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Berthelot N, Brossay A, Gasciolli V, Bono JJ, Baron A, Beau JM, Urban D, Boyer FD, Vauzeilles B. Synthesis of lipo-chitooligosaccharide analogues and their interaction with LYR3, a high affinity binding protein for Nod factors and Myc-LCOs. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7802-7812. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipo-chitotetrasaccharide analogues have been synthesized from a derivative obtained by controlled chitin depolymerization and a functionalized N-acetyl-glucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Berthelot
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Antoine Brossay
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | | | | | - Aurélie Baron
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Jean-Marie Beau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Dominique Urban
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Boris Vauzeilles
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
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2
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Penttinen P, Räsänen LA, Lortet G, Lindström K. Stable isotope labelling reveals that NaCl stress decreases the production ofEnsifer(Sinorhizobium)arborislipochitooligosaccharide signalling molecules. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 349:117-26. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Petri Penttinen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Leena A. Räsänen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Gilles Lortet
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Kristina Lindström
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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3
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Pretreatment of Clover Seeds with Nod Factors Improves Growth and Nodulation of Trifolium pratense. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:479-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Signal molecules in the peanut–bradyrhizobia interaction. Arch Microbiol 2007; 189:345-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O. Endogenous isoflavones are essential for the establishment of symbiosis between soybean and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:261-73. [PMID: 17018035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Legume iso/flavonoids have been implicated in the nodulation process, but questions remain as to their specific role(s), and no unequivocal evidence exists showing that these compounds are essential for nodulation. Two hypotheses suggest that the primary role of iso/flavonoids is their ability to induce rhizobial nod gene expression and/or their ability to modulate internal root auxin concentrations. The present work provides direct, genetic evidence that isoflavones are essential for nodulation of soybean roots because of their ability to induce the nodulation genes of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Expression of isoflavone synthase (IFS), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of isoflavones, is specifically induced by B. japonicum. When IFS was silenced using RNA interference in soybean hairy root composite plants, these plants had severely reduced nodulation. Surprisingly, pre-treatment of B. japonicum or exogenous application to the root system of either of the major soybean isoflavones, daidzein or genistein, failed to restore normal nodulation. Silencing of chalcone reductase led to very low levels of daidzein and increased levels of genistein, but did not affect nodulation, suggesting that the endogenous production of genistein was sufficient to support nodulation. Consistent with a role for isoflavones as endogenous regulators of auxin transport in soybean roots, silencing of IFS resulted in altered auxin-inducible gene expression and auxin transport. However, use of a genistein-hypersensitive B. japonicum strain or purified B. japonicum Nod signals rescued normal nodulation in IFS-silenced roots, indicating that the ability of isoflavones to modulate auxin transport is not essential to nodulation.
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6
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Cárdenas L, Thomas-Oates JE, Nava N, López-Lara IM, Hepler PK, Quinto C. The role of nod factor substituents in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in Phaseolus vulgaris. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:326-334. [PMID: 12744461 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to define the symbiotic role of some of the chemical substituents in the Rhizobium etli Nod factors (NFs), we purified Nod metabolites secreted by the SM25 strain, which carries most of the nodulation genes, and SM17 with an insertion in nodS. These NFs were analyzed for their capabilities to induce root hair curling and cytoskeletal rearrangements. The NFs secreted by strain SM17 lack the carbamoyl and methyl substituents on the nonreducing terminal residue and an acetyl moiety on the fucosyl residue on the reducing-terminal residue as determined by mass spectrometry. We have reported previously that the root hair cell actin cytoskeleton from bean responds with a rapid fragmentation of the actin bundles within 5 min of NF exposure, and also is accompanied by increases in the apical influxes and intracellular calcium levels. In this article, we report that methyl-bearing NFs are more active in inducing root hair curling and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements than nonmethylated NFs. However, the carbamoyl residue on the nonreducing terminal residue and the acetyl group at the fucosyl residue on the reducing terminal residue do not seem to have any effect on root hair curling induction or in actin cytoskeleton rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM. Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca Morelos 62271, México.
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7
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Pacios-Bras C, van der Burgt YEM, Deelder AM, Vinuesa P, Werner D, Spaink HP. Novel lipochitin oligosaccharide structures produced by Rhizobium etli KIM5s. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:1193-202. [PMID: 12110194 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The novel lipochitin oligosaccharide (LCOs) structures produced by Rhizobium etli KIM5s were characterized using a nanoHPLC reverse-phase system coupled to an ion-trap mass spectrometer. This technique was shown to be more sensitive for structural elucidation of LCOs than previously used mass spectrometric methods. The structures of the LCOs of R. etli KIM5s, the majority containing six monosaccharide residues, differed from those synthesized by all other rhizobia analyzed to date. In addition, novel structures in which the chitin backbone was deacetylated at one or more GlcNAc moieties were found as minor compounds. The difference in host range of this strain compared to that of other known bean microsymbionts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pacios-Bras
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, NL-2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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D'Haeze W, Holsters M. Nod factor structures, responses, and perception during initiation of nodule development. Glycobiology 2002; 12:79R-105R. [PMID: 12107077 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/12.6.79r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of nodule development, the result of rhizobia-legume symbioses, is determined by the exchange of chemical compounds between microsymbiont and leguminous host plant. Lipo-chitooligosaccharidic nodulation (Nod) factors, secreted by rhizobia, belong to these signal molecules. Nod factors consist of an acylated chitin oligomeric backbone with various substitutions at the (non)reducing-terminal and/or nonterminal residues. They induce the formation and deformation of root hairs, intra- and extracellular alkalinization, membrane potential depolarization, changes in ion fluxes, early nodulin gene expression, and formation of nodule primordia. Nod factors play a key role during nodule initiation and act at nano- to picomolar concentrations. A correct chemical structure is required for induction of a particular plant response, suggesting that Nod factor-receptor interaction(s) precede(s) a Nod factor-induced signal transduction cascade. Current data on Nod factor structures and Nod factor-induced responses are highlighted as well as recent advances in the characterization of proteins, possibly involved in recognition of Nod factors by the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim D'Haeze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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9
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Abstract
Lipochitin Nod signals are produced by rhizobia and are required for the establishment of a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with a legume host. The nodulation genes encode products required for the synthesis of this signal and are induced in response to plant-produced flavonoid compounds. The addition of chitin and lipo-chitin oligomers to Bradyrhizobium japonicum cultures resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of a nod-lacZ fusion. Intracellular expression of NodC, encoding a chitin synthase, also reduced nod gene expression. In contrast, expression of the ChiB chitinase increased nod gene expression. The chain length of the oligosaccharide was important in feedback regulation, with chitotetraose molecules the best modulators of nod gene expression. Feedback regulation is mediated by the induction of nolA by chitin, resulting in elevated levels of the repressor protein, NodD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Loh
- Center for Legume Research, Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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10
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Day RB, Okada M, Ito Y, Tsukada K, Zaghouani H, Shibuya N, Stacey G. Binding site for chitin oligosaccharides in the soybean plasma membrane. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:1162-73. [PMID: 11457966 PMCID: PMC116472 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.3.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2000] [Revised: 01/09/2001] [Accepted: 03/06/2001] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Affinity cross-linking of the plasma membrane fraction to an (125)I-labeled chitin oligosaccharide led to the identification and characterization of an 85-kD, chitin binding protein in plasma membrane-enriched fractions from both suspension-cultured soybean cells and root tissue. Inhibition analysis indicated a binding preference for larger (i.e. degrees of polymerization = 8) N-acetylated chitin molecules with a 50% inhibition of initial activity value of approximately 50 nM. N-Acetyl-glucosamine and chitobiose showed no inhibitory effects at concentrations as high as 250 microM. It is noteworthy that the major lipo-chitin oligosaccharide Nod signal produced by Bradyrhizobium japonicum was also shown to be a competitive inhibitor of ligand binding. However, the binding site appeared to recognize the chitin portion of the Nod signal, and it is unlikely that this binding activity represents a specific Nod signal receptor. Chitooligosaccharide specificity for induction of medium alkalinization and the generation of reactive oxygen in suspension-cultured cells paralleled the binding activity. Taken together, the presence of the chitin binding protein in the plasma membrane fraction and the specificity and induction of a biological response upon ligand binding suggest a role for the protein as an initial response mechanism for chitin perception in soybean (Glycine max).
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Day
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, M409 Walters Life Science Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0845, USA
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11
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van Rhijn P, Fujishige NA, Lim PO, Hirsch AM. Sugar-binding activity of pea lectin enhances heterologous infection of transgenic alfalfa plants by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:133-44. [PMID: 11351077 PMCID: PMC102288 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2000] [Revised: 01/09/2001] [Accepted: 02/14/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv Regen) roots carrying genes encoding soybean lectin or pea (Pisum sativum) seed lectin (PSL) were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum or Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae, respectively, and their responses were compared with those of comparably inoculated control plants. We found that nodule-like structures formed on alfalfa roots only when the rhizobial strains produced Nod factor from the alfalfa-nodulating strain, Sinorhizobium meliloti. Uninfected nodule-like structures developed on the soybean lectin-transgenic plant roots at very low inoculum concentrations, but bona fide infection threads were not detected even when B. japonicum produced the appropriate S. meliloti Nod factor. In contrast, the PSL-transgenic plants were not only well nodulated but also exhibited infection thread formation in response to R. leguminosarum bv viciae, but only when the bacteria expressed the complete set of S. meliloti nod genes. A few nodules from the PSL-transgenic plant roots were even found to be colonized by R. leguminosarum bv viciae expressing S. meliloti nod genes, but the plants were yellow and senescent, indicating that nitrogen fixation did not take place. Exopolysaccharide appears to be absolutely required for both nodule development and infection thread formation because neither occurred in PSL-transgenic plant roots following inoculation with an Exo(-) R. leguminosarum bv viciae strain that produced S. meliloti Nod factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van Rhijn
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, 405 Hilgard Avenue, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, USA
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12
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Müller J, Staehelin C, Xie ZP, Neuhaus-Url G, Boller T. Nod factors and chitooligomers elicit an increase in cytosolic calcium in aequorin-expressing soybean cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 124:733-40. [PMID: 11027722 PMCID: PMC59178 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.2.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2000] [Accepted: 06/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial Nod factors (NFs) function as nodulation signals that trigger symbiotic responses of leguminous host plants. NFs consist of a chitin oligomer backbone carrying a fatty acid at the non-reducing end. Depending on the rhizobial strain, NFs carry additional substituents, which may determine host specificity. Transgenic suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cells expressing aequorin have been used to record cytosolic [Ca(2+)] changes upon treatment with purified NFs and chitin fragments. Both compounds elicited an increase of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] at nanomolar concentrations. The shape and amplitude of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] changes was similar to the response elicited by un-derivatized chitin oligomers. Cells challenged first with NFs did not respond to a subsequent treatment with chitin oligomers and vice versa. Dose-response experiments showed that un-derivatized chitin oligomers were more active compared with NFs. The capacity of NFs to elicit the calcium response depended on their structure. The presence of reducing end substituents in methylfucosylated NFs from Rhizobium sp. NGR234 and the O-acetyl group at the non-reducing end in NFs from Sinorhizobium meliloti attenuated the activity to cause the calcium changes. The sulfate group in NFs from Rhizobium tropici did not affect the elicitor activity. Pentameric S. meliloti NFs were more active than tetrameric molecules, whereas trimeric or dimeric degradation products were inactive. Substituents in NFs may have the function to avoid stimulation of defense reactions mediated by the perception system for chitin oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Müller
- Friedrich-Miescher-Institut, P.O. Box 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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D'Haeze W, Mergaert P, Promé JC, Holsters M. Nod factor requirements for efficient stem and root nodulation of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:15676-84. [PMID: 10821846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.21.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 synthesizes mainly pentameric Nod factors with a household fatty acid, an N-methyl, and a 6-O-carbamoyl group at the nonreducing-terminal residue and with a d-arabinosyl, an l-fucosyl group, or both at the reducing-terminal residue. Nodulation on Sesbania rostrata was carried out with a set of bacterial mutants that produce well characterized Nod factor populations. Purified Nod factors were tested for their capacity to induce root hair formation and for their stability in an in vitro degradation assay with extracts of uninfected adventitious rootlets. The glycosylations increased synergistically the nodulation efficiency and the capacity to induce root hairs, and they protected the Nod factor against degradation. The d-arabinosyl group was more important than the l-fucosyl group for nodulation efficiency. Replacement of the 6-O-l-fucosyl group by a 6-O-sulfate ester did not affect Nod factor stability, but reduced nodulation efficiency, indicating that the l-fucosyl group may play a role in recognition. The 6-O-carbamoyl group contributes to nodulation efficiency, biological activity, and protection, but could be replaced by a 6-O-acetyl group for root nodulation. The results demonstrate that none of the studied substitutions is strictly required for triggering normal nodule formation. However, the nodulation efficiency was greatly determined by the synergistic presence of substitutions. Within the range tested, fluctuations of Nod factor amounts had little impact on the symbiotic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D'Haeze
- Vakgroep Moleculaire Genetica en Departement Plantengenetica, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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14
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Cohn J, Stokkermans T, Kolli VK, Day RB, Dunlap J, Carlson R, Hughes D, Peters NK, Stacey G. Aberrant nodulation response of Vigna umbellata to a Bradyrhizobium japonicum NodZ mutant and nodulation signals. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1999; 12:766-773. [PMID: 10494629 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.9.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The (Brady)rhizobium nodulation gene products synthesize lipo-chitin oligosaccharide (LCO) signal molecules that induce nodule primordia on legume roots. In spot inoculation assays with roots of Vigna umbellata, Bradyrhizobium elkanii LCO and chemically synthesized LCO induced aberrant nodule structures, similar to the activity of these LCOs on Glycine soja (soybean). LCOs containing a pentameric chitin backbone and a reducing-end 2-O-methyl fucosyl moiety were active on V. umbellata. In contrast, the synthetic LCO-IV(C16:0), which has previously been shown to be active on G. soja, was inactive on V. umbellata. A B. japonicum NodZ mutant, which produces LCO without 2-O-methyl fucose at the reducing end, was able to induce nodule structures on both plants. Surprisingly, the individual, purified, LCO molecules produced by this mutant were incapable of inducing nodule formation on V. umbellata roots. However, when applied in combination, the LCOs produced by the NodZ mutant acted cooperatively to produce nodulelike structures on V. umbellata roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cohn
- Center for Legume Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0845, USA
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15
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Demont-Caulet N, Maillet F, Tailler D, Jacquinet JC, Promé JC, Nicolaou KC, Truchet G, Beau JM, Dénarié J. Nodule-inducing activity of synthetic Sinorhizobium meliloti nodulation factors and related lipo-chitooligosaccharides on alfalfa. Importance of the acyl chain structure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:83-92. [PMID: 10318686 PMCID: PMC59272 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/1998] [Accepted: 02/01/1999] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti nodulation factors (NFs) elicit a number of symbiotic responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots. Using a semiquantitative nodulation assay, we have shown that chemically synthesized NFs trigger nodule formation in the same range of concentrations (down to 10(-10) M) as natural NFs. The absence of O-sulfate or O-acetate substitutions resulted in a decrease in morphogenic activity of more than 100-fold and approximately 10-fold, respectively. To address the question of the influence of the structure of the N-acyl chain, we synthesized a series of sulfated tetrameric lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) having fatty acids of different lengths and with unsaturations either conjugated to the carbonyl group (2E) or located in the middle of the chain (9Z). A nonacylated, sulfated chitin tetramer was unable to elicit nodule formation. Acylation with short (C8) chains rendered the LCO active at 10(-7) M. The optimal chain length was C16, with the C16-LCO being more than 10-fold more active than the C12- and C18-LCOs. Unsaturations were important, and the diunsaturated 2E,9Z LCO was more active than the monounsaturated LCOs. We discuss different hypotheses for the role of the acyl chain in NF perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Demont-Caulet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex, France
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16
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Abstract
Symbiosis between rhizobia and leguminous plants leads to the formation of N2-fixing root nodules. The interaction of rhizobia and plants shows a high degree of host specificity based on the exchange of chemical signals between the symbiotic partners. The plant signals, flavonoids exuded by the roots, activate the expression of nodulation genes, resulting in the production of the rhizobial lipochitooligosaccharide signals (Nod factors). Nod factors act as morphogens that, under conditions of nitrogen limitation, induce cells within the root cortex to divide and to develop into nodule primordia. This review focuses on how the production of Nod factors is regulated, how these signals are perceived and transduced by the plant root, and the physiological conditions and plant factors that control the early events leading to root nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schultze
- Institut des Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Michiels J, Dombrecht B, Vermeiren N, Xi C, Luyten E, Vanderleyden J. Phaseolus vulgaris is a non-selective host for nodulation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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Goldberg RB, Hirsch AM. Lotus corniculatus nodulation specificity is changed by the presence of a soybean lectin gene. THE PLANT CELL 1998; 10:1233-50. [PMID: 9707526 PMCID: PMC144063 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.10.8.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant lectins have been implicated as playing an important role in mediating recognition and specificity in the Rhizobium-legume nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. To test this hypothesis, we introduced the soybean lectin gene Le1 either behind its own promoter or behind the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter into Lotus corniculatus, which is nodulated by R. loti. We found that nodulelike outgrowths developed on transgenic L. corniculatus plant roots in response to Bradyrhizobium japonicum, which nodulates soybean and not Lotus spp. Soybean lectin was properly targeted to L. corniculatus root hairs, and although infection threads formed, they aborted in epidermal or hypodermal cells. Mutation of the lectin sugar binding site abolished infection thread formation and nodulation. Incubation of bradyrhizobia in the nodulation (nod) gene-inducing flavonoid genistein increased the number of nodulelike outgrowths on transgenic L. corniculatus roots. Studies of bacterial mutants, however, suggest that a component of the exopolysaccharide surface of B. japonicum, rather than Nod factor, is required for extension of host range to the transgenic L. corniculatus plants.
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Lohrke SM, Day B, Kolli VS, Hancock R, Yuen JP, de Souza ML, Stacey G, Carlson R, Tong Z, Hur HG, Orf JH, Sadowsky MJ. The Bradyrhizobium japonicum noeD gene: a negatively acting, genotype-specific nodulation gene for soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1998; 11:476-88. [PMID: 9612946 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.6.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110 is restricted for nodulation by soybean genotype PI 417566. We previously reported the identification of a USDA 110 Tn5 mutant, strain D4.2-5, that had the ability to overcome nodulation restriction conditioned by PI 417566 (S. M. Lohrke, J. H. Orf, E. Martínez-Romero, and M. J. Sadowsky, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2378-2383, 1995). In this study, we report the cloning and characterization of the negatively acting DNA region mutated in strain D4.2-5 that is involved in the genotype-specific nodulation of soybean. The Tn5 integration site was localized to a 5.2-kb EcoRI fragment isolated from wild-type USDA 110 genomic DNA. Saturation Tn5 mutagenesis of this 5.2-kb region and DNA homogenitization studies indicated that a 0.9-kb DNA region was involved in the genotype-specific nodulation of PI 417566. A single open reading frame (ORF) of 474 nucleotides, encoding a predicted protein of 158 amino acids, was identified within this region by DNA sequencing. This ORF was named noeD. Computer comparisons with available data bases revealed no significant similarities between the noeD DNA or predicted amino acid sequence and any known genes or their products. However, comparisons done with the region upstream of noeD revealed a high degree of similarity (about 76% similarity and 62% identity) to the N-terminal regions of the Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and R. meliloti nodM genes, which have been postulated to encode a glucosamine synthase. Southern hybridization analysis indicated that noeD is not closely linked to the main or auxiliary nodulation gene clusters in B. japonicum and that both nodulation-restricted and -unrestricted B. japonicum serogroup 110 strains contain a noeD homolog. High-performance liquid chromatography and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry analyses of the lipo-chitin oligosaccharide (LCO) nodulation signals produced by an noeD mutant showed a higher level of acetylation than that found with wild-type USDA 110. These results suggest that specific LCO signal molecules may be one of the factors influencing nodulation specificity in this symbiotic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lohrke
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, Biological Process Technology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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Kamst E, Spaink HP, Kafetzopoulos D. Biosynthesis and secretion of rhizobial lipochitin-oligosaccharide signal molecules. Subcell Biochem 1998; 29:29-71. [PMID: 9594644 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1707-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Kamst
- Leiden University, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Clusius Laboratory, The Netherlands
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21
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Mergaert P, Van Montagu M, Holsters M. The nodulation gene nolK of Azorhizobium caulinodans is involved in the formation of GDP-fucose from GDP-mannose. FEBS Lett 1997; 409:312-6. [PMID: 9202168 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The nolK gene of Azorhizobium caulinodans is essential for the incorporation of a fucosyl group in Nod factors. A NAD(P)-binding site is present in the NolK amino acid sequence and the gene is homologous to Escherichia coli genes, presumably involved in GDP-fucose synthesis. Protein extracts of A. caulinodans, overexpressing nolK, have an enzyme activity that synthesizes GDP-fucose from GDP-mannose. nolK most probably encodes a 4-reductase performing the last step in GDP-fucose synthesis. Wild-type A. caulinodans produces a population of fucosylated and non-fucosylated molecules but the nolK-overexpressing strain produces only fucosylated Nod factors. Thus, the production of activated fucosyl donors is a rate-limiting step in Nod factor fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mergaert
- Department of Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Universiteit Gent, Belgium
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Philip-Hollingsworth S, Dazzo FB, Hollingsworth RI. Structural requirements of Rhizobium chitolipooligosaccharides for uptake and bioactivity in legume roots as revealed by synthetic analogs and fluorescent probes. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
The products of the 'common' nodulation genes of Rhizobium catalyze the synthesis of signal molecules and were once thought to have similar functions in all Rhizobium species; subtle differences in the activities of these gene products have now been discovered that influence the host range of Rhizobium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Peters
- Institute for Biology and Geology, University of Tromso, N-9037, Tromso, Norway
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Kamst E, Pilling J, Raamsdonk LM, Lugtenberg BJ, Spaink HP. Rhizobium nodulation protein NodC is an important determinant of chitin oligosaccharide chain length in Nod factor biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:2103-8. [PMID: 9079892 PMCID: PMC178943 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.7.2103-2108.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of chitin oligosaccharides by NodC is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of rhizobial lipochitin oligosaccharides (LCOs). The distribution of oligosaccharide chain lengths in LCOs differs between various Rhizobium species. We expressed the cloned nodC genes of Rhizobium meliloti, R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, and R. loti in Escherichia coli. The in vivo activities of the various NodC proteins differed with respect to the length of the major chitin oligosaccharide produced. The clearest difference was observed between strains with R. meliloti and R. loti NodC, producing chitintetraose and chitinpentaose, respectively. In vitro experiments, using UDP-[14C]GlcNAc as a precursor, show that this difference reflects intrinsic properties of these NodC proteins and that it is not influenced by the UDP-GlcNAc concentration. Analysis of oligosaccharide chain lengths in LCOs produced by a R. leguminosarum bv. viciae nodC mutant, expressing the three cloned nodC genes mentioned above, shows that the difference in oligosaccharide chain length in LCOs of R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae is due only to nodC. The exclusive production of LCOs which contain a chitinpentaose backbone by R. loti strains is not due to NodC but to end product selection by Nod proteins involved in further modification of the chitin oligosaccharide. These results indicate that nodC contributes to the host specificity of R. meliloti, a conclusion consistent with the results of several studies which have shown that the lengths of the oligosaccharide backbones of LCOs can strongly influence their activities on host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kamst
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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25
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Schultze M, Kondorosi A. The role of lipochitooligosaccharides in root nodule organogenesis and plant cell growth. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1996; 6:631-8. [PMID: 8939723 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-437x(96)80094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipochitooligosaccharides (Nod signals) excreted by rhizobia induce the formation of symbiotic root nodules in leguminous plants. This process is host plant specific, depending on the structural modifications of Nod signals. Rapid responses of plant roots in single cell assays have provided powerful tools in dissecting Nod signal transduction pathways and in elucidating the molecular basis of host specificity. Recent findings indicate that lipochitooligosaccharides, as well as symbiosis-related genes, also function in non legumes, pointing to a general role for these elements in plant morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schultze
- Institut des Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Abstract
Developments during the past year have confirmed that several classes of oligosaccharides are able to activate the plant cell machinery, leading either to defence reactions or to plant developmental processes. Both fungal and plant cell walls contain molecules that elicit plant defence reactions; however, most of the studies focus on the activities induced by lipochito-oligomers (LCOs, or Nod factors) produced by bacteria which trigger plant infection and nodule formation (organogenesis). LCOs can be described as growth regulators of plants in general as they also induce protoplast cell divisions of tobacco plant (a nonlegume) at femtomolar concentrations. Recognition of the appropriate symbiotic bacteria by legumes is mediated by the structure of Nod factors, but the structural determinants involved in this recognition process are not always clearly understood. Although specific substitutions of the oligochitin backbone by several chemical groups are involved, it seems that some host range variations of the bacteria can only be explained by small variations in the hydrophobic balance between both ends of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Promé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurales, CNRS 205, Toulouse, France.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Long
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
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Schultze M, Kondorosi A. The role of Nod signal structures in the determination of host specificity in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1996; 12:137-49. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00364678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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