenging. In this work, we demonstrate an atomic frequency comb quantum memory with a time-domain mode capacity of 1250 modes and a bandwidth of 100 MHz. The memory is based on a Y2SiO5 crystal doped with 171Yb3+ ions, with a memory wavelength of 979 nm. The memory is interfaced with a source of non-degenerate photon pairs at 979 and 1550 nm, bandwidth-matched to the quantum memory. We obtain strong non-classical second-order cross correlations over all modes, for storage times of up to 25 μs. The telecommunication photons propagated through 5 km of fiber before the release of the memory photons, a key capability for quantum repeaters based on heralded entanglement and feed-forward operations. Building on this experiment should allow distribution of entanglement between remote quantum nodes, with enhanced rates owing to the high multimode capacity. Multimode operation would greatly improve the performances of quantum repeaters. Here, the authors demonstrate a fixed-delay atomic frequency comb quantum memory, based on a Y2SiO5 crystal doped with Ytterbium ions, with a time-domain mode capacity of 1250 modes and a bandwidth of 100 MHz.
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18
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Rakonjac JV, Corrielli G, Lago-Rivera D, Seri A, Mazzera M, Grandi S, Osellame R, de Riedmatten H. Storage and analysis of light-matter entanglement in a fiber-integrated system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3919. [PMID: 35857480 PMCID: PMC9714774 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of a full-fledged quantum internet poses the challenge of finding adequate building blocks for entanglement distribution between remote quantum nodes. A practical system would combine propagation in optical fibers with quantum memories for light, leveraging on the existing communication network while featuring the scalability required to extend to network sizes. Here, we demonstrate a fiber-integrated quantum memory entangled with a photon at telecommunication wavelength. The storage device is based on a fiber-pigtailed laser-written waveguide in a rare earth-doped solid and allows an all-fiber stable addressing of the memory. The analysis of the entanglement is performed using fiber-based interferometers. Our results feature orders-of-magnitude advances in terms of storage time and efficiency for integrated storage of light-matter entanglement and constitute a substantial step forward toward quantum networks using integrated devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena V. Rakonjac
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Giacomo Corrielli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) - CNR P.zza
Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Dario Lago-Rivera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Alessandro Seri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Margherita Mazzera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA,
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Samuele Grandi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) - CNR P.zza
Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats,
Barcelona 08015, Spain
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19
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Rakonjac JV, Lago-Rivera D, Seri A, Mazzera M, Grandi S, de Riedmatten H. Entanglement between a Telecom Photon and an On-Demand Multimode Solid-State Quantum Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:210502. [PMID: 34860116 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.210502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement between photons at telecommunication wavelengths and long-lived quantum memories is one of the fundamental requirements of long-distance quantum communication. Quantum memories featuring on-demand readout and multimode operation are additional precious assets that will benefit the communication rate. In this Letter, we report the first demonstration of entanglement between a telecom photon and a collective spin excitation in a multimode solid-state quantum memory. Photon pairs are generated through widely nondegenerate parametric down-conversion, featuring energy-time entanglement between the telecom-wavelength idler and a visible signal photon. The latter is stored in a Pr^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5} crystal as a spin wave using the full atomic frequency comb scheme. We then recall the stored signal photon and analyze the entanglement using the Franson scheme. We measure conditional fidelities of 92(2)% for excited-state storage, enough to violate a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, and 77(2)% for spin-wave storage. Taking advantage of the on-demand readout from the spin state, we extend the entanglement storage in the quantum memory for up to 47.7 μs, which could allow for the distribution of entanglement between quantum nodes separated by distances of up to 10 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena V Rakonjac
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Dario Lago-Rivera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alessandro Seri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Margherita Mazzera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Samuele Grandi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Gouzien É, Sangouard N. Factoring 2048-bit RSA Integers in 177 Days with 13 436 Qubits and a Multimode Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:140503. [PMID: 34652170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the performance of a quantum computer architecture combining a small processor and a storage unit. By focusing on integer factorization, we show a reduction by several orders of magnitude of the number of processing qubits compared with a standard architecture using a planar grid of qubits with nearest-neighbor connectivity. This is achieved by taking advantage of a temporally and spatially multiplexed memory to store the qubit states between processing steps. Concretely, for a characteristic physical gate error rate of 10^{-3}, a processor cycle time of 1 microsecond, factoring a 2 048-bit RSA integer is shown to be possible in 177 days with 3D gauge color codes assuming a threshold of 0.75% with a processor made with 13 436 physical qubits and a memory that can store 28 million spatial modes and 45 temporal modes with 2 hours' storage time. By inserting additional error-correction steps, storage times of 1 second are shown to be sufficient at the cost of increasing the run-time by about 23%. Shorter run-times (and storage times) are achievable by increasing the number of qubits in the processing unit. We suggest realizing such an architecture using a microwave interface between a processor made with superconducting qubits and a multiplexed memory using the principle of photon echo in solids doped with rare-earth ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élie Gouzien
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Physique Théorique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Sangouard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Physique Théorique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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21
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Main D, Hird TM, Gao S, Walmsley IA, Ledingham PM. Room temperature atomic frequency comb storage for light. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2960-2963. [PMID: 34129584 DOI: 10.1364/ol.426753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent storage and retrieval of pulsed light using the atomic frequency comb protocol in a room temperature alkali vapor. We utilize velocity-selective optical pumping to prepare multiple velocity classes in the F=4 hyperfine ground state of cesium. The frequency spacing of the classes is chosen to coincide with the F'=4-F'=5 hyperfine splitting of the 62P3/2 excited state, resulting in a broadband periodic absorbing structure consisting of two usually Doppler-broadened optical transitions. Weak coherent states of duration 2ns are mapped into this atomic frequency comb with pre-programmed recall times of 8ns and 12ns, with multi-temporal mode storage and recall demonstrated. Utilizing two transitions in the comb leads to an additional interference effect upon rephasing that enhances the recall efficiency.
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22
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Nicolle M, Becker JN, Weinzetl C, Walmsley IA, Ledingham PM. Gigahertz-bandwidth optical memory in Pr 3+:Y 2SiO 5. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2948-2951. [PMID: 34129581 DOI: 10.1364/ol.423642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study a broadband implementation of the atomic frequency comb (AFC) rephasing protocol with a cryogenically cooled Pr3+:Y2SiO5 crystal. To allow for storage of broadband pulses, we explore a novel, to the best of our knowledge, regime where the input photonic bandwidth closely matches the inhomogeneous broadening of the material (∼5GHz), thereby significantly exceeding the hyperfine ground and excited state splitting (∼10MHz). Through an investigation of different AFC preparation parameters, we measure a maximum efficiency of 10% after a rephasing time of 12.5 ns. With a suboptimal AFC, we witness up to 12 rephased temporal modes.
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23
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Telecom-heralded entanglement between multimode solid-state quantum memories. Nature 2021; 594:37-40. [PMID: 34079135 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Future quantum networks will enable the distribution of entanglement between distant locations and allow applications in quantum communication, quantum sensing and distributed quantum computation1. At the core of this network lies the ability to generate and store entanglement at remote, interconnected quantum nodes2. Although various remote physical systems have been successfully entangled3-12, none of these realizations encompassed all of the requirements for network operation, such as compatibility with telecommunication (telecom) wavelengths and multimode operation. Here we report the demonstration of heralded entanglement between two spatially separated quantum nodes, where the entanglement is stored in multimode solid-state quantum memories. At each node a praseodymium-doped crystal13,14 stores a photon of a correlated pair15, with the second photon at telecom wavelengths. Entanglement between quantum memories placed in different laboratories is heralded by the detection of a telecom photon at a rate up to 1.4 kilohertz, and the entanglement is stored in the crystals for a pre-determined storage time up to 25 microseconds. We also show that the generated entanglement is robust against loss in the heralding path, and demonstrate temporally multiplexed operation, with 62 temporal modes. Our realization is extendable to entanglement over longer distances and provides a viable route towards field-deployed, multiplexed quantum repeaters based on solid-state resources.
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24
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Liu X, Hu J, Li ZF, Li X, Li PY, Liang PJ, Zhou ZQ, Li CF, Guo GC. Heralded entanglement distribution between two absorptive quantum memories. Nature 2021; 594:41-45. [PMID: 34079139 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the inevitable loss in communication channels, the distance of entanglement distribution is limited to approximately 100 kilometres on the ground1. Quantum repeaters can circumvent this problem by using quantum memory and entanglement swapping2. As the elementary link of a quantum repeater, the heralded distribution of two-party entanglement between two remote nodes has only been realized with built-in-type quantum memories3-9. These schemes suffer from the trade-off between multiplexing capacity and deterministic properties and hence hinder the development of efficient quantum repeaters. Quantum repeaters based on absorptive quantum memories can overcome such limitations because they separate the quantum memories and the quantum light sources. Here we present an experimental demonstration of heralded entanglement between absorptive quantum memories. We build two nodes separated by 3.5 metres, each containing a polarization-entangled photon-pair source and a solid-state quantum memory with bandwidth up to 1 gigahertz. A joint Bell-state measurement in the middle station heralds the successful distribution of maximally entangled states between the two quantum memories with a fidelity of 80.4 ± 2.2 per cent (±1 standard deviation). The quantum nodes and channels demonstrated here can serve as an elementary link of a quantum repeater. Moreover, the wideband absorptive quantum memories used in the nodes are compatible with deterministic entanglement sources and can simultaneously support multiplexing, which paves the way for the construction of practical solid-state quantum repeaters and high-speed quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zong-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pei-Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peng-Jun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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25
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Yan PS, Zhou L, Zhong W, Sheng YB. Feasible measurement-based entanglement purification in linear optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9363-9384. [PMID: 33820366 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement purification is used to distill high quality entangled states from several noisy low quality entangled states, and it plays a key role in quantum repeater. The measurement-based entanglement purification protocol (MB-EPP) does not require local two-qubit gates or single-particle measurements on the noisy pairs and may offer significant advantages compared with the gate-based EPPs. We present an alternative MB-EPP in linear optics. Subsequently, we provide a detailed analysis on the realization of this MB-EPP using spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) sources. By delicately designing the optical circuits, the double-pair emission noise caused by SPDC sources can be eliminated automatically. Combined with suitable quantum memory and entanglement swapping, this MB-EPP may have application potential in the implementation of a practical measurement-based quantum repeater.
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26
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Scalable distributed gate-model quantum computers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5172. [PMID: 33637770 PMCID: PMC7910494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A scalable model for a distributed quantum computation is a challenging problem due to the complexity of the problem space provided by the diversity of possible quantum systems, from small-scale quantum devices to large-scale quantum computers. Here, we define a model of scalable distributed gate-model quantum computation in near-term quantum systems of the NISQ (noisy intermediate scale quantum) technology era. We prove that the proposed architecture can maximize an objective function of a computational problem in a distributed manner. We study the impacts of decoherence on distributed objective function evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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27
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Resource prioritization and balancing for the quantum internet. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22390. [PMID: 33372180 PMCID: PMC7770047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum Internet enables networking based on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. Here, methods and procedures of resource prioritization and resource balancing are defined for the quantum Internet. We define a model for resource consumption optimization in quantum repeaters, and a strongly-entangled network structure for resource balancing. We study the resource-balancing efficiency of the strongly-entangled structure. We prove that a strongly-entangled quantum network is two times more efficient in a resource balancing problem than a full-mesh network of the traditional Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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Caspar P, Verbanis E, Oudot E, Maring N, Samara F, Caloz M, Perrenoud M, Sekatski P, Martin A, Sangouard N, Zbinden H, Thew RT. Heralded Distribution of Single-Photon Path Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:110506. [PMID: 32975988 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental realization of heralded distribution of single-photon path entanglement at telecommunication wavelengths in a repeater-like architecture. The entanglement is established upon detection of a single photon, originating from one of two spontaneous parametric down-conversion photon pair sources, after erasing the photon's which-path information. In order to certify the entanglement, we use an entanglement witness which does not rely on postselection. We herald entanglement between two locations, separated by a total distance of 2 km of optical fiber, at a rate of 1.6 kHz. This work paves the way towards high-rate and practical quantum repeater architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Caspar
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - E Verbanis
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - E Oudot
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
- Quantum Optics Theory Group, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Maring
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - F Samara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Caloz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Perrenoud
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - P Sekatski
- Quantum Optics Theory Group, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Martin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N Sangouard
- Quantum Optics Theory Group, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institut de physique théorique, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Zbinden
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R T Thew
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
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29
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Gyongyosi L. Dynamics of entangled networks of the quantum Internet. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12909. [PMID: 32737328 PMCID: PMC7395178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Entangled quantum networks are a fundamental of any global-scale quantum Internet. Here, a mathematical model is developed to quantify the dynamics of entangled network structures and entanglement flow in the quantum Internet. The analytical solutions of the model determine the equilibrium states of the entangled quantum networks and characterize the stability, fluctuation attributes, and dynamics of entanglement flow in entangled network structures. We demonstrate the results of the model through various entangled structures and quantify the dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.
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30
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Routing space exploration for scalable routing in the quantum Internet. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11874. [PMID: 32681034 PMCID: PMC7367878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The entangled network structure of the quantum Internet formulates a high complexity routing space that is hard to explore. Scalable routing is a routing method that can determine an optimal routing at particular subnetwork conditions in the quantum Internet to perform a high-performance and low-complexity routing in the entangled structure. Here, we define a method for routing space exploration and scalable routing in the quantum Internet. We prove that scalable routing allows a compact and efficient routing in the entangled networks of the quantum Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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31
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Heller L, Farrera P, Heinze G, de Riedmatten H. Cold-Atom Temporally Multiplexed Quantum Memory with Cavity-Enhanced Noise Suppression. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:210504. [PMID: 32530694 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.210504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Future quantum repeater architectures, capable of efficiently distributing information encoded in quantum states of light over large distances, will benefit from multiplexed photonic quantum memories. In this work we demonstrate a temporally multiplexed quantum repeater node in a laser-cooled cloud of ^{87}Rb atoms. We employ the Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller protocol where pairs of photons and single collective spin excitations (so-called spin waves) are created in several temporal modes using a train of write pulses. To make the spin waves created in different temporal modes distinguishable and enable selective readout, we control the dephasing and rephasing of the spin waves by a magnetic field gradient, which induces a controlled reversible inhomogeneous broadening of the involved atomic hyperfine levels. We demonstrate that by embedding the atomic ensemble inside a low finesse optical cavity, the additional noise generated in multimode operation is strongly suppressed. By employing feed forward readout, we demonstrate distinguishable retrieval of up to 10 temporal modes. For each mode, we prove nonclassical correlations between the first and second photon. Furthermore, an enhancement in rates of correlated photon pairs is observed as we increase the number of temporal modes stored in the memory. The reported capability is a key element of a quantum repeater architecture based on multiplexed quantum memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Heller
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Pau Farrera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Georg Heinze
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Theory of Noise-Scaled Stability Bounds and Entanglement Rate Maximization in the Quantum Internet. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2745. [PMID: 32066779 PMCID: PMC7026176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial problems of the quantum Internet are the derivation of stability properties of quantum repeaters and theory of entanglement rate maximization in an entangled network structure. The stability property of a quantum repeater entails that all incoming density matrices can be swapped with a target density matrix. The strong stability of a quantum repeater implies stable entanglement swapping with the boundness of stored density matrices in the quantum memory and the boundness of delays. Here, a theoretical framework of noise-scaled stability analysis and entanglement rate maximization is conceived for the quantum Internet. We define the term of entanglement swapping set that models the status of quantum memory of a quantum repeater with the stored density matrices. We determine the optimal entanglement swapping method that maximizes the entanglement rate of the quantum repeaters at the different entanglement swapping sets as function of the noise of the local memory and local operations. We prove the stability properties for non-complete entanglement swapping sets, complete entanglement swapping sets and perfect entanglement swapping sets. We prove the entanglement rates for the different entanglement swapping sets and noise levels. The results can be applied to the experimental quantum Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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33
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Businger M, Tiranov A, Kaczmarek KT, Welinski S, Zhang Z, Ferrier A, Goldner P, Afzelius M. Optical Spin-Wave Storage in a Solid-State Hybridized Electron-Nuclear Spin Ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:053606. [PMID: 32083938 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.053606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state impurity spins with optical control are currently investigated for quantum networks and repeaters. Among these, rare-earth-ion doped crystals are promising as quantum memories for light, with potentially long storage time, high multimode capacity, and high bandwidth. However, with spins there is often a tradeoff between bandwidth, which favors electronic spin, and memory time, which favors nuclear spins. Here, we present optical storage experiments using highly hybridized electron-nuclear hyperfine states in ^{171}Yb^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5}, where the hybridization can potentially offer both long storage time and high bandwidth. We reach a storage time of 1.2 ms and an optical storage bandwidth of 10 MHz that is currently only limited by the Rabi frequency of the optical control pulses. The memory efficiency in this proof-of-principle demonstration was about 3%. The experiment constitutes the first optical storage using spin states in any rare-earth ion with electronic spin. These results pave the way for rare-earth based quantum memories with high bandwidth, long storage time, and high multimode capacity, a key resource for quantum repeaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Businger
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Tiranov
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K T Kaczmarek
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S Welinski
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Z Zhang
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A Ferrier
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingnierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 933, 75005 Paris, France
| | - P Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Afzelius
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
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34
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Ma L, Slattery O, Tang X. Optical Quantum Memory and its Applications in Quantum Communication Systems. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 125:125002. [PMID: 35646477 PMCID: PMC9119665 DOI: 10.6028/jres.125.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical quantum memory is a device that can store the quantum state of photons and retrieve it on demand and with high fidelity. It is emerging as an essential device to enhance security, speed, scalability, and performance of many quantum systems used in communications, computing, metrology, and more. In this paper, we will specifically consider the impact of optical quantum memory on quantum communications systems. Following a general overview of the theoretical and experimental research progress in optical quantum memory, we will outline its role in quantum communications, including as a photon source, photon interference, quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum teleportation, quantum repeater, and quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology,Gaithersburg, MD 20899
USA
| | - Oliver Slattery
- National Institute of Standards and Technology,Gaithersburg, MD 20899
USA
| | - Xiao Tang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology,Gaithersburg, MD 20899
USA
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35
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Optimizing High-Efficiency Quantum Memory with Quantum Machine Learning for Near-Term Quantum Devices. Sci Rep 2020; 10:135. [PMID: 31924814 PMCID: PMC6954268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum memories are a fundamental of any global-scale quantum Internet, high-performance quantum networking and near-term quantum computers. A main problem of quantum memories is the low retrieval efficiency of the quantum systems from the quantum registers of the quantum memory. Here, we define a novel quantum memory called high-retrieval-efficiency (HRE) quantum memory for near-term quantum devices. An HRE quantum memory unit integrates local unitary operations on its hardware level for the optimization of the readout procedure and utilizes the advanced techniques of quantum machine learning. We define the integrated unitary operations of an HRE quantum memory, prove the learning procedure, and evaluate the achievable output signal-to-noise ratio values. We prove that the local unitaries of an HRE quantum memory achieve the optimization of the readout procedure in an unsupervised manner without the use of any labeled data or training sequences. We show that the readout procedure of an HRE quantum memory is realized in a completely blind manner without any information about the input quantum system or about the unknown quantum operation of the quantum register. We evaluate the retrieval efficiency of an HRE quantum memory and the output SNR (signal-to-noise ratio). The results are particularly convenient for gate-model quantum computers and the near-term quantum devices of the quantum Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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36
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Hua YL, Yang TS, Zhou ZQ, Wang J, Liu X, Li ZF, Li PY, Ma Y, Liu C, Liang PJ, Hu J, Li X, Li CF, Guo GC. Storage of telecom-C-band heralded single photons with orbital-angular-momentum encoding in a crystal. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1577-1583. [PMID: 36659569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A memory-based quantum repeater architecture provides a solution to distribute quantum information to an arbitrary long distance. Practical quantum repeaters are likely to be built in optical-fiber networks which take advantage of the low-loss transmission between quantum memory nodes. Most quantum memory platforms have characteristic atomic transitions away from the telecommunication band. A nondegenerate photon pair source is therefore useful for connection of a quantum memory to optical fibers. Here, we report a high-brightness narrowband photon-pair source which is compatible with a rare-earth-ion-doped crystal Pr3+:Y2SiO5. The photon-pair source is generated through a cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion process with the signal photon at 606 nm and the idler photon at 1540 nm. Moreover, using the telecom C-band idler photons for heralding, we demonstrate the reversible transfer of orbital-angular-momentum qubit between the signal photon and the quantum memory based on Pr3+:Y2SiO5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Hua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tian-Shu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zong-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei-Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peng-Jun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xue Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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37
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Seri A, Lago-Rivera D, Lenhard A, Corrielli G, Osellame R, Mazzera M, de Riedmatten H. Quantum Storage of Frequency-Multiplexed Heralded Single Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:080502. [PMID: 31491206 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the quantum storage of a heralded frequency-multiplexed single photon in an integrated laser-written rare-earth doped waveguide. The single photon contains 15 discrete frequency modes separated by 261 MHz and spanning across 4 GHz. It is obtained from a nondegenerate photon pair created via cavity-enhanced spontaneous down-conversion, where the heralding photon is at telecom wavelength and the heralded photon is at 606 nm. The frequency-multimode photon is stored in a praseodymium-doped waveguide using the atomic frequency comb (AFC) scheme, by creating multiple combs within the inhomogeneous broadening of the crystal. Thanks to the intrinsic temporal multimodality of the AFC scheme, each spectral bin includes 9 temporal modes, such that the total number of stored modes is about 130. We demonstrate that the storage preserves the nonclassical properties of the single photon, and its normalized frequency spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Seri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Dario Lago-Rivera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Andreas Lenhard
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Giacomo Corrielli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica-Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica-Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Mazzera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Kutluer K, Distante E, Casabone B, Duranti S, Mazzera M, de Riedmatten H. Time Entanglement between a Photon and a Spin Wave in a Multimode Solid-State Quantum Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:030501. [PMID: 31386433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The generation and distribution of entanglement are key resources in quantum repeater schemes. Temporally multiplexed systems offer time-bin encoding of quantum information which provides robustness against decoherence in fibers, crucial in long distance communication. Here, we demonstrate the direct generation of entanglement in time between a photon and a collective spin excitation in a rare earth ion doped ensemble. We analyze the entanglement by mapping the atomic excitation onto a photonic qubit and by using time-bin qubit analyzers implemented with another doped crystal using the atomic frequency comb technique. Our results provide a solid-state source of entangled photons with embedded quantum memory. Moreover, the quality of the entanglement is high enough to enable a violation of a Bell inequality by more than two standard deviations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutlu Kutluer
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Emanuele Distante
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Bernardo Casabone
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Stefano Duranti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Margherita Mazzera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Liu J, Su R, Wei Y, Yao B, Silva SFCD, Yu Y, Iles-Smith J, Srinivasan K, Rastelli A, Li J, Wang X. A solid-state source of strongly entangled photon pairs with high brightness and indistinguishability. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:586-593. [PMID: 31011221 PMCID: PMC10941235 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The generation of high-quality entangled photon pairs has been a long-sought goal in modern quantum communication and computation. So far, the most widely used entangled photon pairs have been generated from spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), a process that is intrinsically probabilistic and thus relegated to a regime of low rates of pair generation. In contrast, semiconductor quantum dots can generate triggered entangled photon pairs through a cascaded radiative decay process and do not suffer from any fundamental trade-off between source brightness and multi-pair generation. However, a source featuring simultaneously high photon extraction efficiency, high degree of entanglement fidelity and photon indistinguishability has been lacking. Here, we present an entangled photon pair source with high brightness and indistinguishability by deterministically embedding GaAs quantum dots in broadband photonic nanostructures that enable Purcell-enhanced emission. Our source produces entangled photon pairs with a pair collection probability of up to 0.65(4) (single-photon extraction efficiency of 0.85(3)), entanglement fidelity of 0.88(2), and indistinguishabilities of 0.901(3) and 0.903(3) (brackets indicate uncertainty on last digit). This immediately creates opportunities for advancing quantum photonic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongbin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beimeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jake Iles-Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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40
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Opportunistic Entanglement Distribution for the Quantum Internet. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2219. [PMID: 30778094 PMCID: PMC6379403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum entanglement is a building block of the entangled quantum networks of the quantum Internet. A fundamental problem of the quantum Internet is entanglement distribution. Since quantum entanglement will be fundamental to any future quantum networking scenarios, the distribution mechanism of quantum entanglement is a critical and emerging issue in quantum networks. Here we define the method of opportunistic entanglement distribution for the quantum Internet. The opportunistic model defines distribution sets that are aimed to select those quantum nodes for which the cost function picks up a local minimum. The cost function utilizes the error patterns of the local quantum memories and the predictability of the evolution of the entanglement fidelities. Our method provides efficient entanglement distributing with respect to the actual statuses of the local quantum memories of the node pairs. The model provides an easily-applicable, moderate-complexity solution for high-fidelity entanglement distribution in experimental quantum Internet scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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41
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Flamini F, Spagnolo N, Sciarrino F. Photonic quantum information processing: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:016001. [PMID: 30421725 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aad5b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Flamini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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42
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Wehner S, Elkouss D, Hanson R. Quantum internet: A vision for the road ahead. Science 2018; 362:362/6412/eaam9288. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The internet—a vast network that enables simultaneous long-range classical communication—has had a revolutionary impact on our world. The vision of a quantum internet is to fundamentally enhance internet technology by enabling quantum communication between any two points on Earth. Such a quantum internet may operate in parallel to the internet that we have today and connect quantum processors in order to achieve capabilities that are provably impossible by using only classical means. Here, we propose stages of development toward a full-blown quantum internet and highlight experimental and theoretical progress needed to attain them.
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43
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Yang TS, Zhou ZQ, Hua YL, Liu X, Li ZF, Li PY, Ma Y, Liu C, Liang PJ, Li X, Xiao YX, Hu J, Li CF, Guo GC. Multiplexed storage and real-time manipulation based on a multiple degree-of-freedom quantum memory. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3407. [PMID: 30143602 PMCID: PMC6109076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The faithful storage and coherent manipulation of quantum states with matter-systems would enable the realization of large-scale quantum networks based on quantum repeaters. To achieve useful communication rates, highly multimode quantum memories are required to construct a multiplexed quantum repeater. Here, we present a demonstration of on-demand storage of orbital-angular-momentum states with weak coherent pulses at the single-photon-level in a rare-earth-ion-doped crystal. Through the combination of this spatial degree-of-freedom (DOF) with temporal and spectral degrees of freedom, we create a multiple-DOF memory with high multimode capacity. This device can serve as a quantum mode converter with high fidelity, which is a fundamental requirement for the construction of a multiplexed quantum repeater. This device further enables essentially arbitrary spectral and temporal manipulations of spatial-qutrit-encoded photonic pulses in real time. Therefore, the developed quantum memory can serve as a building block for scalable photonic quantum information processing architectures.
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Grants
- the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 002), Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies (No. AHY020100),Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (2017YFA0304100,2016YFA0302700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61327901,11774331,11774335,61490711,11504362,11654No. QYZDY-SSW-SLH003), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. WK2470000023, WK2470000026)
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Shu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China.
| | - Yi-Lin Hua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Jun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
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44
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Entanglement Availability Differentiation Service for the Quantum Internet. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10620. [PMID: 30006577 PMCID: PMC6045587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental concept of the quantum Internet is quantum entanglement. In a quantum Internet scenario where the legal users of the network have different priority levels or where a differentiation of entanglement availability between the users is a necessity, an entanglement availability service is essential. Here we define the entanglement availability differentiation (EAD) service for the quantum Internet. In the proposed EAD framework, the differentiation is either made in the amount of entanglement with respect to the relative entropy of entanglement associated with the legal users, or in the time domain with respect to the amount of time that is required to establish a maximally entangled system between the legal parties. The framework provides an efficient and easily-implementable solution for the differentiation of entanglement availability in experimental quantum networking scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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45
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Wavevector multiplexed atomic quantum memory via spatially-resolved single-photon detection. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2140. [PMID: 29247218 PMCID: PMC5732182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallelized quantum information processing requires tailored quantum memories to simultaneously handle multiple photons. The spatial degree of freedom is a promising candidate to facilitate such photonic multiplexing. Using a single-photon resolving camera, we demonstrate a wavevector multiplexed quantum memory based on a cold atomic ensemble. Observation of nonclassical correlations between Raman scattered photons is confirmed by an average value of the second-order correlation function \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_{{\mathrm{S,AS}}}^{{\mathrm{(2)}}} = 72 \pm 5$$\end{document}gS,AS(2)=72±5 in 665 separated modes simultaneously. The proposed protocol utilizing the multimode memory along with the camera will facilitate generation of multi-photon states, which are a necessity in quantum-enhanced sensing technologies and as an input to photonic quantum circuits. Multiplexing of quantum memories could boost the efficiency of photon state preparation. Here, the authors use a cold atomic ensemble and a single-photon resolving camera to exploit emission multiplexing of Raman photons from 665 different angular modes, confirming nonclassical photon-number correlations.
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46
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Sua YM, Fan H, Shahverdi A, Chen JY, Huang YP. Direct Generation and Detection of Quantum Correlated Photons with 3.2 um Wavelength Spacing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17494. [PMID: 29235534 PMCID: PMC5727511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum correlated, highly non-degenerate photons can be used to synthesize disparate quantum nodes and link quantum processing over incompatible wavelengths, thereby constructing heterogeneous quantum systems for otherwise unattainable superior performance. Existing techniques for correlated photons have been concentrated in the visible and near-IR domains, with the photon pairs residing within one micron. Here, we demonstrate direct generation and detection of high-purity photon pairs at room temperature with 3.2 um wavelength spacing, one at 780 nm to match the rubidium D2 line, and the other at 3950 nm that falls in a transparent, low-scattering optical window for free space applications. The pairs are created via spontaneous parametric downconversion in a lithium niobate waveguide with specially designed geometry and periodic poling. The 780 nm photons are measured with a silicon avalanche photodiode, and the 3950 nm photons are measured with an upconversion photon detector using a similar waveguide, which attains 34% internal conversion efficiency. Quantum correlation measurement yields a high coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 54, which indicates the strong correlation with the extremely non-degenerate photon pairs. Our system bridges existing quantum technology to the challenging mid-IR regime, where unprecedented applications are expected in quantum metrology and sensing, quantum communications, medical diagnostics, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Meng Sua
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Amin Shahverdi
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jia-Yang Chen
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Huang
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.
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47
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Gyongyosi L, Imre S. Entanglement-Gradient Routing for Quantum Networks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14255. [PMID: 29079759 PMCID: PMC5660278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We define the entanglement-gradient routing scheme for quantum repeater networks. The routing framework fuses the fundamentals of swarm intelligence and quantum Shannon theory. Swarm intelligence provides nature-inspired solutions for problem solving. Motivated by models of social insect behavior, the routing is performed using parallel threads to determine the shortest path via the entanglement gradient coefficient, which describes the feasibility of the entangled links and paths of the network. The routing metrics are derived from the characteristics of entanglement transmission and relevant measures of entanglement distribution in quantum networks. The method allows a moderate complexity decentralized routing in quantum repeater networks. The results can be applied in experimental quantum networking, future quantum Internet, and long-distance quantum communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyongyosi
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 7 Nador st., Budapest, H-1051, Hungary.
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2 Magyar tudosok krt., Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Sandor Imre
- Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2 Magyar tudosok krt., Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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48
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Tian L, Xu Z, Chen L, Ge W, Yuan H, Wen Y, Wang S, Li S, Wang H. Spatial Multiplexing of Atom-Photon Entanglement Sources using Feedforward Control and Switching Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:130505. [PMID: 29341712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.130505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The light-matter quantum interface that can create quantum correlations or entanglement between a photon and one atomic collective excitation is a fundamental building block for a quantum repeater. The intrinsic limit is that the probability of preparing such nonclassical atom-photon correlations has to be kept low in order to suppress multiexcitation. To enhance this probability without introducing multiexcitation errors, a promising scheme is to apply multimode memories to the interface. Significant progress has been made in temporal, spectral, and spatial multiplexing memories, but the enhanced probability for generating the entangled atom-photon pair has not been experimentally realized. Here, by using six spin-wave-photon entanglement sources, a switching network, and feedforward control, we build a multiplexed light-matter interface and then demonstrate a ∼sixfold (∼fourfold) probability increase in generating entangled atom-photon (photon-photon) pairs. The measured compositive Bell parameter for the multiplexed interface is 2.49±0.03 combined with a memory lifetime of up to ∼51 μs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxiao Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ge
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxiang Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Wen
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
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49
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Synthetic-lattice enabled all-optical devices based on orbital angular momentum of light. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16097. [PMID: 28706215 PMCID: PMC5519981 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All-optical photonic devices are crucial for many important photonic technologies and applications, ranging from optical communication to quantum information processing. Conventional design of all-optical devices is based on photon propagation and interference in real space, which may rely on large numbers of optical elements, and the requirement of precise control makes this approach challenging. Here we propose an unconventional route for engineering all-optical devices using the photon’s internal degrees of freedom, which form photonic crystals in such synthetic dimensions for photon propagation and interference. We demonstrate this design concept by showing how important optical devices such as quantum memory and optical filters can be realized using synthetic orbital angular momentum (OAM) lattices in degenerate cavities. The design route utilizing synthetic photonic lattices may significantly reduce the requirement for numerous optical elements and their fine tuning in conventional design, paving the way for realistic all-optical photonic devices with novel functionalities. Design of all-optical devices rely on large numbers of optical elements and precise control makes this approach challenging. The authors demonstrate that optical devices such as quantum memory and optical filters can be realized using synthetic orbital angular momentum lattices in a single main degenerate cavity.
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50
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Fischbach S, Schlehahn A, Thoma A, Srocka N, Gissibl T, Ristok S, Thiele S, Kaganskiy A, Strittmatter A, Heindel T, Rodt S, Herkommer A, Giessen H, Reitzenstein S. Single Quantum Dot with Microlens and 3D-Printed Micro-objective as Integrated Bright Single-Photon Source. ACS PHOTONICS 2017; 4:1327-1332. [PMID: 28670600 PMCID: PMC5485799 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Integrated single-photon sources with high photon-extraction efficiency are key building blocks for applications in the field of quantum communications. We report on a bright single-photon source realized by on-chip integration of a deterministic quantum dot microlens with a 3D-printed multilens micro-objective. The device concept benefits from a sophisticated combination of in situ 3D electron-beam lithography to realize the quantum dot microlens and 3D femtosecond direct laser writing for creation of the micro-objective. In this way, we obtain a high-quality quantum device with broadband photon-extraction efficiency of (40 ± 4)% and high suppression of multiphoton emission events with g(2)(τ = 0) < 0.02. Our results highlight the opportunities that arise from tailoring the optical properties of quantum emitters using integrated optics with high potential for the further development of plug-and-play fiber-coupled single-photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fischbach
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlehahn
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Thoma
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Srocka
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gissibl
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Ristok
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arsenty Kaganskiy
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Strittmatter
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Heindel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Rodt
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alois Herkommer
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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