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Pineda M, Barón M, Pérez-Bueno ML. Diverse projected climate change scenarios affect the physiology of broccoli plants to different extents. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14269. [PMID: 38528313 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Climate change caused by global warming involves crucial plant growth factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, ambient temperature or water availability. These stressors usually co-occur, causing intricate alterations in plant physiology and development. This work focuses on how elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, together with the concomitant high temperature, would affect the physiology of a relevant crop, such as broccoli. Particular attention has been paid to those defence mechanisms that contribute to plant fitness under abiotic stress. Results show that both photosynthesis and leaf transpiration were reduced in plants grown under climate change environments compared to those grown under current climate conditions. Furthermore, an induction of carbohydrate catabolism pointed to a redistribution from primary to secondary metabolism. This result could be related to a reinforcement of cell walls, as well as to an increase in the pool of antioxidants in the leaves. Broccoli plants, a C3 crop, grown under an intermediate condition showed activation of those adaptive mechanisms, which would contribute to coping with abiotic stress, as confirmed by reduced levels of lipid peroxidation relative to current climate conditions. On the contrary, the most severe climate change scenario exceeded the adaptive capacity of broccoli plants, as shown by the inhibition of growth and reduced vigour of plants. In conclusion, only a moderate increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature would not have a negative impact on broccoli crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pineda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Matilde Barón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, Granada, Spain
| | - María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, Granada, Spain
- Department of Plant Physiology, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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2
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Lu Y, Fricke W. Salt Stress-Regulation of Root Water Uptake in a Whole-Plant and Diurnal Context. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098070. [PMID: 37175779 PMCID: PMC10179082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the regulation of root water uptake in plants which are exposed to salt stress. Root water uptake is not considered in isolation but is viewed in the context of other potential tolerance mechanisms of plants-tolerance mechanisms which relate to water relations and gas exchange. Plants spend between one third and half of their lives in the dark, and salt stress does not stop with sunset, nor does it start with sunrise. Surprisingly, how plants deal with salt stress during the dark has received hardly any attention, yet any growth response to salt stress over days, weeks, months and years is the integrative result of how plants perform during numerous, consecutive day/night cycles. As we will show, dealing with salt stress during the night is a prerequisite to coping with salt stress during the day. We hope to highlight with this review not so much what we know, but what we do not know; and this relates often to some rather basic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Lu
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Krieg CP, Seeger K, Campany C, Watkins JE, McClearn D, McCulloh KA, Sessa EB. Functional traits and trait coordination change over the life of a leaf in a tropical fern species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16151. [PMID: 36879521 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant ecological strategies are often defined by the integration of underlying traits related to resource acquisition, allocation, and growth. Correlations between key traits across diverse plants suggest that variation in plant ecological strategies is largely driven by a fast-slow continuum of plant economics. However, trait correlations may not be constant through the life of a leaf, and it is still poorly understood how trait function varies over time in long-lived leaves. METHODS Here, we compared trait correlations related to resource acquisition and allocation across three different mature frond age cohorts in a tropical fern species, Saccoloma inaequale. RESULTS Fronds exhibited high initial investments of nitrogen and carbon, but with declining return in photosynthetic capacity after the first year. In the youngest fronds, we found water-use efficiency to be significantly lower than in the oldest mature fronds due to increased transpiration rates. Our data suggest that middle-aged fronds are more efficient relative to younger, less water-use efficient fronds and that older fronds exhibit greater nitrogen investments without higher photosynthetic return. In addition, several trait correlations expected under the leaf economics spectrum (LES) do not hold within this species, and some trait correlations only appear in fronds of a specific developmental age. CONCLUSIONS These findings contextualize the relationship between traits and leaf developmental age with those predicted to underlie plant ecological strategy and the LES and are among the first pieces of evidence for when relative physiological trait efficiency is maximized in a tropical fern species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Seeger
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Courtney Campany
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443, USA
| | - James E Watkins
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA
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Buttò V, Khare S, Jain P, de Lima Santos G, Rossi S. Spatial patterns and climatic drivers of leaf spring phenology of maple in eastern North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159064. [PMID: 36181821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The resurgent frequency of extreme weather events and their strongly distinctive spatial patterns lead to a growing interest in phenology as an indicator of tree susceptibility. Using a long-term chronology of observations collected in situ, we predicted and investigated the spatial patterns and environmental drivers of spring leaf phenology across maple stand polygons dominated by Acer saccharum Marsh. and/or Acer rubra L. in eastern North America for 2000-2018. Model' calibration was based on Bayesian ordinal regressions relating the timing of the phenological events' observations to the MODIS vegetation indices EVI, NDVI and LAI. DAYMET data have been extracted to compute temperature and precipitation during spring phenology. Model accuracy increased as the season progressed, with prediction uncertainty spanning from 9 days for bud swelling to 4 days for leaf unfolding. NDVI and LAI were the best predictors for the onset and ending of spring phenology, respectively. Bud swelling occurred at the end of March in the early stands and at the onset of May in the late stands, while leaf unfolding was completed at the beginning of April for the early and in mid-June for the late stands. Early and late stands polarized towards a south-west-north-east gradient. In the south-western regions, which are also the driest, total precipitation and minimum temperature explained respectively 73 % and 25 % of the duration of spring phenology. In the north-eastern regions, precipitation and minimum temperature explained 62 % and 26 % of the duration of spring phenology. Our results suggest high vulnerability to extreme weather events in stands located in the south-west of the species distribution. The increasing incidence of drought in these locations might affect spring phenology, decreasing net primary production in these stands. Warmer nights might expose the buds to late frosts, events that are expected to become more frequent in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Buttò
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts (IRF), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada; Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada.
| | - Siddhartha Khare
- Geomatics Engineering Division, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Pratiksha Jain
- Intello Labs Pvt Ltd, C-801, Nirvana Country, Sector 50, Gurugram, Haryana 122018, India
| | - Gian de Lima Santos
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
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5
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Robertson SM, Sakariyahu SK, Bolaji A, Belmonte MF, Wilkins O. Growth-limiting drought stress induces time-of-day-dependent transcriptome and physiological responses in hybrid poplar. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac040. [PMID: 36196395 PMCID: PMC9521483 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress negatively impacts the health of long-lived trees. Understanding the genetic mechanisms that underpin response to drought stress is requisite for selecting or enhancing climate change resilience. We aimed to determine how hybrid poplars respond to prolonged and uniform exposure to drought; how responses to moderate and more severe growth-limiting drought stresses differed; and how drought responses change throughout the day. We established hybrid poplar trees (Populus × 'Okanese') from unrooted stem cutting with abundant soil moisture for 6 weeks. We then withheld water to establish well-watered, moderate and severe growth-limiting drought conditions. These conditions were maintained for 3 weeks during which growth was monitored. We then measured photosynthetic rates and transcriptomes of leaves that had developed during the drought treatments at two times of day. The moderate and severe drought treatments elicited distinct changes in growth and development, photosynthetic rates and global transcriptome profiles. Notably, the time of day of sampling produced the strongest effect in the transcriptome data. The moderate drought treatment elicited global transcriptome changes that were intermediate to the severe and well-watered treatments in the early evening but did not elicit a strong drought response in the morning. Stable drought conditions that are sufficient to limit plant growth elicit distinct transcriptional profiles depending on the degree of water limitation and on the time of day at which they are measured. There appears to be a limited number of genes and functional gene categories that are responsive to all of the tested drought conditions in this study emphasizing the complex nature of drought regulation in long-lived trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Robertson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Ayooluwa Bolaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Comparative and Correlation Analysis of Young and Mature Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC) Leaf Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaffir lime is leaf-oriented minor citrus that required extra attention to study. This study aimed to (i) comparatively analyze the young and mature leaf morpho-ecophysiological characters; and (ii) perform a correlation analysis for revealing the relationship among the physiological characters. Plants were ten one-year-old kaffir lime trees cultured under full sun condition. Leaf size was measured by using a specific allometric model. The Li-6400XT portable photosynthesis system was used to observe the leaf ecophysiological characters. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in leaf size and physiology as the effect of leaf age. A significant size enlargement in mature leaves was noticed, especially in terms of leaf length, area, and weight, of about 77%, 177%, and 196%, respectively. Young leaves experienced a significant improvement in photosynthetic rate and actual water use efficiency for about 39% and 53%, respectively. Additionally, a strong, significant, and positive correlation between leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and photosynthetic rate was found in the present study. Further studies using a multi-omics approach may enrich the science between kaffir lime leaf maturation as the basis of agricultural modification practice.
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7
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Nidhi, Kumar P, Pathania D, Thakur S, Sharma M. Environment-mediated mutagenetic interference on genetic stabilization and circadian rhythm in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:358. [PMID: 35687153 PMCID: PMC11072124 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many mortal organisms on this planet have developed the potential to merge all internal as well as external environmental cues to regulate various processes running inside organisms and in turn make them adaptive to the environment through the circadian clock. This moving rotator controls processes like activation of hormonal, metabolic, or defense pathways, initiation of flowering at an accurate period, and developmental processes in plants to ensure their stability in the environment. All these processes that are under the control of this rotating wheel can be changed either by external environmental factors or by an unpredictable phenomenon called mutation that can be generated by either physical mutagens, chemical mutagens, or by internal genetic interruption during metabolic processes, which alters normal functionality of organisms like innate immune responses, entrainment of the clock, biomass reduction, chlorophyll formation, and hormonal signaling, despite its fewer positive roles in plants like changing plant type, loss of vernalization treatment to make them survivable in different latitudes, and defense responses during stress. In addition, with mutation, overexpression of gene components sometimes supresses mutation effect and promote normal circadian genes abundance in the cell, while sometimes it affects circadian functionality by generating arrhythmicity and shows that not only mutation but overexpression also effects normal functional activities of plant. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the role of each circadian clock genes in regulating rhythmicity, and shows that how circadian outputs are controlled by mutations as well as overexpression phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharmshala, India
| | - Diksha Pathania
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mamta Sharma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India.
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8
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Lu Z, Hu W, Ye X, Lu J, Gu H, Li X, Cong R, Ren T. Potassium regulates diel leaf growth of Brassica napus by coordinating the rhythmic carbon supply and water balance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3686-3698. [PMID: 35176159 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon and water are two main factors limiting leaf expansion. Restriction of leaf growth by low availability of carbon or water is among the earliest visible effects of potassium (K) deficiency. It is not known how K is involved in regulating the rhythmic supply of these two substrates, which differ remarkably across the day-night cycle, affecting leaf expansion. We investigated the effects of different K regimes on the time courses of leaf expansion, carbon assimilation, carbohydrates, and hydraulic properties of Brassica napus. Potassium supply increased leaf area, predominantly by promoting night-time leaf expansion (>60%), which was mainly associated with increased availability of carbohydrates from photosynthetic carbon fixation and import from old leaves rather than improvement of leaf hydraulics. However, sufficient K improved leaf hydraulic conductance to balance diurnal evaporative water loss and increase the osmotic contribution of water-soluble carbohydrates, thereby maintaining leaf turgor and increasing the daytime expansion rate. The results also indicated an ontogenetic role of K in modifying the amplitude of circadian expansion; almost 80% of the increase in leaf area occurred before the area reached 66.9% of the mature size. Our data provide mechanistic insight into K-mediated diel coordination of rhythmic carbon supply and water balance in leaf expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenshi Hu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hehe Gu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
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9
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Palm ER, Guidi Nissim W, Adamcová D, Podlasek A, Jakimiuk A, Vaverková MD. Sinapis alba L. and Triticum aestivum L. as biotest model species for evaluating municipal solid waste leachate toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114012. [PMID: 34731708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) inputs is rapidly increasing with a growing human population, and its composition is changing due an increased diversity of materials being deposited. There is an associated increase in leachate, a common toxic byproduct of MSW facilities that must be collected and treated prior to its release into the environment. There is growing interest in plant-based methods that are economical and efficient for leachate toxicity assessment such as biological tests that use indicator species. In the present study, the tolerance thresholds of two herbaceous species, Sinapis alba L. (mustard) and Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) to increasing shares of leachate sourced from an MSW facility in the Czech Republic were assessed through a variety of physiological parameters. Soil-based biotests showed a stimulation in the shoot biomass, leaf expansion, primary root elongation and carbon assimilation rate of the selected plant species to leachate concentrations between 20 and 50 %. Higher leachate concentrations led to reductions in most physiological parameters, especially the elongation of seedling roots when growth solutions with >50 % leachate were applied. While S. alba was more sensitive to increasing proportions of leachate in terms of growth parameters of the shoot tissues, photosystem II efficiency and chlorophyll pigment concentrations were more responsive in T. aestivum, indicating species-dependent differences. The present biotests provide further support for the use of both Sinapis alba L and Triticum aestivum L. as indicator species of phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rose Palm
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle idee, 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle idee, 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; PNAT s.r.l, via delle Cascine, 33/35, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Dana Adamcová
- Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Podlasek
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jakimiuk
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Daria Vaverková
- Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Hilty J, Muller B, Pantin F, Leuzinger S. Plant growth: the What, the How, and the Why. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:25-41. [PMID: 34245021 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Growth is a widely used term in plant science and ecology, but it can have different meanings depending on the context and the spatiotemporal scale of analysis. At the meristem level, growth is associated with the production of cells and initiation of new organs. At the organ or plant scale and over short time periods, growth is often used synonymously with tissue expansion, while over longer time periods the increase in biomass is a common metric. At even larger temporal and spatial scales, growth is mostly described as net primary production. Here, we first address the question 'what is growth?'. We propose a general framework to distinguish between the different facets of growth, and the corresponding physiological processes, environmental drivers and mathematical formalisms. Based on these different definitions, we then review how plant growth can be measured and analysed at different organisational, spatial and temporal scales. We conclude by discussing why gaining a better understanding of the different facets of plant growth is essential to disentangle genetic and environmental effects on the phenotype, and to uncover the causalities around source or sink limitations of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hilty
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 46 Wakefield Street, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bertrand Muller
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Florent Pantin
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 46 Wakefield Street, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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11
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Nascimento VL, Pereira AM, Siqueira JA, Pereira AS, Silva VF, Costa LC, Ribeiro DM, Zsögön A, Nunes-Nesi A, Araújo WL. Exogenous ethylene reduces growth via alterations in central metabolism and cell wall composition in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153460. [PMID: 34217838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone with a well-established role in the regulation of plant growth and development. However, its role in the modulation of carbon assimilation and central metabolism remains unclear. Here, we investigated the morphophysiological and biochemical responses of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) following the application of ethylene in the form of ethephon (CEPA - 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), forcing the classical triple response phenotype. CEPA-treated plants were characterized by growth inhibition, as revealed by significant reductions in both shoot and root dry weights, coupled with a reduced number of leaves and lower specific leaf area. Growth inhibition was associated with a reduction in carbon assimilation due to both lower photosynthesis rates and stomatal conductance, coupled with impairments in carbohydrate turnover. Furthermore, exogenous ethylene led to the accumulation of cell wall compounds (i.e., cellulose and lignin) and phenolics, indicating that exposure to exogenous ethylene also led to changes in specialized metabolism. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that exogenous ethylene disrupts plant growth and leaf structure by affecting both central and specialized metabolism, especially that involved in carbohydrate turnover and cell wall biosynthesis, ultimately leading to metabolic responses that mimic stress situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor L Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Siqueira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aurelio S Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor F Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Nascimento VL, Pereira AM, Pereira AS, Silva VF, Costa LC, Bastos CEA, Ribeiro DM, Caldana C, Sulpice R, Nunes-Nesi A, Zsögön A, Araújo WL. Physiological and metabolic bases of increased growth in the tomato ethylene-insensitive mutant Never ripe: extending ethylene signaling functions. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1377-1393. [PMID: 33074436 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tomato mutant Never ripe (Nr), a loss-of-function for the ethylene receptor SlETR3, shows enhanced growth, associated with increased carbon assimilation and a rewiring of the central metabolism. Compelling evidence has demonstrated the importance of ethylene during tomato fruit development, yet its role on leaf central metabolism and plant growth remains elusive. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of Never ripe (Nr) tomato, a loss-of-function mutant for the ethylene receptor SlETR3, known for its fruits which never ripe. However, besides fruits, the Nr gene is also constitutively expressed in vegetative tissues. Nr mutant showed a growth enhancement during both the vegetative and reproductive stage, without an earlier onset of leaf senescence, with Nr plants exhibiting a higher number of leaves and an increased dry weight of leaves, stems, roots, and fruits. At metabolic level, Nr also plays a significant role with the mutant showing changes in carbon assimilation, carbohydrates turnover, and an exquisite reprogramming of a large number of metabolite levels. Notably, the expression of genes related to ethylene signaling and biosynthesis are not altered in Nr. We assess our results in the context of those previously published for tomato fruits and of current models of ethylene signal transduction, and conclude that ethylene insensitivity mediated by Nr impacts the whole central metabolism at vegetative stage, leading to increased growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor L Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Aurelio S Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Victor F Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Carla E A Bastos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Kronenberg L, Yates S, Ghiasi S, Roth L, Friedli M, Ruckle ME, Werner RA, Tschurr F, Binggeli M, Buchmann N, Studer B, Walter A. Rethinking temperature effects on leaf growth, gene expression and metabolism: Diel variation matters. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2262-2276. [PMID: 33230869 PMCID: PMC8359295 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved to grow under prominently fluctuating environmental conditions. In experiments under controlled conditions, temperature is often set to artificial, binary regimes with constant values at day and at night. This study investigated how such a diel (24 hr) temperature regime affects leaf growth, carbohydrate metabolism and gene expression, compared to a temperature regime with a field-like gradual increase and decline throughout 24 hr. Soybean (Glycine max) was grown under two contrasting diel temperature treatments. Leaf growth was measured in high temporal resolution. Periodical measurements were performed of carbohydrate concentrations, carbon isotopes as well as the transcriptome by RNA sequencing. Leaf growth activity peaked at different times under the two treatments, which cannot be explained intuitively. Under field-like temperature conditions, leaf growth followed temperature and peaked in the afternoon, whereas in the binary temperature regime, growth increased at night and decreased during daytime. Differential gene expression data suggest that a synchronization of cell division activity seems to be evoked in the binary temperature regime. Overall, the results show that the coordination of a wide range of metabolic processes is markedly affected by the diel variation of temperature, which emphasizes the importance of realistic environmental settings in controlled condition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kronenberg
- Crop ScienceInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Steven Yates
- Molecular Plant BreedingInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Shiva Ghiasi
- Grassland SciencesInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lukas Roth
- Crop ScienceInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michael Friedli
- Crop ScienceInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michael E. Ruckle
- Molecular Plant BreedingInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Roland A. Werner
- Grassland SciencesInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Flavian Tschurr
- Crop ScienceInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Melanie Binggeli
- Crop ScienceInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Grassland SciencesInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Bruno Studer
- Molecular Plant BreedingInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Achim Walter
- Crop ScienceInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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14
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Lobato AKDS, Barbosa MAM, Alsahli AA, Lima EJA, Silva BRSD. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates the negative impacts on production components, biomass and gas exchange in tomato plants under water deficit improving redox status and anatomical responses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:869-884. [PMID: 33421143 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an interesting messenger in plant metabolism that modulates multiple pathways, including the antioxidant defence pathway, and stimulates anatomical structures essential to carbon dioxide fixation during the photosynthetic process. The aim of this research was to determine whether pre-treatment with exogenous SA can alleviate the deleterious effects induced by water deficit on production components, biomass and gas exchange, measuring reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes, variables connected to photosynthetic machinery, anatomical responses, and agro-morphological traits in tomato plants under water deficit. The experiment used a factorial design with four treatments, including two water conditions (control and water deficit) and two salicylic acid concentrations (0 and 0.1 mM salicylic acid). Water deficit negatively impacted the biomass and fruit number of tomato plants. Pre-treatment using 0.1 mM SA in plants submitted to water restriction induced increments in fruit number, weight, and biomass. These results were related to the protective role triggered by this substance, stimulating superoxide dismutase (27.07%), catalase (17.81%), ascorbate peroxidase (50.52%), and peroxidase (10.81%) as well as reducing the cell damage (malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage) caused by superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Simultaneously, application of SA improved the net photosynthetic rate (84.55%) and water-use efficiency (65.00%) of stressed plants in which these factors are connected to anatomical benefits, as verified by stomatal density, palisade and spongy parenchyma, combined with improved performance linked to photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily Juliane Alvino Lima
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas, Brazil
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15
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Coussement JR, Villers SLY, Nelissen H, Inzé D, Steppe K. Turgor-time controls grass leaf elongation rate and duration under drought stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1361-1378. [PMID: 33373049 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The process of leaf elongation in grasses is characterized by the creation and transformation of distinct cell zones. The prevailing turgor pressure within these cells is one of the key drivers for the rate at which these cells divide, expand and differentiate, processes that are heavily impacted by drought stress. In this article, a turgor-driven growth model for grass leaf elongation is presented, which combines mechanistic growth from the basis of turgor pressure with the ontogeny of the leaf. Drought-induced reductions in leaf turgor pressure result in a simultaneous inhibition of both cell expansion and differentiation, lowering elongation rate but increasing elongation duration due to the slower transitioning of cells from the dividing and elongating zone to mature cells. Leaf elongation is, therefore, governed by the magnitude of, and time spent under, growth-enabling turgor pressure, a metric which we introduce as turgor-time. Turgor-time is able to normalize growth patterns in terms of varying water availability, similar to how thermal time is used to do so under varying temperatures. Moreover, additional inclusion of temperature dependencies within our model pioneers a novel concept enabling the general expression of growth regardless of water availability or temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas R Coussement
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Selwyn L Y Villers
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Chen L, Tarin MWK, Huo H, Zheng Y, Chen J. Photosynthetic Responses of Anthurium × 'Red' under Different Light Conditions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050857. [PMID: 33922653 PMCID: PMC8145403 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light is an essential energy source for plant photosynthesis, although it can also be a stress-causing element. Therefore, the current research was aimed to compare photosynthetic responses of Anthurium × 'Red' leaves at different positions (bottom old leaf, 1; center mature leaf, 2; top expanded leaf, 3) established under three photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs): 550 μmol·m-2·s-1 as high (H), 350 μmol·m-2·s-1 as medium (M), and 255 μmol·m-2·s-1 as low (L). After six months, all the replicates were relocated to interior rooms with a PPFD of 30 μmol·m-2·s-1. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll concentration of the old leaf among treatments, before (Day 0) and after shifting the plants to interior rooms (Day 30). The total chlorophyll concentrations of the mature and top leaves increased significantly. In greenhouse conditions, H and M treatments did not show any significant change for net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at various leaf positions. However, M2 exhibited an improved Pn in the interior conditions. Plants grown under M treatment were greener and had bigger leaves compared to other treatments. Our study reveals that Anthurium × 'Red' photosynthesis responses to different light conditions varied distinctly. However, M treatment can keep the plants looking green by accumulating enough energy for indoor conditions, and middle and lower leaves may be triggered to restore photosynthetic activity under low light or indoor conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; (L.C.); (M.W.K.T.)
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Khan Tarin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; (L.C.); (M.W.K.T.)
| | - Heqiang Huo
- Mid-Florida Research Education Center and Environmental Horticulture Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA;
| | - Yushan Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; (L.C.); (M.W.K.T.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research Education Center and Environmental Horticulture Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
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17
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Prasetyaningrum P, Mariotti L, Valeri MC, Novi G, Dhondt S, Inzé D, Perata P, van Veen H. Nocturnal gibberellin biosynthesis is carbon dependent and adjusts leaf expansion rates to variable conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:228-239. [PMID: 33631808 PMCID: PMC8133661 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optimal plant growth performance requires that the presence and action of growth signals, such as gibberellins (GAs), are coordinated with the availability of photo-assimilates. Here, we studied the links between GA biosynthesis and carbon availability, and the subsequent effects on growth. We established that carbon availability, light and dark cues, and the circadian clock ensure the timing and magnitude of GA biosynthesis and that disruption of these factors results in reduced GA levels and expression of downstream genes. Carbon-dependent nighttime induction of gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase 1 (GA3ox1) was severely hampered when preceded by reduced daytime light availability, leading specifically to reduced bioactive GA4 levels, and coinciding with a decline in leaf expansion rate during the night. We attributed this decline in leaf expansion mostly to reduced photo-assimilates. However, plants in which GA limitation was alleviated had significantly improved leaf expansion, demonstrating the relevance of GAs in growth control under varying carbon availability. Carbon-dependent expression of upstream GA biosynthesis genes (Kaurene synthase and gibberellin 20 oxidase 1, GA20ox1) was not translated into metabolite changes within this short timeframe. We propose a model in which the extent of nighttime biosynthesis of bioactive GA4 by GA3ox1 is determined by nighttime consumption of starch reserves, thus providing day-to-day adjustments of GA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Novi
- PLANTLAB, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PLANTLAB, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Hans van Veen
- PLANTLAB, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Department of Plantecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Author for communication:
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18
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Stuerz S, Asch F. Responses of Rice Growth to Day and Night Temperature and Relative Air Humidity-Leaf Elongation and Assimilation. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010134. [PMID: 33440793 PMCID: PMC7826779 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predictions of future crop growth and yield under a changing climate require a precise knowledge of plant responses to their environment. Since leaf growth increases the photosynthesizing area of the plant, it occupies a central position during the vegetative phase. Rice is cultivated in diverse ecological zones largely differing in temperature and relative air humidity (RH). To investigate the effects of temperature and RH during day and night on leaf growth, one variety (IR64) was grown in a growth chamber using 9 day/night regimes around the same mean temperature and RH, which were combinations of 3 temperature treatments (30/20 °C, 25/25 °C, 20/30 °C day/night temperature) and 3 RH treatments (40/90%, 65/65%, 90/40% day/night RH). Day/night leaf elongation rates (LER) were measured and compared to leaf gas exchange measurements and leaf area expansion on the plant level. While daytime LER was mainly temperature-dependent, nighttime LER was equally affected by temperature and RH and closely correlated with leaf area expansion at the plant level. We hypothesize that the same parameters increasing LER during the night also enhance leaf area expansion via shifts in partitioning to larger and thinner leaves. Further, base temperatures estimated from LERs varied with RH, emphasizing the need to take RH into consideration when modeling crop growth in response to temperature.
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19
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Nardini A, Petruzzellis F, Marusig D, Tomasella M, Natale S, Altobelli A, Calligaris C, Floriddia G, Cucchi F, Forte E, Zini L. Water 'on the rocks': a summer drink for thirsty trees? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:199-212. [PMID: 32772381 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced tree mortality frequently occurs in patches with different spatial and temporal distributions, which is only partly explained by inter- and intraspecific variation in drought tolerance. We investigated whether bedrock properties, with special reference to rock water storage capacity, affects tree water status and drought response in a rock-dominated landscape. We measured primary porosity and available water content of breccia (B) and dolostone (D) rocks. Saplings of Fraxinus ornus were grown in pots filled with soil or soil mixed with B and D rocks, and subjected to an experimental drought. Finally, we measured seasonal changes in water status of trees in field sites overlying B or D bedrock. B rocks were more porous and stored more available water than D rocks. Potted saplings grown with D rocks had less biomass and suffered more severe water stress than those with B rocks. Trees in sites with B bedrock had more favourable water status than those on D bedrock which also suffered drought-induced canopy dieback. Bedrock represents an important water source for plants under drought. Different bedrock features translate into contrasting below-ground water availability, leading to landscape-level heterogeneity of the impact of drought on tree water status and dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Daniel Marusig
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, 29122, Italia
| | - Martina Tomasella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Sara Natale
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Alfredo Altobelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Chiara Calligaris
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
| | - Gabriele Floriddia
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
| | - Franco Cucchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
| | - Emanuele Forte
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
| | - Luca Zini
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
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20
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Khan A, Wang Z, Xu K, Li L, He L, Hu H, Wang G. Validation of an Enzyme-Driven Model Explaining Photosynthetic Rate Responses to Limited Nitrogen in Crop Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:533341. [PMID: 33101324 PMCID: PMC7546270 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.533341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The limited availability of nitrogen (N) is a fundamental challenge for many crop plants. We have hypothesized that the relative crop photosynthetic rate (P) is exponentially constrained by certain plant-specific enzyme activities, such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-G3PDH), 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) kinase, and chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cpFBPase), in Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa. We conducted a literature search to compile information from previous studies on C3 and C4 crop plants, to examine the photosynthetic rate responses to limited leaf [N] levels. We found that in Zea mays, NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), PEP carboxykinase (PCK), and Rubisco activities were positively correlated with P. A positive correlation was also observed between both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and Rubisco activity with leaf [N] in Sorghum bicolor. Key enzyme activities responded differently to P in C3 and C4 plants, suggesting that other factors, such as leaf [N] and the stage of leaf growth, also limited specific enzyme activities. The relationships followed the best fitting exponential relationships between key enzymes and the P rate in both C3 and C4 plants. It was found that C4 species absorbed less leaf [N] but had higher [N] assimilation rates (A rate) and higher maximum photosynthesis rates (Pmax ), i.e., they were able to utilize and invest more [N] to sustain higher carbon gains. All C3 species studied herein had higher [N] storage (Nstore) and higher absorption of [N], when compared with the C4 species. Nstore was the main [N] source used for maintaining photosynthetic capacity and leaf expansion. Of the nine C3 species assessed, rice had the greatest Pmax , thereby absorbing more leaf [N]. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) was also found to reduce the leaf [N] and Pmax in rice but enhanced the leaf [N] and N use efficiency of photosynthesis in maize. We concluded that eCO2 affects [N] allocation, which directly or indirectly affects Pmax . These results highlight the need to further study these physiological and biochemical processes, to better predict how crops will respond to eCO2 concentrations and limited [N].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Genxuan Wang
- Plant Physiology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Coussement JR, De Swaef T, Lootens P, Steppe K. Turgor-driven plant growth applied in a soybean functional-structural plant model. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:729-744. [PMID: 32304206 PMCID: PMC7489068 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Turgor pressure within a plant cell represents the key to the mechanistical descriptiion of plant growth, combining the effects of both water and carbon availability. The high level of spatio-temporal variation and diurnal dynamics in turgor pressure within a single plant make it a challenge to model these on the fine spatial scale required for functional-structural plant models (FSPMs). A conceptual model for turgor-driven growth in FSPMs has been established previously, but its practical use has not yet been explored. METHODS A turgor-driven growth model was incorporated in a newly established FSPM for soybean. The FSPM simulates dynamics in photosynthesis, transpiration and turgor pressure in direct relation to plant growth. Comparisons of simulations with field data were used to evaluate the potential and shortcomings of the modelling approach. KEY RESULTS Model simulations revealed the need to include an initial seed carbon contribution, a more realistic sink function, an estimation of respiration, and the distinction between osmotic and structural sugars, in order to achieve a realistic model of plant growth. However, differences between simulations and observations remained in individual organ growth patterns and under different environmental conditions. This exposed the need to further investigate the assumptions of developmental and environmental (in)sensitivity of the parameters, which represent physiological and biophysical organ properties in the model, in future research. CONCLUSIONS The model in its current form is primarily a diagnostic tool, to better understand and model the behaviour of water relations on the scale of individual plant organs throughout the plant life cycle. Potential future applications include its use as a phenotyping tool to capture differences in plant performance between genotypes and growing environments in terms of specific plant characteristics. Additionally, focused experiments can be used to further improve the model mechanisms to lead to better predictive FSPMs, including scenarios of water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas R Coussement
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, Melle, Belgium
| | - Tom De Swaef
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, Melle, Belgium
| | - Peter Lootens
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, Melle, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent, Belgium
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22
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Baca Cabrera JC, Hirl RT, Zhu J, Schäufele R, Schnyder H. Atmospheric CO 2 and VPD alter the diel oscillation of leaf elongation in perennial ryegrass: compensation of hydraulic limitation by stored-growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1776-1789. [PMID: 32369620 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We explored the effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca ) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on putative mechanisms controlling leaf elongation in perennial ryegrass. Plants were grown in stands at a Ca of 200, 400 or 800 μmol mol-1 combined with high (1.17 kPa) or low (0.59 kPa) VPD during the 16 h-day in well-watered conditions with reduced nitrogen supply. We measured day : night-variation of leaf elongation rate (LERday : LERnight ), final leaf length and width, epidermal cell number and length, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf water potential and water-soluble carbohydrates and osmotic potential in the leaf growth-and-differentiation zone (LGDZ). Daily mean LER or morphometric parameters did not differ between treatments, but LERnight strongly exceeded LERday , particularly at low Ca and high VPD. Across treatments LERday was negatively related to transpiration (R2 = 0.75) and leaf water potential (R2 = 0.81), while LERnight was independent of leaf water potential or turgor. Enhancement of LERnight over LERday was proportional to the turgor-change between day and night (R2 = 0.93). LGDZ sugar concentration was high throughout diel cycles, providing no evidence of source limitation in any treatment. Our data indicate a mechanism of diel cycling between daytime hydraulic and night-time stored-growth controls of LER, buffering Ca and daytime VPD effects on leaf elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Baca Cabrera
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Regina T Hirl
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
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23
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Drapal M, Amah D, Schöny H, Brown A, Swennen R, Fraser PD. Assessment of metabolic variability and diversity present in leaf, peel and pulp tissue of diploid and triploid Musa spp. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112388. [PMID: 32344192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Banana (Musa spp.) plants produce many health promoting compounds in leaf, peel and pulp. For a robust metabolic analysis of these tissues, leaf at five developmental stages were compared to assess suitable sampling practices. Results confirmed that the common sampling practise of leaf 3 is applicable for metabolic comparisons. The developed work flow was applied to analyse the metabolite diversity present in 18 different Musa varieties, providing baseline levels of metabolites in leaf, peel and pulp tissue. Correlation analysis was then used to ascertain whether similar trends can be detected in the three plant tissues of the diversity panel. The genome group displayed a dominant role in the composition of the metabolome in all three tissues. This led to the conclusion that a correlation between tissues was only possible within a genome group as the different parental backgrounds caused too great a variation in the metabolomes. It also suggests the metabolome could be used to monitor the interaction/hybridisation of genomes during breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Drapal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Delphine Amah
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Harald Schöny
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Allan Brown
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Rony Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Arusha, Tanzania; Bioversity International, W. De Croylaan 42, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven University, W. De Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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24
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Carotti L, Graamans L, Puksic F, Butturini M, Meinen E, Heuvelink E, Stanghellini C. Plant Factories Are Heating Up: Hunting for the Best Combination of Light Intensity, Air Temperature and Root-Zone Temperature in Lettuce Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:592171. [PMID: 33584743 PMCID: PMC7876451 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed interactions among photon flux density (PPFD), air temperature, root-zone temperature for growth of lettuce with non-limiting water, nutrient, and CO2 concentration. We measured growth parameters in 48 combinations of a PPFD of 200, 400, and 750 μmol m-2 s-1 (16 h daylength), with air and root-zone temperatures of 20, 24, 28, and 32°C. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Batavia Othilie) was grown for four cycles (29 days after transplanting). Eight combinations with low root-zone (20 and 24°C), high air temperature (28 and 32°C) and high PPFD (400 and 750 μmol m-2 s-1) resulted in an excessive incidence of tip-burn and were not included in further analysis. Dry mass increased with increasing photon flux to a PPFD of 750 μmol m-2 s-1. The photon conversion efficiency (both dry and fresh weight) decreased with increasing photon flux: 29, 27, and 21 g FW shoot and 1.01, 0.87, and 0.76 g DW shoot per mol incident light at 200, 400, and 750 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively, averaged over all temperature combinations, following a concurrent decrease in specific leaf area (SLA). The highest efficiency was achieved at 200 μmol m-2 s-1, 24°C air temperature and 28°C root-zone temperature: 44 g FW and 1.23 g DW per mol incident light. The effect of air temperature on fresh yield was linked to all leaf expansion processes. SLA, shoot mass allocation and water content of leaves showed the same trend for air temperature with a maximum around 24°C. The effect of root temperature was less prominent with an optimum around 28°C in nearly all conditions. With this combination of temperatures, market size (fresh weight shoot = 250 g) was achieved in 26, 20, and 18 days, at 200, 400, and 750 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively, with a corresponding shoot dry matter content of 2.6, 3.8, and 4.2%. In conclusion, three factors determine the "optimal" PPFD: capital and operational costs of light intensity vs the value of reducing cropping time, and the market value of higher dry matter contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carotti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luuk Graamans
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Luuk Graamans,
| | - Federico Puksic
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michele Butturini
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Esther Meinen
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Stanghellini
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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25
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Olas JJ, Fichtner F, Apelt F. All roads lead to growth: imaging-based and biochemical methods to measure plant growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:11-21. [PMID: 31613967 PMCID: PMC6913701 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is a highly complex biological process that involves innumerable interconnected biochemical and signalling pathways. Many different techniques have been developed to measure growth, unravel the various processes that contribute to plant growth, and understand how a complex interaction between genotype and environment determines the growth phenotype. Despite this complexity, the term 'growth' is often simplified by researchers; depending on the method used for quantification, growth is viewed as an increase in plant or organ size, a change in cell architecture, or an increase in structural biomass. In this review, we summarise the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth, highlight state-of-the-art imaging and non-imaging-based techniques to quantitatively measure growth, including a discussion of their advantages and drawbacks, and suggest a terminology for growth rates depending on the type of technique used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jadwiga Olas
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, Haus, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Franziska Fichtner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Federico Apelt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
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26
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Cabon A, Fernández-de-Uña L, Gea-Izquierdo G, Meinzer FC, Woodruff DR, Martínez-Vilalta J, De Cáceres M. Water potential control of turgor-driven tracheid enlargement in Scots pine at its xeric distribution edge. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:209-221. [PMID: 31461530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which water availability can be used to predict the enlargement and final dimensions of xylem conduits remains an open issue. We reconstructed the time course of tracheid enlargement in Pinus sylvestris trees in central Spain by repeated measurements of tracheid diameter on microcores sampled weekly during a 2 yr period. We analyzed the role of water availability in these dynamics empirically through time-series correlation analysis and mechanistically by building a model that simulates daily tracheid enlargement rate and duration based on Lockhart's equation and water potential as the sole input. Tracheid enlargement followed a sigmoid-like time course, which varied intra- and interannually. Our empirical analysis showed that final tracheid diameter was strongly related to water availability during tracheid enlargement. The mechanistic model was calibrated and successfully validated (R2 = 0.92) against the observed tracheid enlargement time course. The model was also able to reproduce the seasonal variations of tracheid enlargement rate, duration and final diameter (R2 = 0.84-0.99). Our results support the hypothesis that tracheid enlargement and final dimensions can be modeled based on the direct effect of water potential on turgor-driven cell expansion. We argue that such a mechanism is consistent with other reported patterns of tracheid dimension variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Cabon
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Solsona, 25280, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-de-Uña
- INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña km. 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- UMR Silva, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, INRA, Nancy, 54000, France
| | | | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - David R Woodruff
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Miquel De Cáceres
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Solsona, 25280, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
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27
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Scharwies JD, Dinneny JR. Water transport, perception, and response in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:311-324. [PMID: 30747327 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient water availability in the environment is critical for plant survival. Perception of water by plants is necessary to balance water uptake and water loss and to control plant growth. Plant physiology and soil science research have contributed greatly to our understanding of how water moves through soil, is taken up by roots, and moves to leaves where it is lost to the atmosphere by transpiration. Water uptake from the soil is affected by soil texture itself and soil water content. Hydraulic resistances for water flow through soil can be a major limitation for plant water uptake. Changes in water supply and water loss affect water potential gradients inside plants. Likewise, growth creates water potential gradients. It is known that plants respond to changes in these gradients. Water flow and loss are controlled through stomata and regulation of hydraulic conductance via aquaporins. When water availability declines, water loss is limited through stomatal closure and by adjusting hydraulic conductance to maintain cell turgor. Plants also adapt to changes in water supply by growing their roots towards water and through refinements to their root system architecture. Mechanosensitive ion channels, aquaporins, proteins that sense the cell wall and cell membrane environment, and proteins that change conformation in response to osmotic or turgor changes could serve as putative sensors. Future research is required to better understand processes in the rhizosphere during soil drying and how plants respond to spatial differences in water availability. It remains to be investigated how changes in water availability and water loss affect different tissues and cells in plants and how these biophysical signals are translated into chemical signals that feed into signaling pathways like abscisic acid response or organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Daniel Scharwies
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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28
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Wang DR, Guadagno CR, Mao X, Mackay DS, Pleban JR, Baker RL, Weinig C, Jannink JL, Ewers BE. A framework for genomics-informed ecophysiological modeling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2561-2574. [PMID: 30825375 PMCID: PMC6487588 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic process-based plant models capture complex physiological response across time, carrying the potential to extend simulations out to novel environments and lend mechanistic insight to observed phenotypes. Despite the translational opportunities for varietal crop improvement that could be unlocked by linking natural genetic variation to first principles-based modeling, these models are challenging to apply to large populations of related individuals. Here we use a combination of model development, experimental evaluation, and genomic prediction in Brassica rapa L. to set the stage for future large-scale process-based modeling of intraspecific variation. We develop a new canopy growth submodel for B. rapa within the process-based model Terrestrial Regional Ecosystem Exchange Simulator (TREES), test input parameters for feasibility of direct estimation with observed phenotypes across cultivated morphotypes and indirect estimation using genomic prediction on a recombinant inbred line population, and explore model performance on an in silico population under non-stressed and mild water-stressed conditions. We find evidence that the updated whole-plant model has the capacity to distill genotype by environment interaction (G×E) into tractable components. The framework presented offers a means to link genetic variation with environment-modulated plant response and serves as a stepping stone towards large-scale prediction of unphenotyped, genetically related individuals under untested environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Wang
- Geography Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Xiaowei Mao
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D Scott Mackay
- Geography Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia Weinig
- Botany Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Jannink
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brent E Ewers
- Botany Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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29
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Baumont M, Parent B, Manceau L, Brown HE, Driever SM, Muller B, Martre P. Experimental and modeling evidence of carbon limitation of leaf appearance rate for spring and winter wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2449-2462. [PMID: 30785619 PMCID: PMC6487592 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Accurate predictions of the timing of physiological stages and the development rate are crucial for predicting crop performance under field conditions. Plant development is controlled by the leaf appearance rate (LAR) and our understanding of how LAR responds to environmental factors is still limited. Here, we tested the hypothesis that carbon availability may account for the effects of irradiance, photoperiod, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and ontogeny on LAR. We conducted three experiments in growth chambers to quantify and disentangle these effects for both winter and spring wheat cultivars. Variations of LAR observed between environmental scenarios were well explained by the supply/demand ratio for carbon, quantified using the photothermal quotient. We therefore developed an ecophysiological model based on the photothermal quotient that accounts for the effects of temperature, irradiance, photoperiod, and ontogeny on LAR. Comparisons of observed leaf stages and LAR with simulations from our model, from a linear thermal-time model, and from a segmented linear thermal-time model corrected for sowing date showed that our model can simulate the observed changes in LAR in the field with the lowest error. Our findings demonstrate that a hypothesis-driven approach that incorporates more physiology in specific processes of crop models can increase their predictive power under variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Baumont
- LEPSE, Université Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Parent
- LEPSE, Université Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Manceau
- LEPSE, Université Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hamish E Brown
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bertrand Muller
- LEPSE, Université Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Martre
- LEPSE, Université Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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30
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Caldana C, Martins MCM, Mubeen U, Urrea-Castellanos R. The magic 'hammer' of TOR: the multiple faces of a single pathway in the metabolic regulation of plant growth and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2217-2225. [PMID: 30722050 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway has emerged as a central hub synchronizing plant growth according to the nutrient/energy status and environmental inputs. Molecular mechanisms through which TOR promotes plant growth involve the positive regulation of transcription of cell proliferation-associated genes, mRNA translation initiation and ribosome biogenesis, to cite a few examples. Phytohormones, light, sugars, and sulfur have been found to broadly regulate TOR activity. TOR operates as a metabolic homeostat to fine-tune anabolic processes and efficiently enable plant growth under different circumstances. However, little is known about the multiple effectors that act up- and downstream of TOR. Here, we mainly discuss recent findings related to the TOR pathway in the context of plant metabolism and highlight areas of interest that need to be addressed to keep unravelling the intricate networks governing the regulation of TOR and its function in controlling biosynthetic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Umarah Mubeen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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31
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de Souza Mateus N, Victor de Oliveira Ferreira E, Arthur Junior JC, Domec JC, Jordan-Meille L, Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves J, Lavres J. The ideal percentage of K substitution by Na in Eucalyptus seedlings: Evidences from leaf carbon isotopic composition, leaf gas exchanges and plant growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 137:102-112. [PMID: 30771564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is the most required macronutrient by Eucalyptus, while sodium (Na) can partially substitute some physiological functions of K and have a positive response on plant growth in K-depleted tropical soils. However, the right percentage of K substitution by Na is not yet known for Eucalyptus seedlings, since a few experiments have only compared treatments receiving K or Na. This study evaluated five levels of Na supply (0, 0.45, 0.90, 1.35 and 1.80 mM) as substitution for K in Eucalyptus seedlings grown in nutrient solution. Plants growth, biomass, K-nutritional status, leaf gas exchange, leaf carbon isotopic composition (δ13C ‰), leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf area (LA), stomatal density (SD) and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured. The highest total biomass yield was achieved by the Na estimated rate of 0.25 mM, corresponding to a leaf K: Na ratio of 3.41, and having the lowest δ13C values. Conversely, the highest Na rate (1.8 mM) induced K deficiency symptoms, lower growth, reduced total dry matter yield, leaf gas exchange, LA, SD and a higher δ13C, which presented a trend to an inverse correlation with CO2 assimilation rate (A), WUE and shoot dry matter. Collectively, our results conclude that substitution of 25% of K by Na (0.45 mM of Na) provided significant gains in nutritional status and positive plant physiological responses by increasing WUE, stomatal diffusion, and by augmenting CO2 uptake efficiency. This nutritional management can therefore be an alternative option to optimize yields and resource use efficiencies in Eucalyptus cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas de Souza Mateus
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, 303 Ave. Centenário, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Arthur Junior
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Florestal, BR-465 Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Lavres
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, 303 Ave. Centenário, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil.
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32
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Fricke W. Night-Time Transpiration - Favouring Growth? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:311-317. [PMID: 30770287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants grow and transpire water during the day and night. Recent work highlights the idea that night-time transpirational water loss is a consequence of allowing respiratory CO2 to escape at sufficiently high rates through stomata. Respiration fuels night-time leaf expansion and requires carbohydrates produced during the day. As carbohydrate availability and growth are under the control of the plants' internal clock, so is night-time transpiration. The cost of night-time transpiration is that water is lost without carbon being gained, the benefit is a higher efficiency of taken up water for use in leaf expansion. This could provide a stress acclimation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; https://people.ucd.ie/wieland.fricke.
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33
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Hilty J, Pook C, Leuzinger S. Water relations determine short time leaf growth patterns in the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:527-535. [PMID: 30171613 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution leaf growth is rarely studied despite its importance as a metric for plant performance and resource use efficiency. This is in part due to methodological challenges. Here, we present a method for in situ leaf growth measurements in a natural environment. We measured instantaneous leaf growth on a mature Avicennia marina subsp. australasica tree over several weeks. We measured leaf expansion by taking time-lapse images and analysing them using marker tracking software. A custom-made instrument was designed to enable long-term field studies. We detected a distinct diel growth pattern with leaf area shrinkage in the morning and leaf expansion in the afternoon and at night. On average, the observed daily shrinkage was 37% of the net growth. Most of the net growth occurred at night. Diel leaf area shrinkage and recovery continued after growth cessation. The amount of daily growth was negatively correlated with shrinkage, and instantaneous leaf growth and shrinkage were correlated with changes in leaf turgor. We conclude that, at least in this tree species, instantaneous leaf growth patterns are very strongly linked to, and most likely driven by, leaf water relations, suggesting decoupling of short-term growth patterns from carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hilty
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Pook
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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34
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Küstner L, Nägele T, Heyer AG. Mathematical modeling of diurnal patterns of carbon allocation to shoot and root in Arabidopsis thaliana. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2019; 5:4. [PMID: 30701083 PMCID: PMC6346032 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a mathematical model to simulate dynamics of central carbon metabolism over complete diurnal cycles for leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to either normal (120 µmol m-2 s-1) or high light intensities (1200 µmol m- 2 s-1). The main objective was to obtain a high-resolution time series for metabolite dynamics as well as for shoot structural carbon formation (compounds with long residence time) and assimilate export of aerial organs to the sink tissue. Model development comprised a stepwise increment of complexity to finally approach the in vivo situation. The correct allocation of assimilates to either sink export or shoot structural carbon formation was a central goal of model development. Diurnal gain of structural carbon was calculated based on the daily increment in total photosynthetic carbon fixation, and this was the only parameter for structural carbon formation implemented in the model. Simulations of the dynamics of central metabolite pools revealed that shoot structural carbon formation occurred solely during the light phase but not during the night. The model allowed simulation of shoot structural carbon formation as a function of central leaf carbon metabolism under different environmental conditions without structural modifications. Model simulations were performed for the accession Landsberg erecta (Ler) and its hexokinase null-mutant gin2-1. This mutant displays a slow growth phenotype especially at increasing light intensities. Comparison of simulations revealed that the retarded shoot growth in the mutant resulted from an increased assimilate transport to sink organs. Due to its central function in sucrose cycling and sugar signaling, our findings suggest an important role of hexokinase-1 for carbon allocation to either shoot growth or assimilate export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Küstner
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Arnd G. Heyer
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Rakocevic M, Matsunaga FT. Variations in leaf growth parameters within the tree structure of adult Coffea arabica in relation to seasonal growth, water availability and air carbon dioxide concentration. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:117-131. [PMID: 29659697 PMCID: PMC6025198 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dynamics in branch and leaf growth parameters, such as the phyllochron, duration of leaf expansion, leaf life span and bud mortality, determine tree architecture and canopy foliage distribution. We aimed to estimate leaf growth parameters in adult Arabica coffee plants based on leaf supporter axis order and position along the vertical profile, considering their modifications related to seasonal growth, air [CO2] and water availability. METHODS Growth and mortality of leaves and terminal buds of adult Arabica coffee trees were followed in two independent field experiments in two sub-tropical climate regions of Brazil, Londrina-PR (Cfa) and Jaguariúna-SP (Cwa). In the Cwa climate, coffee trees were grown under a FACE (free air CO2 enrichment) facility, where half of those had been irrigated. Plants were observed at a 15-30 d frequency for 1 year. Leaf growth parameters were estimated on five axes orders and expressed as functions of accumulated thermal time (°Cd per leaf). KEY RESULTS The phyllochron and duration of leaf expansion increased with axis order, from the seond to the fourth. The phyllochron and life span during the reduced vegetative seasonal growth were greater than during active growth. It took more thermal time for leaves from the first- to fourth-order axes to expand their blades under irrigation compared with rainfed conditions. The compensation effects of high [CO2] for low water availability were observed on leaf retention on the second and third axes orders, and duration of leaf expansion on the first- and fourth-order axes. The second-degree polynomials modelled leaf growth parameter distribution in the vertical tree profile, and linear regressions modelled the proportion of terminal bud mortality. CONCLUSIONS Leaf growth parameters in coffee plants were determined by axis order. The duration of leaf expansion contributed to phyllochron determination. Leaf growth parameters varied according the position of the axis supporter along the vertical profile, suggesting an effect of axes age and micro-environmental light modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Rakocevic
- Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Embrapa Environment, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- UNICAMP, Institute of Biology, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Liu T, Ren T, White PJ, Cong R, Lu J. Storage nitrogen co-ordinates leaf expansion and photosynthetic capacity in winter oilseed rape. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2995-3007. [PMID: 29669007 PMCID: PMC5972566 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Storage nitrogen (N) is a buffer pool for maintaining leaf growth and synthesizing photosynthetic proteins, but the dynamics of its forms within the life cycle of a single leaf and how it is influenced by N supply remain poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted to estimate the influence of N supply on leaf growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and N partitioning inthe sixth leaf of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) from emergence through senescence. Storage N content (Nstore) decreased gradually along with leaf expansion. The relative growth rate based on leaf area (RGRa) was positively correlated with Nstore during leaf expansion. The water-soluble protein form of storage N was the main N source for leaf expansion. After the leaves fully expanded, the net photosynthetic rate (An) followed a linear-plateau response to Nstore, with An stabilizing at the highest value above a threshold and declining below the threshold. Non-protein and SDS (detergent)-soluble protein forms of storage N were the main N sources for maintaining photosynthesis. For the leaf N economy, storage N is used for co-ordinating leaf expansion and photosynthetic capacity. N supply can improve Nstore, thereby promoting leaf growth and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Rihuan Cong
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Tardieu F, Simonneau T, Muller B. The Physiological Basis of Drought Tolerance in Crop Plants: A Scenario-Dependent Probabilistic Approach. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:733-759. [PMID: 29553801 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought tolerance involves mechanisms operating at different spatial and temporal scales, from rapid stomatal closure to maintenance of crop yield. We review how short-term mechanisms are controlled for stabilizing shoot water potential and how long-term processes have been constrained by evolution or breeding to fit into acclimation strategies for specific drought scenarios. These short- or long-term feedback processes participate in trade-offs between carbon accumulation and the risk of deleterious soil water depletion. Corresponding traits and alleles may therefore have positive or negative effects on crop yield depending on drought scenarios. We propose an approach that analyzes the genetic architecture of traits in phenotyping platforms and of yield in tens of field experiments. A combination of modeling and genomic prediction is then used to estimate the comparative interests of combinations of alleles depending on drought scenarios. Hence, drought tolerance is understood probabilistically by estimating the benefit and risk of each combination of alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Tardieu
- INRA, Université Montpellier, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, F-34060 Montpellier, France;
| | - Thierry Simonneau
- INRA, Université Montpellier, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, F-34060 Montpellier, France;
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRA, Université Montpellier, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, F-34060 Montpellier, France;
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Yu X, Wang X, Hyldgaard B, Zhu Z, Zhou R, Kjaer KH, Ouzounis T, Lou Q, Li J, Cai Q, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO, Chen J. Allopolyploidization in Cucumis contributes to delayed leaf maturation with repression of redundant homoeologous genes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:393-404. [PMID: 29421854 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The important role of polyploidy in plant evolution is widely recognized. However, many questions remain to be explored to address how polyploidy affects the phenotype of the plant. To shed light on the phenotypic and molecular impacts of allopolyploidy, we investigated the leaf development of a synthesized allotetraploid (Cucumis × hytivus), with an emphasis on chlorophyll development. Delayed leaf maturation was identified in C. × hytivus, based on delayed leaf expansion, initial chlorophyll deficiency in the leaves and disordered sink-source transition. Anatomical observations also revealed disturbed chloroplast development in C. ×hytivus. The determination of chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediates suggested that the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway of C. × hytivus is blocked at the site at which uroporphyrinogen III is catalysed to coproporphyrinogen III. Three chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes, HEMA1, HEME2 and POR, were significantly repressed in C. × hytivus. Sequence alignment showed both synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions in the HEMA1, HEME2 and POR genes of the parents. Cloning of the chlorophyll biosynthetic genes suggested the retention of homoeologs. In addition, a chimeric clone of the HEMA1 gene that consisted of homologous genes from the parents was identified in C. × hytivus. Overall, our results showed that allopolyploidization in Cucumis has resulted in disturbed chloroplast development and reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis caused by the repressed expression of duplicated homologous genes, which further led to delayed leaf maturation in the allotetraploid, C. × hytivus. The preferential retention/loss of certain types of genes and non-reciprocal homoeologous recombination were also supported in the present study, which provides new insights into the impact of allopolyploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Zaobing Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Vegetable Research Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Theoharis Ouzounis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingsheng Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jinfeng Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Effect of Paclobutrazol Application on Plant Photosynthetic Performance and Leaf Greenness of Herbaceous Peony. HORTICULTURAE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae4010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paclobutrazol (PBZ) has been associated with effects on the photosynthetic capacity of plants. PBZ affects the growth and development of plants in general. However, little is known about the effects of PBZ on photosynthetic performance and related anatomical features of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) leaves. In the present study, PBZ application resulted in a significant reduction in peony plant height. Furthermore, PBZ application significantly increased photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE), but significantly decreased intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) at some stages from the bolting stage to the bud stage of the plants, compared to controls. Moreover, PBZ application increased the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP) and intrinsic PSII efficiency (ΦPSII), but decreased the coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Leaves treated with PBZ had a heavy aggregation of chloroplasts close to the cell wall, with distinct grana lamellae, more and bigger starch grains (on average for a chloroplast), and fewer plastoglobuli, as compared to the control. PBZ increased chlorophyll content (SPAD) and the number of chloroplasts in individual cells in the foliar ultrastructure. PBZ-treated leaves had a darker green color with decreased luminosity (L*) and increased hue angle (h°). The results indicated that plants treated with PBZ were superior in terms of increased photosynthetic characteristics when compared with untreated controls. The direct cause of the increase in Pn and leaf greenness of PBZ-treated P. lactiflora may be the increase in chlorophyll content.
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Verbančič J, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Persson S. Carbon Supply and the Regulation of Cell Wall Synthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:75-94. [PMID: 29054565 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of polysaccharides and represent the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both for individual plants and in the terrestrial biosphere as a whole. Cell wall synthesis is a highly sophisticated process, involving multiple enzymes and metabolic intermediates, intracellular trafficking of proteins and cell wall precursors, assembly of cell wall polymers into the extracellular matrix, remodeling of polymers and their interactions, and recycling of cell wall sugars. In this review we discuss how newly fixed carbon, in the form of UDP-glucose and other nucleotide sugars, contributes to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, and how cell wall synthesis is influenced by the carbon status of the plant, with a focus on the model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Pantin F, Blatt MR. Stomatal Response to Humidity: Blurring the Boundary between Active and Passive Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:485-488. [PMID: 29317526 PMCID: PMC5761758 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two recent publications suggest that VPD drives stomatal conductance independent of ABA and that hydropassive and active stomatal movements are interlocked within a single, mechanistic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pantin
- LEPSE Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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42
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Onyango DA, Entila F, Dida MM, Ismail AM, Drame KN. Mechanistic understanding of iron toxicity tolerance in contrasting rice varieties from Africa: 1. Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 46:93-105. [PMID: 30939261 PMCID: PMC7705132 DOI: 10.1071/fp18129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a fundamental element involved in various plant metabolic processes. However, when Fe uptake is excessive, it becomes toxic to the plant and disrupts cellular homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying tolerance to Fe toxicity in contrasting rice varieties adapted to African environments. Four varieties (CK801 and Suakoko 8 (tolerant), Supa and IR64 (sensitive)) selected from our previous work were analysed in more detail, and the first part of this study reports morphological, physiological and biochemical responses induced by Fe toxicity in these four varieties. Morphological (shoot length, root length, number of lateral roots), physiological (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, fluorescence, relative water content and cell membrane stability) and biochemical (tissue Fe, chlorophyll pigments, soluble sugars, protein and starch) traits were measured, as appropriate, on both shoot and root tissues and at different time points during the stress period. Fe toxicity significantly (P≤0.05) reduced growth and metabolism of all the four varieties. Tolerant varieties showed more lateral roots than the sensitive ones, under Fe toxic conditions as well as higher photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content and cell membrane stability. Strong dilution of Fe concentration in cells was identified, as one of the additional tolerance mechanisms used by CK801, whereas Suakoko 8 mainly used strong mobilisation of carbohydrates at the early stage of the stress period to anticipate metabolite shortage. Traits associated with Fe toxicity tolerance in this study could be specifically targeted in trait-based breeding programs of superior lowland rice varieties tolerant of Fe toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A. Onyango
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP 4029, Abidjan 01, Cote d’Ivoire
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Maseno University, Private bag, Maseno, Kenya
- Present address: Biosciences of east and central Africa, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi-Kenya
| | - Fredrickson Entila
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Mathew M. Dida
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Maseno University, Private bag, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Abdelbagi M. Ismail
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Khady N. Drame
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), 01 BP 4029, Abidjan 01, Cote d’Ivoire
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Pfeifer J, Mielewczik M, Friedli M, Kirchgessner N, Walter A. Non-destructive measurement of soybean leaf thickness via X-ray computed tomography allows the study of diel leaf growth rhythms in the third dimension. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:111-124. [PMID: 28770485 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Present-day high-resolution leaf growth measurements provide exciting insights into diel (24-h) leaf growth rhythms and their control by the circadian clock, which match photosynthesis with oscillating environmental conditions. However, these methods are based on measurements of leaf area or elongation and neglect diel changes of leaf thickness. In contrast, the influence of various environmental stress factors to which leaves are exposed to during growth on the final leaf thickness has been studied extensively. Yet, these studies cannot elucidate how variation in leaf area and thickness are simultaneously regulated and influenced on smaller time scales. Only few methods are available to measure the thickness of young, growing leaves non-destructively. Therefore, we evaluated X-ray computed tomography to simultaneously and non-invasively record diel changes and growth of leaf thickness and area. Using conventional imaging and X-ray computed tomography leaf area, thickness and volume growth of young soybean leaves were simultaneously and non-destructively monitored at three cardinal time points during night and day for a period of 80 h under non-stressful growth conditions. Reference thickness measurements on paperboards were in good agreement to CT measurements. Comparison of CT with leaf mass data further proved the consistency of our method. Exploratory analysis showed that measurements were accurate enough for recording and analyzing relative diel changes of leaf thickness, which were considerably different to those of leaf area. Relative growth rates of leaf area were consistently positive and highest during 'nights', while diel changes in thickness fluctuated more and were temporarily negative, particularly during 'evenings'. The method is suitable for non-invasive, accurate monitoring of diel variation in leaf volume. Moreover, our results indicate that diel rhythms of leaf area and thickness show some similarity but are not tightly coupled. These differences could be due to both intrinsic control mechanisms and different sensitivities to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pfeifer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Mielewczik
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, ICTEM building, 3rd floor, London, UK
| | - Michael Friedli
- FiBL, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Kirchgessner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Walter
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kim JA, Kim HS, Choi SH, Jang JY, Jeong MJ, Lee SI. The Importance of the Circadian Clock in Regulating Plant Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2680. [PMID: 29232921 PMCID: PMC5751282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for plant development. Plants synthesize sucrose in source organs and transport them to sink organs during plant growth. This metabolism is sensitive to environmental changes in light quantity, quality, and photoperiod. In the daytime, the synthesis of sucrose and starch accumulates, and starch is degraded at nighttime. The circadian clock genes provide plants with information on the daily environmental changes and directly control many developmental processes, which are related to the path of primary metabolites throughout the life cycle. The circadian clock mechanism and processes of metabolism controlled by the circadian rhythm were studied in the model plant Arabidopsis and in the crops potato and rice. However, the translation of molecular mechanisms obtained from studies of model plants to crop plants is still difficult. Crop plants have specific organs such as edible seed and tuber that increase the size or accumulate valuable metabolites by harvestable metabolic components. Human consumers are interested in the regulation and promotion of these agriculturally significant crops. Circadian clock manipulation may suggest various strategies for the increased productivity of food crops through using environmental signal or overcoming environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant System Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Seo-Hwa Choi
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Jang
- Plant System Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Mi-Jeong Jeong
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Korea.
| | - Soo In Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Korea.
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Bu TT, Shen J, Chao Q, Shen Z, Yan Z, Zheng HY, Wang BC. Dynamic N-glycoproteome analysis of maize seedling leaves during de-etiolation using Concanavalin A lectin affinity chromatography and a nano-LC-MS/MS-based iTRAQ approach. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1943-1958. [PMID: 28942497 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of N -glycosylated proteins with information about changes in the level of N -glycosylation during de-etiolation provides a database that will aid further research on plant N -glycosylation and de-etiolation. N-glycosylation is one of the most prominent and abundant protein post-translational modifications in all eukaryotes and in plants it plays important roles in development, stress tolerance and immune responses. Because light-induced de-etiolation is one of the most dramatic developmental processes known in plants, seedlings undergoing de-etiolation are an excellent model for investigating dynamic proteomic profiles. Here, we present a comprehensive, quantitative N-glycoproteomic profile of maize seedlings undergoing 12 h of de-etiolation obtained using Concanavalin A (Con A) lectin affinity chromatography enrichment coupled with a nano-LC-MS/MS-based iTRAQ approach. In total, 1084 unique N-glycopeptides carrying 909 N-glycosylation sites and corresponding to 609 proteins were identified and quantified, including 186 N-glycosylation sites from 162 proteins that were significantly regulated over the course of the 12 h de-etiolation period. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis, the significantly regulated N-glycopeptides were divided into seven clusters that showed different N-glycosylation patterns during de-etiolation. We found no obvious difference in the enriched MapMan bincode categories for each cluster, and these clustered significantly regulated N-glycoproteins (SRNPs) are enriched in miscellaneous, protein, cell wall and signaling, indicating that although the N-glycosylation regulation patterns of these SRNPs might differ, they are involved in similar biological processes. Overall, this study represents the first large-scale quantitative N-glycoproteome of the model C4 plant, maize, which is one of the most important cereal and biofuel crops. Our results greatly expand the maize N-glycoproteomic database and also shed light on the potential roles of N-glycosylation modification during the greening of maize leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Bu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhuo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zheng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert-Wood Johnson Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Bai-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Seluzicki A, Burko Y, Chory J. Dancing in the dark: darkness as a signal in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2487-2501. [PMID: 28044340 PMCID: PMC6110299 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Daily cycles of light and dark provide an organizing principle and temporal constraints under which life on Earth evolved. While light is often the focus of plant studies, it is only half the story. Plants continuously adjust to their surroundings, taking both dawn and dusk as cues to organize their growth, development and metabolism to appropriate times of day. In this review, we examine the effects of darkness on plant physiology and growth. We describe the similarities and differences between seedlings grown in the dark versus those grown in light-dark cycles, and the evolution of etiolated growth. We discuss the integration of the circadian clock into other processes, looking carefully at the points of contact between clock genes and growth-promoting gene-regulatory networks in temporal gating of growth. We also examine daily starch accumulation and degradation, and the possible contribution of dark-specific metabolic controls in regulating energy and growth. Examining these studies together reveals a complex and continuous balancing act, with many signals, dark included, contributing information and guiding the plant through its life cycle. The extraordinary interconnection between light and dark is manifest during cycles of day and night and during seedling emergence above versus below the soil surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Seluzicki
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Plant Biology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yogev Burko
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Plant Biology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Plant Biology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Apelt F, Breuer D, Olas JJ, Annunziata MG, Flis A, Nikoloski Z, Kragler F, Stitt M. Circadian, Carbon, and Light Control of Expansion Growth and Leaf Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1949-1968. [PMID: 28559360 PMCID: PMC5490918 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We used Phytotyping4D to investigate the contribution of clock and light signaling to the diurnal regulation of rosette expansion growth and leaf movement in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Wild-type plants and clock mutants with a short (lhycca1) and long (prr7prr9) period were analyzed in a T24 cycle and in T-cycles that were closer to the mutants' period. Wild types also were analyzed in various photoperiods and after transfer to free-running light or darkness. Rosette expansion and leaf movement exhibited a circadian oscillation, with superimposed transients after dawn and dusk. Diurnal responses were modified in clock mutants. lhycca1 exhibited an inhibition of growth at the end of night and growth rose earlier after dawn, whereas prr7prr9 showed decreased growth for the first part of the light period. Some features were partly rescued by a matching T-cycle, like the inhibition in lhycca1 at the end of the night, indicating that it is due to premature exhaustion of starch. Other features were not rescued, revealing that the clock also regulates expansion growth more directly. Expansion growth was faster at night than in the daytime, whereas published work has shown that the synthesis of cellular components is faster in the day than at nighttime. This temporal uncoupling became larger in short photoperiods and may reflect the differing dependence of expansion and biosynthesis on energy, carbon, and water. While it has been proposed that leaf expansion and movement are causally linked, we did not observe a consistent temporal relationship between expansion and leaf movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Apelt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Breuer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Flis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Tardieu F, Parent B. Predictable 'meta-mechanisms' emerge from feedbacks between transpiration and plant growth and cannot be simply deduced from short-term mechanisms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:846-857. [PMID: 27569520 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Growth under water deficit is controlled by short-term mechanisms but, because of numerous feedbacks, the combination of these mechanisms over time often results in outputs that cannot be deduced from the simple inspection of individual mechanisms. It can be analysed with dynamic models in which causal relationships between variables are considered at each time-step, allowing calculation of outputs that are routed back to inputs for the next time-step and that can change the system itself. We first review physiological mechanisms involved in seven feedbacks of transpiration on plant growth, involving changes in tissue hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, plant architecture and underlying factors such as hormones or aquaporins. The combination of these mechanisms over time can result in non-straightforward conclusions as shown by examples of simulation outputs: 'over production of abscisic acid (ABA) can cause a lower concentration of ABA in the xylem sap ', 'decreasing root hydraulic conductance when evaporative demand is maximum can improve plant performance' and 'rapid root growth can decrease yield'. Systems of equations simulating feedbacks over numerous time-steps result in logical and reproducible emergent properties that can be viewed as 'meta-mechanisms' at plant level, which have similar roles as mechanisms at cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Tardieu
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | - Boris Parent
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Montpellier, F-34060, France
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Manandhar A, Sinclair TR, Rufty TW, Ghanem ME. Leaf emergence (phyllochron index) and leaf expansion response to soil drying in cowpea genotypes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:201-208. [PMID: 28075015 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drought can result in severely decreased leaf area development, which impacts plant growth and yield. However, rarely is leaf emergence or leaf expansion separated to resolve the relative sensitivity to water-deficit of these two processes. Experiments were undertaken to impose drought over approximately 2 weeks for eight cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes grown in pots under controlled environmental conditions. Daily measures of phyllochron index (PI, leaf emergence) and leaf area increase (leaf expansion) were obtained. Each of these measures was referenced against volumetric soil water content, i.e. fraction transpirable soil water. Although there was no clear difference between leaf emergence and leaf expansion in sensitivity to drying soil, both processes were more sensitive to soil drying than plant transpiration rate. Genotypic differences in the soil water content at the initiation of the decline in PI were identified. However, no consistent difference in sensitivity to water-deficit in leaf expansion was found. The difference in leaf emergence among genotypes in sensitivity to soil drying can now be exploited to provide guidance for plant improvement and crop yield increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Manandhar
- Crop and Soil Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620, USA
| | - Thomas R Sinclair
- Crop and Soil Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620, USA
| | - Thomas W Rufty
- Crop and Soil Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620, USA
| | - Michel E Ghanem
- Department of Physiology, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
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50
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Carins Murphy MR, Dow GJ, Jordan GJ, Brodribb TJ. Vein density is independent of epidermal cell size in Arabidopsis mutants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:410-418. [PMID: 32480574 DOI: 10.1071/fp16299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Densities of leaf minor veins and stomata are co-ordinated within and across vascular plants. This maximises the benefit-to-cost ratio of leaf construction by ensuring stomata receive the minimum amount of water required to maintain optimal aperture. A 'passive dilution' mechanism in which densities of veins and stomata are co-regulated by epidermal cell size is thought to facilitate this co-ordination. However, unlike stomata, veins are spatially isolated from the epidermis and thus may not be directly regulated by epidermal cell expansion. Here, we use mutant genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. with altered stomatal and epidermal cell development to test this mechanism. To do this we compared observed relationships between vein density and epidermal cell size with modelled relationships that assume veins and stomata are passively diluted by epidermal cell expansion. Data from wild-type plants were consistent with the 'passive dilution' mechanism, but in mutant genotypes vein density was independent of epidermal cell size. Hence, vein density is not causally linked to epidermal cell expansion. This suggests that adaptation favours synchronised changes to the cell size of different leaf tissues to coordinate veins and stomata, and thus balance water supply with transpirational demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R Carins Murphy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | - Graham J Dow
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
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