1
|
Qiu D, Lange E, Haas TM, Prucker I, Masuda S, Wang YL, Felix G, Schaaf G, Jessen HJ. Bacterial Pathogen Infection Triggers Magic Spot Nucleotide Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts through Specific RelA/SpoT Homologues. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37437195 PMCID: PMC10375528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Magic spot nucleotides (p)ppGpp are important signaling molecules in bacteria and plants. In the latter, RelA-SpoT homologue (RSH) enzymes are responsible for (p)ppGpp turnover. Profiling of (p)ppGpp is more difficult in plants than in bacteria due to lower concentrations and more severe matrix effects. Here, we report that capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) can be deployed to study (p)ppGpp abundance and identity in Arabidopsis thaliana. This goal is achieved by combining a titanium dioxide extraction protocol and pre-spiking with chemically synthesized stable isotope-labeled internal reference compounds. The high sensitivity and separation efficiency of CE-MS enables monitoring of changes in (p)ppGpp levels in A. thaliana upon infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PstDC3000). We observed a significant increase of ppGpp post infection that is also stimulated by the flagellin peptide flg22 only. This increase depends on functional flg22 receptor FLS2 and its interacting kinase BAK1 indicating that pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor-mediated signaling controls ppGpp levels. Transcript analyses showed an upregulation of RSH2 upon flg22 treatment and both RSH2 and RSH3 after PstDC3000 infection. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in RSH2 and RSH3 activity display no ppGpp accumulation upon infection and flg22 treatment, supporting the involvement of these synthases in PAMP-triggered innate immune responses to pathogens within the chloroplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Lange
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas M Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Prucker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yan L Wang
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zezulka Š, Kummerová M, Šmeringai J, Babula P, Tříska J. Ambiguous changes in photosynthetic parameters of Lemna minor L. after short-term exposure to naproxen and paracetamol: Can the risk be ignored? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106537. [PMID: 37060818 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are recently monitored in the aquatic environment. Naproxen (NPX), paracetamol (PCT) and their transformation products can influence the biochemical and physiological processes at the sub-cellular and cellular levels taking part in the growth and development of plants. This study aimed to compare the effects of NPX and PCT, drugs with different physico-chemical properties, on the growth and photosynthetic processes in Lemna minor during a short-term (7 days) exposure. Although duckweed took up more than five times higher amount of PCT as compared to NPX (275.88 µg/g dry weight to 43.22 µg/g when treated with 10 mg/L), only NPX limited the number of new plants by 9% and 26% under 1 and 10 mg/L, respectively, and increased their dry weight (by 18% under 10 mg/L) and leaf area per plant. A considerable (by 30%) drop in the content of photosynthetic pigments under 10 mg/L treatment by both drugs did not significantly affect the efficiency of the primary processes of photosynthesis. Values of induced chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0, FV/FM, ΦII, and NPQ) showed just a mild stimulation by PCT and a negative effect by NPX (by up to 10%), especially on the function of photosystem II and electron transport in both intact duckweed plants and isolated chloroplasts. Lowered efficiency of Hill reaction activity (by more than 10% under 0.1 - 10 mg/L treatments) in isolated chloroplasts suspension proved the only inhibition effect of PCT to primary photosynthetic processes. In intact plants, higher treatments (0.5 - 10 mg/L) by both NPX and PCT induced an increase in RuBisCO content. The results prove that the potential effect of various drugs on plants is hard to generalise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Zezulka
- Institute of Experimental Biology - Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Kummerová
- Institute of Experimental Biology - Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Šmeringai
- Plant Sciences Core Facility, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) at Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Dep. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tříska
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotope Analyses, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Photosynthetic acclimation to changing environments. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:473-486. [PMID: 36892145 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to environments that fluctuate of timescales varying from seconds to months. Leaves that develop in one set of conditions optimise their metabolism to the conditions experienced, in a process called developmental acclimation. However, when plants experience a sustained change in conditions, existing leaves will also acclimate dynamically to the new conditions. Typically this process takes several days. In this review, we discuss this dynamic acclimation process, focussing on the responses of the photosynthetic apparatus to light and temperature. We briefly discuss the principal changes occurring in the chloroplast, before examining what is known, and not known, about the sensing and signalling processes that underlie acclimation, identifying likely regulators of acclimation.
Collapse
|
4
|
He J, Rössner N, Hoang MTT, Alejandro S, Peiter E. Transport, functions, and interaction of calcium and manganese in plant organellar compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1940-1972. [PMID: 35235665 PMCID: PMC8890496 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and manganese (Mn2+) are essential elements for plants and have similar ionic radii and binding coordination. They are assigned specific functions within organelles, but share many transport mechanisms to cross organellar membranes. Despite their points of interaction, those elements are usually investigated and reviewed separately. This review takes them out of this isolation. It highlights our current mechanistic understanding and points to open questions of their functions, their transport, and their interplay in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vesicular compartments (Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, pre-vacuolar compartment), vacuoles, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Complex processes demanding these cations, such as Mn2+-dependent glycosylation or systemic Ca2+ signaling, are covered in some detail if they have not been reviewed recently or if recent findings add to current models. The function of Ca2+ as signaling agent released from organelles into the cytosol and within the organelles themselves is a recurrent theme of this review, again keeping the interference by Mn2+ in mind. The involvement of organellar channels [e.g. glutamate receptor-likes (GLR), cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGC), mitochondrial conductivity units (MCU), and two-pore channel1 (TPC1)], transporters (e.g. natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP), Ca2+ exchangers (CAX), metal tolerance proteins (MTP), and bivalent cation transporters (BICAT)], and pumps [autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACA) and ER Ca2+-ATPases (ECA)] in the import and export of organellar Ca2+ and Mn2+ is scrutinized, whereby current controversial issues are pointed out. Mechanisms in animals and yeast are taken into account where they may provide a blueprint for processes in plants, in particular, with respect to tunable molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ versus Mn2+ selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Rössner
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Minh T T Hoang
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sukhova E, Gromova E, Yudina L, Kior A, Vetrova Y, Ilin N, Mareev E, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. Change in H + Transport across Thylakoid Membrane as Potential Mechanism of 14.3 Hz Magnetic Field Impact on Photosynthetic Light Reactions in Seedlings of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102207. [PMID: 34686016 PMCID: PMC8537839 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural and artificial extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELFMFs) are important factors influencing physiological processes in living organisms including terrestrial plants. Earlier, it was experimentally shown that short-term and long-term treatments by ELFMFs with Schumann resonance frequencies (7.8, 14.3, and 20.8 Hz) influenced parameters of photosynthetic light reactions in wheat leaves. The current work is devoted to an analysis of potential ways of this ELFMF influence on the light reactions. Only a short-term wheat treatment by 14.3 Hz ELFMF was used in the analysis. First, it was experimentally shown that ELFMF-induced changes (an increase in the effective quantum yield of photosystem II, a decrease in the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, a decrease in time of changes in these parameters, etc.) were observed under the action of ELFMF with widely ranging magnitudes (from 3 to 180 µT). In contrast, the potential quantum yield of photosystem II and time of relaxation of the energy-dependent component of the non-photochemical quenching were not significantly influenced by ELFMF. Second, it was shown that the ELFMF treatment decreased the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, the H+ conductivity increased under this treatment. Third, an analysis of the simplest mathematical model of an H+ transport across the thylakoid membrane, which was developed in this work, showed that changes in H+ fluxes related to activities of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and the H+-ATP synthase were not likely a mechanism of the ELFMF influence. In contrast, changes induced by an increase in an additional H+ flux (probably, through the proton leakage and/or through the H+/Ca2+ antiporter activity in the thylakoid membrane) were in good accordance with experimental results. Thus, we hypothesized that this increase is the mechanism of the 14.3 Hz ELFMF influence (and, maybe, influences of other low frequencies) on photosynthetic light reactions in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Gromova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Lyubov Yudina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Anastasiia Kior
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Yana Vetrova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Nikolay Ilin
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Evgeny Mareev
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-909-292-8653
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang D, Xu J, Beer S, Beardall J, Zhou C, Gao K. Increased CO 2 Relevant to Future Ocean Acidification Alleviates the Sensitivity of a Red Macroalgae to Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance by Modulating the Synergy Between Photosystems II and I. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:726538. [PMID: 34603355 PMCID: PMC8481898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.726538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While intertidal macroalgae are exposed to drastic changes in solar photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) during a diel cycle, and to ocean acidification (OA) associated with increasing CO2 levels, little is known about their photosynthetic performance under the combined influences of these drivers. In this work, we examined the photoprotective strategies controlling electron flow through photosystems II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) in response to solar radiation with or without UVR and an elevated CO2 concentration in the intertidal, commercially important, red macroalgae Pyropia (previously Porphyra) yezoensis. By using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques, we found that high levels of PAR alone induced photoinhibition of the inter-photosystem electron transport carriers, as evidenced by the increase of chlorophyll fluorescence in both the J- and I-steps of Kautsky curves. In the presence of UVR, photoinduced inhibition was mainly identified in the O2-evolving complex (OEC) and PSII, as evidenced by a significant increase in the variable fluorescence at the K-step (F k) of Kautsky curves relative to the amplitude of F J-F o (Wk) and a decrease of the maximum quantum yield of PSII (F v/F m). Such inhibition appeared to ameliorate the function of downstream electron acceptors, protecting PSI from over-reduction. In turn, the stable PSI activity increased the efficiency of cyclic electron transport (CET) around PSI, dissipating excess energy and supplying ATP for CO2 assimilation. When the algal thalli were grown under increased CO2 and OA conditions, the CET activity became further enhanced, which maintained the OEC stability and thus markedly alleviating the UVR-induced photoinhibition. In conclusion, the well-established coordination between PSII and PSI endows P. yezoensis with a highly efficient photochemical performance in response to UVR, especially under the scenario of future increased CO2 levels and OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Sven Beer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John Beardall
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wilson S, Johnson MP, Ruban AV. Proton motive force in plant photosynthesis dominated by ΔpH in both low and high light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:263-275. [PMID: 34618143 PMCID: PMC8418402 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The proton motive force (pmf) across the thylakoid membrane couples photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis. In recent years, the electrochromic carotenoid and chlorophyll absorption band shift (ECS), peaking ∼515 nm, has become a widely used probe to measure pmf in leaves. However, the use of this technique to calculate the parsing of the pmf between the proton gradient (ΔpH) and electric potential (Δψ) components remains controversial. Interpretation of the ECS signal is complicated by overlapping absorption changes associated with violaxanthin de-epoxidation to zeaxanthin (ΔA505) and energy-dependent nonphotochemical quenching (qE; ΔA535). In this study, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants with altered xanthophyll cycle activity and photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) content to disentangle these overlapping contributions. In plants where overlap among ΔA505, ΔA535, and ECS is diminished, such as npq4 (lacking ΔA535) and npq1npq4 (also lacking ΔA505), the parsing method implies the Δψ contribution is virtually absent and pmf is solely composed of ΔpH. Conversely, in plants where ΔA535 and ECS overlap is enhanced, such as L17 (a PsbS overexpressor) and npq1 (where ΔA535 is blue-shifted to 525 nm) the parsing method implies a dominant contribution of Δψ to the total pmf. These results demonstrate the vast majority of the pmf attributed by the ECS parsing method to Δψ is caused by ΔA505 and ΔA535 overlap, confirming pmf is dominated by ΔpH following the first 60 s of continuous illumination under both low and high light conditions. Further implications of these findings for the regulation of photosynthesis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wilson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Matthew P. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alexander V. Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su W, Zhang C, Wang D, Ren Y, Sun T, Feng J, Su Y, Xu L, Shi M, Que Y. The CaCA superfamily genes in Saccharum: comparative analysis and their functional implications in response to biotic and abiotic stress. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:549. [PMID: 34275454 PMCID: PMC8286586 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, Calcium (Ca2+) acts as a universal messenger in various signal transduction pathways, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and regulation of cellular and developmental processes. The Ca2+/cation antiporter (CaCA) superfamily proteins play vital roles in the transport of Ca2+ and/or other cations. However, the characteristics of these superfamily members in Saccharum and their evolutionary and functional implications have remained unclear. RESULTS A total of 34 CaCA genes in Saccharum spontaneum, 5 CaCA genes in Saccharum spp. R570, and 14 CaCA genes in Sorghum bicolor were identified and characterized. These genes consisted of the H+/cation exchanger (CAX), cation/Ca2+ exchanger (CCX), EF-hand / CAX (EFCAX), and Mg2+/H+ exchanger (MHX) families, among which the CCX and EFCAX could be classified into three groups while the CAX could be divided into two groups. The exon/intron structures and motif compositions suggested that the members in the same group were highly conserved. Synteny analysis of CaCAs established their orthologous and paralogous relationships among the superfamily in S. spontaneum, R570, and S. bicolor. The results of protein-protein interactions indicated that these CaCA proteins had direct or indirect interactions. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that most members of Saccharum CaCA genes exhibited a similar expression pattern in response to hormonal (abscisic acid, ABA) treatment but played various roles in response to biotic (Sporisorium scitamineum) and abiotic (cold) stresses. Furthermore, ScCAX4, a gene encoding a cytoplasm, plasma membrane and nucleus positioning protein, was isolated from sugarcane. This gene was constitutively expressed in different sugarcane tissues and its expression was only induced at 3 and 6 h time points after ABA treatment, however was inhibited and indued in the whole process under cold and S. scitamineum stresses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study systematically conducted comparative analyses of CaCA superfamily genes among S. spontaneum, R570, and S. bicolor, delineating their sequence and structure characteristics, classification, evolutionary history, and putative functions. These results not only provided rich gene resources for exploring the molecular mechanism of the CaCA superfamily genes but also offered guidance and reference for research on other gene families in Saccharum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Dongjiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Yongjuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Jingfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Mutian Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian Province China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sukhov V, Sukhova E, Sinitsyna Y, Gromova E, Mshenskaya N, Ryabkova A, Ilin N, Vodeneev V, Mareev E, Price C. Influence of Magnetic Field with Schumann Resonance Frequencies on Photosynthetic Light Reactions in Wheat and Pea. Cells 2021; 10:149. [PMID: 33451018 PMCID: PMC7828558 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is an important target of action of numerous environmental factors; in particular, stressors can strongly affect photosynthetic light reactions. Considering relations of photosynthetic light reactions to electron and proton transport, it can be supposed that extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) may influence these reactions; however, this problem has been weakly investigated. In this paper, we experimentally tested a hypothesis about the potential influence of ELFMF of 18 µT intensity with Schumann resonance frequencies (7.8, 14.3, and 20.8 Hz) on photosynthetic light reactions in wheat and pea seedlings. It was shown that ELFMF decreased non-photochemical quenching in wheat and weakly influenced quantum yield of photosystem II at short-term treatment; in contrast, the changes in potential and effective quantum yields of photosystem II were observed mainly under chronic action of ELFMF. It is interesting that both short-term and chronic treatment decreased the time periods for 50% activation of quantum yield and non-photochemical quenching under illumination. Influence of ELFMF on pea was not observed at both short-term and chronic treatment. Thus, we showed that ELFMF with Schumann resonance frequencies could influence photosynthetic light processes; however, this effect depends on plant species (wheat or pea) and type of treatment (short-term or chronic).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Yulia Sinitsyna
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.S.); (N.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (C.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gromova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Natalia Mshenskaya
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (Y.S.); (N.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (C.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Ryabkova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nikolay Ilin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (A.R.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny Mareev
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Colin Price
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Geophysics, Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Z, Mei X, Li T, Yang S, Qin L, Li B, Zu Y. Effects of calcium application on activities of membrane transporters in Panax notoginseng under cadmium stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127905. [PMID: 33182152 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pot experiments were conducted to study combined effects of Ca and Cd on contents of Cd and Ca, and membrane transporters activities (CC (calcium channel protein), ATPase and CAXs (cationic/H+ antiporter) of two-year old Panax notoginseng with application of different concentrations of Ca2+ (0, 180 and 360 mgkg-1, prepared by Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2, respectively) under Cd2+ (0, 0.6, 6.0, and 12.0 mgkg-1, prepared by CdCl2•2.5H2O) treatments. The results showed that soil available Cd contents decreased with Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2 application. Soil pH value increased with Ca(OH)2 application. The contents of Cd in all parts of P. notoginseng increased with the increase in Cd treatment concentrations. The Cd content of P. notoginseng decreased with Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2 treatments. The activities of CC and ATPase in the main root of P. notoginseng decreased with the increase in Cd treatment concentrations and application of CaCl2. The activities of CC and ATPase increased with Ca(OH)2application. The activity of CAXs in the main root of P. notoginseng increased with the increase of Cd treatment concentration. The results indicate that Ca and Cd should be both related to membrane transporters activities and activities of CC, ATPase and CAXs are promoted by cooperation of Ca2+and OH+, which suggest the Ca(OH)2 application should be better than application of CaCl2 for Cd detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuran Li
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Li Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yanqun Zu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma M, Liu Y, Bai C, Yang Y, Sun Z, Liu X, Zhang S, Han X, Yong JWH. The Physiological Functionality of PGR5/PGRL1-Dependent Cyclic Electron Transport in Sustaining Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702196. [PMID: 34305990 PMCID: PMC8294387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic electron transport (CET), after the linear electron transport (LET), is another important electron transport pathway during the light reactions of photosynthesis. The proton gradient regulation 5 (PGR5)/PRG5-like photosynthetic phenotype 1 (PGRL1) and the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex pathways are linked to the CET. Recently, the regulation of CET around photosystem I (PSI) has been recognized as crucial for photosynthesis and plant growth. Here, we summarized the main biochemical processes of the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent CET pathway and its physiological significance in protecting the photosystem II and PSI, ATP/NADPH ratio maintenance, and regulating the transitions between LET and CET in order to optimize photosynthesis when encountering unfavorable conditions. A better understanding of the PGR5/PGRL1-mediated CET during photosynthesis might provide novel strategies for improving crop yield in a world facing more extreme weather events with multiple stresses affecting the plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Ma
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Yifei Liu, ; Xiaori Han,
| | - Chunming Bai
- National Sorghum Improvement Center, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhong Yang
- Professional Technology Innovation Center of Magnesium Nutrition, Yingkou Magnesite Chemical Ind Group Co., Ltd., Yingkou, China
| | - Zhiyu Sun
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaori Han
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yifei Liu, ; Xiaori Han,
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu J, Yin Z, Lu T, Yang X, Wang F, Qi M, Li T, Liu Y. Cyclic electron flow modulate the linear electron flow and reactive oxygen species in tomato leaves under high temperature. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110387. [PMID: 32005392 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) plays a crucial role in photosynthesis and also functions in plant tolerance of abiotic environmental stress. However, the role of PGR5/PGRL1- and NDH-dependent CEF in tomato under hightemperature (HT) is poorly understood. Here, we assessed the photoprotective effect of these pathways in tomato leaves under HT by using antimycin A (AA) and rotenone (R), which are chemical inhibitors of PGR5/PGRL1- and NDH-dependent CEF, respectively. The results showed that AA treatment caused significantly greater inhibition of CEF under HT compared to R treatment. Moreover, AA treatment caused a greater decrease in maximal photochemistry efficiency (Fv/Fm) and increased damage to the donor and acceptor side of photosystem II (PSII); however, the limitation of the acceptor side in PSI [Y(NA)] was significantly increased. In addition, thylakoid membrane integrity was compromised and reactive oxygen species, proton gradient (ΔpH), antioxidant enzyme activity, and the expression of photosystem core subunit genes were significantly decreased under AA treatment. These findings indicate that PGR5/PGRL1-dependent CEF protects PSII and PSI from photooxidative damage through the formation of ΔpH while maintaining thylakoid membrane integrity and normal gene expression levels of core photosystem components. This study demonstrates that PGR5/PGRL1-dependent CEF plays a major role in HT response in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi Lu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surrounds Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zepeng Yin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surrounds Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surrounds Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surrounds Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surrounds Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surrounds Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surrounds Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huihui Z, Yue W, Xin L, Guoqiang H, Yanhui C, Zhiyuan T, Jieyu S, Nan X, Guangyu S. Chlorophyll synthesis and the photoprotective mechanism in leaves of mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedlings under NaCl and NaHCO 3 stress revealed by TMT-based proteomics analyses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110164. [PMID: 31927191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) and effective photoprotective mechanism are important prerequisites to ensure the photosynthetic function of plants under stress. In this study, the effects of 100 mmol L-1 NaCl and NaHCO3 stress on chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic function of mulberry seedlings were studied by physiological combined with proteomics technology. The results show that: NaCl stress had little effect on the expression of Chl synthesis related proteins, and there were no significant changes in Chl content and Chl a:b ratio. However, 13 of the 15 key proteins in the process of Chl synthesis were significantly decreased under NaHCO3 stress, and the contents of Chl a and Chl b were significantly decreased (especially Chl a). Although stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased significantly under NaCl stress, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), PSII maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and electron transfer rate (ETR) did not change significantly, but under NaHCO3 stress, not only Gs decreased significantly, PSII activity and photosynthetic carbon were the same. In the photoprotective mechanism under NaCl stress, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH)-dependent cyclic electron flow (CEF) enhanced, the expression of related proteins subunit, ndhH, ndhI, ndhK, and ndhM, the key enzyme of the xanthophyll cycle, violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) were up-regulated, the ratio of (A + Z)/(V + A + Z) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was increased. The expressions of proteins FTR and Fd-NiR were also significant up-regulated under NaCl stress, Fd-dependent ROS metabolism and nitrogen metabolism can effectively reduce the electronic pressure on Fd. Under NaHCO3 stress, the expressions of NDH-dependent CEF related proteins subunit (ndhH, ndhI, ndhK, ndhM and ndhN), VDE, ZE, FTR, Fd-NiR and Fd-GOGAT, were significant down-regulated, and ZE, CP26, ndhK, ndhM, Fd-NiR, Fd-GOGAT and FTR genes expression also significantly decreased, the photoprotective mechanism, like the xanthophyll cycle,CEF and Fd-dependent ROS metabolism and nitrogen metabolism might be damaged, resulting in the inhibition of PSII electron transfer and carbon assimilation in mulberry leaves under NaHCO3 stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Huihui
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Xin
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Guoqiang
- Mudanjang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Che Yanhui
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Teng Zhiyuan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shao Jieyu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xu Nan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Natural Resources and Ecology Institute, Heilongjiang Sciences Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Sun Guangyu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Macroorganisation and flexibility of thylakoid membranes. Biochem J 2019; 476:2981-3018. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis are hosted and regulated by the chloroplast thylakoid membrane (TM) — the central structural component of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional arrangement of the lipid–protein assemblies, aka macroorganisation, and its dynamic responses to the fluctuating physiological environment, aka flexibility, are the subject of this review. An emphasis is given on the information obtainable by spectroscopic approaches, especially circular dichroism (CD). We briefly summarise the current knowledge of the composition and three-dimensional architecture of the granal TMs in plants and the supramolecular organisation of Photosystem II and light-harvesting complex II therein. We next acquaint the non-specialist reader with the fundamentals of CD spectroscopy, recent advances such as anisotropic CD, and applications for studying the structure and macroorganisation of photosynthetic complexes and membranes. Special attention is given to the structural and functional flexibility of light-harvesting complex II in vitro as revealed by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. We give an account of the dynamic changes in membrane macroorganisation associated with the light-adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus and the regulation of the excitation energy flow by state transitions and non-photochemical quenching.
Collapse
|
15
|
Calcium Application Enhances Drought Stress Tolerance in Sugar Beet and Promotes Plant Biomass and Beetroot Sucrose Concentration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153777. [PMID: 31382384 PMCID: PMC6696248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of sugar beet to lose the final sugar yield under water limiting regime. Ample evidences have revealed the important role of mineral nutrition in increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Despite the vital role of calcium (Ca2+) in plant growth and development, as well as in stress responses as an intracellular messenger, its role in alleviating drought stress in sugar beet has been rarely addressed. Here, an attempt was undertaken to investigate whether, and to what extent, foliar application of Ca2+ confers drought stress tolerance in sugar beet plants exposed to drought stress. To achieve this goal, sugar beet plants, which were grown in a high throughput phenotyping platform, were sprayed with Ca2+ and submitted to drought stress. The results showed that foliar application of Ca2+ increased the level of magnesium and silicon in the leaves, promoted plant growth, height, and leaf coverage area as well as chlorophyll level. Ca2+, in turn, increased the carbohydrate levels in leaves under drought condition and regulated transcriptionally the genes involved in sucrose transport (BvSUC3 and BvTST3). Subsequently, Ca2+ enhanced the root biomass and simultaneously led to induction of root (BvSUC3 and BvTST1) sucrose transporters which eventually supported the loading of more sucrose into beetroot under drought stress. Metabolite analysis revealed that the beneficial effect of Ca2+ in tolerance to drought induced-oxidative stress is most likely mediated by higher glutathione pools, increased levels of free polyamine putrescine (Put), and lower levels of amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Taken together, this work demonstrates that foliar application of Ca2+ is a promising fertilization strategy to improve mineral nutrition efficiency, sugar metabolism, redox state, and thus, drought stress tolerance.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kaňa R, Kotabová E, Šedivá B, Kuthanová Trsková E. Photoprotective strategies in the motile cryptophyte alga Rhodomonas salina-role of non-photochemical quenching, ions, photoinhibition, and cell motility. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:691-703. [PMID: 31352667 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We explored photoprotective strategies in a cryptophyte alga Rhodomonas salina. This cryptophytic alga represents phototrophs where chlorophyll a/c antennas in thylakoids are combined with additional light-harvesting system formed by phycobiliproteins in the chloroplast lumen. The fastest response to excessive irradiation is induction of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The maximal NPQ appears already after 20 s of excessive irradiation. This initial phase of NPQ is sensitive to Ca2+ channel inhibitor (diltiazem) and disappears, also, in the presence of non-actin, an ionophore for monovalent cations. The prolonged exposure to high light of R. salina cells causes photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) that can be further enhanced when Ca2+ fluxes are inhibited by diltiazem. The light-induced reduction in PSII photochemical activity is smaller when compared with immotile diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We explain this as a result of their different photoprotective strategies. Besides the protective role of NPQ, the motile R. salina also minimizes high light exposure by increased cell velocity by almost 25% percent (25% from 82 to 104 μm/s). We suggest that motility of algal cells might have a photoprotective role at high light because algal cell rotation around longitudinal axes changes continual irradiation to periodically fluctuating light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radek Kaňa
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre ALGATECH, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Kotabová
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre ALGATECH, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Šedivá
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre ALGATECH, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Kuthanová Trsková
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre ALGATECH, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic.,Student of Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Frank J, Happeck R, Meier B, Hoang MTT, Stribny J, Hause G, Ding H, Morsomme P, Baginsky S, Peiter E. Chloroplast-localized BICAT proteins shape stromal calcium signals and are required for efficient photosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:866-880. [PMID: 30169890 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic machinery of plants must be regulated to maximize the efficiency of light reactions and CO2 fixation. Changes in free Ca2+ in the stroma of chloroplasts have been observed at the transition between light and darkness, and also in response to stress stimuli. Such Ca2+ dynamics have been proposed to regulate photosynthetic capacity. However, the molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ fluxes in the chloroplasts have been unknown. By employing a Ca2+ reporter-based approach, we identified two chloroplast-localized Ca2+ transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana, BICAT1 and BICAT2, that determine the amplitude of the darkness-induced Ca2+ signal in the chloroplast stroma. BICAT2 mediated Ca2+ uptake across the chloroplast envelope, and its knockout mutation strongly dampened the dark-induced [Ca2+ ]stroma signal. Conversely, this Ca2+ transient was increased in knockout mutants of BICAT1, which transports Ca2+ into the thylakoid lumen. Knockout mutation of BICAT2 caused severe defects in chloroplast morphology, pigmentation and photosynthetic light reactions, rendering bicat2 mutants barely viable under autotrophic growth conditions, while bicat1 mutants were less affected. These results show that BICAT transporters play a role in chloroplast Ca2+ homeostasis. They are also involved in the regulation of photosynthesis and plant productivity. Further work will be required to reveal whether the effect on photosynthesis is a direct result of their role as Ca2+ transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Frank
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ricardo Happeck
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bastian Meier
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Minh Thi Thanh Hoang
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jiri Stribny
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biocenter, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Haidong Ding
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Pierre Morsomme
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sacha Baginsky
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang W, Suorsa M, Zhang SB. In vivo regulation of thylakoid proton motive force in immature leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:207-218. [PMID: 30056561 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplast, proton motive force (pmf) is critical for ATP synthesis and photoprotection. To prevent photoinhibition of photosynthetic apparatus, proton gradient (ΔpH) across the thylakoid membranes needs to be built up to minimize the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in thylakoid membranes. However, the regulation of thylakoid pmf in immature leaves is little known. In this study, we compared photosynthetic electron sinks, P700 redox state, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and electrochromic shift (ECS) signal in immature and mature leaves of a cultivar of Camellia. The immature leaves displayed lower linear electron flow and cyclic electron flow, but higher levels of NPQ and P700 oxidation ratio under high light. Meanwhile, we found that pmf and ΔpH were higher in the immature leaves. Furthermore, the immature leaves showed significantly lower thylakoid proton conductivity than mature leaves. These results strongly indicated that immature leaves can build up enough ΔpH by modulating proton efflux from the lumenal side to the stromal side of thylakoid membranes, which is essential to prevent photoinhibition via thermal energy dissipation and photosynthetic control of electron transfer. This study highlights that the activity of chloroplast ATP synthase is a key safety valve for photoprotection in immature leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | | | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marchand J, Heydarizadeh P, Schoefs B, Spetea C. Ion and metabolite transport in the chloroplast of algae: lessons from land plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2153-2176. [PMID: 29541792 PMCID: PMC5948301 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are endosymbiotic organelles and play crucial roles in energy supply and metabolism of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms (algae and land plants). They harbor channels and transporters in the envelope and thylakoid membranes, mediating the exchange of ions and metabolites with the cytosol and the chloroplast stroma and between the different chloroplast subcompartments. In secondarily evolved algae, three or four envelope membranes surround the chloroplast, making more complex the exchange of ions and metabolites. Despite the importance of transport proteins for the optimal functioning of the chloroplast in algae, and that many land plant homologues have been predicted, experimental evidence and molecular characterization are missing in most cases. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about ion and metabolite transport in the chloroplast from algae. The main aspects reviewed are localization and activity of the transport proteins from algae and/or of homologues from other organisms including land plants. Most chloroplast transporters were identified in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, reside in the envelope and participate in carbon acquisition and metabolism. Only a few identified algal transporters are located in the thylakoid membrane and play role in ion transport. The presence of genes for putative transporters in green algae, red algae, diatoms, glaucophytes and cryptophytes is discussed, and roles in the chloroplast are suggested. A deep knowledge in this field is required because algae represent a potential source of biomass and valuable metabolites for industry, medicine and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marchand
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Parisa Heydarizadeh
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France.
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sukhova E, Mudrilov M, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. Influence of the variation potential on photosynthetic flows of light energy and electrons in pea. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 136:215-228. [PMID: 29086893 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Local damage (mainly burning, heating, and mechanical wounding) induces propagation of electrical signals, namely, variation potentials, which are important signals during the life of plants that regulate different physiological processes, including photosynthesis. It is known that the variation potential decreases the rate of CO2 assimilation by the Calvin-Benson cycle; however, its influence on light reactions has been poorly investigated. The aim of our work was to investigate the influence of the variation potential on the light energy flow that is absorbed, trapped and dissipated per active reaction centre in photosystem II and on the flow of electrons through the chloroplast electron transport chain. We analysed chlorophyll fluorescence in pea leaves using JIP-test and PAM-fluorometry; we also investigated delayed fluorescence. The electrical signals were registered using extracellular electrodes. We showed that the burning-induced variation potential stimulated a nonphotochemical loss of energy in photosystem II under dark conditions. It was also shown that the variation potential gradually increased the flow of light energy absorbed, trapped and dissipated by photosystem II. These changes were likely caused by an increase in the fraction of absorbed light distributed to photosystem II. In addition, the variation potential induced a transient increase in electron flow through the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Some probable mechanisms for the influence of the variation potential on the light reactions of photosynthesis (including the potential role of intracellular pH decrease) are discussed in the work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950
| | - Maxim Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sello S, Moscatiello R, Mehlmer N, Leonardelli M, Carraretto L, Cortese E, Zanella FG, Baldan B, Szabò I, Vothknecht UC, Navazio L. Chloroplast Ca 2+ Fluxes into and across Thylakoids Revealed by Thylakoid-Targeted Aequorin Probes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:38-51. [PMID: 29559589 PMCID: PMC5933129 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts require a fine-tuned control of their internal Ca2+ concentration, which is crucial for many aspects of photosynthesis and for other chloroplast-localized processes. Increasing evidence suggests that calcium regulation within chloroplasts also may influence Ca2+ signaling pathways in the cytosol. To investigate the involvement of thylakoids in Ca2+ homeostasis and in the modulation of chloroplast Ca2+ signals in vivo, we targeted the bioluminescent Ca2+ reporter aequorin as a YFP fusion to the lumen and the stromal surface of thylakoids in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Thylakoid localization of aequorin-based probes in stably transformed lines was confirmed by confocal microscopy, immunogold labeling, and biochemical analyses. In resting conditions in the dark, free Ca2+ levels in the thylakoid lumen were maintained at about 0.5 μm, which was a 3- to 5-fold higher concentration than in the stroma. Monitoring of chloroplast Ca2+ dynamics in different intrachloroplast subcompartments (stroma, thylakoid membrane, and thylakoid lumen) revealed the occurrence of stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals, characterized by unique kinetic parameters. Oxidative and salt stresses initiated pronounced free Ca2+ changes in the thylakoid lumen. Localized Ca2+ increases also were observed on the thylakoid membrane surface, mirroring transient Ca2+ changes observed for the bulk stroma, but with specific Ca2+ dynamics. Moreover, evidence was obtained for dark-stimulated intrathylakoid Ca2+ changes, suggesting a new scenario for light-to-dark-induced Ca2+ fluxes inside chloroplasts. Hence, thylakoid-targeted aequorin reporters can provide new insights into chloroplast Ca2+ storage and signal transduction. These probes represent novel tools with which to investigate the role of thylakoids in Ca2+ signaling networks within chloroplasts and plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Leonardelli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Carraretto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Cortese
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Baldan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy
| | - Ute C Vothknecht
- Department of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-82152 Munich, Germany
- Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aslam R, Williams LE, Bhatti MF, Virk N. Genome-wide analysis of wheat calcium ATPases and potential role of selected ACAs and ECAs in calcium stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:174. [PMID: 29078753 PMCID: PMC5658947 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P2- type calcium ATPases (ACAs-auto inhibited calcium ATPases and ECAs-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases) belong to the P- type ATPase family of active membrane transporters and are significantly involved in maintaining accurate levels of Ca2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ in the cytosol as well as playing a very important role in stress signaling, stomatal opening and closing and pollen tube growth. Here we report the identification and possible role of some of these ATPases from wheat. RESULTS In this study, ACA and ECA sequences of six species (belonging to Poaceae) were retrieved from different databases and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. A high degree of evolutionary relatedness was observed among P2 sequences characterized in this study. Members of the respective groups from different plant species were observed to fall under the same clade. This pattern highlights the common ancestry of P2- type calcium ATPases. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to analyse the expression of selected ACAs and ECAs from Triticum aestivum (wheat) under calcium toxicity and calcium deficiency. The data indicated that expression of ECAs is enhanced under calcium stress, suggesting possible roles of these ATPases in calcium homeostasis in wheat. Similarly, the expression of ACAs was significantly different in plants grown under calcium stress as compared to plants grown under control conditions. This gives clues to the role of ACAs in signal transduction during calcium stress in wheat. CONCLUSION Here we concluded that wheat genome consists of nine P2B and three P2A -type calcium ATPases. Moreover, gene loss events in wheat ancestors lead to the loss of a particular homoeolog of a gene in wheat. To elaborate the role of these wheat ATPases, qRT-PCR was performed. The results indicated that when plants are exposed to calcium stress, both P2A and P2B gene expression get enhanced. This further gives clues about the possible role of these ATPases in wheat in calcium management. These findings can be useful in future for genetic manipulations as well as in wheat genome annotation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Aslam
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| | - Nasar Virk
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Su X, Ma J, Wei X, Cao P, Zhu D, Chang W, Liu Z, Zhang X, Li M. Structure and assembly mechanism of plant C 2S 2M 2-type PSII-LHCII supercomplex. Science 2017; 357:815-820. [PMID: 28839073 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the photosynthetic machinery photosystem II (PSII) consists of a core complex associated with variable numbers of light-harvesting complexes II (LHCIIs). The supercomplex, comprising a dimeric core and two strongly bound and two moderately bound LHCIIs (C2S2M2), is the dominant form in plants acclimated to limited light. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of two forms of C2S2M2 (termed stacked and unstacked) from Pisum sativum at 2.7- and 3.2-angstrom resolution, respectively. In each C2S2M2, the moderately bound LHCII assembles specifically with a peripheral antenna complex CP24-CP29 heterodimer and the strongly bound LHCII, to establish a pigment network that facilitates light harvesting at the periphery and energy transfer into the core. The high mobility of peripheral antennae, including the moderately bound LHCII and CP24, provides insights into functional regulation of plant PSII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Su
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Xuepeng Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Dongjie Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wenrui Chang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Center for Biological Imaging, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang W, Yang YJ, Zhang SB. Specific roles of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in photosynthetic regulation in immature and mature leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 209:76-83. [PMID: 28013173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) is essential for photosynthesis in mature leaves. However, the physiological roles of CEF in immature leaves are little known. Here, we measured the PSI and PSII activities, light response changes in PSI and PSII energy quenching for immature and mature leaves of Erythrophleum guineense grown under full sunlight. Comparing with the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), the immature leaves had much lower values of the maximum photo-oxidizable P700 (Pm) than the mature leaves, suggesting the unsynchronized development of PSI and PSII activities. Furthermore, the immature leaves displayed significantly lower capacities for the photosynthetic electron flow through PSII (ETRII) and CEF. However, when exposed to high light, the immature leaves displayed higher levels of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and P700 oxidation ration [Y(ND)] than mature leaves. Under high light, the similar NPQ values were accompanied with much lower CEF activity in the immature leaves. These results suggest that, in immature leaves, CEF primarily contributes to photoprotection for PSI and PSII via acidification of thylakoid lumen. By comparison, in mature leaves, a large fraction of CEF-dependent generation of ΔpH contributes to ATP synthesis and a relative small proportion favors photoprotection via lumen acidification. These findings highlight the specific roles of CEF in photosynthetic regulation in immature and mature leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China; Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kohzuma K, Froehlich JE, Davis GA, Temple JA, Minhas D, Dhingra A, Cruz JA, Kramer DM. The Role of Light-Dark Regulation of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1248. [PMID: 28791032 PMCID: PMC5522872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast ATP synthase catalyzes the light-driven synthesis of ATP and is activated in the light and inactivated in the dark by redox-modulation through the thioredoxin system. It has been proposed that this down-regulation is important for preventing wasteful hydrolysis of ATP in the dark. To test this proposal, we compared the effects of extended dark exposure in Arabidopsis lines expressing the wild-type and mutant forms of ATP synthase that are redox regulated or constitutively active. In contrast to the predictions of the model, we observed that plants with wild-type redox regulation lost photosynthetic capacity rapidly in darkness, whereas those expressing redox-insensitive form were far more stable. To explain these results, we propose that in wild-type plants, down-regulation of ATP synthase inhibits ATP hydrolysis, leading to dissipation of thylakoid proton motive force (pmf) and subsequent inhibition of protein transport across the thylakoid through the twin arginine transporter (Tat)-dependent and Sec-dependent import pathways, resulting in the selective loss of specific protein complexes. By contrast, in mutants with a redox-insensitive ATP synthase, pmf is maintained by ATP hydrolysis, thus allowing protein transport to maintain photosynthetic activities for extended periods in the dark. Hence, a basal level of Tat-dependent, as well as, Sec-dependent import activity, in the dark helps replenishes certain components of the photosynthetic complexes and thereby aids in maintaining overall complex activity. However, the influence of a dark pmf on thylakoid protein import, by itself, could not explain all the effects we observed in this study. For example, we also observed in wild type plants a large transient buildup of thylakoid pmf and nonphotochemical exciton quenching upon sudden illumination of dark adapted plants. Therefore, we conclude that down-regulation of the ATP synthase is probably not related to preventing loss of ATP per se. Instead, ATP synthase redox regulation may be impacting a number of cellular processes such as (1) the accumulation of chloroplast proteins and/or ions or (2) the responses of photosynthesis to rapid changes in light intensity. A model highlighting the complex interplay between ATP synthase regulation and pmf in maintaining various chloroplast functions in the dark is presented. Significance Statement: We uncover an unexpected role for thioredoxin modulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase in regulating the dark-stability of the photosynthetic apparatus, most likely by controlling thylakoid membrane transport of proteins and ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kohzuma
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - John E. Froehlich
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
- *Correspondence: John E. Froehlich,
| | - Geoffry A. Davis
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Joshua A. Temple
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Deepika Minhas
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University, WashingtonDC, United States
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University, WashingtonDC, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Cruz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - David M. Kramer
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Percey WJ, McMinn A, Bose J, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM, Shabala S. Salinity effects on chloroplast PSII performance in glycophytes and halophytes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:1003-1015. [PMID: 32480522 DOI: 10.1071/fp16135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of NaCl stress and K+ nutrition on photosynthetic parameters of isolated chloroplasts were investigated using PAM fluorescence. Intact mesophyll cells were able to maintain optimal photosynthetic performance when exposed to salinity for more than 24h whereas isolated chloroplasts showed declines in both the relative electron transport rate (rETR) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) within the first hour of treatment. The rETR was much more sensitive to salt stress compared with Fv/Fm, with 40% inhibition of rETR observed at apoplastic NaCl concentration as low as 20mM. In isolated chloroplasts, absolute K+ concentrations were more essential for the maintenance of the optimal photochemical performance (Fv/Fm values) rather than sodium concentrations per se. Chloroplasts from halophyte species of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and pigface (Carpobrotus rosii (Haw.) Schwantes) showed less than 18% decline in Fv/Fm under salinity, whereas the Fv/Fm decline in chloroplasts from glycophyte pea (Pisum sativum L.) and bean (Vicia faba L.) species was much stronger (31 and 47% respectively). Vanadate (a P-type ATPase inhibitor) significantly reduced Fv/Fm in both control and salinity treated chloroplasts (by 7 and 25% respectively), whereas no significant effects of gadolinium (blocker of non-selective cation channels) were observed in salt-treated chloroplasts. Tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) (K+ channel inhibitor) and amiloride (inhibitor of the Na+/H+ antiporter) increased the Fv/Fm of salinity treated chloroplasts by 16 and 17% respectively. These results suggest that chloroplasts' ability to regulate ion transport across the envelope and thylakoid membranes play a critical role in leaf photosynthetic performance under salinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Percey
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Jayakumar Bose
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- School of Medicine and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 34, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dumas L, Chazaux M, Peltier G, Johnson X, Alric J. Cytochrome b 6 f function and localization, phosphorylation state of thylakoid membrane proteins and consequences on cyclic electron flow. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:307-320. [PMID: 27534565 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Both the structure and the protein composition of thylakoid membranes have an impact on light harvesting and electron transfer in the photosynthetic chain. Thylakoid membranes form stacks and lamellae where photosystem II and photosystem I localize, respectively. Light-harvesting complexes II can be associated to either PSII or PSI depending on the redox state of the plastoquinone pool, and their distribution is governed by state transitions. Upon state transitions, the thylakoid ultrastructure and lateral distribution of proteins along the membrane are subject to significant rearrangements. In addition, quinone diffusion is limited to membrane microdomains and the cytochrome b 6 f complex localizes either to PSII-containing grana stacks or PSI-containing stroma lamellae. Here, we discuss possible similarities or differences between green algae and C3 plants on the functional consequences of such heterogeneities in the photosynthetic electron transport chain and propose a model in which quinones, accepting electrons either from PSII (linear flow) or NDH/PGR pathways (cyclic flow), represent a crucial control point. Our aim is to give an integrated description of these processes and discuss their potential roles in the balance between linear and cyclic electron flows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Dumas
- Laboratory of Microalgal and Bacterial Bioenergetics and Biotechnology, CEA Cadarache, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7161 BIAM - LB3M, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Marie Chazaux
- Laboratory of Microalgal and Bacterial Bioenergetics and Biotechnology, CEA Cadarache, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7161 BIAM - LB3M, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Laboratory of Microalgal and Bacterial Bioenergetics and Biotechnology, CEA Cadarache, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7161 BIAM - LB3M, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- Laboratory of Microalgal and Bacterial Bioenergetics and Biotechnology, CEA Cadarache, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7161 BIAM - LB3M, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Jean Alric
- Laboratory of Microalgal and Bacterial Bioenergetics and Biotechnology, CEA Cadarache, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7161 BIAM - LB3M, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang C, Xu W, Jin H, Zhang T, Lai J, Zhou X, Zhang S, Liu S, Duan X, Wang H, Peng C, Yang C. A Putative Chloroplast-Localized Ca(2+)/H(+) Antiporter CCHA1 Is Involved in Calcium and pH Homeostasis and Required for PSII Function in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1183-1196. [PMID: 27302341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is important for chloroplast, not only in its photosynthetic but also nonphotosynthetic functions. Multiple Ca(2+)/H(+) transporters and channels have been described and studied in the plasma membrane and organelle membranes of plant cells; however, the molecular identity and physiological roles of chloroplast Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporters have remained unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of a member of the UPF0016 family, CCHA1 (a chloroplast-localized potential Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter), in Arabidopsis thaliana. We observed that the ccha1 mutant plants developed pale green leaves and showed severely stunted growth along with impaired photosystem II (PSII) function. CCHA1 localizes to the chloroplasts, and the levels of the PSII core subunits and the oxygen-evolving complex were significantly decreased in the ccha1 mutants compared with the wild type. In high Ca(2+) concentrations, Arabidopsis CCHA1 partially rescued the growth defect of yeast gdt1Δ null mutant, which is defective in a Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter. The ccha1 mutant plants also showed significant sensitivity to high concentrations of CaCl2 and MnCl2, as well as variation in pH. Taken these results together, we propose that CCHA1 might encode a putative chloroplast-localized Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter with critical functions in the regulation of PSII and in chloroplast Ca(2+) and pH homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Weitao Xu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Honglei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Taijie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shengchun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shengjie Liu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510650, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Changlian Peng
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang W, Yang YJ, Hu H, Cao KF, Zhang SB. Sustained Diurnal Stimulation of Cyclic Electron Flow in Two Tropical Tree Species Erythrophleum guineense and Khaya ivorensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1068. [PMID: 27486473 PMCID: PMC4950474 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The photosystem II (PSII) activity of C3 plants is usually inhibited at noon associated with high light but can be repaired fast in the afternoon. However, the diurnal variation of photosystem I (PSI) activity is unknown. Although, cyclic electron flow (CEF) has been documented as an important mechanism for photosynthesis, the diurnal variation of CEF in sun leaves is little known. We determined the diurnal changes in PSI and PSII activities, light energy dissipation in PSII and the P700 redox state in two tropical tree species Erythrophleum guineense and Khaya ivorensis grown in an open field. The PSI activity (as indicated by the maximum quantity of photo-oxidizable P700) was maintained stable during the daytime. CEF was strongly activated under high light at noon, accompanying with high levels of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and PSI oxidation ratio. In the afternoon, CEF was maintained at a relatively high level under low light, which was accompanied with low levels of NPQ and P700 oxidation ratio. These results indicated that CEF was flexibly modulated during daytime under fluctuating light conditions. Under high light at noon, CEF-dependent generation of proton gradient across the thylakoid membranes (ΔpH) mainly contributed to photoprotection for PSI and PSII. By comparison, at low light in the afternoon, the CEF-dependent formation of ΔpH may be important for PSII repair via an additional ATP synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of Sciences, KunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of Sciences, KunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of Sciences, KunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden – Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of Sciences, KunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Huang W, Yang YJ, Hu H, Zhang SB, Cao KF. Evidence for the role of cyclic electron flow in photoprotection for oxygen-evolving complex. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 194:54-60. [PMID: 26968082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow (CEF) alleviates PSII photo-inhibition under high light by at least two different mechanisms: one is liked to thermal energy dissipation (qE) and the other one is independent of qE. However, the latter mechanism is unclear. Because the photodamage to PSII primarily occurred at the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), and the stability of OEC is dependent on proton gradient across thylakoid membrane (ΔpH), we hypothesize that the CEF-dependent generation of ΔpH can alleviate photodamage to OEC. To test this hypothesis, we determined the effects of antimycin A (AA), methyl viologen (MV), chloramphenicol (CM), nigericin (Nig) on PSII activity and the stability of OEC for leaves of a light-demanding tropical tree species Erythrophleum guineense by the analysis of OKJIP chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. After high light treatment, the stronger decrease in Fv/Fm in the AA-, CM-, MV-, and Nig-treated samples was accompanied with larger photo damage of OEC. The AA-treated samples significantly showed lower CEF activity than the H2O-treated samples. Although the AA-treated leaves significantly showed stronger PSII photo-inhibition and photo-damage of OEC compared to the H2O-treated leaves, the value of non-photochemical quenching did not differ between them. Therefore, CEF activity was partly inhibited in the AA-treated samples, and the stronger PSII photo-inhibition in the AA-treated leaves was independent of qE. Taking together, we propose a hypothesis that CEF-dependent generation of ΔpH under high light plays an important role in photoprotection for the OEC activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China; Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schneider A, Steinberger I, Herdean A, Gandini C, Eisenhut M, Kurz S, Morper A, Hoecker N, Rühle T, Labs M, Flügge UI, Geimer S, Schmidt SB, Husted S, Weber APM, Spetea C, Leister D. The Evolutionarily Conserved Protein PHOTOSYNTHESIS AFFECTED MUTANT71 Is Required for Efficient Manganese Uptake at the Thylakoid Membrane in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:892-910. [PMID: 27020959 PMCID: PMC4863382 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of water. The oxygen-evolving complex of PSII is a Mn4CaO5 cluster embedded in a well-defined protein environment in the thylakoid membrane. However, transport of manganese and calcium into the thylakoid lumen remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana PHOTOSYNTHESIS AFFECTED MUTANT71 (PAM71) is an integral thylakoid membrane protein involved in Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) homeostasis in chloroplasts. This protein is required for normal operation of the oxygen-evolving complex (as evidenced by oxygen evolution rates) and for manganese incorporation. Manganese binding to PSII was severely reduced in pam71 thylakoids, particularly in PSII supercomplexes. In cation partitioning assays with intact chloroplasts, Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) ions were differently sequestered in pam71, with Ca(2+) enriched in pam71 thylakoids relative to the wild type. The changes in Ca(2+) homeostasis were accompanied by an increased contribution of the transmembrane electrical potential to the proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane. PSII activity in pam71 plants and the corresponding Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant cgld1 was restored by supplementation with Mn(2+), but not Ca(2+) Furthermore, PAM71 suppressed the Mn(2+)-sensitive phenotype of the yeast mutant Δpmr1 Therefore, PAM71 presumably functions in Mn(2+) uptake into thylakoids to ensure optimal PSII performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schneider
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Iris Steinberger
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andrei Herdean
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chiara Gandini
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Samantha Kurz
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Morper
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoecker
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thilo Rühle
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mathias Labs
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- Biozentrum Köln, Botanisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Lehrstuhl II, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie NW I/B1, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sidsel Birkelund Schmidt
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Husted
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dario Leister
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carraretto L, Teardo E, Checchetto V, Finazzi G, Uozumi N, Szabo I. Ion Channels in Plant Bioenergetic Organelles, Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: From Molecular Identification to Function. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:371-395. [PMID: 26751960 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent technical advances in electrophysiological measurements, organelle-targeted fluorescence imaging, and organelle proteomics have pushed the research of ion transport a step forward in the case of the plant bioenergetic organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria, leading to the molecular identification and functional characterization of several ion transport systems in recent years. Here we focus on channels that mediate relatively high-rate ion and water flux and summarize the current knowledge in this field, focusing on targeting mechanisms, proteomics, electrophysiology, and physiological function. In addition, since chloroplasts evolved from a cyanobacterial ancestor, we give an overview of the information available about cyanobacterial ion channels and discuss the evolutionary origin of chloroplast channels. The recent molecular identification of some of these ion channels allowed their physiological functions to be studied using genetically modified Arabidopsis plants and cyanobacteria. The view is emerging that alteration of chloroplast and mitochondrial ion homeostasis leads to organelle dysfunction, which in turn significantly affects the energy metabolism of the whole organism. Clear-cut identification of genes encoding for channels in these organelles, however, remains a major challenge in this rapidly developing field. Multiple strategies including bioinformatics, cell biology, electrophysiology, use of organelle-targeted ion-sensitive probes, genetics, and identification of signals eliciting specific ion fluxes across organelle membranes should provide a better understanding of the physiological role of organellar channels and their contribution to signaling pathways in plants in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carraretto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Enrico Teardo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Finazzi
- UMR 5168 Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale (LPCV) CNRS/ UJF / INRA / CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), CEA Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pottosin I, Shabala S. Transport Across Chloroplast Membranes: Optimizing Photosynthesis for Adverse Environmental Conditions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:356-370. [PMID: 26597501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are central to solar light harvesting and photosynthesis. Optimal chloroplast functioning is vitally dependent on a very intensive traffic of metabolites and ions between the cytosol and stroma, and should be attuned for adverse environmental conditions. This is achieved by an orchestrated regulation of a variety of transport systems located at chloroplast membranes such as porines, solute channels, ion-specific cation and anion channels, and various primary and secondary active transport systems. In this review we describe the molecular nature and functional properties of the inner and outer envelope and thylakoid membrane channels and transporters. We then discuss how their orchestrated regulation affects thylakoid structure, electron transport and excitation energy transfer, proton-motive force partition, ion homeostasis, stromal pH regulation, and volume regulation. We link the activity of key cation and anion transport systems with stress-specific signaling processes in chloroplasts, and discuss how these signals interact with the signals generated in other organelles to optimize the cell performance, with a special emphasis on Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pottosin
- Biomedical Centre, University of Colima, Colima, Colima 28045, Mexico; School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Höhner R, Aboukila A, Kunz HH, Venema K. Proton Gradients and Proton-Dependent Transport Processes in the Chloroplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:218. [PMID: 26973667 PMCID: PMC4770017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Proton gradients are fundamental to chloroplast function. Across thylakoid membranes, the light induced -proton gradient is essential for ATP synthesis. As a result of proton pumping into the thylakoid lumen, an alkaline stromal pH develops, which is required for full activation of pH-dependent Calvin Benson cycle enzymes. This implies that a pH gradient between the cytosol (pH 7) and the stroma (pH 8) is established upon illumination. To maintain this pH gradient chloroplasts actively extrude protons. More than 30 years ago it was already established that these proton fluxes are electrically counterbalanced by Mg(2+), K(+), or Cl(-) fluxes, but only recently the first transport systems that regulate the pH gradient were identified. Notably several (Na(+),K(+))/H(+) antiporter systems where identified, that play a role in pH gradient regulation, ion homeostasis, osmoregulation, or coupling of secondary active transport. The established pH gradients are important to drive uptake of essential ions and solutes, but not many transporters involved have been identified to date. In this mini review we summarize the current status in the field and the open questions that need to be addressed in order to understand how pH gradients are maintained, how this is interconnected with other transport processes and what this means for chloroplast function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Höhner
- Plant Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
| | - Ali Aboukila
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estacion Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- Plant Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
- *Correspondence: Hans-Henning Kunz, Kees Venema,
| | - Kees Venema
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estacion Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Hans-Henning Kunz, Kees Venema,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pottosin I, Dobrovinskaya O. Ion Channels in Native Chloroplast Membranes: Challenges and Potential for Direct Patch-Clamp Studies. Front Physiol 2015; 6:396. [PMID: 26733887 PMCID: PMC4686732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis without any doubt depends on the activity of the chloroplast ion channels. The thylakoid ion channels participate in the fine partitioning of the light-generated proton-motive force (p.m.f.). By regulating, therefore, luminal pH, they affect the linear electron flow and non-photochemical quenching. Stromal ion homeostasis and signaling, on the other hand, depend on the activity of both thylakoid and envelope ion channels. Experimentally, intact chloroplasts and swollen thylakoids were proven to be suitable for direct measurements of the ion channels activity via conventional patch-clamp technique; yet, such studies became infrequent, although their potential is far from being exhausted. In this paper we wish to summarize existing challenges for direct patch-clamping of native chloroplast membranes as well as present available results on the activity of thylakoid Cl− (ClC?) and divalent cation-permeable channels, along with their tentative roles in the p.m.f. partitioning, volume regulation, and stromal Ca2+ and Mg2+ dynamics. Patch-clamping of the intact envelope revealed both large-conductance porin-like channels, likely located in the outer envelope membrane and smaller conductance channels, more compatible with the inner envelope location. Possible equivalent model for the sandwich-like arrangement of the two envelope membranes within the patch electrode will be discussed, along with peculiar properties of the fast-activated cation channel in the context of the stromal pH control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, Mexico
| | - Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
He J, Yang W, Qin L, Fan DY, Chow WS. Photoinactivation of Photosystem II in wild-type and chlorophyll b-less barley leaves: which mechanism dominates depends on experimental circumstances. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:399-407. [PMID: 26101037 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Action spectra of photoinactivation of Photosystem II (PS II) in wild-type and chlorophyll b-less barley leaf segments were obtained. Photoinactivation of PS II was monitored by the delivery of electrons from PS II to PS I following single-turnover flashes superimposed on continuous far-red light, the time course of photoinactivation yielding a rate coefficient k i. Susceptibility of PS II to photoinactivation was quantified as the ratio of k i to the moderate irradiance (I) of light at each selected wavelength. k i/I was very much higher in blue light than in red light. The experimental conditions permitted little excess light energy absorbed by chlorophyll (not utilized in photochemical conversion or dissipated in controlled photoprotection) that could lead to photoinactivation of PS II. Therefore, direct absorption of light by Mn in PS II, rather than by chlorophyll, was more likely to have initiated the much more severe photoinactivation in blue light than in red light. Mutant leaves were ca. 1.5-fold more susceptible to photoinactivation than the wild type. Neither the excess-energy mechanism nor the Mn mechanism can explain this difference. Instead, the much lower chlorophyll content of mutant leaves could have exerted an exacerbating effect, possibly partly due to less mutual shading of chloroplasts in the mutant leaves. In general, which mechanism dominates depends on the experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Natural Sciences & Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Wenquan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Biology Place, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lin Qin
- Natural Sciences & Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Da-Yong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Biology Place, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Biology Place, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang W, Zhang SB, Hu H. Insusceptibility of oxygen-evolving complex to high light in Betula platyphylla. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:307-15. [PMID: 25596841 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High mountain plants growing at high altitude have to regularly cope with high light and high UV radiation that can lead to photodamage of oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). However, the underlying mechanism of photoprotection for OEC in high mountain plants is unclear. Sun leaves of Betula platyphylla were used to examine whether cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) plays an important role in photoprotection for OEC. Our results indicated that the value of ETRI/ETRII ratio significantly increased under high light. With increasing light intensity, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) gradually increased, and the fraction of P700 that is oxidized in a given state gradually increased. These results indicated that CEF was significantly activated under high light. After treatment with a high light of 1600 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) for 8 h, the OEC activity did not decline, but the maximum quantum yield of PSII (F v /F m ) ratio significantly decreased. These results suggested that CEF-dependent generation of proton gradient across thylakoid membrane protected OEC activity against high light. Furthermore, the stability of PSI activity during exposure to high light suggested that the high CEF activity in B. platyphylla played an important role in photoprotection for PSI activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hochmal AK, Schulze S, Trompelt K, Hippler M. Calcium-dependent regulation of photosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:993-1003. [PMID: 25687895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of calcium as a second messenger in plants has been growing intensively over the last decades. Recently, attention has been drawn to the organelles, especially the chloroplast but focused on the stromal Ca2+ transients in response to environmental stresses. Herein we will expand this view and discuss the role of Ca2+ in photosynthesis. Moreover we address of how Ca2+ is delivered to chloroplast stroma and thylakoids. Thereby, new light is shed on the regulation of photosynthetic electron flow and light-dependent metabolism by the interplay of Ca2+, thylakoid acidification and redox status. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karina Hochmal
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulze
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Kerstin Trompelt
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kasumov EA, Kasumov RE, Kasumova IV. A mechano-chemiosmotic model for the coupling of electron and proton transfer to ATP synthesis in energy-transforming membranes: a personal perspective. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:1-22. [PMID: 25266924 PMCID: PMC4272416 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ATP is synthesized using ATP synthase by utilizing energy either from the oxidation of organic compounds, or from light, via redox reactions (oxidative- or photo phosphorylation), in energy-transforming membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria. ATP synthase undergoes several changes during its functioning. The generally accepted model for ATP synthesis is the well-known rotatory model (see e.g., Junge et al., Nature 459:364-370, 2009; Junge and Müller, Science 333:704-705, 2011). Here, we present an alternative modified model for the coupling of electron and proton transfer to ATP synthesis, which was initially developed by Albert Lester Lehninger (1917-1986). Details of the molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis are described here that involves cyclic low-amplitude shrinkage and swelling of mitochondria. A comparison of the well-known current model and the mechano-chemiosmotic model is also presented. Based on structural, and other data, we suggest that ATP synthase is a Ca(2+)/H(+)-K(+) Cl(-)-pump-pore-enzyme complex, in which γ-subunit rotates 360° in steps of 30°, and 90° due to the binding of phosphate ions to positively charged amino acid residues in the N-terminal γ-subunit, while in the electric field. The coiled coil b 2-subunits are suggested to act as ropes that are shortened by binding of phosphate ions to positively charged lysines or arginines; this process is suggested to pull the α 3 β 3-hexamer to the membrane during the energization process. ATP is then synthesized during the reverse rotation of the γ-subunit by destabilizing the phosphated N-terminal γ-subunit and b 2-subunits under the influence of Ca(2+) ions, which are pumped over from storage-intermembrane space into the matrix, during swelling of intermembrane space. In the process of ATP synthesis, energy is first, predominantly, used in the delivery of phosphate ions and protons to the α 3 β 3-hexamer against the energy barrier with the help of C-terminal alpha-helix of γ-subunit that acts as a lift; then, in the formation of phosphoryl group; and lastly, in the release of ATP molecules from the active center of the enzyme and the loading of ADP. We are aware that our model is not an accepted model for ATP synthesis, but it is presented here for further examination and test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eldar A Kasumov
- Research and Production Centre «KORVET», Moscow Region, Domodedovo, Russia,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nomura H, Shiina T. Calcium signaling in plant endosymbiotic organelles: mechanism and role in physiology. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1094-1104. [PMID: 24574521 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that chloroplasts and mitochondria evoke specific Ca(2+) signals in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in a stress-dependent manner. The identification of Ca(2+) transporters and Ca(2+) signaling molecules in chloroplasts and mitochondria implies that they play roles in controlling not only intra-organellar functions, but also extra-organellar processes such as plant immunity and stress responses. It appears that organellar Ca(2+) signaling might be more important to plant cell functions than previously thought. This review briefly summarizes what is known about the molecular basis of Ca(2+) signaling in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Nomura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Gifu Women's University, 80 Taromaru, Gifu 501-2592, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pribil M, Labs M, Leister D. Structure and dynamics of thylakoids in land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1955-72. [PMID: 24622954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids of land plants have a bipartite structure, consisting of cylindrical grana stacks, made of membranous discs piled one on top of the other, and stroma lamellae which are helically wound around the cylinders. Protein complexes predominantly located in the stroma lamellae and grana end membranes are either bulky [photosystem I (PSI) and the chloroplast ATP synthase (cpATPase)] or are involved in cyclic electron flow [the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) and PGRL1-PGR5 heterodimers], whereas photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting complex (LHCII) are found in the appressed membranes of the granum. Stacking of grana is thought to be due to adhesion between Lhcb proteins (LHCII or CP26) located in opposed thylakoid membranes. The grana margins contain oligomers of CURT1 proteins, which appear to control the size and number of grana discs in a dosage- and phosphorylation-dependent manner. Depending on light conditions, thylakoid membranes undergo dynamic structural changes that involve alterations in granum diameter and height, vertical unstacking of grana, and swelling of the thylakoid lumen. This plasticity is realized predominantly by reorganization of the supramolecular structure of protein complexes within grana stacks and by changes in multiprotein complex composition between appressed and non-appressed membrane domains. Reversible phosphorylation of LHC proteins (LHCPs) and PSII components appears to initiate most of the underlying regulatory mechanisms. An update on the roles of lipids, proteins, and protein complexes, as well as possible trafficking mechanisms, during thylakoid biogenesis and the de-etiolation process complements this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pribil
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dall'Osto L, Cazzaniga S, Wada M, Bassi R. On the origin of a slowly reversible fluorescence decay component in the Arabidopsis npq4 mutant. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130221. [PMID: 24591708 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-excitation of photosynthetic apparatus causing photoinhibition is counteracted by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence, dissipating excess absorbed energy into heat. The PsbS protein plays a key role in this process, thus making the PsbS-less npq4 mutant unable to carry out qE, the major and most rapid component of NPQ. It was proposed that npq4 does perform qE-type quenching, although at lower rate than WT Arabidopsis. Here, we investigated the kinetics of NPQ in PsbS-depleted mutants of Arabidopsis. We show that red light was less effective than white light in decreasing maximal fluorescence in npq4 mutants. Also, the kinetics of fluorescence dark recovery included a decay component, qM, exhibiting the same amplitude and half-life in both WT and npq4 mutants. This component was uncoupler-sensitive and unaffected by photosystem II repair or mitochondrial ATP synthesis inhibitors. Targeted reverse genetic analysis showed that traits affecting composition of the photosynthetic apparatus, carotenoid biosynthesis and state transitions did not affect qM. This was depleted in the npq4phot2 mutant which is impaired in chloroplast photorelocation, implying that fluorescence decay, previously described as a quenching component in npq4 is, in fact, the result of decreased photon absorption caused by chloroplast relocation rather than a change in the activity of quenching reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, , Verona 37134, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kirchhoff H. Architectural switches in plant thylakoid membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:481-7. [PMID: 23677426 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in elucidating the structure of higher plants photosynthetic membranes provides a wealth of information. It allows generation of architectural models that reveal well-organized and complex arrangements not only on whole membrane level, but also on the supramolecular level. These arrangements are not static but highly responsive to the environment. Knowledge about the interdependency between dynamic structural features of the photosynthetic machinery and the functionality of energy conversion is central to understanding the plasticity of photosynthesis in an ever-changing environment. This review summarizes the architectural switches that are realized in thylakoid membranes of green plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Identification of CP12 as a Novel Calcium-Binding Protein in Chloroplasts. PLANTS 2013; 2:530-40. [PMID: 27137392 PMCID: PMC4844381 DOI: 10.3390/plants2030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Calcium plays an important role in the regulation of several chloroplast processes. However, very little is still understood about the calcium fluxes or calcium-binding proteins present in plastids. Indeed, classical EF-hand containing calcium-binding proteins appears to be mostly absent from plastids. In the present study we analyzed the stroma fraction of Arabidopsis chloroplasts for the presence of novel calcium-binding proteins using 2D-PAGE separation followed by calcium overlay assay. A small acidic protein was identified by mass spectrometry analyses as the chloroplast protein CP12 and the ability of CP12 to bind calcium was confirmed with recombinant proteins. CP12 plays an important role in the regulation of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle participating in the assembly of a supramolecular complex between phosphoribulokinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, indicating that calcium signaling could play a role in regulating carbon fixation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Anderson JM, Horton P, Kim EH, Chow WS. Towards elucidation of dynamic structural changes of plant thylakoid architecture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3515-24. [PMID: 23148278 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term acclimation of shade versus sun plants modulates the composition, function and structural organization of the architecture of the thylakoid membrane network. Significantly, these changes in the macroscopic structural organization of shade and sun plant chloroplasts during long-term acclimation are also mimicked following rapid transitions in irradiance: reversible ultrastructural changes in the entire thylakoid membrane network increase the number of grana per chloroplast, but decrease the number of stacked thylakoids per granum in seconds to minutes in leaves. It is proposed that these dynamic changes depend on reversible macro-reorganization of some light-harvesting complex IIb and photosystem II supracomplexes within the plant thylakoid network owing to differential phosphorylation cycles and other biochemical changes known to ensure flexibility in photosynthetic function in vivo. Some lingering grana enigmas remain: elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the dynamic architecture of the thylakoid membrane network under fluctuating irradiance and its implications for function merit extensive further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Anderson
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Blanco NE, Ceccoli RD, Vía MVD, Voss I, Segretin ME, Bravo-Almonacid FF, Melzer M, Hajirezaei MR, Scheibe R, Hanke GT. Expression of the minor isoform pea ferredoxin in tobacco alters photosynthetic electron partitioning and enhances cyclic electron flow. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:866-79. [PMID: 23370717 PMCID: PMC3561025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.211078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (Fds) are ferrosulfoproteins that function as low-potential electron carriers in plants. The Fd family is composed of several isoforms that share high sequence homology but differ in functional characteristics. In leaves, at least two isoforms conduct linear and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport around photosystem I, and mounting evidence suggests the existence of at least partial division of duties between these isoforms. To evaluate the contribution of different kinds of Fds to the control of electron fluxes along the photosynthetic electron transport chain, we overexpressed a minor pea (Pisum sativum) Fd isoform (PsFd1) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. The transplastomic OeFd1 plants exhibited variegated leaves and retarded growth and developmental rates. Photosynthetic studies of these plants indicated a reduction in carbon dioxide assimilation rates, photosystem II photochemistry, and linear electron flow. However, the plants showed an increase in nonphotochemical quenching, better control of excitation pressure at photosystem II, and no evidence of photoinhibition, implying a better dynamic regulation to remove excess energy from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Finally, analysis of P700 redox status during illumination confirmed that the minor pea Fd isoform promotes enhanced cyclic flow around photosystem I. The two novel features of this work are: (1) that Fd levels achieved in transplastomic plants promote an alternative electron partitioning even under greenhouse light growth conditions, a situation that is exacerbated at higher light intensity measurements; and (2) that an alternative, minor Fd isoform has been overexpressed in plants, giving new evidence of labor division among Fd isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás E Blanco
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rocha AG, Vothknecht UC. The role of calcium in chloroplasts--an intriguing and unresolved puzzle. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:957-66. [PMID: 22227834 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
More than 70 years of studies have indicated that chloroplasts contain a significant amount of calcium, are a potential storage compartment for this ion, and might themselves be prone to calcium regulation. Many of these studies have been performed on the photosynthetic light reaction as well as CO(2) fixation via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, and they showed that calcium is required in several steps of these processes. Further studies have indicated that calcium is involved in other chloroplast functions that are not directly related to photosynthesis and that there is a calcium-dependent regulation similar to cytoplasmic calcium signal transduction. Nevertheless, the precise role that calcium has as a functional and regulatory component of chloroplast processes remains enigmatic. Calcium concentrations in different chloroplast subcompartments have been measured, but the extent and direction of intra-plastidal calcium fluxes or calcium transport into and from the cytosol are not yet very well understood. In this review we want to give an overview over the current knowledge on the relationship between chloroplasts and calcium and discuss questions that need to be addressed in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho G Rocha
- Department of Biology I, Botany, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Manzoor H, Chiltz A, Madani S, Vatsa P, Schoefs B, Pugin A, Garcia-Brugger A. Calcium signatures and signaling in cytosol and organelles of tobacco cells induced by plant defense elicitors. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:434-44. [PMID: 22410211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signatures induced by two elicitors of plant defense reactions, namely cryptogein and oligogalacturonides, were monitored at the subcellular level, using apoaequorin-transformed Nicotiana tabacum var Xanthi cells, in which the apoaequorin calcium sensor was targeted either to cytosol, mitochondria or chloroplasts. Our study showed that both elicitors induced specific Ca(2+) signatures in each compartment, with the most striking difference relying on duration. Common properties also emerged from the analysis of Ca(2+) signatures: both elicitors induced a biphasic cytosolic [Ca(2+)] elevation together with a single mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] elevation concomitant with the first cytosolic [Ca(2+)] peak. In addition, both elicitors induced a chloroplastic [Ca(2+)] elevation peaking later in comparison to cytosolic [Ca(2+)] elevation. In cryptogein-treated cells, pharmacological studies indicated that IP(3) should play an important role in Ca(2+) signaling contrarily to cADPR or nitric oxide, which have limited or no effect on [Ca(2+)] variations. Our data also showed that, depending on [Ca(2+)] fluxes at the plasma membrane, cryptogein triggered a mitochondrial respiration increase and affected excess energy dissipation mechanisms in chloroplasts. Altogether the results indicate that cryptogein profoundly impacted cell functions at many levels, including organelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Manzoor
- INRA, UMR Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-microorganismes - ERL CNRS, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Huang W, Yang SJ, Zhang SB, Zhang JL, Cao KF. Cyclic electron flow plays an important role in photoprotection for the resurrection plant Paraboea rufescens under drought stress. PLANTA 2012; 235:819-28. [PMID: 22080919 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Resurrection plants could survive severe drought stress, but the underlying mechanism for protecting their photosynthetic apparatus against drought stress is unclear. Cyclic electron flow (CEF) has been documented as a crucial mechanism for photoprotection in Arabidopsis and tobacco. We hypothesized that CEF plays an important role in protecting photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) against drought stress for resurrection plants. To address this hypothesis, the effects of mild drought stress on light energy distribution in PSII and P700 redox state were examined in a resurrection plant Paraboea rufescens. Cyclic electron flow was not activated below the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in leaves without drought stress. However, CEF was activated under low light in leaves with mild drought stress, and the effective quantum yield of PSII significantly decreased. Meanwhile, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was significantly stimulated not only under high light but also under low light. Compared with the control, the fraction of overall P700 that cannot be oxidized in a given state (PSI acceptor side limitation) under high light was maintained at low level of 0.1 in leaves with water deficit, indicating that the over-reduction of the PSI acceptor side was prevented by the significant stimulation of CEF. Furthermore, methyl viologen could significantly increase the PSII photo-inhibition induced by high light compared with chloramphenicol. These results suggested that CEF is an important mechanism for protecting PSI and PSII from drought stress in resurrection plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stael S, Rocha AG, Wimberger T, Anrather D, Vothknecht UC, Teige M. Cross-talk between calcium signalling and protein phosphorylation at the thylakoid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1725-33. [PMID: 22197893 PMCID: PMC3970089 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of protein phosphorylation for adjusting chloroplast functions to changing environmental needs is well established, whereas calcium signalling in the chloroplast is only recently becoming appreciated. The work presented here explores the potential cross-talk between calcium signalling and protein phosphorylation in chloroplasts and provides the first evidence for targets of calcium-dependent protein phosphorylation at the thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid proteins were screened for calcium-dependent phosphorylation by 2D gel electrophoresis combined with phospho-specific labelling and PsaN, CAS, and VAR1, among other proteins, were identified repeatedly by mass spectrometry. Subsequently their calcium-dependent phosphorylation was confirmed in kinase assays using the purified proteins and chloroplast extracts. This is the first report on the protein targets of calcium-dependent phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins and provides ground for further studies in this direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stael
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agostinho G. Rocha
- Department of Biology I, Botany, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Terje Wimberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Anrather
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, MFPL, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Department of Biology I, Botany, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (Munich) at the Department of Biology of the LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|