1
|
Choi J, Makarem M, Lee C, Lee J, Kiemle S, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Tissue-specific directionality of cellulose synthase complex movement inferred from cellulose microfibril polarity in secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22007. [PMID: 38086837 PMCID: PMC10716418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) are nanoscale machines that synthesize and extrude crystalline cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) into the apoplast where CMFs are assembled with other matrix polymers into specific structures. We report the tissue-specific directionality of CSC movements of the xylem and interfascicular fiber walls of Arabidopsis stems, inferred from the polarity of CMFs determined using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. CMFs in xylems are deposited in an unidirectionally biased pattern with their alignment axes tilted about 25° off the stem axis, while interfascicular fibers are bidirectional and highly aligned along the longitudinal axis of the stem. These structures are compatible with the design of fiber-reinforced composites for tubular conduit and support pillar, respectively, suggesting that during cell development, CSC movement is regulated to produce wall structures optimized for cell-specific functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juseok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chonghan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah Kiemle
- Materials Characterization Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li G, Zeng X, Li Y, Li J, Huang X, Zhao D. BRITTLE CULM17, a Novel Allele of TAC4, Affects the Mechanical Properties of Rice Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105305. [PMID: 35628116 PMCID: PMC9140386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lodging resistance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) has always been a hot issue in agricultural production. A brittle stem mutant, osbc17, was identified by screening an EMS (Ethylmethane sulfonate) mutant library established in our laboratory. The stem segments and leaves of the mutant were obviously brittle and fragile, with low mechanical strength. Examination of paraffin sections of flag leaf and internode samples indicated that the number of cell layers in mechanical tissue of the mutant was decreased compared with the wild type, Pingtangheinuo, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mechanical tissue cell walls of the mutant were thinner. Lignin contents of the internodes of mature-stage rice were significantly lower in the mutant than in the wild type. By the MutMap method, we found candidate gene OsBC17, which was located on rice chromosome 2 and had a 2433 bp long coding sequence encoding a protein sequence of 810 amino acid residues with unknown function. According to LC-MS/MS analysis of intermediate products of the lignin synthesis pathway, the accumulation of caffeyl alcohol in the osbc17 mutant was significantly higher than in Pingtangheinuo. Caffeyl alcohol can be polymerized to the catechyl lignin monomer by laccase ChLAC8; however, ChLAC8 and OsBC17 are not homologous proteins, which suggests that the osbc17 gene is involved in this process by regulating laccase expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Biological Engineering, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaofang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Jianrong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaozhen Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Degang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Biological Engineering, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.H.)
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo X, Runavot JL, Bourot S, Meulewaeter F, Hernandez-Gomez M, Holland C, Harholt J, Willats WGT, Mravec J, Knox P, Ulvskov P. Metabolism of polysaccharides in dynamic middle lamellae during cotton fibre development. PLANTA 2019; 249:1565-1581. [PMID: 30737556 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented that cotton fibre adhesion and middle lamella formation are preceded by cutin dilution and accompanied by rhamnogalacturonan-I metabolism. Cotton fibres are single cell structures that early in development adhere to one another via the cotton fibre middle lamella (CFML) to form a tissue-like structure. The CFML is disassembled around the time of initial secondary wall deposition, leading to fibre detachment. Observations of CFML in the light microscope have suggested that the development of the middle lamella is accompanied by substantial cell-wall metabolism, but it has remained an open question as to which processes mediate adherence and which lead to detachment. The mechanism of adherence and detachment were investigated here using glyco-microarrays probed with monoclonal antibodies, transcript profiling, and observations of fibre auto-digestion. The results suggest that adherence is brought about by cutin dilution, while the presence of relevant enzyme activities and the dynamics of rhamnogalacturonan-I side-chain accumulation and disappearance suggest that both attachment and detachment are accompanied by rhamnogalacturonan-I metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jean-Luc Runavot
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Bourot
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Hernandez-Gomez
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Claire Holland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Snegireva A, Chernova T, Ageeva M, Lev-Yadun S, Gorshkova T. Intrusive growth of primary and secondary phloem fibres in hemp stem determines fibre-bundle formation and structure. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv061. [PMID: 26019229 PMCID: PMC4512043 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant fibres-cells with important mechanical functions and a widely used raw material-are usually identified in microscopic sections only after reaching a significant length or after developing a thickened cell wall. We characterized the early developmental stages of hemp (Cannabis sativa) stem phloem fibres, both primary (originating from the procambium) and secondary (originating in the cambium), when they still had only a primary cell wall. We gave a major emphasis to the role of intrusive elongation, the specific type of plant cell growth by which fibres commonly attain large cell length. We could identify primary phloem fibres at a distance of only 1.2-1.5 mm from the shoot apical meristem when they grew symplastically with the surrounding tissues. Half a millimeter further downwards along the stem, fibres began their intrusive elongation, which led to a sharp increase in fibre numbers visible within the stem cross-sections. The intrusive elongation of primary phloem fibres was completed within the several distal centimetres of the growing stem, before the onset of their secondary cell wall formation. The formation of secondary phloem fibres started long after the beginning of secondary xylem formation. Our data indicate that only a small portion of the fusiform cambial initials (<10 %) give rise directly or via their derivatives to secondary phloem fibres. The key determinant of final bundle structure, both for primary and secondary phloem fibres, is intrusive growth. Through bi-directional elongation, fibres join other fibres initiated individually in other stem levels, thus forming the bundles. Our results provide the specific developmental basis for further biochemical and molecular-genetic studies of phloem fibre development in hemp, but may be applied to many other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Snegireva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Tatyana Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsai AY, Goacher RE, Master ER. Detecting changes in arabidopsis cell wall composition using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Yi‐Lin Tsai
- Department of Cell & Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Robyn E. Goacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and PhysicsNiagara University Lewiston NY USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Emma R. Master
- Department of Cell & Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen J, Liu F, Tang Y, Yuan Y, Guo Q. Transcriptome sequencing and profiling of expressed genes in phloem and xylem of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud). PLoS One 2014; 9:e110623. [PMID: 25354139 PMCID: PMC4213010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) is a highly versatile herbaceous plant which is widely cropped in southern China. The success of this herbaceous plant relies on wide use in modern industry. Understanding the profiling of expressed genes in phloem and xylem of ramie is crucial for improving its industrial performance. Herein, we uncover the transcriptome profile in phloem and xylem in present study. Using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology, 57 million high quality reads were generated. De novo assembly yielded 87,144 unigenes with an average length of 635 bp. By sequence similarity searching for public databases, a total of 32,541 (41.77%) unigenes were annotated for their function. Among these genes, 57,873 (66.4%) and 28,678 (32.9%) unigenes were assigned to categories of Gene Ontology and Orthologous Groups database, respectively. By searching against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database (KEGG), 18,331 (21.0%) unigenes were mapped to 125 pathways. The metabolic pathways were assigned the most unigene (4,793, 26.2%). Furthermore, Pol II and Pol III subunits as well as the genes of Galactose metabolism pathway had higher expression in phloem compared to xylem. In addition, fatty acid metabolism pathway genes showed more abundant in xylem than phloem. These results suggest that high activities of RNA synthesis and Galactose metabolism pathway promises fiber synthesis in phloem. The present study is the initial exploration to uncover the fiber biosynthesis difference between phloem and xylem in ramie through the analysis of deep sequencing data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinghong Tang
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Youmei Yuan
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingquan Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu H, Shi R, Wang X, Pan Y, Li Z, Yang X, Zhang G, Ma Z. Characterization and expression analysis of a fiber differentially expressed Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein gene in Sea Island cotton fibers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70185. [PMID: 23875019 PMCID: PMC3714245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan (FLA) protein is a cell-wall-associated protein playing crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development, and it was characterized in different plants including Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). In cDNA-AFLP analysis of 25 DPA (days post anthesis) fiber mRNA, two FLA gene-related transcripts exhibit differential expression between Sea Island cotton (G. barbadense L.) and Upland cotton. Based on the transcript-derived fragment, RACE-PCR and realtime PCR technique, GbFLA5 full-length cDNA was isolated and its expression profiles were characterized in both cotton plant tissues and secondary cell wall (SCW) fibers in this study. The 1154 bp GbFLA5 cDNA contains an ORF of 720 bp, encoding GbFLA5 protein of 239 amino acids residues in length with an estimated molecular mass of 25.41 kDa and isoelectric point of 8.63. The deduced GbFLA5 protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence, two AGP-like domains, a single fasciclin-like domain, and a GPI anchor signal sequence. Phylogenetic analysis shows that GbFLA5 protein is homologous to some known SCW-specific expressed FLAs of plant developing xylem, tension wood and cotton fibers. In the SCW deposition stage from 15 to 45 DPA detected, FLA5 maintains a significantly higher expression level in Sea Island cotton fibers than in Upland cotton fibers. The increasing FLA5 transcript abundance coincided with the SCW deposition process and the expression intensity differences coincided with their fiber strength differences between Sea Island cotton and Upland cotton. These expression profile features of GbFLA5 in cotton fibers revealed its tissue-specific and SCW developmental stage-specific expression characters. Further analysis suggested that GbFLA5 is a crucial SCW-specific protein which may contribute to fiber strength by affecting cellulose synthesis and microfibril deposition orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Liu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Shi
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Yuxin Pan
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Xinlei Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Long SH, Deng X, Wang YF, Li X, Qiao RQ, Qiu CS, Guo Y, Hao DM, Jia WQ, Chen XB. Analysis of 2,297 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a cDNA library of flax (Linum ustitatissimum L.) bark tissue. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6289-96. [PMID: 22294104 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Bast fibre crops are the second most important natural fibre crops following cotton. Of these, flax (Linum ustitatissimum L.) is the most widely planted in the world, with its fibre used for high quality linen textile. A cDNA library of flax bark tissues was constructed with the purpose of identifying genes involved in the Bast fibre development. A total of 2,297 unigene sequences were obtained from 3,200 randomly selected clones of the cDNA library. These sequences were grouped into 155 clusters and 2,142 singletons, which have been submitted to the GenBank databases. By putative functional annotation, 23.3% of these sequences were similar to known proteins in GenBank, 44.0% of these sequences were similar to unknown proteins, and 32.7% of these sequences showed no significant similarity to any other protein sequences in existing databases. Classified by the Gene Ontology, 24.8, 23.1 and 14.3% were assigned to molecular function, biological process, and cellular component GO terms, respectively. By further bioinformatics approaches, about 110 ESTs matched cell wall related genes in the MAIZEWALL database, representing 16 functional categories of all 19 categories, of which, the most abundant category was protein synthesis. Based on the PlantTFDB database, 39 of the 64 transcription factor families in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome were identified as being involved in flax cell wall formation. The sequences and bioinformatics analysis data generated in this paper will be useful for gene expression, cloning and genetic engineering studies to characterize bast fibre development and improve the properties of the bast fibres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hua Long
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 348 Xianjia Lake West Road, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhong R, Lee C, Ye ZH. Evolutionary conservation of the transcriptional network regulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:625-32. [PMID: 20833576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability to make secondary cell walls was a pivotal step for vascular plants in their conquest of dry land. Here, we review recent molecular and genetic studies that reveal that a group of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) secondary wall-associated NAC domain transcription factors are master switches regulating a cascade of downstream transcription factors, leading to activation of the secondary wall biosynthetic program. Close homologs of the Arabidopsis secondary wall NACs and their downstream transcription factors exist in diverse taxa of vascular plants and some are functional orthologs of their Arabidopsis counterparts. There is evidence to suggest that the secondary wall NAC-mediated transcriptional regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis is a conserved mechanism throughout vascular plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cellulose microfibrils from banana rachis: Effect of alkaline treatments on structural and morphological features. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Lasserre E, Jobet E, Llauro C, Delseny M. AtERF38 (At2g35700), an AP2/ERF family transcription factor gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, is expressed in specific cell types of roots, stems and seeds that undergo suberization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:1051-1061. [PMID: 18723362 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An inverse genetic approach was used to gain insight into the role of AP2/ERF-type transcription factors genes during plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we show that the expression pattern of AtERF38, which is, among the organs tested, more intensively expressed in mature siliques and floral stems, is closely associated with tissues that undergo secondary cell wall modifications. Firstly, public microarray data sets analysis indicates that AtERF38 is coregulated with several genes involved in secondary wall thickening. Secondly, this was experimentally confirmed in different types of cells expressing a Pro(AtERF38)::GUS fusion: histochemical analysis revealed strong and specific GUS activity in outer integument cells of mature seeds, endodermal cells of the roots in the primary developmental stage and some sclerified cells of mature inflorescence stems. All of these cells are known or shown here to be characterized by a reinforced wall. The latter, which have not been well characterized to date in Arabidopsis and may be suberized, could benefit of the use of AtERF38 as a specific marker. We were not able to detect any phenotype in an insertion line in which ectopic expression of AtERF38 is caused by the insertion of a T-DNA in its promoter. Nevertheless, AtERF28 may be considered as a candidate regulator of secondary wall metabolism in particular cell types that are not reinforced by the typical deposition of lignin and cellulose, but that have at least in common accumulation of suberin-like lipid polyesters in their walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lasserre
- Laboratoire Génome et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, CNRS, IRD; 52 avenue P. Alduy 66860 Perpignan, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee C, Zhong R, Richardson EA, Himmelsbach DS, McPhail BT, Ye ZH. The PARVUS gene is expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening and is essential for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:1659-72. [PMID: 17991630 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylan, cellulose and lignin are the three major components of secondary walls in wood, and elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of xylan is of importance for potential modification of secondary wall composition to produce wood with improved properties. So far, three Arabidopsis glycosyltransferases, FRAGILE FIBER8, IRREGULAR XYLEM8 and IRREGULAR XYLEM9, have been implicated in glucuronoxylan (GX) biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that PARVUS, which is a member of family GT8, is required for the biosynthesis of the tetrasaccharide primer sequence, beta-D-Xyl-(1 --> 3)-alpha-l-Rha-(1 --> 2)-alpha-D-GalA-(1 --> 4)-D-Xyl, located at the reducing end of GX. The PARVUS gene is expressed during secondary wall biosynthesis in fibers and vessels, and its encoded protein is predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutation of the PARVUS gene leads to a drastic reduction in secondary wall thickening and GX content. Structural analysis of GX using (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that the parvus mutation causes a loss of the tetrasaccharide primer sequence at the reducing end of GX and an absence of glucuronic acid side chains in GX. Activity assay showed that the xylan xylosyltransferase and glucuronyltransferase activities were not affected in the parvus mutant. Together, these findings implicate a possible role for PARVUS in the initiation of biosynthesis of the GX tetrasaccharide primer sequence and provide novel insights into the mechanisms of GX biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhong R, Richardson EA, Ye ZH. The MYB46 transcription factor is a direct target of SND1 and regulates secondary wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:2776-92. [PMID: 17890373 PMCID: PMC2048704 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.053678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the Arabidopsis thaliana MYB46 transcription factor is a direct target of SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN PROTEIN1 (SND1), which is a key transcriptional activator regulating the developmental program of secondary wall biosynthesis. The MYB46 gene is expressed predominantly in fibers and vessels in stems, and its encoded protein is targeted to the nucleus and can activate transcription. MYB46 gene expression was shown to be regulated by SND1, and transactivation analysis demonstrated that SND1 as well as its close homologs were able to activate the MYB46 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that SND1 binds to the MYB46 promoter. Dominant repression of MYB46 caused a drastic reduction in the secondary wall thickening of fibers and vessels. Overexpression of MYB46 resulted in an activation of the biosynthetic pathways of cellulose, xylan, and lignin and concomitantly led to ectopic deposition of secondary walls in cells that are normally nonsclerenchymatous. In addition, the expression of two secondary wall-associated transcription factors, MYB85 and KNAT7, was highly upregulated by MYB46 overexpression. These results demonstrate that MYB46 is a direct target of SND1 and is another key player in the transcriptional network involved in the regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Liepman AH, Nairn CJ, Willats WGT, Sørensen I, Roberts AW, Keegstra K. Functional genomic analysis supports conservation of function among cellulose synthase-like a gene family members and suggests diverse roles of mannans in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:1881-93. [PMID: 17307900 PMCID: PMC1851810 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.093989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mannan polysaccharides are widespread among plants, where they serve as structural elements in cell walls, as carbohydrate reserves, and potentially perform other important functions. Previous work has demonstrated that members of the cellulose synthase-like A (CslA) family of glycosyltransferases from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus), and Populus trichocarpa catalyze beta-1,4-mannan and glucomannan synthase reactions in vitro. Mannan polysaccharides and homologs of CslA genes appear to be present in all lineages of land plants analyzed to date. In many plants, the CslA genes are members of extended multigene families; however, it is not known whether all CslA proteins are glucomannan synthases. CslA proteins from diverse land plant species, including representatives of the mono- and dicotyledonous angiosperms, gymnosperms, and bryophytes, were produced in insect cells, and each CslA protein catalyzed mannan and glucomannan synthase reactions in vitro. Microarray mining and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that transcripts of Arabidopsis and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) CslA genes display tissue-specific expression patterns in vegetative and floral tissues. Glycan microarray analysis of Arabidopsis indicated that mannans are present throughout the plant and are especially abundant in flowers, siliques, and stems. Mannans are also present in chloronemal and caulonemal filaments of Physcomitrella patens, where they are prevalent at cell junctions and in buds. Taken together, these results demonstrate that members of the CslA gene family from diverse plant species encode glucomannan synthases and support the hypothesis that mannans function in metabolic networks devoted to other cellular processes in addition to cell wall structure and carbohydrate storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Liepman
- Biology Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou GK, Kubo M, Zhong R, Demura T, Ye ZH. Overexpression of miR165 Affects Apical Meristem Formation, Organ Polarity Establishment and Vascular Development in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 48:391-404. [PMID: 17237362 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The class III homeodomain leucine-zipper (HD-ZIP III) genes are thought to be targets of microRNAs (miRNAs) 165 and 166, but it is not known whether all the developmental processes affected by mutations of the HD-ZIP III genes could be recapitulated by an alteration in the expression of miR165 and miR166. Previous work showed that overexpression of miR166 by activation tagging results in down-regulation of the ATHB-9/PHV, ATHB-14/PHB and ATHB-15 genes, and concomitantly causes an enlargement of shoot apical meristems (SAMs) and an enhancement in vascular development. Here we demonstrated that overexpression of miR165 causes a drastic reduction in the transcript levels of all five HD-ZIP III genes in Arabidopsis. The miR165 overexpressors display prominent phenotypes reminiscent of loss-of-function mutants of rev phb phv and rev/ifl1, including loss of SAM, alteration of organ polarity, abnormal formation of carpels, inhibition of vascular development and aberrant differentiation of interfascicular fibers. Global gene expression analysis revealed a link between miR165 overexpression and altered expression of genes involved in auxin signaling and vascular development. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of miR165 recapitulates the phenotypes caused by loss-of-function mutations of HD-ZIP III genes, such as loss of SAM, altered organ polarity and defects in development of vascular tissues and interfascicular fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Ke Zhou
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Peña MJ, Zhong R, Zhou GK, Richardson EA, O'Neill MA, Darvill AG, York WS, Ye ZH. Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9: implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:549-63. [PMID: 17322407 PMCID: PMC1867335 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.049320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of Arabidopsis thaliana IRREGULAR XYLEM8 (IRX8) and IRX9 were previously shown to cause a collapsed xylem phenotype and decreases in xylose and cellulose in cell walls. In this study, we characterized IRX8 and IRX9 and performed chemical and structural analyses of glucuronoxylan (GX) from irx8 and irx9 plants. IRX8 and IRX9 are expressed specifically in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening, and their encoded proteins are targeted to the Golgi, where GX is synthesized. 1H-NMR spectroscopy showed that the reducing end of Arabidopsis GX contains the glycosyl sequence 4-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-D-GalpA-(1-->4)-D-Xylp, which was previously identified in birch (Betula verrucosa) and spruce (Picea abies) GX. This indicates that the reducing end structure of GXs is evolutionarily conserved in woody and herbaceous plants. This sequence is more abundant in irx9 GX than in the wild type, whereas irx8 and fragile fiber8 (fra8) plants are nearly devoid of it. The number of GX chains increased and the GX chain length decreased in irx9 plants. Conversely, the number of GX chains decreased and the chain length heterodispersity increased in irx8 and fra8 plants. Our results suggest that IRX9 is required for normal GX elongation and indicate roles for IRX8 and FRA8 in the synthesis of the glycosyl sequence at the GX reducing end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meloche CG, Knox JP, Vaughn KC. A cortical band of gelatinous fibers causes the coiling of redvine tendrils: a model based upon cytochemical and immunocytochemical studies. PLANTA 2007; 225:485-98. [PMID: 16955273 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A cortical band of fiber cells originate de novo in tendrils of redvine [Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shiners] when these convert from straight, supple young filaments to stiffened coiled structures in response to touch stimulation. We have analyzed the cell walls of these fibers by in situ localization techniques to determine their composition and possible role(s) in the coiling process. The fiber cell wall consists of a primary cell wall and two lignified secondary wall layers (S(1) and S(2)) and a less lignified gelatinous (G) layer proximal to the plasmalemma. Compositionally, the fibers are sharply distinct from surrounding parenchyma as determined by antibody and affinity probes. The fiber cell walls are highly enriched in cellulose, callose and xylan but contain no homogalacturonan, either esterified or de-esterified. Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) epitopes are not detected in the S layers, although they are in both the gelatinous layer and primary wall, indicating a further restriction of RG-I in the fiber cells. Lignin is concentrated in the secondary wall layers of the fiber and the compound middle lamellae/primary cell wall but is absent from the gelatinous layer. Our observations indicate that these fibers play a central role in tendril function, not only in stabilizing its final shape after coiling but also generating the tensile strength responsible for the coiling. This theory is further substantiated by the absence of gelatinous layers in the fibers of the rare tendrils that fail to coil. These data indicate that gelatinous-type fibers are responsible for the coiling of redvine tendrils and a number of other tendrils and vines.
Collapse
|
19
|
Persson S, Caffall KH, Freshour G, Hilley MT, Bauer S, Poindexter P, Hahn MG, Mohnen D, Somerville C. The Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 mutant is deficient in glucuronoxylan and homogalacturonan, which are essential for secondary cell wall integrity. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:237-55. [PMID: 17237350 PMCID: PMC1820957 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.047720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The secondary cell wall in higher plants consists mainly of cellulose, lignin, and xylan and is the major component of biomass in many species. The Arabidopsis thaliana irregular xylem8 (irx8) mutant is dwarfed and has a significant reduction in secondary cell wall thickness. IRX8 belongs to a subgroup of glycosyltransferase family 8 called the GAUT1-related gene family, whose members include GAUT1, a homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase, and GAUT12 (IRX8). Here, we use comparative cell wall analyses to show that the irx8 mutant contains significantly reduced levels of xylan and homogalacturonan. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that the level of xylan was significantly reduced in the mutant. Structural fingerprinting of the cell wall polymers further revealed that irx8 is deficient in glucuronoxylan. To explore the biological function of IRX8, we crossed irx8 with irx1 (affecting cellulose synthase 8). The homozygous irx1 irx8 exhibited severely dwarfed phenotypes, suggesting that IRX8 is essential for cell wall integrity during cellulose deficiency. Taken together, the data presented show that IRX8 affects the level of glucuronoxylan and homogalacturonan in higher plants and that IRX8 provides an important link between the xylan polymer and the secondary cell wall matrix and directly affects secondary cell wall integrity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhong R, Burk DH, Nairn CJ, Wood-Jones A, Morrison WH, Ye ZH. Mutation of SAC1, an Arabidopsis SAC domain phosphoinositide phosphatase, causes alterations in cell morphogenesis, cell wall synthesis, and actin organization. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:1449-66. [PMID: 15805481 PMCID: PMC1091767 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.031377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
SAC (for suppressor of actin) domain proteins in yeast and animals have been shown to modulate the levels of phosphoinositides, thereby regulating several cellular activities such as signal transduction, actin cytoskeleton organization, and vesicle trafficking. Nine genes encoding SAC domain-containing proteins are present in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, but their roles in plant cellular functions and plant growth and development have not been characterized. In this report, we demonstrate the essential roles of one of the Arabidopsis SAC domain proteins, AtSAC1, in plant cellular functions. Mutation of the AtSAC1 gene in the fragile fiber7 (fra7) mutant caused a dramatic decrease in the wall thickness of fiber cells and vessel elements, thus resulting in a weak stem phenotype. The fra7 mutation also led to reduced length and aberrant shapes in fiber cells, pith cells, and trichomes and to an alteration in overall plant architecture. The AtSAC1 gene was found to be expressed in all tissues in elongating organs; however, it showed predominant expression in vascular tissues and fibers in nonelongating parts of stems. In vitro activity assay demonstrated that AtSAC1 exhibited phosphatase activity toward phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate. Subcellular localization studies showed that AtSAC1 was colocalized with a Golgi marker. Truncation of the C terminus by the fra7 mutation resulted in its localization in the cytoplasm but had no effect on phosphatase activity. Furthermore, examination of the cytoskeleton organization revealed that the fra7 mutation caused the formation of aberrant actin cables in elongating cells but had no effect on the organization of cortical microtubules. Together, these results provide genetic evidence that AtSAC1, a SAC domain phosphoinositide phosphatase, is required for normal cell morphogenesis, cell wall synthesis, and actin organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Day A, Addi M, Kim W, David H, Bert F, Mesnage P, Rolando C, Chabbert B, Neutelings G, Hawkins S. ESTs from the fibre-bearing stem tissues of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): expression analyses of sequences related to cell wall development. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2005; 7:23-32. [PMID: 15666211 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-830462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to learn more about the diversity of genes expressed during flax fibre cell wall formation, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained from a cDNA library derived from the outer fibre-bearing tissues of flax (Linum usitatissimum) stems (cv Hermes) harvested at the mid-flowering stage. After elimination of vector and unreadable sequences, 927 ESTs were grouped into 67 clusters and 754 singletons. The flax ESTs have been submitted to the dbEST and GenBank databases with the accession numbers 25939634 - 25940560 (dbEST) and CV478070 - CV478996 (GenBank). Functional analysis allowed the grouping of ESTs into 13 functional categories and revealed that 62 % of ESTs were similar to known sequences, while 12.4 % of ESTs presented no similarity to any known sequences and 25.6 % of ESTs corresponded to proteins of unknown function. The most highly expressed transcripts belonged to four functional categories: protein maturation and metabolism (31 ESTs), signalling (22 ESTs), the cell wall (21 ESTs) and photosynthesis (19 ESTs). 4.4 % (41) of the total ESTs were potentially related to cell wall formation and maturation. The most highly expressed cell wall EST (15 ESTs) corresponded to a beta-xylosidase gene--potentially involved in cell wall remodelling during growth and development. Other cell wall-related ESTs corresponded to cellulose synthase, xyloglucan endotranglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH), beta-galactosidases, and peroxidases. The expression patterns of different cell wall-related ESTs were determined at different developmental stages in flax plants grown under different field conditions. The potential roles of gene products associated with cell wall related ESTs in fibre cell wall development is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Day
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Parois Végétales UPRES EA 3568 USC-INRA, USTL, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhong R, Burk DH, Morrison WH, Ye ZH. FRAGILE FIBER3, an Arabidopsis gene encoding a type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, is required for secondary wall synthesis and actin organization in fiber cells. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:3242-59. [PMID: 15539468 PMCID: PMC535871 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.027466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) in yeast and animals have been known to regulate the level of phosphoinositides and thereby influence various cellular activities, such as vesicle trafficking and actin organization. In plants, little is known about the phosphatases involved in hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, and roles of type II 5PTases in plant cellular functions have not yet been characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that the FRAGILE FIBER3 (FRA3) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, which encodes a type II 5PTase, plays an essential role in the secondary wall synthesis in fiber cells and xylem vessels. The fra3 mutations caused a dramatic reduction in secondary wall thickness and a concomitant decrease in stem strength. These phenotypes were associated with an alteration in actin organization in fiber cells. Consistent with the defective fiber and vessel phenotypes, the FRA3 gene was found to be highly expressed in fiber cells and vascular tissues in stems. The FRA3 protein is composed of two domains, an N-terminal localized WD-repeat domain and a C-terminal localized 5PTase catalytic domain. In vitro activity assay demonstrated that recombinant FRA3 exhibited phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, and Ins(1,4,5)P3, with the highest substrate affinity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2. The fra3 missense mutation, which caused an amino acid substitution in the conserved motif II of the 5PTase catalytic domain, completely abolished the FRA3 phosphatase activity. Moreover, the endogenous levels of PtdIns(4,5)2 and Ins(1,4,5)P3 were found to be elevated in fra3 stems. Together, our findings suggest that the FRA3 type II 5PTase is involved in phosphoinositide metabolism and influences secondary wall synthesis and actin organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hu Y, Zhong R, Morrison WH, Ye ZH. The Arabidopsis RHD3 gene is required for cell wall biosynthesis and actin organization. PLANTA 2003; 217:912-21. [PMID: 12844267 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-1067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 (RHD3) gene has previously been shown to be essential for normal cell expansion [H. Wang et al. (1997) Genes Dev 11:799-811]. In this report, we demonstrated that mutation of the RHD3 gene in the Arabidopsis fragile fiber 4 (fra4) mutant caused a dramatic reduction in the wall thickness of fibers, vessels, and pith cells in the inflorescence stems and, concomitantly, a decrease in the mechanical strength of stems. The reduced wall thickness in the fra4 mutant was accompanied by an alteration in cell wall composition. Consistent with the defective fiber and vessel wall phenotypes, the RHD3 gene exhibited a strong expression in developing fiber and xylem cells. We showed that the Arabidopsis genome contains two additional RHD3-like genes, one of which was expressed specifically in flowers. In addition, we found that mutation of the RHD3 gene caused an alteration in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton but no effects on cortical microtubules. Our findings suggest an essential role of RHD3 in cell wall biosynthesis and actin organization, both of which are known to be important for cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu Y, Zhong R, Morrison WH, Ye ZH. The Arabidopsis RHD3 gene is required for cell wall biosynthesis and actin organization. PLANTA 2003. [PMID: 12844267 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-1067-1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 (RHD3) gene has previously been shown to be essential for normal cell expansion [H. Wang et al. (1997) Genes Dev 11:799-811]. In this report, we demonstrated that mutation of the RHD3 gene in the Arabidopsis fragile fiber 4 (fra4) mutant caused a dramatic reduction in the wall thickness of fibers, vessels, and pith cells in the inflorescence stems and, concomitantly, a decrease in the mechanical strength of stems. The reduced wall thickness in the fra4 mutant was accompanied by an alteration in cell wall composition. Consistent with the defective fiber and vessel wall phenotypes, the RHD3 gene exhibited a strong expression in developing fiber and xylem cells. We showed that the Arabidopsis genome contains two additional RHD3-like genes, one of which was expressed specifically in flowers. In addition, we found that mutation of the RHD3 gene caused an alteration in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton but no effects on cortical microtubules. Our findings suggest an essential role of RHD3 in cell wall biosynthesis and actin organization, both of which are known to be important for cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Turner
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK;
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ye ZH, Freshour G, Hahn MG, Burk DH, Zhong R. Vascular development in Arabidopsis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 220:225-56. [PMID: 12224550 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)20007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, form a continuous network throughout the plant body for transport of water, minerals, and food. Characterization of Arabidopsis mutants defective in various aspects of vascular formation has demonstrated that Arabidopsis is an ideal system for investigating the molecular mechanisms controlling vascular development. The processes affected in these mutants include initiation or division of procambium or vascular cambium, formation of continuous vascular cell files, differentiation of procambium or vascular cambium into vascular tissues, cell elongation, patterned secondary wall thickening, and biosynthesis of secondary walls. Identification of the genes affected by some of these mutations has revealed essential roles in vascular development for a cytokinin receptor and several factors mediating auxin transport or signaling. Mutational studies have also identified a number of Arabidopsis mutants defective in leaf venation pattern or vascular tissue organization in stems. Genetic evidence suggests that the vascular tissue organization is regulated by the same positional information that determines organ polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhong R, Burk DH, Morrison WH, Ye ZH. A kinesin-like protein is essential for oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils and cell wall strength. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14:3101-17. [PMID: 12468730 PMCID: PMC151205 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.005801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cortical microtubules have long been hypothesized to regulate the oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils. However, the molecular mechanisms of how microtubules direct the orientation of cellulose microfibril deposition are not known. We have used fibers in the inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis to study secondary wall deposition and cell wall strength and found a fragile fiber (fra1) mutant with a dramatic reduction in the mechanical strength of fibers. The fra1 mutation did not cause any defects in cell wall composition, secondary wall thickening, or cortical microtubule organization in fiber cells. An apparent alteration was found in the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in fra1 fiber walls, indicating that the reduced mechanical strength of fra1 fibers probably was attributable to altered cellulose microfibril deposition. The FRA1 gene was cloned and found to encode a kinesin-like protein with an N-terminal microtubule binding motor domain. The FRA1 protein was shown to be concentrated around the periphery of the cytoplasm but absent in the nucleus. Based on these findings, we propose that the FRA1 kinesin-like protein is involved in the microtubule control of cellulose microfibril order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Burk DH, Ye ZH. Alteration of oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils by mutation of a katanin-like microtubule-severing protein. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14:2145-60. [PMID: 12215512 PMCID: PMC150762 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.003947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2002] [Accepted: 05/27/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has long been hypothesized that cortical microtubules (MTs) control the orientation of cellulose microfibril deposition, but no mutants with alterations of MT orientation have been shown to affect this process. We have shown previously that in Arabidopsis, the fra2 mutation causes aberrant cortical MT orientation and reduced cell elongation, and the gene responsible for the fra2 mutation encodes a katanin-like protein. In this study, using field emission scanning electron microscopy, we found that the fra2 mutation altered the normal orientation of cellulose microfibrils in walls of expanding cells. Although cellulose microfibrils in walls of wild-type cells were oriented transversely along the elongation axis, cellulose microfibrils in walls of fra2 cells often formed bands and ran in different directions. The fra2 mutation also caused aberrant deposition of cellulose microfibrils in secondary walls of fiber cells. The aberrant orientation of cellulose microfibrils was shown to be correlated with disorganized cortical MTs in several cell types examined. In addition, the thickness of both primary and secondary cell walls was reduced significantly in the fra2 mutant. These results indicate that the katanin-like protein is essential for oriented cellulose microfibril deposition and normal cell wall biosynthesis. We further demonstrated that the Arabidopsis katanin-like protein possessed MT-severing activity in vitro; thus, it is an ortholog of animal katanin. We propose that the aberrant MT orientation caused by the mutation of katanin results in the distorted deposition of cellulose microfibrils, which in turn leads to a defect in cell elongation. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that cortical MTs regulate the oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils that determines the direction of cell elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H Burk
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Camilleri C, Azimzadeh J, Pastuglia M, Bellini C, Grandjean O, Bouchez D. The Arabidopsis TONNEAU2 gene encodes a putative novel protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit essential for the control of the cortical cytoskeleton. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14:833-45. [PMID: 11971138 PMCID: PMC150685 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2001] [Accepted: 12/17/2001] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis ton2 mutants, abnormalities of the cortical microtubular cytoskeleton, such as disorganization of the interphase microtubule array and lack of the preprophase band before mitosis, markedly affect cell shape and arrangement as well as overall plant morphology. We present the molecular isolation of the TON2 gene, which is highly conserved in higher plants and has a vertebrate homolog of unknown function. It encodes a protein similar in its C-terminal part to B" regulatory subunits of type 2A protein phosphatases (PP2As). We show that the TON2 protein interacts with an Arabidopsis type A subunit of PP2A in the yeast two-hybrid system and thus likely defines a novel subclass of PP2A subunits that are possibly involved in the control of cytoskeletal structures in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Camilleri
- Station de Génétique et Amélioration des Plantes, Centre de Versailles, F78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tokumoto H, Wakabayashi K, Kamisaka S, Hoson T. Changes in the sugar composition and molecular mass distribution of matrix polysaccharides during cotton fiber development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:411-418. [PMID: 11978869 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.) fiber development consists of a fiber elongation stage (up to 20 d post-anthesis) and a subsequent cell wall thickening stage. Cell wall analysis revealed that the extractable matrix (pectic and hemicellulosic) polysaccharides accounted for 30-50% of total sugar content in the fiber elongation stage but less than 3% in the cell wall thickening stage. By contrast, cellulose increased dramatically after the fiber elongation ceased. The amounts of extractable xyloglucans and arabinose- and galactose-containing polymers per seed increased in the early fiber elongation stage and decreased thereafter. The amounts of extractable acidic polymers and non-cellulosic beta-glucans (mainly composed of beta-1,3-glucans) increased in parallel with fiber elongation and then decreased. The molecular masses of extractable non-cellulosic beta-glucans, and arabinose- and galactose-containing polymers decreased during both fiber elongation and cell wall thickening stages. The molecular mass of extractable xyloglucans also decreased during the fiber elongation stage, but this decrease ceased during the cell wall thickening stage. Conversely, the molecular size of acidic polymers in the extractable pectic fraction increased during both stages. Thus, not only the amounts but also the molecular size of the extractable matrix polysaccharides showed substantial changes during cotton fiber development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tokumoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku 558-8585 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Azimzadeh J, Traas J, Pastuglia M. Molecular aspects of microtubule dynamics in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 4:513-519. [PMID: 11641067 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic structures that play a major role in a wide range of processes, including cell morphogenesis, cell division, intracellular transport and signaling. The recent identification in plants of proteins involved in microtubule organization has begun to reveal how cytoskeleton dynamics are controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Azimzadeh
- Station de Génétique et Amélioration des Plantes, INRA, Route de Saint Cyr, 78026 Cedex, Versailles, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|