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Zhang Y, Ju J, Li M, Ma Z, Lu W, Yang H. Dose-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on growth, photosynthesis, and astaxanthin synthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124574. [PMID: 39029865 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae play an important role in aquatic ecosystems, but the widespread presence of micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) poses significant threats to them. Haematococcus pluvialis is well-known for its ability to produce the antioxidant astaxanthin when it experiences stress from environmental conditions. Here we examined the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L on H. pluvialis over an 18-day period. Our results show that PS-NPs caused a significant, dose-dependent inhibition of H. pluvialis growth and a reduction in photosynthesis. Furthermore, PS-NPs severely damaged the morphology of H. pluvialis, leading to cell shrinkage, collapse, content release, and aggregation. Additionally, PS-NPs induced a dose-dependent increase in soluble protein content and a decrease in the production of extracellular polymeric substances. These findings indicate that PS-NPs has the potential to adversely affect both the physiology and morphology of H. pluvialis. An increase in reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activities was also observed, suggesting an oxidative stress response to PS-NPs exposure. Notably, the synthesis of astaxanthin, which is crucial for H. pluvialis's survival under stress, was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner under strong light conditions, along with the down-regulation of genes involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway. This suggests that PS-NPs exposure reduces H. pluvialis's ability to survive under adverse conditions. This study enhances our understanding of the toxic effects of PS-NPs on microalgae and underscores the urgent need for measures to mitigate MNP pollution to protect aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Jian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhuyi Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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2
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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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3
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Ma R, Zhang Z, Fang H, Liu X, Ho SH, Xie Y, Chen J. Unveiling the underlying molecular mechanisms of high lutein production efficiency in Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60 under a mixotrophy/photoautotrophy two-stage strategy by transcriptomic, physiological, and biochemical analyses. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 36922896 PMCID: PMC10018854 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60 is a promising lutein producing microalga. A mixotrophy/photoautotrophy two-stage strategy can achieve high biomass concentration at stage 1 and high lutein content at stage 2, leading to excellent lutein production efficiency in C. sorokiniana FZU60. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear, restraining the further improvement of lutein production. RESULTS In this study, physiological and biochemical analysis revealed that photochemical parameters (Fv/Fm and NPQ) and photosynthetic pigments contents increased during the shift from mixotrophy to photoautotrophy, indicating that photosynthesis and photoprotection enhanced. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that the glyoxylate cycle and TCA cycle were suppressed after the shift to photoautotrophy, leading to a decreased cell growth rate. However, the gene expression levels of photosynthesis, CO2 fixation, autophagy, and lutein biosynthesis were upregulated at the photoautotrophy stage, demonstrating that microalgal cells could obtain more precursor to synthesize lutein for enhancing photosynthesis and reducing reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS The findings help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for high lutein production efficiency of C. sorokiniana FZU60 under the mixotrophy/photoautotrophy strategy, identify key functional genes responsible for lutein biosynthesis, and shed light on further improvement of lutein production by genetic or metabolic engineering in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Ma
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hong Fang
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Youping Xie
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China. .,Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China. .,Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China. .,Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China. .,Technical Innovation Service Platform for High Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China. .,Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China. .,Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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Basiony M, Ouyang L, Wang D, Yu J, Zhou L, Zhu M, Wang X, Feng J, Dai J, Shen Y, Zhang C, Hua Q, Yang X, Zhang L. Optimization of microbial cell factories for astaxanthin production: Biosynthesis and regulations, engineering strategies and fermentation optimization strategies. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:689-704. [PMID: 35261927 PMCID: PMC8866108 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The global market demand for natural astaxanthin is rapidly increasing owing to its safety, the potential health benefits, and the diverse applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. The major native producers of natural astaxanthin on industrial scale are the alga Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast Xanthopyllomyces dendrorhous. However, the natural production via these native producers is facing challenges of limited yield and high cost of cultivation and extraction. Alternatively, astaxanthin production via metabolically engineered non-native microbial cell factories such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica is another promising strategy to overcome these limitations. In this review we summarize the recent scientific and biotechnological progresses on astaxanthin biosynthetic pathways, transcriptional regulations, the interrelation with lipid metabolism, engineering strategies as well as fermentation process control in major native and non-native astaxanthin producers. These progresses illuminate the prospects of producing astaxanthin by microbial cell factories on industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Basiony
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liming Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Danni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mohan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yijie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chengguo Zhang
- Shandong Jincheng Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 117 Qixing River Road, Zibo, 255130, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiuliang Yang
- Shandong Jincheng Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 117 Qixing River Road, Zibo, 255130, Shandong, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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5
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Jin H, Lao YM, Zhou J, Cai ZH. Identification of a RelA/SpoT Homolog and Its Possible Role in the Accumulation of Astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:796997. [PMID: 35222463 PMCID: PMC8863741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.796997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A RelA/SpoT homolog, HpRSH, was identified in Haematococcus pluvialis. HpRSH was found to catalyze Mg2+-dependent guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) synthesis and Mn2+-dependent ppGpp hydrolysis, respectively. The transcription of HpRSH was significantly upregulated by environmental stresses, such as darkness, high light, nitrogen limitation, and salinity stress. The intracellular ppGpp level was also increased when exposed to these stresses. In addition, the classical initiator of stringent response, serine hydroxamate (SHX), was found to upregulate the transcription of HpRSH and increase the level of ppGpp. Moreover, stringent response induced by SHX or environmental stresses was proven to induce the accumulation of astaxanthin. These results indicated that stringent response regulatory system involved in the regulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis. Furthermore, stringent response was unable to induce astaxanthin accumulation under dark condition. This result implied that stringent response may regulate astaxanthin biosynthesis in a light-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Min Lao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Hua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Srivastava AK, Srivastava R, Bharati AP, Singh AK, Sharma A, Das S, Tiwari PK, Srivastava AK, Chakdar H, Kashyap PL, Saxena AK. Analysis of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters, Secretory, and Antimicrobial Peptides Reveals Environmental Suitability of Exiguobacterium profundum PHM11. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:785458. [PMID: 35185816 PMCID: PMC8851196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Halotolerant bacteria produce a wide range of bioactive compounds with important applications in agriculture for abiotic stress amelioration and plant growth promotion. In the present study, 17 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified in Exiguobacterium profundum PHM11 belonging to saccharides, desmotamide, pseudaminic acid, dipeptide aldehydes, and terpene biosynthetic pathways representing approximately one-sixth of genomes. The terpene biosynthetic pathway was conserved in Exiguobacterium spp. while the E. profundum PHM11 genome confirms the presence of the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) pathway for the isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) synthesis. Further, 2,877 signal peptides (SPs) were identified using the PrediSi server, out of which 592 proteins were prophesied for the secretion having a transmembrane helix (TMH). In addition, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were also identified using BAGEL4. The transcriptome analysis of PHM11 under salt stress reveals the differential expression of putative secretion and transporter genes having SPs and TMH. Priming of the rice, wheat and maize seeds with PHM11 under salt stress led to improvement in the root length, root diameters, surface area, number of links and forks, and shoot length. The study shows that the presence of BGCs, SPs, and secretion proteins constituting TMH and AMPs provides superior competitiveness in the environment and make E. profundum PHM11 a suitable candidate for plant growth promotion under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Srivastava
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
- Alok Kumar Srivastava,
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Akhilendra Pratap Bharati
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Anjney Sharma
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Sudipta Das
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Tiwari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Anchal Kumar Srivastava
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Hillol Chakdar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
| | - Prem Lal Kashyap
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
- *Correspondence: Prem Lal Kashyap, ;
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan, India
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7
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Sung YJ, Sim SJ. Multifaceted strategies for economic production of microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis-derived astaxanthin via direct conversion of CO 2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126255. [PMID: 34757226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its strong antioxidant properties, astaxanthin has a high market price in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical fields, and its demand is increasing. Furthermore, with an increase in the demand for green technology, astaxanthin production through direct CO2 conversion using the autotrophic green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis as a bio-platform has received much attention. Large-scale outdoor cultivation of H. pluvialis using waste CO2 sources and sunlight can secure sustainability and improve economic efficiency. However, low strain performance, reduced light utilization because of increased cell density, and inefficient transfer of gaseous CO2 into liquid culture broth hinder its large-scale commercialization of astaxanthin. Herein, we presented a multifaceted strategy, including the development of high-efficiency strains, a culture system for astaxanthin accumulation, and astaxanthin extraction from biomass, for economically producing astaxanthin from H. pluvialis through direct CO2 conversion. Future perspectives were presented by comparing and analyzing various previous studies conducted using the latest technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Kona R, Pallerla P, Addipilli R, Sripadi P, Venkata Mohan S. Lutein and β-carotene biosynthesis in Scenedesmus sp. SVMIICT1 through differential light intensities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125814. [PMID: 34479143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the biosynthesis of lutein and β-carotene by Scenedesmus sp. SVMIICT1 under five different light intensities (50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µE/m2/s). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used to determine relative quantities of lutein and β-carotene. Relatively, high lutein content of 1.43 ± 0.04 and 0.70 ± 0.02 mg/g was found with 50 and 500 µE/m2/s conditions respectively. β-Carotene content was quantified as 0.15 ± 0.01, 0.1 ± 0.01 and 0.12 ± 0.02 mg/g with 50, 250 and 500 µE/m2/s conditions respectively. The light intensities altered photosystem II and photosystem I. At 50 µE intensity, high chlorophyll content and high photosystem II quantum efficiency (FV/FM) was observed. Low FV/FM ratio of around 0.3 was detected in high light intensities (750 µE and 1000 µE) due to photoinhibition. Lipid fraction increased with increasing light intensity and the fatty acid profiles were similar in all five conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kona
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pavankumar Pallerla
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramunaidu Addipilli
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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9
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Ahirwar A, Meignen G, Jahir Khan M, Sirotiya V, Scarsini M, Roux S, Marchand J, Schoefs B, Vinayak V. "Light modulates transcriptomic dynamics upregulating astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus: A review". BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125707. [PMID: 34371336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is a green alga that can accumulate high astaxanthin content, a commercially demanding market keto food. Due to its high predicted market value of about 3.4 billion USD in 2027, it is essential to increase its production. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the genetic mechanism and gene expressions profile during astaxanthin synthesis. The effect of poly- and mono-chromatic light of different wavelengths and different intensities have shown to influence the gene expression towards astaxanthin production. This includes transcriptomic gene analysis in H. pluvialis underneath different levels of illumination stress. This review has placed the most recent data on the effects of light on bioastaxanthin production in the context of previous studies, which were more focused on the biochemical and physiological sides. Doing so, it contributes to delineate new ways along the biotechnological process with the aim to increase bioastaxanthin production while decreasing production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankesh Ahirwar
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Metabolism, Engineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Molecules & Health (EA 2160), Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Gurvan Meignen
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Metabolism, Engineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Molecules & Health (EA 2160), Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Mohd Jahir Khan
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Vandana Sirotiya
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Matteo Scarsini
- Metabolism, Engineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Molecules & Health (EA 2160), Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Sylvain Roux
- BIO-CONCEPT Scientific, 12 rue de l'Europe, F-14220 Tournebu, France
| | - Justine Marchand
- Metabolism, Engineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Molecules & Health (EA 2160), Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Engineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Molecules & Health (EA 2160), Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Vandana Vinayak
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India.
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10
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Zhang J, Shuang S, Zhang L, Xie S, Chen J. Photosynthetic and Photoprotective Responses to Steady-State and Fluctuating Light in the Shade-Demanding Crop Amorphophallus xiei Grown in Intercropping and Monoculture Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663473. [PMID: 34093621 PMCID: PMC8175988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic and photoprotective responses to simulated sunflecks were examined in the shade-demanding crop Amorphophallus xiei intercropped with maize (intercropping condition) or grown in an adjacent open site (monoculture condition). Both intercropping leaves and monoculture leaves exhibited very fast induction responses. The times taken to achieve 90% maximum net photosynthetic rate in intercropping leaves and monoculture leaves were 198.3 ± 27.4 s and 223.7 ± 20.5 s during the photosynthetic induction, respectively. During an 8-min simulated sunfleck, the proportion of excess excited energy dissipated through the xanthophyll cycle-dependent pathway (Φ NPQ) and dissipated through constitutive thermal dissipation and the fluorescence (Φ f, d) pathway increased quickly to its maximum, and then plateaued slowly to a steady state in both intercropping and monoculture leaves. When the illumination was gradually increased within photosystem II (PSII), Φ NPQ increased quicker and to a higher level in monoculture leaves than in intercropping leaves. Relative to their monoculture counterparts, intercropping leaves exhibited a significantly lower accumulation of oxygen free radicals, a significantly higher content of chlorophyll, and a similar content of malondialdehyde. Although monoculture leaves exhibited a larger mass-based pool size of xanthophyll cycle [V (violaxanthin) + A (antheraxanthin) + Z (zeaxanthin)] than intercropping leaves, intercropping leaves had a higher ratio of (Z + A)/(V + Z + A) than monoculture leaves. intercropping leaves had markedly higher glutathione content and ascorbate-peroxidase activity than their monoculture counterparts. Similar activities of catalase, peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate were found in both systems. Only superoxide dismutase activity and ascorbate content were lower in the intercropping leaves than in their monoculture counterparts. Overall, the xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation and the enzymatic antioxidant defense system are important for protecting plants from photooxidation in an intercropping system with intense sunflecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shengpu Shuang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shiqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Junwen Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Ye Y, Bai F, Liu J. The oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: potential from production to an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:119. [PMID: 33992124 PMCID: PMC8126118 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The algal lipids-based biodiesel, albeit having advantages over plant oils, still remains high in the production cost. Co-production of value-added products with lipids has the potential to add benefits and is thus believed to be a promising strategy to improve the production economics of algal biodiesel. Chromochloris zofingiensis, a unicellular green alga, has been considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production because of its robust growth and ability of accumulating high levels of triacylglycerol under multiple trophic conditions. This alga is also able to synthesize high-value keto-carotenoids and has been cited as a candidate producer of astaxanthin, the strongest antioxidant found in nature. The concurrent accumulation of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin enables C. zofingiensis an ideal cell factory for integrated production of the two compounds and has potential to improve algae-based production economics. Furthermore, with the advent of chromosome-level whole genome sequence and genetic tools, C. zofingiensis becomes an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the production of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin by C. zofingiensis. We also update our understanding in the distinctive molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis, with an emphasis on triacylglycerol and astaxanthin biosynthesis and crosstalk between the two pathways. Furthermore, strategies for trait improvements are discussed regarding triacylglycerol and astaxanthin synthesis in C. zofingiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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12
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Gálvez FE, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Huovinen P, Silva AX, Gómez I. Revealing the Characteristics of the Antarctic Snow Alga Chlorominima collina gen. et sp. nov. Through Taxonomy, Physiology, and Transcriptomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662298. [PMID: 34163502 PMCID: PMC8215615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Snow algae play crucial roles in cold ecosystems, however, many aspects related to their biology, adaptations and especially their diversity are not well known. To improve the identification of snow algae from colored snow, in the present study we used a polyphasic approach to describe a new Antarctic genus, Chlorominima with the species type Chlorominima collina. This new taxon was isolated of colored snow collected from the Collins Glacier (King George Island) in the Maritime Antarctic region. Microscopy revealed biflagellated ellipsoidal cells with a rounded posterior end, a C-shaped parietal chloroplast without a pyrenoid, eyespot, and discrete papillae. Several of these characteristics are typical of the genus Chloromonas, but the new isolate differs from the described species of this genus by the unusual small size of the cells, the presence of several vacuoles, the position of the nucleus and the shape of the chloroplast. Molecular analyzes confirm that the isolated alga does not belong to Chloromonas and therefore forms an independent lineage, which is closely related to other unidentified Antarctic and Arctic strains, forming a polar subclade in the Stephanosphaerinia phylogroup within the Chlamydomonadales. Secondary structure comparisons of the ITS2 rDNA marker support the idea that new strain is a distinct taxon within of Caudivolvoxa. Physiological experiments revealed psychrophilic characteristics, which are typical of true snow algae. This status was confirmed by the partial transcriptome obtained at 2°C, in which various cold-responsive and cryoprotective genes were identified. This study explores the systematics, cold acclimatization strategies and their implications for the Antarctic snow flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca E. Gálvez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Francisca E. Gálvez,
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pirjo Huovinen
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andrea X. Silva
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- AUSTRAL-omics, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Desarrollo y Creación Artística, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Iván Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
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13
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Han SI, Chang SH, Lee C, Jeon MS, Heo YM, Kim S, Choi YE. Astaxanthin biosynthesis promotion with pH shock in the green microalga, Haematococcus lacustris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123725. [PMID: 32615445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the use of pH shock to improve astaxanthin synthesis in Haematococcus lacustris was investigated. It has been found that pH shock (pH = 4.5, 60 s) imposes stress in the cells and induces physiological changes, which result in astaxanthin accumulation. The optimal acid-base combination of pH shock was H2SO4-KOH, which increased the astaxanthin content per cell to 39 ± 6.92% than those of the control. In addition, pH shock can be applied simultaneously with the other inductive strategies such as high irradiance and carbon source supply. When high irradiance was applied simultaneously with pH shock, astaxanthin yield was increased 65 ± 0.541% than control. In addition, astaxanthin content per cell was increased 105 ± 6.66% than those of the control, with the concomitant application of carbon source addition with pH shock. Herein, these novel findings provide a useful technique for producing astaxanthin using H. lacustris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Il Han
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Changsu Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seo Jeon
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mok Heo
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Zhang JY, Cun Z, Chen JW. Photosynthetic performance and photosynthesis-related gene expression coordinated in a shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng under nitrogen regimes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:273. [PMID: 32593292 PMCID: PMC7321538 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) is an essential component of photosynthetic apparatus. However, the mechanism that photosynthetic capacity is suppressed by N is not completely understood. Photosynthetic capacity and photosynthesis-related genes were comparatively analyzed in a shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng grown under the levels of low N (LN), moderate N (MN) and high N (HN). RESULTS Photosynthetic assimilation was significantly suppressed in the LN- and HN-grown plants. Compared with the MN-grown plants, the HN-grown plants showed thicker anatomic structure and larger chloroplast accompanied with decreased ratio of mesophyll conductance (gm) to Rubisco content (gm/Rubisco) and lower Rubisco activity. Meanwhile, LN-grown plants displayed smaller chloroplast and accordingly lower internal conductance (gi). LN- and HN-grown individuals allocated less N to light-harvesting system (NL) and carboxylation system (NC), respectively. N surplus negatively affected the expression of genes in Car biosynthesis (GGPS, DXR, PSY, IPI and DXS). The LN individuals outperformed others with respect to non-photochemical quenching. The expression of genes (FBA, PGK, RAF2, GAPC, CAB, PsbA and PsbH) encoding enzymes of Calvin cycle and structural protein of light reaction were obviously repressed in the LN individuals, accompanying with a reduction in Rubisco content and activity. Correspondingly, the expression of genes encoding RAF2, RPI4, CAB and PetE were repressed in the HN-grown plants. CONCLUSIONS LN-induced depression of photosynthetic capacity might be caused by the deceleration on Calvin cycle and light reaction of photosynthesis, and HN-induced depression of ones might derive from an increase in the form of inactivated Rubisco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhu Cun
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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15
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The Biotechnological Potential of the Marine Diatom Skeletonema dohrnii to the Elevated Temperature and pCO 2 Concentration. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050259. [PMID: 32429035 PMCID: PMC7281586 DOI: 10.3390/md18050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine diatoms are promising candidates for biotechnological applications, since they contain high-value compounds, naturally. To facilitate the production of these compounds, stress conditions are often preferable; however, challenges remain with respect to maximizing a metabolic potential for the large-scale cultivation. Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of diatom Skeletonema dohrnii under the actual (21 °C, 400 ppm) and elevated (25 °C, 1000 ppm) temperature and pCO2 condition. Results indicated that cells grown at higher temperature and pCO2 showed increasing growth rate, pigment composition, and biochemical productivity as did the expression of chlorophyll, carotenoid and bioactive compound related genes or transcripts. Furthermore, performing de novo transcriptome, we identified 32,884 transcript clusters and found 10,974 of them were differentially expressed between these two conditions. Analyzing the functions of differentially expressed transcripts, we found many of them involved in core metabolic and biosynthesis pathways, including chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid, phenylpropanoid, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and flavonoid biosynthesis was upregulated. Moreover, we here demonstrated that utilizing a unique bio-fixation ability, S. dohrnii is capable of suppressing central carbon metabolism to promote lipid productivity, fatty acid contents and other bioactive compounds under high temperature and pCO2 treatment. Our study suggests that this S. dohrnii species could be a potential candidate for wide-scale biotechnological applications under elevated temperature and CO2 conditions.
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16
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Chen Z, Chen J, Liu J, Li L, Qin S, Huang Q. Transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of an astaxanthin-hyperproducing Haematococcus pluvialis mutant obtained by low-temperature plasma (LTP) mutagenesis under high light irradiation. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Lu Z, Zheng L, Liu J, Dai J, Song L. A novel fed-batch strategy to boost cyst cells production based on the understanding of intracellular carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Haematococcus pluvialis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121744. [PMID: 31323718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is a prominent feedstock of astaxanthin. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) strongly influences the metabolic pathways of mixotrophic-grown microalgae, however, its role involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis is still not fully understood. In this study, integrative metabolic and physiologic profiles were analyzed in elucidating how C/N affected carbon and nitrogen assimilation and thereby exerted influence on astaxanthin biosynthesis. It was demonstrated that high C/N up-regulated the activities of acetate kinase by increase of 5.76 folds in early logarithmic phase, leading a significant increase of acetyl-CoA. The increased carbon skeletons were then funneled into astaxanthin biosynthesis. Additionally, high C/N increased the proportion of carotenoid-intermediates in cytoplasm from chloroplast. Finally, a fed-batch cultivation strategy based on C/N gradient was developed. Biomass attained 9.18 g L-1 in 100% type of immotile cyst cells, which presented astaxanthin productivity at 15.45 mg L-1 d-1 afterward, exhibiting a promising paradigm in commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lingling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jingcheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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18
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Sun B, Jiang M, Liang S, Zheng H, Chen Q, Wang Y, Lin YX, Liu ZJ, Wang XR, Zhang F, Tang HR. Functional differences of BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 genes in Chinese kale. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190260. [PMID: 31417731 PMCID: PMC6689629 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a systematic analysis of the functional differences between two genes that encode phytoene desaturase (PDS) in Chinese kale. The promoter sequences of both BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 were amplified and cloned, and their lengths were 2005 bp and 2000 bp, respectively. The mining of cis-acting elements in the promoters showed that the two BaPDS genes are mainly associated with light and phytohormone responsiveness. Light quality, light intensity and plant hormone treatments were conducted in seedlings of Chinese kale, and the results indicated that the response of the two genes to different factors differed. Among them, BaPDSs collectively respond to the treatment with salicylic acid and abscisic acid. With regard to response differences, BaPDS1 is sensitive to red and blue light, blue light, and strong light, while BaPDS2 responds to blue light, weak light, darkness, gibberellin and methyl jasmonate. In addition, both BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 are likely targeted to the chloroplast. Furthermore, single and double mutants of BaPDSs were generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Phenotypic analysis showed that the double mutant with edited PDS1 and PDS2 was a pure albino, while the single mutants with edited PDS1 or PDS2 were partly whitened. In summary, BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 genes played different and indispensable roles in Chinese kale, and their functions were partially complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-xiu Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Jing Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Rong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Fen Zhang e-mail:
| | - Hao-Ru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Hao-Ru Tang e-mail:
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19
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Zhang Z, Sun D, Zhang Y, Chen F. Glucose triggers cell structure changes and regulates astaxanthin biosynthesis in Chromochloris zofingiensis. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Kato S, Tanno Y, Takaichi S, Shinomura T. Low Temperature Stress Alters the Expression of Phytoene Desaturase Genes (crtP1 and crtP2) and the ζ-Carotene Desaturase Gene (crtQ) Together with the Cellular Carotenoid Content of Euglena gracilis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:274-284. [PMID: 30346581 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids participate in photosynthesis and photoprotection in oxygenic phototrophs. Euglena gracilis, a eukaryotic phytoflagellate, synthesizes several carotenoids: β-carotene, neoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin. Temperature is one of the most striking external stimuli altering carotenoid production. In the present study, to elucidate the regulation of carotenoid synthesis of E. gracilis in response to environmental stimuli, we functionally identified phytoene desaturase genes (crtP1 and crtP2) and the ζ-carotene desaturase gene (crtQ) of this alga and analyzed expression of those genes and the composition of major carotenoids in cells grown under cold (20�C) and high-intensity light (HL; 240 �mol photon m-2 s-1) conditions. 20�C-HL treatment increased the transcriptional level of the phytoene synthase gene (crtB), and crtP1 and crtP2, whose products catalyze the early steps of carotenoid biosynthesis in this alga. Cultivation at 20�C under illumination at 55 �mol photon m-2 s-1 (low-intensity light; LL) decreased the cell concentration, Chl and total major carotenoid content by 61, 75 and 50%, respectively, relative to control (25�C-LL) cells. When grown at 20�C-HL, the cells showed a greater decrease in cell concentration and photosynthetic pigment contents than those in 20�C-LL. β-Carotene, neoxanthin and diadinoxanthin contents were decreased by more than half in 20�C-LL and 20�C-HL treatments. On the other hand, when subjected to 20�C-LL and 20�C-HL, the cells retained a diatoxanthin content comparable with control cells. Our findings suggested that diatoxanthin plays crucial roles in the acclimation to cold and intense light condition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a photosynthetic organism possessing dual crtP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kato
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuri Tanno
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Graduate Schools, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shinomura
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Graduate Schools, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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21
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Cezare-Gomes EA, Mejia-da-Silva LDC, Pérez-Mora LS, Matsudo MC, Ferreira-Camargo LS, Singh AK, de Carvalho JCM. Potential of Microalgae Carotenoids for Industrial Application. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:602-634. [PMID: 30613862 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-02945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae cultivation, when compared to the growth of higher plants, presents many advantages such as faster growth, higher biomass productivity, and smaller land area requirement for cultivation. For this reason, microalgae are an alternative platform for carotenoid production when compared to the traditional sources. Currently, commercial microalgae production is not well developed but, fortunately, there are several studies aiming to make the large-scale production feasible by, for example, employing different cultivation systems. This review focuses on the main carotenoids from microalgae, comparing them to the traditional sources, as well as a critical analysis about different microalgae cultivation regimes that are currently available and applicable for carotenoid accumulation. Throughout this review paper, we present relevant information about the main commercial microalgae carotenoid producers; the comparison between carotenoid content from food, vegetables, fruits, and microalgae; and the great importance and impact of these molecule applications, such as in food (nutraceuticals and functional foods), cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, feed (colorants and additives), and healthcare area. Lastly, the different operating systems applied to these photosynthetic cultivations are critically discussed, and conclusions and perspectives are made concerning the best operating system for acquiring high cell densities and, consequently, high carotenoid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleane A Cezare-Gomes
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Bl. 16, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Lauris Del Carmen Mejia-da-Silva
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Bl. 16, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Lina S Pérez-Mora
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Bl. 16, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Matsudo
- Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. Benedito Pereira dos Santos, 1303, Itajubá, MG, 37500-903, Brazil
| | - Lívia S Ferreira-Camargo
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, R. Abolição, s/n° - Vila São Pedro, Santo André, SP, 09210-180, Brazil
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Bl. 16, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Monteiro de Carvalho
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Bl. 16, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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Melatonin enhances astaxanthin accumulation in the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis by mechanisms possibly related to abiotic stress tolerance. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Over-accumulation of astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis through chloroplast genetic engineering. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Mascia F, Girolomoni L, Alcocer MJP, Bargigia I, Perozeni F, Cazzaniga S, Cerullo G, D'Andrea C, Ballottari M. Functional analysis of photosynthetic pigment binding complexes in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis reveals distribution of astaxanthin in Photosystems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16319. [PMID: 29176710 PMCID: PMC5701160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid produced by photosynthetic microalgae. It is a pigment of high industrial interest in acquaculture, cosmetics, and nutraceutics due to its strong antioxidant power. Haematococcus pluvialis, a fresh-water microalga, accumulates high levels of astaxanthin upon oxidative stress, reaching values up to 5% per dry weight. H. pluvialis accumulates astaxanthin in oil droplets in the cytoplasm, while the chloroplast volume is reduced. In this work, we investigate the biochemical and spectroscopic properties of the H. pluvialis pigment binding complexes responsible for light harvesting and energy conversion. Our findings demonstrate that the main features of chlorophyll and carotenoid binding complexes previously reported for higher plants or Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are preserved under control conditions. Transition to astaxanthin rich cysts however leads to destabilization of the Photosystems. Surprisingly, astaxanthin was found to be bound to both Photosystem I and II, partially substituting β-carotene, and thus demonstrating possible astaxanthin biosynthesis in the plastids or transport from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast. Astaxanthin binding to Photosystems does not however improve their photoprotection, but rather reduces the efficiency of excitation energy transfer to the reaction centers. We thus propose that astaxanthin binding partially destabilizes Photosystem I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mascia
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Girolomoni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Marcelo J P Alcocer
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bargigia
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Perozeni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Cosimo D'Andrea
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.,IFN-CNR, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy.
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25
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Srinivasan R, Babu S, Gothandam KM. Accumulation of phytoene, a colorless carotenoid by inhibition of phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene in Dunaliella salina V-101. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 242:311-318. [PMID: 28347620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the accumulation of phytoene in Dunaliella salina V-101 by down-regulating its phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene expression using RNA interference and Antisense technology. RNAi and antisense constructs were introduced into the Dunaliella cells by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Among thirty-two transformants, six showed positive down-regulation of PDS expression with RNAi construct and five positive transformants were obtained using antisense construct. Characterization of PDS suppression was carried out using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and quantitative determination of phytoene as well as other carotenoids by HPLC. Both the RNAi and antisense lines showed a significant decrease in the expression levels of phytoene desaturase and carotenoid content compared to wild type cells. The RNAi line #5 showed maximum Phytoene content (108.34±22.34µg/100mg DCW) compared to other transgenic lines. These phytoene-accumulating phenotypes exhibited slower growth rates and were found to be sensitive to high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Babu
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K M Gothandam
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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26
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Huang JJ, Lin S, Xu W, Cheung PCK. Occurrence and biosynthesis of carotenoids in phytoplankton. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:597-618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Vo TT, Lee C, Han SI, Kim JY, Kim S, Choi YE. Effect of the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid on different growth stages of Haematococcus pluvialis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 220:85-93. [PMID: 27566516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the effects of ACC on other stages of H. pluvialis. Interestingly, even though ACC displayed a dose-dependent effect on astaxanthin production, it is evident that astaxanthin production could be facilitated whenever the cells were treated at the early red stage. The transcriptional levels of BKT, CHY, SOD, and CAT genes supported enhanced astaxanthin biosynthesis upon ACC treatment at the early red stage. The combinatorial synergistic effect of ACC and light intensity was also confirmed. Finally, two-step application of ACC at the vegetative phase to increase biomass production and at the early-red stage to promote astaxanthin biosynthesis was proposed to maximize the efficiency of ACC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thao Vo
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsu Lee
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Il Han
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Republic of Korea.
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Enhanced astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis using butylated hydroxyanisole. J Biotechnol 2016; 236:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Zamani H, Moradshahi A. Transcript levels of phytoene desaturase gene in Dunaliella salina Teod. as affected by PbS nanoparticles and light intensity. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2016; 5:193-199. [PMID: 28097172 PMCID: PMC5219913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (Psy) and Phytoene desaturase (Pds) are the first two regulatory enzymes in the carotenoids biosynthetic pathway. The genes Psy and Pds are under transcriptional control in many photosynthetic organisms. In the present study, using quantitative real time- PCR (qRT-PCR), the effects of uncoated and gum-Arabic coated PbS nanoparticles (GA-coated PbS NPs) and light intensity on the mRNA levels of Pds were investigated. Relative to mRNA level of Pds at 100 µmol photon m-2 s-1 light intensity (control culture), 2.2-fold increase in transcript levels occurred after 12 h of exposure to higher light intensity, which is significantly (P<0.05) different compared to control. After 48 h of exposure, the mRNA level of Pds was reduced to that in control. This indicates that light intensity regulates Pds at the mRNA level. In the presence of uncoated and GA-coated PbS NPs, the transcript levels of Pds were decreased over time, with uncoated PbS NPs having more inhibitory effects on mRNA levels compared to GA- coated PbS NPs. This shows that PbS NPs have adverse effects on transcription or post transcriptional processing and coating nanoparticles with biopolymers reduces their toxicity to organisms. Being under control, it seems that genetic manipulation of Pds may result in increased biotechnological production of carotenoids by D. salina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Moradshahi
- Address for correspondence: Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran Tel: +98 71-36137622, Fax: +98 71-32280916, E. mail:
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30
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Tong S, Xi H, Ai K, Hou H. Cloning and expression analysis of UpPDS gene in Ulva pertusa. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Solovchenko AE. Recent breakthroughs in the biology of astaxanthin accumulation by microalgal cell. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 125:437-49. [PMID: 25975708 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Massive accumulation of the secondary ketokarotenoid astaxanthin is a characteristic stress response of certain microalgal species with Haematococcus pluvialis as an illustrious example. The carotenogenic response confers these organisms a remarkable ability to survive in extremely unfavorable environments and makes them the richest source of natural astaxanthin. Exerting a plethora of beneficial effects on human and animal health, astaxanthin is among the most important bioproducts from microalgae. Though our understanding of astaxanthin biosynthesis, induction, and regulation is far from complete, this gap is filling rapidly with new knowledge generated predominantly by application of advanced "omics" approaches. This review focuses on the most recent progress in the biology of astaxanthin accumulation in microalgae including the genomic, proteomic, and metabolomics insights into the induction and regulation of secondary carotenogenesis and its role in stress tolerance of the photosynthetic microorganisms. Special attention is paid to the coupling of the carotenoid and lipid biosynthesis as well as deposition of astaxanthin in the algal cell. The place of the carotenogenic response among the stress tolerance mechanisms is revisited, and possible implications of the new findings for biotechnological production of astaxanthin from microalgae are considered. The potential use of the carotenogenic microalgae as a source not only of value-added carotenoids, but also of biofuel precursors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei E Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia,
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32
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Carotenoids from Marine Microalgae: A Valuable Natural Source for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5128-55. [PMID: 26287216 PMCID: PMC4557017 DOI: 10.3390/md13085128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown a relation between antioxidants and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Microalgae are a potential novel source of bioactive molecules, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements and novel food products. The objective of this review is (i) to update the research that has been carried out on the most known carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, including reporting on their high potentialities to produce other less known important compounds; (ii) to compile the work that has been done in order to establish some relationship between carotenoids and oxidative protection and treatment; (iii) to summarize the association of oxidative stress and the various reactive species including free radicals with several human diseases; and (iv) to provide evidence of the potential of carotenoids from marine microalgae to be used as therapeutics to treat or prevent these oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Yu X, Chen L, Zhang W. Chemicals to enhance microalgal growth and accumulation of high-value bioproducts. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:56. [PMID: 25741321 PMCID: PMC4330911 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic microalgae have attracted significant attention as they can serve as important sources for cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical products, industrial materials and even biofuel biodiesels. However, current productivity of microalga-based processes is still very low, which has restricted their scale-up application. In addition to various efforts in strain improvement and cultivation optimization, it was proposed that the productivity of microalga-based processes can also be increased using various chemicals to trigger or enhance cell growth and accumulation of bioproducts. Herein, we summarized recent progresses in applying chemical triggers or enhancers to improve cell growth and accumulation of bioproducts in algal cultures. Based on their enhancing mechanisms, these chemicals can be classified into four categories:chemicals regulating biosynthetic pathways, chemicals inducing oxidative stress responses, phytohormones and analogs regulating multiple aspects of microalgal metabolism, and chemicals directly as metabolic precursors. Taken together, the early researches demonstrated that the use of chemical stimulants could be a very effective and economical way to improve cell growth and accumulation of high-value bioproducts in large-scale cultivation of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinheng Yu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin, China
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Regulation of astaxanthin and its intermediates through cloning and genetic transformation of β-carotene ketolase in Haematococcus pluvialis. J Biotechnol 2015; 196-197:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gwak Y, Hwang YS, Wang B, Kim M, Jeong J, Lee CG, Hu Q, Han D, Jin E. Comparative analyses of lipidomes and transcriptomes reveal a concerted action of multiple defensive systems against photooxidative stress in Haematococcus pluvialis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4317-34. [PMID: 24821952 PMCID: PMC4112636 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis cells predominantly remain in the macrozooid stage under favourable environmental conditions but are rapidly differentiated into haematocysts upon exposure to various environmental stresses. Haematocysts are characterized by massive accumulations of astaxanthin sequestered in cytosolic oil globules. Lipidomic analyses revealed that synthesis of the storage lipid triacylglycerol (TAG) was substantially stimulated under high irradiance. Simultaneously, remodelling of membrane glycerolipids occurred as a result of dramatic reductions in chloroplast membrane glycolipids but remained unchanged or declined slightly in extraplastidic membrane glycerolipids. De novo assembly of transcriptomes revealed the genomic and metabolic features of this unsequenced microalga. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that so-called resting cells (haematocysts) may be more active than fast-growing vegetative cells (macrozooids) regarding metabolic pathways and functions. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of astaxanthin biosynthesis suggested that the non-mevalonate pathway mediated the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate, as the majority of genes involved in subsequent astaxanthin biosynthesis were substantially up-regulated under high irradiance, with the genes encoding phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and β-carotene hydroxylase identified as the most prominent regulatory components. Accumulation of TAG under high irradiance was attributed to moderate up-regulation of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis at the gene level as well as to moderate elevation of the TAG assembly pathways. Additionally, inferred from transcriptomic differentiation, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, a decrease in ROS production, and the relaxation of over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain will work together to protect against photooxidative stress in H. pluvialis under high irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Gwak
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Yong-sic Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Baobei Wang
- College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Jooyeon Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Choul-Gyun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Qiang Hu
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Danxiang Han
- College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
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Lao YM, Xiao L, Luo LX, Jiang JG. Hypoosmotic expression of Dunaliella bardawil ζ-carotene desaturase is attributed to a hypoosmolarity-responsive element different from other key carotenogenic genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:359-72. [PMID: 24632600 PMCID: PMC4012594 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.235390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Some key carotenogenic genes (crts) in Dunaliella bardawil are regulated in response to salt stress partly due to salt-inducible cis-acting elements in their promoters. Thus, we isolated and compared the ζ-carotene desaturase (Dbzds) promoter with other crts promoters including phytoene synthase (Dbpsy), phytoene desaturase (Dbpds), and lycopene β-cyclase1 (DblycB1) to identify salt-inducible element(s) in the Dbzds promoter. In silico analysis of the Dbzds promoter found several potential cis-acting elements, such as abscisic acid response element-like sequence, myelocytomatosis oncogene1 recognition motif, AGC box, anaerobic motif2, and activation sequence factor1 binding site. Remarkably, instead of salt-inducible elements, we found a unique regulatory sequence architecture in the Dbzds promoter: a hypoosmolarity-responsive element (HRE) candidate followed by a potential hypoosmolarity-inducible factor GBF5 binding site. Deletion experiments demonstrated that only HRE, but not the GBF5 binding site, is responsible for hypoosmotic expression of the fusion of Zeocin resistance gene (ble) to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) chimeric gene under salt stress. Dbzds transcripts were in accordance with those of ble-egfp driven by the wild-type Dbzds promoter. Consequently, Dbzds is hypoosmotically regulated by its promoter, and HRE is responsible for this hypoosmotic response. Finally, the hypoosmolarity mechanism of Dbzds was studied by comparing transcript profiles and regulatory elements of Dbzds with those of Dbpsy, Dbpds, DblycB1, and DblycB2, revealing that different induction characteristics of crts may correlate with regulatory sequence architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Min Lao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Y.-M.L., J.-G.J.); and
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China (Y.-M.L., L.X., L.-X.L.)
| | - Lan Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Y.-M.L., J.-G.J.); and
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China (Y.-M.L., L.X., L.-X.L.)
| | - Li-Xin Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Y.-M.L., J.-G.J.); and
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China (Y.-M.L., L.X., L.-X.L.)
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Broderick SR, Jones ML. An Optimized Protocol to Increase Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Efficiency and Minimize Viral Symptoms in Petunia. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2014; 32:219-233. [PMID: 24465085 PMCID: PMC3893464 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-013-0647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is used to down-regulate endogenous plant genes. VIGS efficiency depends on viral proliferation and systemic movement throughout the plant. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS has been successfully used in petunia (Petunia × hybrida), the protocol has not been thoroughly optimized for efficient and uniform gene down-regulation in this species. Therefore, we evaluated six parameters that improved VIGS in petunia. Inoculation of mechanically wounded shoot apical meristems induced the most effective and consistent silencing compared to other methods of inoculation. From an evaluation of ten cultivars, a compact petunia variety, 'Picobella Blue', exhibited a 1.8-fold higher CHS silencing efficiency in corollas. We determined that 20 °C day/18 °C night temperatures induced stronger gene silencing than 23 °C/18 °C or 26 °C/18 °C. The development of silencing was more pronounced in plants that were inoculated at 3-4 versus 5 weeks after sowing. While petunias inoculated with pTRV2-NbPDS or pTRV2-PhCHS showed very minimal viral symptoms, plants inoculated with the pTRV2 empty vector (often used as a control) were stunted and developed severe necrosis, which often led to plant death. Viral symptoms were eliminated by developing a control construct containing a fragment of the green fluorescent protein (pTRV2-sGFP). These optimization steps increased the area of chalcone synthase (CHS) silencing by 69 % and phytoene desaturase (PDS) silencing by 28 %. This improved VIGS protocol, including the use of the pTRV2-sGFP control plants, provides stronger down-regulation for high-throughput analyses of gene function in petunia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R. Broderick
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, 214A Williams Hall, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Michelle L. Jones
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, 214A Williams Hall, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Gómez PI, Inostroza I, Pizarro M, Pérez J. From genetic improvement to commercial-scale mass culture of a Chilean strain of the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis with enhanced productivity of the red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:plt026. [PMID: 23789055 PMCID: PMC3687207 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a red ketocarotenoid, widely used as a natural red colourant in marine fish aquaculture and poultry and, recently, as an antioxidant supplement for humans and animals. The green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is one of the richest natural sources of this pigment. However, its slow growth rate and complex life cycle make mass culture difficult for commercial purposes. The aims of this research were (i) to standardize and apply a genetic improvement programme to a Chilean strain of H. pluvialis in order to improve its carotenogenic capacity and (ii) to evaluate the performance of a selected mutant strain in commercial-sized (125 000 L) open ponds in the north of Chile. Haematococcus pluvialis strain 114 was mutated by ethyl methanesulfonate. The level of mutagen dose (exposure time and concentration) was one that induced at least 90 % mortality. Surviving colonies were screened for resistance to the carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor diphenylamine (25 µM). Resistant mutants were grown in a 30-mL volume for 30 days, after which the total carotenoid content was determined by spectrophotometry. Tens of mutants with improved carotenogenic capacity compared with the wild-type strain were isolated by the application of these standardized protocols. Some mutants exhibited curious morphological features such as spontaneous release of astaxanthin and loss of flagella. One of the mutants was grown outdoors in commercial-sized open ponds of 125 000 L in the north of Chile. Grown under similar conditions, the mutant strain accumulated 30 % more astaxanthin than the wild-type strain on a per dry weight basis and 72 % more on a per culture volume basis. We show that random mutagenesis/selection is an effective strategy for genetically improving strains of H. pluvialis and that improved carotenogenic capacity is maintained when the volume of the cultures is scaled up to a commercial size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I. Gómez
- FICOLAB, Grupo de Investigación Microalgal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chacabuco s/n, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
| | - Ingrid Inostroza
- FICOLAB, Grupo de Investigación Microalgal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Chacabuco s/n, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mario Pizarro
- Pigmentos Naturales S. A., Camino acceso a Pica s/n, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jorge Pérez
- Pigmentos Naturales S. A., Camino acceso a Pica s/n, Iquique, Chile
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Induction of salicylic acid (SA) on transcriptional expression of eight carotenoid genes and astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 51:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tran PT, Sharifi MN, Poddar S, Dent RM, Niyogi KK. Intragenic enhancers and suppressors of phytoene desaturase mutations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42196. [PMID: 22912689 PMCID: PMC3419514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms synthesize carotenoids for harvesting light energy, photoprotection, and maintaining the structure and function of photosynthetic membranes. A light-sensitive, phytoene-accumulating mutant, pds1-1, was isolated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and found to be genetically linked to the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene. PDS catalyzes the second step in carotenoid biosynthesis—the conversion of phytoene to ζ-carotene. Decreased accumulation of downstream colored carotenoids suggested that the pds1-1 mutant is leaky for PDS activity. A screen for enhancers of the pds1-1 mutation yielded the pds1-2 allele, which completely lacks PDS activity. A second independent null mutant (pds1-3) was identified using DNA insertional mutagenesis. Both null mutants accumulate only phytoene and no other carotenoids. All three phytoene-accumulating mutants exhibited slower growth rates and reduced plating efficiency compared to wild-type cells and white phytoene synthase mutants. Insight into amino acid residues important for PDS activity was obtained through the characterization of intragenic suppressors of pds1-2. The suppressor mutants fell into three classes: revertants of the pds1-1 point mutation, mutations that changed PDS amino acid residue Pro64 to Phe, and mutations that converted PDS residue Lys90 to Met. Characterization of pds1-2 intragenic suppressors coupled with computational structure prediction of PDS suggest that amino acids at positions 90 and 143 are in close contact in the active PDS enzyme and have important roles in its structural stability and/or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoi T. Tran
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Marina N. Sharifi
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Poddar
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Dent
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Differential expression of carotenogenic genes, associated changes on astaxanthin production and photosynthesis features induced by JA in H. pluvialis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42243. [PMID: 22870309 PMCID: PMC3411633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is an organism that under certain conditions can produce astaxanthin, an economically important carotenoid. In this study, the transcriptional expression patterns of eight carotenogenic genes of H. pluvialis in response to jasmonic acid (JA) were evaluated using real-time PCR. Astaxanthin accumulation action and photosynthesis flourescence were monitored at the same time. The results showed all eight genes exhibited higher transcriptional expression significantly under JA treatments. JA25 (25 mg/L) induction had greater effect (>10-fold up-regulation) on the transcriptional expression of pds, crtR-B and lyc than on ipi-1, ipi-2, psy, bkt2, and crtO. JA50 (50 mg/L) treatment had greater impact on the transcriptional expression of ipi-1, ipi-2, psy, crtR-B and crtO than on pds, lyc and bkt2. Astaxanthin biosynthesis in the presence of JA appeared to be up-regulated mainly by psy, pds, crtR-B, lyc, bkt2 and crtO at the transcriptional level and ipi-1, ipi-2 at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Under JA induction, the photosynthetic efficiency [Y (II)] and the maximum quantum efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm) decreased significantly, but the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) increased drastically with the accumulation of astaxanthin.
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Paniagua-Michel J, Olmos-Soto J, Ruiz MA. Pathways of carotenoid biosynthesis in bacteria and microalgae. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 892:1-12. [PMID: 22623294 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-879-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoids, a subfamily of the isoprenoids, are among the most widespread, ancient, diverse, and rich class of all natural products and biomolecules. Microorganisms, as well as microalgae and bacteria synthesize isoprenoids from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). For long time, mevalonic acid was assumed to be the only natural precursor for IPP and DMAPP in the cytosolic acetate/mevalonate pathway for the biosynthesis of sterols, sesquiterpenes, triterpenoids, and carotenoids. At present, it is accepted that the relatively new route, the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), or 1-deoxy-D: -xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) is the main pathway for the biosynthesis of plastidic isoprenoids, such as carotenoids, phytol (a side chain of chlorophylls), plastoquinone-9, isoprene, mono-, and diterpenes. Cytosolic isoprenoids (sterols) biosynthesized by MEP have been reported in eubacteria and algae (Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, and Dunaliella). This review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of different isoprenoids and carotenoids in bacteria and microalgae. Particular attention was given to the last early steps of the biosynthesis of the key C(5)-precursor and the final steps of the biosynthesis of carotenoids including selected examples in microalgae and bacteria as well as the recent advances in genomics and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paniagua-Michel
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, BC, Mexico.
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Martinez-Moya P, Watt SA, Niehaus K, Alcaíno J, Baeza M, Cifuentes V. Proteomic analysis of the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:131. [PMID: 21669001 PMCID: PMC3224108 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is used for the microbiological production of the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin. In this study, we established an optimal protocol for protein extraction and performed the first proteomic analysis of the strain ATCC 24230. Protein profiles before and during the induction of carotenogenesis were determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Results Among the approximately 600 observed protein spots, 131 non-redundant proteins were identified. Proteomic analyses allowed us to identify 50 differentially expressed proteins that fall into several classes with distinct expression patterns. These analyses demonstrated that enzymes related to acetyl-CoA synthesis were more abundant prior to carotenogenesis. Later, redox- and stress-related proteins were up-regulated during the induction of carotenogenesis. For the carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes mevalonate kinase and phytoene/squalene synthase, we observed higher abundance during induction and/or accumulation of carotenoids. In addition, classical antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the cytosolic superoxide dismutases, were not identified. Conclusions Our results provide an overview of potentially important carotenogenesis-related proteins, among which are proteins involved in carbohydrate and lipid biosynthetic pathways as well as several redox- and stress-related proteins. In addition, these results might indicate that X. dendrorhous accumulates astaxanthin under aerobic conditions to scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martinez-Moya
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Centro de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Walter MH, Strack D. Carotenoids and their cleavage products: biosynthesis and functions. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:663-92. [PMID: 21321752 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on plant carotenoids, but it also includes progress made on microbial and animal carotenoid metabolism to better understand the functions and the evolution of these structurally diverse compounds with a common backbone. Plants have evolved isogenes for specific key steps of carotenoid biosynthesis with differential expression profiles, whose characteristic features will be compared. Perhaps the most exciting progress has been made in studies of carotenoid cleavage products (apocarotenoids) with an ever-expanding variety of novel functions being discovered. This review therefore covers structural, molecular genetic and functional aspects of carotenoids and apocarotenoids alike. Apocarotenoids are specifically tailored from carotenoids by a family of oxidative cleavage enzymes, but whether there are contributions to their generation from chemical oxidation, photooxidation or other mechanisms is largely unknown. Control of carotenoid homeostasis is discussed in the context of biosynthetic and degradative reactions but also in the context of subcellular environments for deposition and sequestration within and outside of plastids. Other aspects of carotenoid research, including metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches, will only be covered briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Walter
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Abteilung Sekundärstoffwechsel, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany.
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Abstract
Carotenoids are one of the most widespread groups of pigments in nature and more than 600 of these have been identified. Beside provitamin A activity, carotenoids are important as antioxidants and protective agents against various diseases. They are isoprenoids with a long polyene chain containing 3 to 15 conjugated double bonds, which determines their absorption spectrum. Cyclization at one or both ends occurs in hydrocarbon carotene, while xanthophylls are formed by the introduction of oxygen. In addition, modifications involving chain elongation, isomerization, or degradation are also found. The composition of carotenoids in food may vary depending upon production practices, post-harvest handling, processing, and storage. In higher plants they are synthesized in the plastid. Both mevalonate dependent and independent pathway for the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate are known. Isopentenyl diphosphate undergoes a series of addition and condensation reactions to form phytoene, which gets converted to lycopene. Cyclization of lycopene either leads to the formation of β-carotene and its derivative xanthophylls, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin or α-carotene and lutein. Even though most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes have been cloned and identified, some aspects of carotenoid formation and manipulation in higher plants especially remain poorly understood. In order to enhance the carotenoid content of crop plants to a level that will be required for the prevention of diseases, there is a need for research in both the basic and the applied aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Namitha
- Human Resource Development, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR), Mysore, India
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Lemoine Y, Schoefs B. Secondary ketocarotenoid astaxanthin biosynthesis in algae: a multifunctional response to stress. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 106:155-77. [PMID: 20706789 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Under stressful environments, many green algae such as Haematococcus pluvialis accumulate secondary ketocarotenoids such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. The carotenogenesis, responsible for natural phenomena such as red snows, generally accompanies larger metabolic changes as well as morphological modifications, i.e., the conversion of the green flagellated macrozoids into large red cysts. Astaxanthin accumulation constitutes a convenient way to store energy and carbon, which will be used for further synthesis under less stressful conditions. Besides this, the presence of high amount of astaxanthin enhances the cell resistance to oxidative stress generated by unfavorable environmental conditions including excess light, UV-B irradiation, and nutrition stress and, therefore, confers a higher survival capacity to the cells. This better resistance results from the quenching of oxygen atoms for the synthesis itself as well as from the antioxidant properties of the astaxanthin molecules. Therefore, astaxanthin synthesis corresponds to a multifunctional response to stress. In this contribution, the various biochemical, genetic, and molecular data related to the biosynthesis of ketocarotenoids by Haematococcus pluvialis and other taxa are reviewed and compared. A tentative regulatory model of the biochemical network driving astaxanthin production is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lemoine
- University Lille Nord de France, UMR 8187 LOG CNRS/University Lille 1, Bât SN2, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Li Y, Sommerfeld M, Chen F, Hu Q. Effect of photon flux densities on regulation of carotenogenesis and cell viability of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae). JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2010; 22:253-263. [PMID: 20949119 PMCID: PMC2946551 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-009-9453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The green alga Haematococcus pluvialis produces large amounts of the pink carotenoid astaxanthin under high photon flux density (PFD) and other oxidative stress conditions. However, the regulation and physiological role of carotenogenesis leading to astaxanthin formation is not well understood. Comparative transcriptional expression of five carotenoid genes along with growth and pigment composition as a function of PFD was studied using a wild-type and an astaxanthin-overproduction mutant of H. pluvialis NIES144. The results indicate that astaxanthin biosynthesis was mainly under transcriptional control of the gene encoding carotenoid hydroxylase, and to a lesser extent, the genes encoding isopentenyl isomerase and phytoene desaturase, and to the least extent, the genes encoding phytoene synthase and carotenoid oxygenase. The expression of a plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) gene ptox2 underwent transient up-regulation under elevated PFDs, suggesting that PTOX may be functionally coupled with phytoene desaturase through the plastoquinone pool and may play a role in reducing redox-potential-dependent and oxygen-concentration-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species in the chloroplast. Over-expression of both the carotenogenic and PTOX genes confers to the astaxanthin-overproduction mutant more effective photoprotective capability than that of the wild type under photooxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Li
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University at the Polytechnic Campus, 7001 E. Williams Field Road, Mesa, AZ 85212 USA
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Milton Sommerfeld
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University at the Polytechnic Campus, 7001 E. Williams Field Road, Mesa, AZ 85212 USA
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University at the Polytechnic Campus, 7001 E. Williams Field Road, Mesa, AZ 85212 USA
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Song W, Maeda H, DellaPenna D. Mutations of the ER to plastid lipid transporters TGD1, 2, 3 and 4 and the ER oleate desaturase FAD2 suppress the low temperature-induced phenotype of Arabidopsis tocopherol-deficient mutant vte2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:1004-18. [PMID: 20345604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies with the tocopherol-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana vte2 mutant demonstrated an important role for tocopherols in the development of transfer cell walls and maintenance of photoassimilate export capacity during low-temperature (LT) adaptation. To further understand the processes linking tocopherol deficiency and the vte2 LT phenotypes, a genetic screen was performed for sve mutations (suppressor of the vte2 low temperature-induced phenotype). The three strongest sve loci had differing impacts on LT-induced sugar accumulation, photoassimilate export reduction and vascular-specific callose deposition in vte2. sve1 completely suppressed all vte2 LT phenotypes and is a new allele of fad2, the endoplasmic reticulum-localized oleate desaturase. sve2 showed partial suppression, and is a new allele of trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1 (tgd1), a component of the ER-to-plastid lipid ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. Introduction of tgd2, tgd3 and tgd4 mutations into the vte2 background similarly suppressed the vte2 LT phenotypes, indicating a key role for ER-to-plastid lipid transport in the vte2 LT phenotype. sve7 partially suppressed all vte2 LT phenotypes by affecting fatty acid and lipid metabolism at low temperatures only. Detailed analyses of acyl lipid composition indicated that all suppressors alleviated the increase in the level of linoleic acid esterified to phosphatidylcholine (PC-18:2) in LT-treated vte2, and this alleviation significantly correlated with their extent of suppression of photoassimilate export. Identification and characterization of the sve loci showed that the PC-18:2 change is an early and key component in vte2 LT-induced responses, and highlighted the interaction of tocopherols with non-plastid lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Vidhyavathi R, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA. Expression of carotenogenic genes and carotenoid production in Haematococcus pluvialis under the influence of carotenoid and fatty acid synthesis inhibitors. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cazzonelli CI, Cuttriss AJ, Cossetto SB, Pye W, Crisp P, Whelan J, Finnegan EJ, Turnbull C, Pogson BJ. Regulation of carotenoid composition and shoot branching in Arabidopsis by a chromatin modifying histone methyltransferase, SDG8. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:39-53. [PMID: 19174535 PMCID: PMC2648095 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.063131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid pigments are critical for plant survival, and carotenoid composition is tuned to the developmental stage, tissue, and to environmental stimuli. We report the cloning of the CAROTENOID CHLOROPLAST REGULATORY1 (CCR1) gene. The ccr1 mutant has increased shoot branching and altered carotenoid composition, namely, reduced lutein in leaves and accumulation of cis-carotenes in dark-grown seedlings. The CCR1 gene was previously isolated as EARLY FLOWERING IN SHORT DAYS and encodes a histone methyltransferase (SET DOMAIN GROUP 8) that methylates histone H3 on Lys 4 and/or 36 (H3K4 and H3K36). ccr1 plants show reduced trimethyl-H3K4 and increased dimethyl-H3K4 surrounding the CAROTENOID ISOMERASE (CRTISO) translation start site, which correlates with low levels of CRTISO mRNA. Microarrays of ccr1 revealed the downregulation of 85 genes, including CRTISO and genes associated with signaling and development, and upregulation of just 28 genes. The reduction in CRTISO transcript abundance explains the altered carotenoid profile. The changes in shoot branching are additive with more axillary branching mutants, but the altered carotenoid profile may partially affect shoot branching, potentially by perturbed biosynthesis of the carotenoid substrates of strigolactones. These results are consistent with SDG8 regulating shoot meristem activity and carotenoid biosynthesis by modifying the chromatin surrounding key genes, including CRTISO. Thus, the level of lutein, the most abundant carotenoid in higher plants that is critical for photosynthesis and photoprotection, appears to be regulated by a chromatin modifying enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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