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Caldana C, Carrari F, Fernie AR, Sampathkumar A. How metabolism and development are intertwined in space and time. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:347-359. [PMID: 37433681 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental transitions, occurring throughout the life cycle of plants, require precise regulation of metabolic processes to generate the energy and resources necessary for the committed growth processes. In parallel, the establishment of new cells, tissues, and even organs, alongside their differentiation provoke profound changes in metabolism. It is increasingly being recognized that there is a certain degree of feedback regulation between the components and products of metabolic pathways and developmental regulators. The generation of large-scale metabolomics datasets during developmental transitions, in combination with molecular genetic approaches has helped to further our knowledge on the functional importance of metabolic regulation of development. In this perspective article, we provide insights into studies that elucidate interactions between metabolism and development at the temporal and spatial scales. We additionally discuss how this influences cell growth-related processes. We also highlight how metabolic intermediates function as signaling molecules to direct plant development in response to changing internal and external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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2
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Rojas BE, Iglesias AA. Integrating multiple regulations on enzyme activity: the case of phospho enolpyruvate carboxykinases. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad053. [PMID: 37608926 PMCID: PMC10441589 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Data on protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) increased exponentially in the last years due to the refinement of mass spectrometry techniques and the development of databases to store and share datasets. Nevertheless, these data per se do not create comprehensive biochemical knowledge. Complementary studies on protein biochemistry are necessary to fully understand the function of these PTMs at the molecular level and beyond, for example, designing rational metabolic engineering strategies to improve crops. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases (PEPCKs) are critical enzymes for plant metabolism with diverse roles in plant development and growth. Multiple lines of evidence showed the complex regulation of PEPCKs, including PTMs. Herein, we present PEPCKs as an example of the integration of combined mechanisms modulating enzyme activity and metabolic pathways. PEPCK studies strongly advanced after the production of the recombinant enzyme and the establishment of standardized biochemical assays. Finally, we discuss emerging open questions for future research and the challenges in integrating all available data into functional biochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno E Rojas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
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3
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Taboada J, González-Gordo S, Muñoz-Vargas MA, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. NADP-Dependent Malic Enzyme Genes in Sweet Pepper Fruits: Involvement in Ripening and Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2353. [PMID: 37375977 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
NADPH is an indispensable cofactor in a wide range of physiological processes that is generated by a family of NADPH dehydrogenases, of which the NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME) is a member. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit is a horticultural product consumed worldwide that has great nutritional and economic relevance. Besides the phenotypical changes that pepper fruit undergoes during ripening, there are many associated modifications at transcriptomic, proteome, biochemical and metabolic levels. Nitric oxide (NO) is a recognized signal molecule with regulatory functions in diverse plant processes. To our knowledge, there is very scarce information about the number of genes encoding for NADP-ME in pepper plants and their expression during the ripening of sweet pepper fruit. Using a data mining approach to evaluate the pepper plant genome and fruit transcriptome (RNA-seq), five NADP-ME genes were identified, and four of them, namely CaNADP-ME2 to CaNADP-ME5, were expressed in fruit. The time course expression analysis of these genes during different fruit ripening stages, including green immature (G), breaking point (BP) and red ripe (R), showed that they were differentially modulated. Thus, while CaNADP-ME3 and CaNADP-ME5 were upregulated, CaNADP-ME2 and CaNADP-ME4 were downregulated. Exogenous NO treatment of fruit triggered the downregulation of CaNADP-ME4. We obtained a 50-75% ammonium-sulfate-enriched protein fraction containing CaNADP-ME enzyme activity, and this was assayed via non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results allow us to identify four isozymes designated from CaNADP-ME I to CaNADP-ME IV. Taken together, the data provide new pieces of information on the CaNADP-ME system with the identification of five CaNADP-ME genes and how the four genes expressed in pepper fruits are modulated during ripening and exogenous NO gas treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Taboada
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Vallarino JG, Jun H, Wang S, Wang X, Sade N, Orf I, Zhang D, Shi J, Shen S, Cuadros-Inostroza Á, Xu Q, Luo J, Fernie AR, Brotman Y. Limitations and advantages of using metabolite-based genome-wide association studies: focus on fruit quality traits. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 333:111748. [PMID: 37230189 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, linkage mapping has help in the location of metabolite quantitative trait loci (QTL) in many species; however, this approach shows some limitations. Recently, thanks to the most recent advanced in high-throughput genotyping technologies like next-generation sequencing, metabolite genome-wide association study (mGWAS) has been proposed a powerful tool to identify the genetic variants in polygenic agrinomic traits. Fruit flavor is a complex interaction of aroma volatiles and taste being sugar and acid ratio key parameter for flavor acceptance. Here, we review recent progress of mGWAS in pinpoint gene polymorphisms related to flavor-related metabolites in fruits. Despite clear successes in discovering novel genes or regions associated with metabolite accumulation affecting sensory attributes in fruits, GWAS incurs in several limitations summarized in this review. In addition, in our own work, we performed mGWAS on 194 Citrus grandis accessions to investigate the genetic control of individual primary and lipid metabolites in ripe fruit. We have identified a total of 667 associations for 14 primary metabolites including amino acids, sugars, and organic acids, and 768 associations corresponding to 47 lipids. Furthermore, candidate genes related to important metabolites related to fruit quality such as sugars, organic acids and lipids were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vallarino
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Hong Jun
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | | | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nir Sade
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B. 39040, 55 Haim Levanon St., Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel
| | - Isabel Orf
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangqian Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Root Biology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 1 Am Mühlenberg, Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany; Department of Plant Metabolomics, Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 139 Ruski Blvd., Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
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5
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Wijesingha Ahchige M, Fernie AR, Alseekh S. PANTOTHENATE KINASE4, LOSS OF GDU2, and TRANSPOSON PROTEIN1 affect the canalization of tomato fruit metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:442-468. [PMID: 36794426 PMCID: PMC10152668 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Most studies investigating quantitative traits focus on mean levels per genotype rather than the variation between different individuals of one genotype or the variation elicited by different environments. Consequently, the genes that govern this effect are not well understood. The concept, named canalization, which describes a lack of variation, is well known in the context of developmental processes but is poorly studied for quantitative traits such as metabolism. In this study, we selected 8 putative candidate genes from previously identified canalized metabolic quantitative trait loci and created genome-edited tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants of these genes for experimental validation. Most lines showed wild-type morphology, except for an ARF-like protein mutant showing aberrant phenotypes in the form of scarred fruit cuticles. In greenhouse trials with different irrigation conditions, whole-plant traits showed a general increase of their level toward the more optimal irrigation conditions, whereas most metabolic traits showed an increase toward the other end of the gradient. Mutants of a PANTOTHENATE KINASE 4, the AIRP ubiquitin gene LOSS OF GDU2, and TRANSPOSON PROTEIN 1 grown under these conditions showed an overall improved plant performance. Additional effects, on both target and other metabolites in tomato fruits, regarding the mean level at specific conditions and, ergo, the cross-environment coefficient of variation, were observed. However, variation between individuals remained unaffected. In conclusion, this study supports the idea of distinct sets of genes regulating different types of variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Wijesingha Ahchige
- Root Biology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Root Biology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Root Biology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
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6
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Yang M, Hou G, Peng Y, Wang L, Liu X, Jiang Y, He C, She M, Zhao M, Chen Q, Li M, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, He W, Wang X, Tang H, Luo Y. FaGAPC2/FaPKc2.2 and FaPEPCK reveal differential citric acid metabolism regulation in late development of strawberry fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138865. [PMID: 37082348 PMCID: PMC10110876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid is the primary organic acid that affects the taste of strawberry fruit. Glycolysis supplies key substrates for the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of glycolytic genes on citric acid metabolism in strawberry fruits. In this study, the citric acid content of strawberry fruit displayed a trend of rising and decreasing from the initial red stage to the full red stage and then dark red stage. Thus, a difference in citric acid metabolic regulation was suspected during strawberry fruit development. In addition, overexpression of either cytoplasm glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (FxaC_14g13400, namely FaGAPC2) or pyruvate kinase (FxaC_15g00080, namely FaPKc2.2) inhibited strawberry fruit ripening and the accumulation of citric acid, leading to a range of maturity stages from partial red to full red stage. The combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed that overexpression of FaGAPC2 and FaPKc2.2 significantly suppressed the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (FxaC_1g21491, namely FaPEPCK) but enhanced the content of glutamine and aspartic acid. Meanwhile, the activities of PEPCK and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) were inhibited, but the activities of glutamine synthase (GS) were increased in FaGAPC2/FaPKc2.2-overexpressed fruit. Further, functional verification demonstrated that overexpression of FaPEPCK can promote strawberry fruit ripening, resulting in a range of maturity stage from full red to dark red stage, while the citric acid synthase (CS) activities and citric acid content were significantly decreased. Overall, this study revealed that FaGAPC2/FaPKc2.2 and FaPEPCK perform an important role in reducing citric acid content in strawberry fruit, and FaGAPC2/FaPKc2.2 mainly by promoting the GS degradation pathway and FaPEPCK mainly by inhibiting the CS synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - GouYan Hou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - YuTing Peng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - LiangXin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - XiaoYang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - YuYan Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - CaiXia He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - MuSha She
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - ManTong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- Institute of Olericulture and Pomology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Institute of Olericulture and Pomology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Olericulture and Pomology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen He
- Institute of Olericulture and Pomology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Institute of Olericulture and Pomology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- Institute of Olericulture and Pomology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Wu R, Lin X, He J, Min A, Pang L, Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, He W, Li M, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Wang X, Tang H, Chen Q. Hexokinase1: A glucose sensor involved in drought stress response and sugar metabolism depending on its kinase activity in strawberry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1069830. [PMID: 36778691 PMCID: PMC9911861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1069830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase1 (HXK1) is a bifunctional enzyme that plays indispensable roles in plant growth, nitrogen utilization, and stress resistance. However, information on the HXK family members of strawberries and their functions in glucose sensing and metabolic regulation is scarce. In the present study, four HXKs were firstly identified in the genome of Fragaria vesca and F. pentaphylla. The conserved domains of the HXK1s were confirmed, and a site-directed mutation (S177A) was introduced into the FpHXK1. FpHXK1, which shares the highest identity with the AtHXK1 was able to restore the glucose sensitivity and developmental defects of the Arabidopsis gin2-1 mutant, but not its kinase-activity-impaired mutant (FpHXK1S177A ). The transcription of FpHXK1 was dramatically up-regulated under PEG-simulated drought stress conditions. The inhibition of the HXK kinase activity delayed the strawberry plant's responses to drought stress. Transient overexpression of the FpHXK1 and its kinase-impaired mutant differentially affected the level of glucose, sucrose, anthocyanins, and total phenols in strawberry fruits. All these results indicated that the FpHXK1, acting as a glucose sensor, was involved in drought stress response and sugar metabolism depending on its kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqin Wu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ximeng Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinwei He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ailing Min
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Pang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen He
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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8
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Zhang X, Li B, Duan R, Han C, Wang L, Yang J, Wang L, Wang S, Su Y, Xue H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Roles of Sucrose in Anthocyanin Accumulation in 'Kuerle Xiangli' ( Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061064. [PMID: 35741826 PMCID: PMC9222499 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pear (Pyrus L.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops worldwide, with considerable economic value and significant health benefits. Red-skinned pears have an attractive appearance and relatively high anthocyanin accumulation, and are especially favored by customers. Abnormal weather conditions usually reduce the coloration of red pears. The application of exogenous sucrose obviously promotes anthocyanins accumulation in ‘Kuerle Xiangli’ (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü); however, the underlying molecular mechanism of sucrose-mediated fruit coloration remains largely unknown. In this study, comprehensive transcriptome analysis was performed to identify the essential regulators and pathways associated with anthocyanin accumulation. The differentially expressed genes enriched in Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes items were analyzed. The transcript levels of some anthocyanin biosynthetic regulatory genes and structural genes were significantly induced by sucrose treatment. Sucrose application also stimulated the expression of some sugar transporter genes. Further RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the induction of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Taken together, the results revealed that sucrose promotes pear coloration most likely by regulating sugar metabolism and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the coloration of red-skinned pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Bo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Ruiwei Duan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Chunhong Han
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Conservation, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Long Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Suke Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Yanli Su
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Huabai Xue
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Conservation and Divergence of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Gene Family in Cotton. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111482. [PMID: 35684256 PMCID: PMC9182757 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is an important enzyme in plants, which regulates carbon flow through the TCA cycle and controls protein and oil biosynthesis. Although it is important, there is little research on PEPC in cotton, the most important fiber crop in the world. In this study, a total of 125 PEPCs were identified in 15 Gossypium genomes. All PEPC genes in cotton are divided into six groups and each group generally contains one PEPC member in each diploid cotton and two in each tetraploid cotton. This suggests that PEPC genes already existed in cotton before their divergence. There are additional PEPC sub-groups in other plant species, suggesting the different evolution and natural selection during different plant evolution. PEPC genes were independently evolved in each cotton sub-genome. During cotton domestication and evolution, certain PEPC genes were lost and new ones were born to face the new environmental changes and human being needs. The comprehensive analysis of collinearity events and selection pressure shows that genome-wide duplication and fragment duplication are the main methods for the expansion of the PEPC family, and they continue to undergo purification selection during the evolutionary process. PEPC genes were widely expressed with temporal and spatial patterns. The expression patterns of PEPC genes were similar in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense with a slight difference. PEPC2A and 2D were highly expressed in cotton reproductive tissues, including ovule and fiber at all tested developmental stages in both cultivated cottons. However, PEPC1A and 1D were dominantly expressed in vegetative tissues. Abiotic stress also induced the aberrant expression of PEPC genes, in which PEPC1 was induced by both chilling and salinity stresses while PEPC5 was induced by chilling and drought stresses. Each pair (A and D) of PEPC genes showed the similar response to cotton development and different abiotic stress, suggesting the similar function of these PEPCs no matter their origination from A or D sub-genome. However, some divergence was also observed among their origination, such as PEPC5D was induced but PEPC5A was inhibited in G. barbadense during drought treatment, suggesting that a different organized PEPC gene may evolve different functions during cotton evolution. During cotton polyploidization, the homologues genes may refunction and play different roles in different situations.
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10
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Sink Strength Promoting Remobilization of Non-Structural Carbohydrates by Activating Sugar Signaling in Rice Stem during Grain Filling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094864. [PMID: 35563255 PMCID: PMC9106009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The remobilization of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in the stem is essential for rice grain filling so as to improve grain yield. We conducted a two-year field experiment to deeply investigate their relationship. Two large-panicle rice varieties with similar spikelet size, CJ03 and W1844, were used to conduct two treatments (removing-spikelet group and control group). Compared to CJ03, W1844 had higher 1000-grain weight, especially for the grain growth of inferior spikelets (IS) after removing the spikelet. These results were mainly ascribed to the stronger sink strength of W1844 than that of CJ03 contrasting in the same group. The remobilization efficiency of NSC in the stem decreased significantly after removing the spikelet for both CJ03 and W1844, and the level of sugar signaling in the T6P-SnRK1 pathway was also significantly changed. However, W1844 outperformed CJ03 in terms of the efficiency of carbon reserve remobilization under the same treatments. More precisely, there was a significant difference during the early grain-filling stage in terms of the conversion of sucrose and starch. Interestingly, the sugar signaling of the T6P and SnRK1 pathways also represented an obvious change. Hence, sugar signaling may be promoted by sink strength to remobilize the NSCs of the rice stem during grain filling to further advance crop yield.
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11
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Liu XC, Lin XH, Liu SC, Zhu CQ, Grierson D, Li SJ, Chen KS. The effect of NH 4+ on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression, metabolic flux and citrate content of citrus juice sacs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:123-131. [PMID: 34352515 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Citrate is one of the most important metabolites determining the flavour of citrus fruit. It has been reported that nitrogen supply may have an impact on acid level of fruit. Here, the relationship between nitrogen metabolism and citrate catabolism was studied in pumelo juice sacs. Differences in metabolites, gene expression and flux distributions were analyzed in juice sacs incubated in medium with and without NH4+. Compared with those incubated with NH4+, juice sacs under nitrogen deficiency exhibited enhanced flux through phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and accelerated consumption of citrate, while the other two TCA cycle efflux points, through malic enzyme (ME) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), were both repressed. Consistent with the estimated fluxes, the expression of PEPCK1 was upregulated under nitrogen deficiency, while that of GDH1, GDH2, NAD-ME1 and NADP-ME2 were all repressed. Thus, we propose that PEPCK1 contributes to citrate degradation under nitrogen limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cheng Liu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Institute of Horticulture, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Xia-Hui Lin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Liu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chang-Qing Zhu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Shao-Jia Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China; The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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12
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Walker RP, Chen ZH, Famiani F. Gluconeogenesis in Plants: A Key Interface between Organic Acid/Amino Acid/Lipid and Sugar Metabolism. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175129. [PMID: 34500562 PMCID: PMC8434439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is a key interface between organic acid/amino acid/lipid and sugar metabolism. The aims of this article are four-fold. First, to provide a concise overview of plant gluconeogenesis. Second, to emphasise the widespread occurrence of gluconeogenesis and its utilisation in diverse processes. Third, to stress the importance of the vacuolar storage and release of Krebs cycle acids/nitrogenous compounds, and of the role of gluconeogenesis and malic enzyme in this process. Fourth, to outline the contribution of fine control of enzyme activity to the coordinate-regulation of gluconeogenesis and malate metabolism, and the importance of cytosolic pH in this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Walker
- Independent Researcher, Lancashire, Bolton BL2 3BG, UK
- Correspondence: (R.P.W.); (Z.-H.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Correspondence: (R.P.W.); (Z.-H.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.P.W.); (Z.-H.C.); (F.F.)
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13
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Cai Z, Yang C, Liao J, Song H, Zhang S. Sex-biased genes and metabolites explain morphologically sexual dimorphism and reproductive costs in Salix paraplesia catkins. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:125. [PMID: 34059667 PMCID: PMC8166972 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dioecious species evolved from species with monomorphic sex systems in order to achieve overall fitness gains by separating male and female functions. As reproductive organs, unisexual flowers have different reproductive roles and exhibit conspicuous sexual dimorphism. To date, little is known about the temporal variations in and molecular mechanisms underlying the morphology and reproductive costs of dioecious flowers. We investigated male and female flowers of Salix paraplesia in three flowering stages before pollination (the early, blooming and late stages) via transcriptional sequencing as well as metabolite content and phenotypic analysis. We found that a large number of sex-biased genes, rather than sex-limited genes, were responsible for sexual dimorphism in S. paraplesia flowers and that the variation in gene expression in male flowers intensified this situation throughout flower development. The temporal dynamics of sex-biased genes derived from changes in reproductive function during the different flowering stages. Sexually differentiated metabolites related to respiration and flavonoid biosynthesis exhibited the same bias directions as the sex-biased genes. These sex-biased genes were involved mainly in signal transduction, photosynthesis, respiration, cell proliferation, phytochrome biosynthesis, and phenol metabolism; therefore, they resulted in more biomass accumulation and higher energy consumption in male catkins. Our results indicated that sex-biased gene expression in S. paraplesia flowers is associated with different reproductive investments in unisexual flowers; male flowers require a greater reproductive investment to meet their higher biomass accumulation and energy consumption needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liao
- College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Kilambi HV, Dindu A, Sharma K, Nizampatnam NR, Gupta N, Thazath NP, Dhanya AJ, Tyagi K, Sharma S, Kumar S, Sharma R, Sreelakshmi Y. The new kid on the block: a dominant-negative mutation of phototropin1 enhances carotenoid content in tomato fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:844-861. [PMID: 33608974 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins, the UVA-blue light photoreceptors, endow plants to detect the direction of light and optimize photosynthesis by regulating positioning of chloroplasts and stomatal gas exchange. Little is known about their functions in other developmental responses. A tomato Non-phototropic seedling1 (Nps1) mutant, bearing an Arg495His substitution in the vicinity of LOV2 domain in phototropin1, dominant-negatively blocks phototropin1 responses. The fruits of Nps1 mutant were enriched in carotenoids, particularly lycopene, compared with its parent, Ailsa Craig. On the contrary, CRISPR/CAS9-edited loss of function phototropin1 mutants displayed subdued carotenoids compared with the parent. The enrichment of carotenoids in Nps1 fruits is genetically linked with the mutation and exerted in a dominant-negative fashion. Nps1 also altered volatile profiles with high levels of lycopene-derived 6-methyl 5-hepten2-one. The transcript levels of several MEP and carotenogenesis pathway genes were upregulated in Nps1. Nps1 fruits showed altered hormonal profiles with subdued ethylene emission and reduced respiration. Proteome profiles showed a causal link between higher carotenogenesis and increased levels of protein protection machinery, which may stabilize proteins contributing to MEP and carotenogenesis pathways. The enhancement of carotenoid content by Nps1 in a dominant-negative fashion offers a potential tool for high lycopene-bearing hybrid tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Alekhya Dindu
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Kapil Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Narasimha Rao Nizampatnam
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Nikhil Padmanabhan Thazath
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ajayakumar Jaya Dhanya
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Kamal Tyagi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Sulabha Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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15
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Genomic Prediction Informed by Biological Processes Expands Our Understanding of the Genetic Architecture Underlying Free Amino Acid Traits in Dry Arabidopsis Seeds. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4227-4239. [PMID: 32978264 PMCID: PMC7642941 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and nutritional quality depends upon amino acid homeostasis, especially in seeds. However, our understanding of the underlying genetics influencing amino acid content and composition remains limited, with only a few candidate genes and quantitative trait loci identified to date. Improved knowledge of the genetics and biological processes that determine amino acid levels will enable researchers to use this information for plant breeding and biological discovery. Toward this goal, we used genomic prediction to identify biological processes that are associated with, and therefore potentially influence, free amino acid (FAA) composition in seeds of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Markers were split into categories based on metabolic pathway annotations and fit using a genomic partitioning model to evaluate the influence of each pathway on heritability explained, model fit, and predictive ability. Selected pathways included processes known to influence FAA composition, albeit to an unknown degree, and spanned four categories: amino acid, core, specialized, and protein metabolism. Using this approach, we identified associations for pathways containing known variants for FAA traits, in addition to finding new trait-pathway associations. Markers related to amino acid metabolism, which are directly involved in FAA regulation, improved predictive ability for branched chain amino acids and histidine. The use of genomic partitioning also revealed patterns across biochemical families, in which serine-derived FAAs were associated with protein related annotations and aromatic FAAs were associated with specialized metabolic pathways. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that genomic partitioning is a viable strategy to uncover the relative contributions of biological processes to FAA traits in seeds, offering a promising framework to guide hypothesis testing and narrow the search space for candidate genes.
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16
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Hewitt S, Dhingra A. Beyond Ethylene: New Insights Regarding the Role of Alternative Oxidase in the Respiratory Climacteric. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:543958. [PMID: 33193478 PMCID: PMC7652990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.543958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climacteric fruits are characterized by a dramatic increase in autocatalytic ethylene production that is accompanied by a spike in respiration at the onset of ripening. The change in the mode of ethylene production from autoinhibitory to autostimulatory is known as the System 1 (S1) to System 2 (S2) transition. Existing physiological models explain the basic and overarching genetic, hormonal, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing the S1 to S2 transition of climacteric fruit. However, the links between ethylene and respiration, the two main factors that characterize the respiratory climacteric, have not been examined in detail at the molecular level. Results of recent studies indicate that the alternative oxidase (AOX) respiratory pathway may play an essential role in mediating cross-talk between ethylene response, carbon metabolism, ATP production, and ROS signaling during climacteric ripening. New genomic, metabolic, and epigenetic information sheds light on the interconnectedness of ripening metabolic pathways, necessitating an expansion of the current, ethylene-centric physiological models. Understanding points at which ripening responses can be manipulated may reveal key, species- and cultivar-specific targets for regulation of ripening, enabling superior strategies for reducing postharvest wastage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seanna Hewitt
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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17
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Biochemical characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J 2020; 476:2939-2952. [PMID: 31548269 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ATP-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases (PEPCKs, EC 4.1.1.49) from C4 and CAM plants have been widely studied due to their crucial role in photosynthetic CO2 fixation. However, our knowledge on the structural, kinetic and regulatory properties of the enzymes from C3 species is still limited. In this work, we report the recombinant production and biochemical characterization of two PEPCKs identified in Arabidopsis thaliana: AthPEPCK1 and AthPEPCK2. We found that both enzymes exhibited high affinity for oxaloacetate and ATP, reinforcing their role as decarboxylases. We employed a high-throughput screening for putative allosteric regulators using differential scanning fluorometry and confirmed their effect on enzyme activity by performing enzyme kinetics. AthPEPCK1 and AthPEPCK2 are allosterically modulated by key intermediates of plant metabolism, namely succinate, fumarate, citrate and α-ketoglutarate. Interestingly, malate activated and glucose 6-phosphate inhibited AthPEPCK1 but had no effect on AthPEPCK2. Overall, our results demonstrate that the enzymes involved in the critical metabolic node constituted by phosphoenolpyruvate are targets of fine allosteric regulation.
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18
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Renau-Morata B, Carrillo L, Cebolla-Cornejo J, Molina RV, Martí R, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Medina J, Nebauer SG. The targeted overexpression of SlCDF4 in the fruit enhances tomato size and yield involving gibberellin signalling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10645. [PMID: 32606421 PMCID: PMC7326986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops and a model for studying fruit biology. Although several genes involved in the traits of fruit quality, development and size have been identified, little is known about the regulatory genes controlling its growth. In this study, we characterized the role of the tomato SlCDF4 gene in fruit development, a cycling DOF-type transcription factor highly expressed in fruits. The targeted overexpression of SlCDF4 gene in the fruit induced an increased yield based on a higher amount of both water and dry matter accumulated in the fruits. Accordingly, transcript levels of genes involved in water transport and cell division and expansion during the fruit enlargement phase also increased. Furthermore, the larger amount of biomass partitioned to the fruit relied on the greater sink strength of the fruits induced by the increased activity of sucrose-metabolising enzymes. Additionally, our results suggest a positive role of SlCDF4 in the gibberellin-signalling pathway through the modulation of GA4 biosynthesis. Finally, the overexpression of SlCDF4 also promoted changes in the profile of carbon and nitrogen compounds related to fruit quality. Overall, our results unveil SlCDF4 as a new key factor controlling tomato size and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Renau-Morata
- Plant Physiology Area, Department of Plant Production, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Cebolla-Cornejo
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa V Molina
- Plant Physiology Area, Department of Plant Production, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Martí
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Domínguez-Figueroa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio G Nebauer
- Plant Physiology Area, Department of Plant Production, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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19
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Hewitt SL, Hendrickson CA, Dhingra A. Evidence for the Involvement of Vernalization-related Genes in the Regulation of Cold-induced Ripening in 'D'Anjou' and 'Bartlett' Pear Fruit. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8478. [PMID: 32439928 PMCID: PMC7242362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars require a genetically pre-determined duration of cold-temperature exposure to induce autocatalytic system 2 ethylene biosynthesis and subsequent fruit ripening. The physiological responses of pear to cold-temperature-induced ripening have been well characterized, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon continue to be elucidated. This study employed previously established cold temperature conditioning treatments for ripening of two pear cultivars, 'D'Anjou' and 'Bartlett'. Using a time-course transcriptomics approach, global gene expression responses of each cultivar were assessed at four stages of developmental during the cold conditioning process. Differential expression, functional annotation, and gene ontology enrichment analyses were performed. Interestingly, evidence for the involvement of cold-induced, vernalization-related genes and repressors of endodormancy release was found. These genes have not previously been described to play a role in fruit during the ripening transition. The resulting data provide insight into cultivar-specific mechanisms of cold-induced transcriptional regulation of ripening in European pear, as well as a unique comparative analysis of the two cultivars with very different cold conditioning requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seanna L Hewitt
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | | - Amit Dhingra
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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20
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Decros G, Beauvoit B, Colombié S, Cabasson C, Bernillon S, Arrivault S, Guenther M, Belouah I, Prigent S, Baldet P, Gibon Y, Pétriacq P. Regulation of Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolism During Tomato Fruit Development Through Transcript and Protein Profiling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1201. [PMID: 31681351 PMCID: PMC6798084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Central metabolism is the engine of plant biomass, supplying fruit growth with building blocks, energy, and biochemical cofactors. Among metabolic cornerstones, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is particularly pivotal for electron transfer through reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions, thus participating in a myriad of biochemical processes. Besides redox functions, NAD is now assumed to act as an integral regulator of signaling cascades involved in growth and environmental responses. However, the regulation of NAD metabolism and signaling during fruit development remains poorly studied and understood. Here, we benefit from RNAseq and proteomic data obtained from nine growth stages of tomato fruit (var. Moneymaker) to dissect mRNA and protein profiles that link to NAD metabolism, including de novo biosynthesis, recycling, utilization, and putative transport. As expected for a cofactor synthesis pathway, protein profiles failed to detect enzymes involved in NAD synthesis or utilization, except for nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NaPT) and nicotinamidase (NIC), which suggested that most NAD metabolic enzymes were poorly represented quantitatively. Further investigations on transcript data unveiled differential expression patterns during fruit development. Interestingly, among specific NAD metabolism-related genes, early de novo biosynthetic genes were transcriptionally induced in very young fruits, in association with NAD kinase, while later stages of fruit growth rather showed an accumulation of transcripts involved in later stages of de novo synthesis and in NAD recycling, which agreed with augmented NAD(P) levels. In addition, a more global overview of 119 mRNA and 78 protein significant markers for NAD(P)-dependent enzymes revealed differential patterns during tomato growth that evidenced clear regulations of primary metabolism, notably with respect to mitochondrial functions. Overall, we propose that NAD metabolism and signaling are very dynamic in the developing tomato fruit and that its differential regulation is certainly critical to fuel central metabolism linking to growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Department 2, Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Manuela Guenther
- Department 2, Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Isma Belouah
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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21
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Pontiggia D, Spinelli F, Fabbri C, Licursi V, Negri R, De Lorenzo G, Mattei B. Changes in the microsomal proteome of tomato fruit during ripening. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14350. [PMID: 31586085 PMCID: PMC6778153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The variations in the membrane proteome of tomato fruit pericarp during ripening have been investigated by mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomics. Mature green (MG30) and red ripe (R45) stages were chosen because they are pivotal in the ripening process: MG30 corresponds to the end of cellular expansion, when fruit growth has stopped and fruit starts ripening, whereas R45 corresponds to the mature fruit. Protein patterns were markedly different: among the 1315 proteins identified with at least two unique peptides, 145 significantly varied in abundance in the process of fruit ripening. The subcellular and biochemical fractionation resulted in GO term enrichment for organelle proteins in our dataset, and allowed the detection of low-abundance proteins that were not detected in previous proteomic studies on tomato fruits. Functional annotation showed that the largest proportion of identified proteins were involved in cell wall metabolism, vesicle-mediated transport, hormone biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, carbohydrate metabolic processes, signalling and response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabbri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Foundation Cenci Bolognetti-Institut Pasteur, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Foundation Cenci Bolognetti-Institut Pasteur, Rome, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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22
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Decros G, Baldet P, Beauvoit B, Stevens R, Flandin A, Colombié S, Gibon Y, Pétriacq P. Get the Balance Right: ROS Homeostasis and Redox Signalling in Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1091. [PMID: 31620143 PMCID: PMC6760520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant central metabolism generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are key regulators that mediate signalling pathways involved in developmental processes and plant responses to environmental fluctuations. These highly reactive metabolites can lead to cellular damage when the reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis becomes unbalanced. Whilst decades of research have studied redox homeostasis in leaves, fundamental knowledge in fruit biology is still fragmentary. This is even more surprising when considering the natural profusion of fruit antioxidants that can process ROS and benefit human health. In this review, we explore redox biology in fruit and provide an overview of fruit antioxidants with recent examples. We further examine the central role of the redox hub in signalling during development and stress, with particular emphasis on ascorbate, also referred to as vitamin C. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the redox regulations that are linked to central metabolism and stress pathways will help to define novel strategies for optimising fruit nutritional quality, fruit production and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Decros
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Decros, ; Pierre Pétriacq,
| | - Pierre Baldet
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Amélie Flandin
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Decros, ; Pierre Pétriacq,
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23
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Zhang W, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang N, Guo Y, Ren X, Zhao Z. Potassium fertilization arrests malate accumulation and alters soluble sugar metabolism in apple fruit. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio024745. [PMID: 30404903 PMCID: PMC6310881 DOI: 10.1242/bio.024745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of different potassium (K) levels, which were K0 (no fertilizer), K1 (71.5 g KCl plant-1 year-1), K2 (286.7 g KCl plant-1 year-1), and K3 (434 g KCl plant-1 year-1), were evaluated based on sugar and organic acid metabolism levels from 70-126 days after bloom (DAB) in the developing fruit of potted five-year-old apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) trees. The results indicate that K fertilization promoted greater fruit mass, higher Ca2+ and soluble solid levels, and lower titratable acid levels, as well as increased pH values at harvest. With the application of different levels of K fertilizer, fructose, sorbitol, glucose and sucrose accumulation rates significantly changed during fruit development. Fruit in the K2 group had higher fructose, sucrose and glucose levels than those in other treatment groups at 126 DAB. These changes in soluble sugar are related to the activity of metabolic enzymes. Sucrose synthase (SS) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the K2 treated fruit was significantly higher than those in other treatment groups from 70-126 DAB. Malate levels in K-supplemented fruit were notably lower than those in non K-supplemented fruit, and K3 treated fruit had the lowest malate levels during fruit development. Cytosolic malic enzyme (ME) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity significantly increased in fruit under the K2 treatment during 112-126 DAB and 98-126 DAB, respectively. In addition, Ca2+ concentration increased with increasing K fertilization levels, which promoted a maximum of 11.72 mg g-1 dry weight in apple fruit. These results show that K levels can alter soluble sugar and malate levels due to the interaction between sugars and acid-metabolic enzymes in fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nishang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanping Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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24
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Zhang Y, Fernie AR. On the role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in plant productivity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:1199-1216. [PMID: 29917310 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is one of the canonical energy pathways of living systems, as well as being an example of a pathway in which dynamic enzyme assemblies, or metabolons, are well characterized. The role of the enzymes have been the subject of saturated transgenesis approaches, whereby the expression of the constituent enzymes were reduced or knocked out in order to ascertain their in vivo function. Some of the resultant plants exhibited improved photosynthesis and plant growth, under controlled greenhouse conditions. In addition, overexpression of the endogenous genes, or heterologous forms of a number of the enzymes, has been carried out in tomato fruit and the roots of a range of species, and in some instances improvement in fruit yield and postharvest properties and plant performance, under nutrient limitation, have been reported, respectively. Given a number of variants, in nature, we discuss possible synthetic approaches involving introducing these variants, or at least a subset of them, into plants. We additionally discuss the likely consequences of introducing synthetic metabolons, wherein certain pairs of reactions are artificially permanently assembled into plants, and speculate as to future strategies to further improve plant productivity by manipulation of the core metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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25
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Walker RP, Benincasa P, Battistelli A, Moscatello S, Técsi L, Leegood RC, Famiani F. Gluconeogenesis and nitrogen metabolism in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:324-333. [PMID: 30041084 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two pathways can be used by gluconeogenesis in plants: one employs phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and the other pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK). The occurrence-location of these enzymes was determined in developing kernels of maize. PPDK was much more abundant than PEPCK in extracts of whole kernels. However, their location within the kernel was different. PPDK was particularly abundant in the peripheral endosperm (in which alanine is abundant), whereas PEPCK was localised in the pedicel and basal endosperm transfer cells (where asparagine is metabolised). The abundance of these enzymes was also determined in maize roots where there was a massive increase in abundance of PEPCK and a small increase in abundance of PPDK when they were fed ammonium; PEPCK was located in the pericycle and various cell types associated with the vasculature. On the other hand, there was a large increase in abundance of PPDK in roots subjected to anoxia (which induces an accumulation of alanine), whereas the abundance of PEPCK was decreased. These results show: firstly, that gluconeogenesis can potentially occur in many different tissues of maize. Secondly, within one organ PPDK can be abundant in some tissues and PEPCK in others. Thirdly, the abundance of PPDK and PEPCK is often associated with the metabolism of certain nitrogenous compounds and can be dramatically altered by factors related to nitrogen metabolism. In maize roots and developing kernels PPDK was associated with alanine metabolism. By contrast, the presence of PEPCK in maize roots and kernels was associated with either ammonium or asparagine metabolism. We propose that gluconeogenesis is often a component of a widespread mechanism that is used in coordinating the import/mobilisation of nitrogenous compounds with their utilisation. Further, potentially component of this mechanism may have provided building blocks that were used in the evolution of processes such as C4 photosynthesis, Crassulacean acid metabolism, stomatal metabolism and the biochemical pH stat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Benincasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - László Técsi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2 TN, UK
| | - Richard C Leegood
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2 TN, UK
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
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26
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Igamberdiev AU, Bykova NV. Role of organic acids in the integration of cellular redox metabolism and mediation of redox signalling in photosynthetic tissues of higher plants. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:74-85. [PMID: 29355740 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organic acids play a crucial role in numerous metabolic processes accompanied by transfer of electrons and protons and linked to the reduction/oxidation of major redox couples in plant cells, such as NAD, NADP, glutathione, and ascorbate. Fluxes through the pathways metabolizing organic acids modulate redox states in cell compartments, contribute to generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and mediate signal transduction processes. Organic acid metabolism not only functions to equilibrate the redox potential in plant cells but also to transfer redox equivalents between cell compartments supporting various metabolic processes. The most important role in this transfer belongs to different forms of malate dehydrogenase interconverting malate and oxaloacetate or forming pyruvate (malic enzymes). During photosynthesis malate serves as a major form of transfer of redox equivalents from chloroplasts to the cytosol and other compartments via the malate valve. On the other hand, mitochondria, via alterations of their redox potential, become a source of citrate that can be transported to the cytosol and support biosynthesis of amino acids. Citrate is also an important retrograde signalling compound that regulates transcription of several genes including those encoding the alternative oxidase. The alternative oxidase, which is activated by increased redox potential and by pyruvate, is, in turn, important for the maintenance of redox potential in mitochondria. The roles of organic acids in establishing redox equilibrium, supporting ionic gradients on membranes, acidification of the extracellular medium, and regulation of production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X9.
| | - Natalia V Bykova
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada R6M 1Y5
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27
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Aguilar E, Cutrona C, Del Toro FJ, Vallarino JG, Osorio S, Pérez-Bueno ML, Barón M, Chung BN, Canto T, Tenllado F. Virulence determines beneficial trade-offs in the response of virus-infected plants to drought via induction of salicylic acid. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2909-2930. [PMID: 28718885 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that plants can get beneficial trade-offs from viral infections when grown under drought conditions. However, experimental support for a positive correlation between virus-induced drought tolerance and increased host fitness is scarce. We investigated whether increased virulence exhibited by the synergistic interaction involving Potato virus X (PVX) and Plum pox virus (PPV) improves tolerance to drought and host fitness in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection by the pair PPV/PVX and by PPV expressing the virulence protein P25 of PVX conferred an enhanced drought-tolerant phenotype compared with single infections with either PPV or PVX. Decreased transpiration rates in virus-infected plants were correlated with drought tolerance in N. benthamiana but not in Arabidopsis. Metabolite and hormonal profiles of Arabidopsis plants infected with the different viruses showed a range of changes that positively correlated with a greater impact on drought tolerance. Virus infection enhanced drought tolerance in both species by increasing salicylic acid accumulation in an abscisic acid-independent manner. Viable offspring derived from Arabidopsis plants infected with PPV increased relative to non-infected plants, when exposed to drought. By contrast, the detrimental effect caused by the more virulent viruses overcame potential benefits associated with increased drought tolerance on host fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Carmen Cutrona
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco J Del Toro
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José G Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Málaga, 2907, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Málaga, 2907, Spain
| | - María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Matilde Barón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Bong-Nam Chung
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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28
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Renau-Morata B, Molina RV, Carrillo L, Cebolla-Cornejo J, Sánchez-Perales M, Pollmann S, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Corrales AR, Flexas J, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Medina J, Nebauer SG. Ectopic Expression of CDF3 Genes in Tomato Enhances Biomass Production and Yield under Salinity Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:660. [PMID: 28515731 PMCID: PMC5414387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cycling Dof Factor (CDF) transcription factors (TFs) are involved in multiple processes related to plant growth and development. A member of this family, CDF3, has recently been linked in Arabidopsis to the regulation of primary metabolism and abiotic stress responses, but its role in crop production under stress is still unknown. In this study, we characterized tomato plants overexpressing the CDF3 genes from Arabidopsis and tomato and analyzed their effects on growth and yield under salinity, additionally gaining deeper insights into the molecular function of these TFs. Our results provide evidence for higher biomass production and yield in the 35S::AtCDF3 and 35S::SlCDF3 plants, likely due to a higher photosynthetic capacity resulting in increased sucrose availability. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CDF3 genes regulate a set of genes involved in redox homeostasis, photosynthesis performance and primary metabolism that lead to enhanced biomass production. Consistently, metabolomic profiling revealed that CDF3 evokes changes in the primary metabolism triggering enhanced nitrogen assimilation, and disclosed that the amount of some protective metabolites including sucrose, GABA and asparagine were higher in vegetative tissues of CDF3 overexpressing plants. Altogether these changes improved performance of 35S::AtCDF3 and 35S::SlCDF3 plants under salinity conditions. Moreover, the overexpression of CDF3 genes modified organic acid and sugar content in fruits, improving variables related to flavor perception and fruit quality. Overall, our results associate the CDF3 TF with a role in the control of growth and C/N metabolism, and highlight that overexpression of CDF3 genes can substantially improve plant yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Renau-Morata
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Rosa V. Molina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Laura Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasMadrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaume Flexas
- Departamento de Biología, Universitat de les Illes BalearsPalma, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasMadrid, Spain
| | - Sergio G. Nebauer
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValència, Spain
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29
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Obata T, Rosado-Souza L, Fernie AR. Coupling Radiotracer Experiments with Chemical Fractionation for the Estimation of Respiratory Fluxes. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1670:17-30. [PMID: 28871530 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7292-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates catabolized via respiratory processes are not only used for energy production but also for biosynthesis of cellular components including soluble molecules (sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and their derivatives) and insoluble macromolecules (proteins, starch, and cell wall). Radiotracer experiments using 14C-labeled glucose provide a global picture of the fate of respired carbon in the metabolic network. This method is based on a chemical fractionation of biomolecules in 14C-glucose fed plant materials and the subsequent determination of radioactivity in each fraction. Metabolic flux into each fraction can be estimated from the specific activity of the hexose phosphate pool. Here, we describe the procedure for glucose metabolism in potato tuber but similar protocols can be adopted for various plant organs and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Obata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 1901 Vine St, 68588, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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30
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Jia H, Jiu S, Zhang C, Wang C, Tariq P, Liu Z, Wang B, Cui L, Fang J. Abscisic acid and sucrose regulate tomato and strawberry fruit ripening through the abscisic acid-stress-ripening transcription factor. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2045-65. [PMID: 27005823 PMCID: PMC5043491 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although great progress has been made towards understanding the role of abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose in fruit ripening, the mechanisms underlying the ABA and sucrose signalling pathways remain elusive. In this study, transcription factor ABA-stress-ripening (ASR), which is involved in the transduction of ABA and sucrose signalling pathways, was isolated and analysed in the nonclimacteric fruit, strawberry and the climacteric fruit, tomato. We have identified four ASR isoforms in tomato and one in strawberry. All ASR sequences contained the ABA stress- and ripening-induced proteins and water-deficit stress-induced proteins (ABA/WDS) domain and all ASR transcripts showed increased expression during fruit development. The expression of the ASR gene was influenced not only by sucrose and ABA, but also by jasmonic acid (JA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and these four factors were correlated with each other during fruit development. ASR bound the hexose transporter (HT) promoter, which contained a sugar box that activated downstream gene expression. Overexpression of the ASR gene promoted fruit softening and ripening, whereas RNA interference delayed fruit ripening, as well as affected fruit physiological changes. Change in ASR gene expression influenced the expression of several ripening-related genes such as CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, UFGT, PG, PL, EXP1/2, XET16, Cel1/2 and PME. Taken together, this study may provide new evidence on the important role of ASR in cross-signalling between ABA and sucrose to regulate tomato and strawberry fruit ripening. The findings of this study also provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism underlying fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pervaiz Tariq
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baoju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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31
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Famiani F, Paoletti A, Battistelli A, Moscatello S, Chen ZH, Leegood RC, Walker RP. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase and isocitrate lyase in both tomato fruits and leaves, and in the flesh of peach and some other fruits. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 202:34-44. [PMID: 27450492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the occurrence of a number of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis was investigated in both tomato fruits and leaves during their development and senescence and in some other fruits. The enzymes studied were phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) and glyoxysomal isocitrate lyase (ICL). PPDK was detected in the ripe flesh of tomato, and much smaller amounts were detected in the flesh of both peach and pepper, whereas it was not detected (not present or at very low abundance) in the other fruits which were investigated (apricot, aubergine, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, grape, plum, raspberry and red current). By contrast PEPCK was present in the flesh of all the fruits investigated. Very small amounts of ICL were detected in ripe tomato flesh. PEPCK was present in the skin, flesh, locular gel and columella of tomato fruit, and in these its abundance increased greatly during ripening. PPDK showed a similar distribution, however, its abundance did not increase during ripening. PEPCK was not detected in tomato leaves at any stage of their development or senescence. The content of PPDK g(-1) fresh weight (FW) increased in tomato leaves as they matured, however, it declined during their senescence. In tomato leaves the content of ICL g(-1) FW increased until the mid-stage of development, then decreased as the leaf matured, and then increased during the latter stages of senescence. In the flesh of tomato fruits the contents of PPDK and PEPCK g(-1) FW decreased during senescence. The results suggest that in fruits other than tomato the bulk of any gluconeogenic flux proceeds via PEPCK, whereas in tomato both PEPCK and PPDK could potentially be utilised. Further, the results indicate that the conversion of pyruvate/acetyl-CoA to malate by the glyoxylate cycle, for which ICL is necessary, is not a major pathway utilised by gluconeogenesis in fruits under normal conditions of growth. Finally, the results contribute to our understanding of the role of several enzymes in the senescence of both leaves and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Paoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, CNR, Viale Marconi, 2, 05010, Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, CNR, Viale Marconi, 2, 05010, Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard C Leegood
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2 TN, UK
| | - Robert P Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
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32
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Walker RP, Battistelli A, Moscatello S, Técsi L, Leegood RC, Famiani F. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and gluconeogenesis in grape pericarp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:62-9. [PMID: 26432988 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glycolysis from sugars is necessary at all stages of development of grape pericarp, and this raises the question as to why gluconeogenesis from malate occurs. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is required for gluconeogenesis in grape pericarp. In this study we determined the abundance of PEPCK protein and activity in different parts of grape pericarp during its development. Both PEPCK protein and activity were present throughout development, however, in both the skin and the flesh their abundance increased greatly at the start of ripening. This coincided with the onset of the decrease in the malate content of the berry. The location of PEPCK in the pericarp at different stages of development was determined using both immunohistochemistry and dissection. We provide a possible explanation for the occurrence of gluconeogenesis in grape pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, CNR, Viale Marconi, 2, 05010, Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, CNR, Viale Marconi, 2, 05010, Porano (TR), Italy
| | - László Técsi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2 TN, UK
| | - Richard C Leegood
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2 TN, UK
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
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33
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Huang YX, Yin YG, Sanuki A, Fukuda N, Ezura H, Matsukura C. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) deficiency affects the germination, growth and fruit sugar content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 96:417-25. [PMID: 26381194 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is a key regulatory enzyme and is utilized in the gluconeogenesis pathway in plants. Although, its catalytic and regulatory properties are quite well understood, there are uncertainties regarding its physiological role in many plants tissues such as the flesh of developing fruits. To further understand the function of PEPCK in fruits and other tissues, RNAi transgenic tomato plants in which SlPEPCK transcription was down-regulated by either CaMV 35S constitutive promoter or the fruit-specific E8 promoter were generated and characterized on the basis of their phenotypic and metabolic aspects. In the PEPCK-deficient lines, prominent growth suppression of germinated seedlings was observed and other vegetative suppression appeared during the early stage of plant growth in the 35S promoter-driven lines. In particular, root elongation was most obviously suppressed in the germinated seedlings, indicating that the gluconeogenesis pathway is involved in the root growth of seedlings. Regarding the primary metabolism in fruit, the soluble sugar content tended to decrease, whereas the malate content tended to increase in ripening fruits of the RNAi lines compared with the wild type. These results indicate that activation of the gluconeogenesis pathway from organic acids to sugars occurs during ripening but is suppressed by the knocking down of the PEPCK gene, suggesting that PEPCK participates in determining the sugar/acid ratio in ripening fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xing Huang
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yong-Gen Yin
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Watanuki 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sanuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Chiaki Matsukura
- Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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34
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Zhang Y, Butelli E, Alseekh S, Tohge T, Rallapalli G, Luo J, Kawar PG, Hill L, Santino A, Fernie AR, Martin C. Multi-level engineering facilitates the production of phenylpropanoid compounds in tomato. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8635. [PMID: 26497596 PMCID: PMC4639801 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids comprise an important class of plant secondary metabolites. A number of transcription factors have been used to upregulate-specific branches of phenylpropanoid metabolism, but by far the most effective has been the fruit-specific expression of AtMYB12 in tomato, which resulted in as much as 10% of fruit dry weight accumulating as flavonols and hydroxycinnamates. We show that AtMYB12 not only increases the demand of flavonoid biosynthesis but also increases the supply of carbon from primary metabolism, energy and reducing power, which may fuel the shikimate and phenylalanine biosynthetic pathways to supply more aromatic amino acids for secondary metabolism. AtMYB12 directly binds promoters of genes encoding enzymes of primary metabolism. The enhanced supply of precursors, energy and reducing power achieved by AtMYB12 expression can be harnessed to engineer high levels of novel phenylpropanoids in tomato fruit, offering an effective production system for bioactives and other high value ingredients. Metabolic engineering offers an effective strategy for producing valuable bioactive compounds in plants. Here, the authors show that by harnessing transcriptional regulation of carbon flux, tomato fruit metabolism can be optimized for the production of phenylpropanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Eugenio Butelli
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Prashant G Kawar
- Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lionel Hill
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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35
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Vallarino JG, Osorio S, Bombarely A, Casañal A, Cruz-Rus E, Sánchez-Sevilla JF, Amaya I, Giavalisco P, Fernie AR, Botella MA, Valpuesta V. Central role of FaGAMYB in the transition of the strawberry receptacle from development to ripening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:482-96. [PMID: 26010039 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The receptacle of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit accounts for the main properties of the ripe fruit for human consumption. As it ripens, it undergoes changes similar to other fruits in sugar : acid ratio, volatile production and cell wall softening. However, the main regulators of this process have not yet been reported. The white stage marks the initiation of the ripening process, and we had previously reported a peak of expression for a FaGAMYB gene. Transient silencing of FaGAMYB using RNAi and further determination of changes in global gene expression by RNAseq, and composition of primary and secondary metabolites have been used to investigate the role played by this gene during the development of the receptacle. Down-regulation of FaGAMYB caused an arrest in the ripening of the receptacle and inhibited colour formation. Consistent with this, several transcription factors associated with the regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway showed altered expression. FaGAMYB silencing also caused a reduction of ABA biosynthesis and sucrose content. Interestingly, exogenous ABA application to the RNAI-transformed receptacle reversed most defects caused by FaGAMYB down-regulation. The study assigns a key regulatory role to FaGAMYB in the initiation of strawberry receptacle ripening and acting upstream of the known regulator ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ana Casañal
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cruz-Rus
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - José F Sánchez-Sevilla
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro de Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro de Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Postdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Postdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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36
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Tohge T, Fernie AR. Metabolomics-Inspired Insight into Developmental, Environmental and Genetic Aspects of Tomato Fruit Chemical Composition and Quality. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1681-96. [PMID: 26228272 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato was one of the first plant species to be evaluated using metabolomics and remains one of the best characterized, with tomato fruit being both an important source of nutrition in the human diet and a valuable model system for the development of fleshy fruits. Additionally, given the broad habitat range of members of the tomato clade and the extensive use of exotic germplasm in tomato genetic research, it represents an excellent genetic model system for understanding both metabolism per se and the importance of various metabolites in conferring stress tolerance. This review summarizes technical approaches used to characterize the tomato metabolome to date and details insights into metabolic pathway structure and regulation that have been obtained via analysis of tissue samples taken under different developmental or environmental circumstance as well as following genetic perturbation. Particular attention is paid to compounds of importance for nutrition or the shelf-life of tomatoes. We propose furthermore how metabolomics information can be coupled to the burgeoning wealth of genome sequence data from the tomato clade to enhance further our understanding of (i) the shifts in metabolic regulation occurring during development and (ii) specialization of metabolism within the tomato clade as a consequence of either adaptive evolution or domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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37
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Clevenger JP, Van Houten J, Blackwood M, Rodríguez GR, Jikumaru Y, Kamiya Y, Kusano M, Saito K, Visa S, van der Knaap E. Network Analyses Reveal Shifts in Transcript Profiles and Metabolites That Accompany the Expression of SUN and an Elongated Tomato Fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1164-78. [PMID: 25941316 PMCID: PMC4741315 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SUN controls elongated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) shape early in fruit development through changes in cell number along the different axes of growth. The gene encodes a member of the IQ domain family characterized by a calmodulin binding motif. To gain insights into the role of SUN in regulating organ shape, we characterized genome-wide transcriptional changes and metabolite and hormone accumulation after pollination and fertilization in wild-type and SUN fruit tissues. Pericarp, seed/placenta, and columella tissues were collected at 4, 7, and 10 d post anthesis. Pairwise comparisons between SUN and the wild type identified 3,154 significant differentially expressed genes that cluster in distinct gene regulatory networks. Gene regulatory networks that were enriched for cell division, calcium/transport, lipid/hormone, cell wall, secondary metabolism, and patterning processes contributed to profound shifts in gene expression in the different fruit tissues as a consequence of high expression of SUN. Promoter motif searches identified putative cis-elements recognized by known transcription factors and motifs related to mitotic-specific activator sequences. Hormone levels did not change dramatically, but some metabolite levels were significantly altered, namely participants in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Also, hormone and primary metabolite networks shifted in SUN compared with wild-type fruit. Our findings imply that SUN indirectly leads to changes in gene expression, most strongly those involved in cell division, cell wall, and patterning-related processes. When evaluating global coregulation in SUN fruit, the main node represented genes involved in calcium-regulated processes, suggesting that SUN and its calmodulin binding domain impact fruit shape through calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh P Clevenger
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Jason Van Houten
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Michelle Blackwood
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Gustavo Rubén Rodríguez
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Sofia Visa
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (J.P.C., J.V.H., G.R.R., E.v.d.K.);Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (M.B., S.V.);RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (Y.J., Y.K., M.K., K.S.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan (K.S.)
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A co-expression gene network associated with developmental regulation of apple fruit acidity. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1247-63. [PMID: 25576355 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apple fruit acidity, which affects the fruit's overall taste and flavor to a large extent, is primarily determined by the concentration of malic acid. Previous studies demonstrated that the major QTL malic acid (Ma) on chromosome 16 is largely responsible for fruit acidity variations in apple. Recent advances suggested that a natural mutation that gives rise to a premature stop codon in one of the two aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT)-like genes (called Ma1) is the genetic causal element underlying Ma. However, the natural mutation does not explain the developmental changes of fruit malate levels in a given genotype. Using RNA-seq data from the fruit of 'Golden Delicious' taken at 14 developmental stages from 1 week after full-bloom (WAF01) to harvest (WAF20), we characterized their transcriptomes in groups of high (12.2 ± 1.6 mg/g fw, WAF03-WAF08), mid (7.4 ± 0.5 mg/g fw, WAF01-WAF02 and WAF10-WAF14) and low (5.4 ± 0.4 mg/g fw, WAF16-WAF20) malate concentrations. Detailed analyses showed that a set of 3,066 genes (including Ma1) were expressed not only differentially (P FDR < 0.05) between the high and low malate groups (or between the early and late developmental stages) but also in significant (P < 0.05) correlation with malate concentrations. The 3,066 genes fell in 648 MapMan (sub-) bins or functional classes, and 19 of them were significantly (P FDR < 0.05) co-enriched or co-suppressed in a malate dependent manner. Network inferring using the 363 genes encompassed in the 19 (sub-) bins, identified a major co-expression network of 239 genes. Since the 239 genes were also differentially expressed between the early (WAF03-WAF08) and late (WAF16-WAF20) developmental stages, the major network was considered to be associated with developmental regulation of apple fruit acidity in 'Golden Delicious'.
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Wang H, Paulo J, Kruijer W, Boer M, Jansen H, Tikunov Y, Usadel B, van Heusden S, Bovy A, van Eeuwijk F. Genotype–phenotype modeling considering intermediate level of biological variation: a case study involving sensory traits, metabolites and QTLs in ripe tomatoes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:3101-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00477b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We integrate Gaussian graphical modelling and causal inference to infer dependency networks from multilevel phenotypic and omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huange Wang
- Biometris
- Wageningen University and Research Centre
- 6700AA Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Joao Paulo
- Biometris
- Wageningen University and Research Centre
- 6700AA Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Willem Kruijer
- Biometris
- Wageningen University and Research Centre
- 6700AA Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Martin Boer
- Biometris
- Wageningen University and Research Centre
- 6700AA Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Hans Jansen
- Biometris
- Wageningen University and Research Centre
- 6700AA Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Research International
- 6700AJ Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biology I
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | | | - Arnaud Bovy
- Plant Research International
- 6700AJ Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Fred van Eeuwijk
- Biometris
- Wageningen University and Research Centre
- 6700AA Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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Tzin V, Rogachev I, Meir S, Moyal Ben Zvi M, Masci T, Vainstein A, Aharoni A, Galili G. Altered Levels of Aroma and Volatiles by Metabolic Engineering of Shikimate Pathway Genes in Tomato Fruits. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2015.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Osorio S, Ruan YL, Fernie AR. An update on source-to-sink carbon partitioning in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:516. [PMID: 25339963 PMCID: PMC4186278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and carbon metabolism are closely associated since carbohydrate in the form of sucrose generated by photosynthesis, provides the primary source of building blocks and energy for the production and maintenance of biomass. Regulation of carbon partitioning between source and sink tissues is important because it has a vast influence on both plant growth and development. The regulation of carbon partitioning at the whole plant level is directly linked to the cellular pathways of assimilate transport and the metabolism and allocation of sugars, mainly sucrose and hexoses in source leaves, and sink organs such as roots and fruit. By using tomato plant as a model, this review documents and discusses our current understanding of source-sink interactions from molecular to physiological perspectives focusing on those that regulate the growth and development of both vegetative and reproductive organs. It furthermore discusses the impact that environmental conditions play in maintenance of this balance in an attempt to address the link between physiological and ecological aspects of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Osorio
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga – Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesCientíficas, Málaga, Spain
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Australia–China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
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Fukushima A, Kusano M. A network perspective on nitrogen metabolism from model to crop plants using integrated 'omics' approaches. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5619-30. [PMID: 25129130 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), as an essential element in amino acids, nucleotides, and proteins, is a key factor in plant growth and development. Omics approaches such as metabolomics and transcriptomics have become a promising way to inspect complex network interactions in N metabolism and can be used for monitoring the uptake and regulation, translocation, and remobilization of N. In this review, the authors highlight recent progress in omics approaches, including transcript profiling using microarrays and deep sequencing, and show recent technical developments in metabolite profiling for N studies. Further, network analysis studies including network inference methods with correlations, information-theoretic measures, and a network concept to examine gene expression clusters in relation to N regulatory systems in plants are introduced, and integrating network inference methods and integrated networks using multiple omics data are discussed. Finally, this review summarizes recent omics application examples using metabolite and/or transcript profiling analysis to elucidate the regulation of N metabolism and signalling and the coordination of N and carbon metabolism in model plants (Arabidopsis and rice), crops (tomato, maize, and legumes), and trees (Populus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan JST, National Bioscience Database Center (NBDC), 5-3, Yonbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0081, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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43
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Geigenberger P, Fernie AR. Metabolic control of redox and redox control of metabolism in plants. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1389-421. [PMID: 24960279 PMCID: PMC4158967 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reduction-oxidation (Redox) status operates as a major integrator of subcellular and extracellular metabolism and is simultaneously itself regulated by metabolic processes. Redox status not only dominates cellular metabolism due to the prominence of NAD(H) and NADP(H) couples in myriad metabolic reactions but also acts as an effective signal that informs the cell of the prevailing environmental conditions. After relay of this information, the cell is able to appropriately respond via a range of mechanisms, including directly affecting cellular functioning and reprogramming nuclear gene expression. RECENT ADVANCES The facile accession of Arabidopsis knockout mutants alongside the adoption of broad-scale post-genomic approaches, which are able to provide transcriptomic-, proteomic-, and metabolomic-level information alongside traditional biochemical and emerging cell biological techniques, has dramatically advanced our understanding of redox status control. This review summarizes redox status control of metabolism and the metabolic control of redox status at both cellular and subcellular levels. CRITICAL ISSUES It is becoming apparent that plastid, mitochondria, and peroxisome functions influence a wide range of processes outside of the organelles themselves. While knowledge of the network of metabolic pathways and their intraorganellar redox status regulation has increased in the last years, little is known about the interorganellar redox signals coordinating these networks. A current challenge is, therefore, synthesizing our knowledge and planning experiments that tackle redox status regulation at both inter- and intracellular levels. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Emerging tools are enabling ever-increasing spatiotemporal resolution of metabolism and imaging of redox status components. Broader application of these tools will likely greatly enhance our understanding of the interplay of redox status and metabolism as well as elucidating and characterizing signaling features thereof. We propose that such information will enable us to dissect the regulatory hierarchies that mediate the strict coupling of metabolism and redox status which, ultimately, determine plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Geigenberger
- 1 Department of Biology I, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Tohge T, Alseekh S, Fernie AR. On the regulation and function of secondary metabolism during fruit development and ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4599-611. [PMID: 24446507 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The maturation and development of tomato fruit has received much attention due both to the complexity and intricacy of the changes which occur during this process and to the importance of these fruits as a component of the human diet. Whilst great advances have been made in understanding molecular genetic aspects of fruit development, our knowledge concerning the metabolic shifts underpinning this process remains largely confined to primary metabolism. Conversely, the majority of the metabolites considered to have health benefits are secondary or specialized metabolites. Prior to assessing the role (if any) of these metabolites in tomato fruit development, considerable effort will be required in order to better describe the complement of secondary metabolites in the tomato and to elucidate the metabolic pathways involved in their synthesis and degradation. Advances in tomato secondary metabolism will be reviewed here focusing on the use of metabolomics strategies and, where applicable, the enabling of these strategies by their coupling to information resident in the tomato genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1. Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1. Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1. Potsdam 14476, Germany
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Osorio S, Vallarino J, Szecowka M, Ufaz S, Tzin V, Angelovici R, Galili G, Fernie A. Extraction and Measurement the Activities of Cytosolic Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Plastidic NADP-dependent Malic Enzyme (ME) on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Bio Protoc 2014. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Klie S, Osorio S, Tohge T, Drincovich MF, Fait A, Giovannoni JJ, Fernie AR, Nikoloski Z. Conserved changes in the dynamics of metabolic processes during fruit development and ripening across species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:55-68. [PMID: 24243932 PMCID: PMC3875825 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.226142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Computational analyses of molecular phenotypes traditionally aim at identifying biochemical components that exhibit differential expression under various scenarios (e.g. environmental and internal perturbations) in a single species. High-throughput metabolomics technologies allow the quantification of (relative) metabolite levels across developmental stages in different tissues, organs, and species. Novel methods for analyzing the resulting multiple data tables could reveal preserved dynamics of metabolic processes across species. The problem we address in this study is 2-fold. (1) We derive a single data table, referred to as a compromise, which captures information common to the investigated set of multiple tables containing data on different fruit development and ripening stages in three climacteric (i.e. peach [Prunus persica] and two tomato [Solanum lycopersicum] cultivars, Ailsa Craig and M82) and two nonclimacteric (i.e. strawberry [Fragaria × ananassa] and pepper [Capsicum chilense]) fruits; in addition, we demonstrate the power of the method to discern similarities and differences between multiple tables by analyzing publicly available metabolomics data from three tomato ripening mutants together with two tomato cultivars. (2) We identify the conserved dynamics of metabolic processes, reflected in the data profiles of the corresponding metabolites that contribute most to the determined compromise. Our analysis is based on an extension to principal component analysis, called STATIS, in combination with pathway overenrichment analysis. Based on publicly available metabolic profiles for the investigated species, we demonstrate that STATIS can be used to identify the metabolic processes whose behavior is similarly affected during fruit development and ripening. These findings ultimately provide insights into the pathways that are essential during fruit development and ripening across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klie
- Genes and Small Molecules Group (S.K.), Central Metabolism Group (T.T., A.R.F.), and Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group (Z.N.), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” University of Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.)
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario 2000, Argentina (M.F.D.)
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negrev, Sede Boquer 84990, Israel (A.F.); and
- Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (J.J.G.)
| | | | - Takayuki Tohge
- Genes and Small Molecules Group (S.K.), Central Metabolism Group (T.T., A.R.F.), and Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group (Z.N.), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” University of Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.)
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario 2000, Argentina (M.F.D.)
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negrev, Sede Boquer 84990, Israel (A.F.); and
- Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (J.J.G.)
| | - María F. Drincovich
- Genes and Small Molecules Group (S.K.), Central Metabolism Group (T.T., A.R.F.), and Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group (Z.N.), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” University of Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.)
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario 2000, Argentina (M.F.D.)
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negrev, Sede Boquer 84990, Israel (A.F.); and
- Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (J.J.G.)
| | - Aaron Fait
- Genes and Small Molecules Group (S.K.), Central Metabolism Group (T.T., A.R.F.), and Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group (Z.N.), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” University of Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.)
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario 2000, Argentina (M.F.D.)
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negrev, Sede Boquer 84990, Israel (A.F.); and
- Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (J.J.G.)
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- Genes and Small Molecules Group (S.K.), Central Metabolism Group (T.T., A.R.F.), and Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group (Z.N.), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” University of Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.)
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario 2000, Argentina (M.F.D.)
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negrev, Sede Boquer 84990, Israel (A.F.); and
- Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (J.J.G.)
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Genes and Small Molecules Group (S.K.), Central Metabolism Group (T.T., A.R.F.), and Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group (Z.N.), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” University of Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.)
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario 2000, Argentina (M.F.D.)
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negrev, Sede Boquer 84990, Israel (A.F.); and
- Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (J.J.G.)
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Genes and Small Molecules Group (S.K.), Central Metabolism Group (T.T., A.R.F.), and Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group (Z.N.), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” University of Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain (S.O.)
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Rosario 2000, Argentina (M.F.D.)
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negrev, Sede Boquer 84990, Israel (A.F.); and
- Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (J.J.G.)
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Tzin V, Rogachev I, Meir S, Moyal Ben Zvi M, Masci T, Vainstein A, Aharoni A, Galili G. Tomato fruits expressing a bacterial feedback-insensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase of the shikimate pathway possess enhanced levels of multiple specialized metabolites and upgraded aroma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4441-52. [PMID: 24006429 PMCID: PMC3808321 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit contains significant amounts of bioactive compounds, particularly multiple classes of specialized metabolites. Enhancing the synthesis and accumulation of these substances, specifically in fruits, are central for improving tomato fruit quality (e.g. flavour and aroma) and could aid in elucidate pathways of specialized metabolism. To promote the production of specialized metabolites in tomato fruit, this work expressed under a fruit ripening-specific promoter, E8, a bacterial AroG gene encoding a 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS), which is feedback-insensitive to phenylalanine inhibition. DAHPS, the first enzyme of the shikimate pathway, links between the primary and specialized metabolism derived from aromatic amino acids. AroG expression influenced the levels of number of primary metabolites, such as shikimic acid and aromatic amino acids, as well as multiple volatile and non-volatile phenylpropanoids specialized metabolites and carotenoids. An organoleptic test, performed by trained panellists, suggested that the ripe AroG-expressing tomato fruits had a preferred floral aroma compare with fruits of the wild-type line. These results imply that fruit-specific manipulation of the conversion of primary to specialized metabolism is an attractive approach for improving fruit aroma and flavour qualities as well as discovering novel fruit-specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Tzin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- * Present address: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Moyal Ben Zvi
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Present address: Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tania Masci
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Osorio S, Nunes-Nesi A, Stratmann M, Fernie AR. Pyrophosphate levels strongly influence ascorbate and starch content in tomato fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:308. [PMID: 23950759 PMCID: PMC3738876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) deficiency leads to low immunity, scurvy, and other human diseases and is therefore a global health problem. Given that plants are major ascorbate sources for humans, biofortification of this vitamin in our foodstuffs is of considerable importance. Ascorbate is synthetized by a number of alternative pathways: (i) from the glycolytic intermediates D-glucose-6P (the key intermediates are GDP-D-mannose and L-galactose), (ii) from the breakdown of the cell wall polymer pectin which uses the methyl ester of D-galacturonic acid as precursor, and (iii) from myo-inositol as precursor via myo-inositol oxygenase. We report here the engineering of fruit-specific overexpression of a bacterial pyrophosphatase, which hydrolyzes the inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) to orthophosphate (Pi). This strategy resulted in increased vitamin C levels up to 2.5-fold in ripe fruit as well as increasing in the major sugars, sucrose, and glucose, yet decreasing the level of starch. When considered together, these finding indicate an intimate linkage between ascorbate and sugar biosynthesis in plants. Moreover, the combined data reveal the importance of PPi metabolism in tomato fruit metabolism and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Osorio
- *Correspondence: Sonia Osorio, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Edificio I + D, 3ra Planta, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain e-mail:
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