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Sun J, Tong LT, Tu PF, Chen LL, Xu X, Song Y, Yang XX, Guo ZB, Zou X, Sun CX, Mi Y, Fan B, Wang FZ. Lignanamides: A comprehensive review of chemical constituents, biological activities, extraction methods and synthetic pathway. Food Chem 2024; 460:140459. [PMID: 39059325 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Lignanamides are a class of compounds containing amide functional groups in lignans. These compounds have excellent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective, which have shown great potential in terms of food additives, medicine and health supplement. We summarized the recent progress of lignanamides, including chemical constituents, extraction methods, biological activities, and synthetic pathways. The structures were classified according to an updated nomenclature system, can be classified into sixteen types and have certain roles in many respects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidative, which may be important source of materials for functional food. The potential and limitations of different extraction method, chromatographic packing, and synthetic pathway are analyzed. Notably, this review provides an overview of synthesis pathways and applications of lignanamides, further research is needed to improve extraction efficiency and synthesis method, especially in a greener way for better application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Tao Tong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Song
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Bin Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zou
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Chen-Xin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Mi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
| | - Feng-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
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Chen C, Cai Y, He B, Zhang Q, Liang D, Wang Y, Chen H, Yao J. Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution, and Expression Analysis of the DIR Gene Family in Schima superba. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7467. [PMID: 39000574 PMCID: PMC11242867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Schima superba, commonly known as the Chinese guger tree, is highly adaptable and tolerant of poor soil conditions. It is one of the primary species forming the evergreen broad-leaved forests in southern China. Dirigent proteins (DIRs) play crucial roles in the synthesis of plant lignin and lignans, secondary metabolism, and response to adversity stress. However, research on the DIR gene family in S. superba is currently limited. This study identified 24 SsDIR genes, categorizing them into three subfamilies. These genes are unevenly distributed across 13 chromosomes, with 83% being intronless. Collinearity analysis indicated that tandem duplication played a more significant role in the expansion of the gene family compared to segmental duplication. Additionally, we analyzed the expression patterns of SsDIRs in different tissues of S. superba. The SsDIR genes exhibited distinct expression patterns across various tissues, with most being specifically expressed in the roots. Further screening identified SsDIR genes that may regulate drought stress, with many showing differential expression under drought stress conditions. In the promoter regions of SsDIRs, various cis-regulatory elements involved in developmental regulation, hormone response, and stress response were identified, which may be closely related to their diverse regulatory functions. This study will contribute to the further functional identification of SsDIR genes, providing insights into the biosynthetic pathways of lignin and lignans and the mechanisms of plant stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changya Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Boxiang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Dongcheng Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Hongpeng Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
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Jiang H, Peng J, Li Q, Geng S, Zhang H, Shu Y, Wang R, Zhang B, Li C, Xiang X. Genome-wide identification and analysis of monocot-specific chimeric jacalins (MCJ) genes in Maize (Zea mays L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:636. [PMID: 38971734 PMCID: PMC11227246 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The monocot chimeric jacalins (MCJ) proteins, which contain a jacalin-related lectin (JRL) domain and a dirigent domain (DIR), are specific to Poaceae. MCJ gene family is reported to play an important role in growth, development and stress response. However, their roles in maize have not been thoroughly investigated. RESULTS In this study, eight MCJ genes in the maize genome (designated as ZmMCJs) were identified, which displayed unequal distribution across four chromosomes. Phylogenetic relationships between the ZmMCJs were evident through the identification of highly conserved motifs and gene structures. Analysis of transcriptome data revealed distinct expression patterns among the ZmMCJ genes, leading to their classification into four different modules, which were subsequently validated using RT-qPCR. Protein structures of the same module are found to be relatively similar. Subcellular localization experiments indicated that the ZmMCJs are mainly located on the cell membrane. Additionally, hemagglutination and inhibition experiments show that only part of the ZmMCJs protein has lectin activity, which is mediated by the JRL structure, and belongs to the mannose-binding type. The cis-acting elements in the promoter region of ZmMCJ genes predicted their involvement response to phytohormones, such as abscisic acid and jasmonic acid. This suggests that ZmMCJ genes may play a significant role in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study adds new insights into our understanding of the gene-protein architecture, evolutionary characteristics, expression profiles, and potential functions of MCJ genes in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Jiang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajian Peng
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Li
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Siqian Geng
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hualei Zhang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuting Shu
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Wang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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Homma M, Wakabayashi T, Moriwaki Y, Shiotani N, Shigeta T, Isobe K, Okazawa A, Ohta D, Terada T, Shimizu K, Mizutani M, Takikawa H, Sugimoto Y. Insights into stereoselective ring formation in canonical strigolactone: Identification of a dirigent domain-containing enzyme catalyzing orobanchol synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313683121. [PMID: 38905237 PMCID: PMC11214005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313683121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant apocarotenoids with diverse roles and structures. Canonical SLs, widespread and characterized by structural variations in their tricyclic lactone (ABC-ring), are classified into two types based on C-ring configurations. The steric C-ring configuration emerges during the BC-ring closure, downstream of the biosynthetic intermediate, carlactonoic acid (CLA). Most plants produce either type of canonical SLs stereoselectively, e.g., tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) yields orobanchol with an α-oriented C-ring. The mechanisms driving SL structural diversification are partially understood, with limited insight into functional implications. Furthermore, the exact molecular mechanism for the stereoselective BC-ring closure reaction is yet to be known. We identified an enzyme, the stereoselective BC-ring-forming factor (SRF), from the dirigent protein (DIR) family, specifically the DIR-f subfamily, whose biochemical function had not been characterized, making it a key enzyme in stereoselective canonical SL biosynthesis with the α-oriented C-ring. We first confirm the precise catalytic function of the tomato cytochrome P450 SlCYP722C, previously shown to be involved in orobanchol biosynthesis [T. Wakabayashi et al., Sci. Adv. 5, eaax9067 (2019)], to convert CLA to 18-oxocarlactonoic acid. We then show that SRF catalyzes the stereoselective BC-ring closure reaction of 18-oxocarlactonoic acid, forming orobanchol. Our methodology combines experimental and computational techniques, including SRF structure prediction and conducting molecular dynamics simulations, suggesting a catalytic mechanism based on the conrotatory 4π-electrocyclic reaction for the stereoselective BC-ring formation in orobanchol. This study sheds light on the molecular basis of how plants produce SLs with specific stereochemistry in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Homma
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Wakabayashi
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Moriwaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
| | - Nanami Shiotani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
| | - Takumi Shigeta
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuki Isobe
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai599-8531, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai599-8531, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai599-8531, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ohta
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai599-8531, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai599-8531, Japan
| | - Tohru Terada
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimizu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe657-8501, Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe657-8501, Japan
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Ushimaru R. Functions and mechanisms of enzymes assembling lignans and norlignans. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 80:102462. [PMID: 38692182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Lignans and norlignans are distributed throughout the plant kingdom and exhibit diverse chemical structures and biological properties that offer potential for therapeutic use. Originating from the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, their characteristic carbon architectures are formed through unique enzyme catalysis, featuring regio- and stereoselective C-C bond forming processes. Despite extensive research on these plant natural products, their biosynthetic pathways, and enzyme mechanisms remain enigmatic. This review highlights recent advancements in elucidating the functions and mechanisms of the biosynthetic enzymes responsible for constructing the distinct carbon frameworks of lignans and norlignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richiro Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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6
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Meng Q, Moinuddin SGA, Celoy RM, Smith CA, Young RP, Costa MA, Freeman RA, Fukaya M, Kim DN, Cort JR, Hawes MC, van Etten HD, Pandey P, Chittiboyina AG, Ferreira D, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Dirigent isoflavene-forming PsPTS2: 3D structure, stereochemical, and kinetic characterization comparison with pterocarpan-forming PsPTS1 homolog in pea. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105647. [PMID: 38219818 PMCID: PMC10882141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pea phytoalexins (-)-maackiain and (+)-pisatin have opposite C6a/C11a configurations, but biosynthetically how this occurs is unknown. Pea dirigent-protein (DP) PsPTS2 generates 7,2'-dihydroxy-4',5'-methylenedioxyisoflav-3-ene (DMDIF), and stereoselectivity toward four possible 7,2'-dihydroxy-4',5'-methylenedioxyisoflavan-4-ol (DMDI) stereoisomers was investigated. Stereoisomer configurations were determined using NMR spectroscopy, electronic circular dichroism, and molecular orbital analyses. PsPTS2 efficiently converted cis-(3R,4R)-DMDI into DMDIF 20-fold faster than the trans-(3R,4S)-isomer. The 4R-configured substrate's near β-axial OH orientation significantly enhanced its leaving group abilities in generating A-ring mono-quinone methide (QM), whereas 4S-isomer's α-equatorial-OH was a poorer leaving group. Docking simulations indicated that the 4R-configured β-axial OH was closest to Asp51, whereas 4S-isomer's α-equatorial OH was further away. Neither cis-(3S,4S)- nor trans-(3S,4R)-DMDIs were substrates, even with the former having C3/C4 stereochemistry as in (+)-pisatin. PsPTS2 used cis-(3R,4R)-7,2'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavan-4-ol [cis-(3R,4R)-DMI] and C3/C4 stereoisomers to give 2',7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflav-3-ene (DMIF). DP homologs may exist in licorice (Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora) and tree legume Bolusanthus speciosus, as DMIF occurs in both species. PsPTS1 utilized cis-(3R,4R)-DMDI to give (-)-maackiain 2200-fold more efficiently than with cis-(3R,4R)-DMI to give (-)-medicarpin. PsPTS1 also slowly converted trans-(3S,4R)-DMDI into (+)-maackiain, reflecting the better 4R configured OH leaving group. PsPTS2 and PsPTS1 provisionally provide the means to enable differing C6a and C11a configurations in (+)-pisatin and (-)-maackiain, via identical DP-engendered mono-QM bound intermediate generation, which PsPTS2 either re-aromatizes to give DMDIF or PsPTS1 intramolecularly cyclizes to afford (-)-maackiain. Substrate docking simulations using PsPTS2 and PsPTS1 indicate cis-(3R,4R)-DMDI binds in the anti-configuration in PsPTS2 to afford DMDIF, and the syn-configuration in PsPTS1 to give maackiain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Syed G A Moinuddin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Rhodesia M Celoy
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Robert P Young
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Michael A Costa
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel A Freeman
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Masashi Fukaya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Doo Nam Kim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA; Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Martha C Hawes
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Hans D van Etten
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Daneel Ferreira
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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Chen R, Yu J, Yu L, Xiao L, Xiao Y, Chen J, Gao S, Chen X, Li Q, Zhang H, Chen W, Zhang L. The ERF transcription factor LTF1 activates DIR1 to control stereoselective synthesis of antiviral lignans and stress defense in Isatis indigotica roots. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:405-420. [PMID: 38261810 PMCID: PMC10792966 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignans are a powerful weapon for plants to resist stresses and have diverse bioactive functions to protect human health. Elucidating the mechanisms of stereoselective biosynthesis and response to stresses of lignans is important for the guidance of plant improvement. Here, we identified the complete pathway to stereoselectively synthesize antiviral (-)-lariciresinol glucosides in Isatis indigotica roots, which consists of three-step sequential stereoselective enzymes DIR1/2, PLR, and UGT71B2. DIR1 was further identified as the key gene in respoJanuary 2024nse to stresses and was able to trigger stress defenses by mediating the elevation in lignan content. Mechanistically, the phytohormone-responsive ERF transcription factor LTF1 colocalized with DIR1 in the cell periphery of the vascular regions in mature roots and helped resist biotic and abiotic stresses by directly regulating the expression of DIR1. These systematic results suggest that DIR1 as the first common step of the lignan pathway cooperates with PLR and UGT71B2 to stereoselectively synthesize (-)-lariciresinol derived antiviral lignans in I. indigotica roots and is also a part of the LTF1-mediated regulatory network to resist stresses. In conclusion, the LTF1-DIR1 module is an ideal engineering target to improve plant Defenses while increasing the content of valuable lignans in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luyao Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Henan Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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8
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Mazzotta S, Rositano V, Senaldi L, Bernardi A, Allegrini P, Appendino G. Scalemic natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1647-1671. [PMID: 37439042 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2022The area of scalemic natural products is often enigmatic from a mechanistic standpoint, since low optical purity is observed in compounds having multiple contiguous stereogenic centers resulting from mechanistically distinct biogenetic steps. A scalemic state is rarely the result of a sloppy enzymatic activity, rather resulting from the expression of antipodal enzymes/directing proteins or from the erosion of optical purity by enzymatic or spontaneous reactions. Evidence for these processes is critically reviewed, identifying the mechanisms most often associated to the enzymatic generation of scalemic natural products and also discussing analytical exploitations of natural products' scalemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mazzotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rositano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, MI, Italy
| | - Luca Senaldi
- Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, MI, Italy
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Gong L, Li B, Zhu T, Xue B. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling analysis of DIR gene family in Setaria italica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1243806. [PMID: 37799547 PMCID: PMC10548141 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1243806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Dirigent (DIR) proteins play essential roles in regulating plant growth and development, as well as enhancing resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the whole-genome identification and expression profiling analysis of DIR gene family in millet (Setaria italica (Si)) have not been systematically understood. In this study, we conducted genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the S. italica DIR gene family, including gene structures, conserved domains, evolutionary relationship, chromosomal locations, cis-elements, duplication events, gene collinearity and expression patterns. A total of 38 SiDIR members distributed on nine chromosomes were screened and identified. SiDIR family members in the same group showed higher sequence similarity. The phylogenetic tree divided the SiDIR proteins into six subfamilies: DIR-a, DIR-b/d, DIR-c, DIR-e, DIR-f, and DIR-g. According to the tertiary structure prediction, DIR proteins (like SiDIR7/8/9) themselves may form a trimer to exert function. The result of the syntenic analysis showed that tandem duplication may play the major driving force during the evolution of SiDIRs. RNA-seq data displayed higher expression of 16 SiDIR genes in root tissues, and this implied their potential functions during root development. The results of quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assays revealed that SiDIR genes could respond to the stress of CaCl2, CdCl, NaCl, and PEG6000. This research shed light on the functions of SiDIRs in responding to abiotic stress and demonstrated their modulational potential during root development. In addition, the membrane localization of SiDIR7/19/22 was confirmed to be consistent with the forecast. The results above will provide a foundation for further and deeper investigation of DIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Gong
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Baoping Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Pei Y, Cao W, Yu W, Peng C, Xu W, Zuo Y, Wu W, Hu Z. Identification and functional characterization of the dirigent gene family in Phryma leptostachya and the contribution of PlDIR1 in lignan biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:291. [PMID: 37259047 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Furofuran lignans, the main insecticidal ingredient in Phryma leptostachya, exhibit excellent controlling efficacy against a variety of pests. During the biosynthesis of furofuran lignans, Dirigent proteins (DIRs) are thought to be dominant in the stereoselective coupling of coniferyl alcohol to form ( ±)-pinoresinol. There are DIR family members in almost every vascular plant, but members of DIRs in P. leptostachya are unknown. To identify the PlDIR genes and elucidate their functions in lignan biosynthesis, this study performed transcriptome-wide analysis and characterized the catalytic activity of the PlDIR1 protein. RESULTS Fifteen full-length unique PlDIR genes were identified in P. leptostachya. A phylogenetic analysis of the PlDIRs classified them into four subfamilies (DIR-a, DIR-b/d, DIR-e, and DIR-g), and 12 conserved motifs were found among them. In tissue-specific expression analysis, except for PlDIR7, which displayed the highest transcript abundance in seeds, the other PlDIRs showed preferential expression in roots, leaves, and stems. Furthermore, the treatments with signaling molecules demonstrated that PlDIRs could be significantly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ETH), both in the roots and leaves of P. leptostachya. In examining the tertiary structure of the protein and the critical amino acids, it was found that PlDIR1, one of the DIR-a subfamily members, might be involved in the region- and stereo-selectivity of the phenoxy radical. Accordingly, LC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the catalytic activity of recombinant PlDIR1 protein from Escherichia coli to direct coniferyl alcohol coupling into ( +)-pinoresinol. The active sites and hydrogen bonds of the interaction between PlDIR1 and bis-quinone methide (bisQM), the intermediate in ( +)-pinoresinol formation, were analyzed by molecular docking. As a result, 18 active sites and 4 hydrogen bonds (Asp-42, Ala-113, Leu-138, Arg-143) were discovered in the PlDIR1-bisQM complex. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that the expression profile of PlDIR1 was closely connected with lignan accumulations after SA treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study will provide useful clues for uncovering P. leptostachya's lignan biosynthesis pathway as well as facilitate further studies on the DIR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Pei
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhan Cao
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaoyang Peng
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yayun Zuo
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management On Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Kapoor P, Rakhra G, Kumar V, Joshi R, Gupta M, Rakhra G. Insights into the functional characterization of DIR proteins through genome-wide in silico and evolutionary studies: a systematic review. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:166. [PMID: 37202648 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dirigent proteins (DIRs) are a new class of proteins that were identified during the 8-8' lignan biosynthetic pathway and involves the formation of ( +) or ( -)-pinoresinol through stereoselective coupling from E-coniferyl alcohol. These proteins are known to play a vital role in the development and stress response in plants. Various studies have reported the functional and structural characterization of dirigent gene family in different plants using in silico approaches. Here, we have summarized the importance of dirigent proteins in plants and their role in plant stress tolerance by analyzing the genome-wide analysis including gene structure, mapping of chromosomes, phylogenetic evolution, conserved motifs, gene structure, and gene duplications in important plants. Overall, this review would help to compare and clarify the molecular and evolutionary characteristics of dirigent gene family in different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preedhi Kapoor
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Gurseen Rakhra
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Ridhi Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Mahiti Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Gurmeen Rakhra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India.
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Duan W, Xue B, He Y, Liao S, Li X, Li X, Liang YK. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of Dirigent Members in the Genus Oryza. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087189. [PMID: 37108350 PMCID: PMC10138954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dirigent (DIR) members have been shown to play essential roles in plant growth, development and adaptation to environmental changes. However, to date, there has been no systematic analysis of the DIR members in the genus Oryza. Here, 420 genes were identified from nine rice species to have the conserved DIR domain. Importantly, the cultivated rice species Oryza sativa has more DIR family members than the wild rice species. DIR proteins in rice could be classified into six subfamilies based on phylogeny analysis. Gene duplication event analysis suggests that whole genome/segmental duplication and tandem duplication are the primary drivers for DIR genes' evolution in Oryza, while tandem duplication is the main mechanism of gene family expansion in the DIR-b/d and DIR-c subfamilies. Analysis of the RNA sequencing data indicates that OsjDIR genes respond to a wide range of environmental factors, and most OsjDIR genes have a high expression level in roots. Qualitative reverse transcription PCR assays confirmed the responsiveness of OsjDIR genes to the undersupply of mineral elements, the excess of heavy metals and the infection of Rhizoctonia solani. Furthermore, there exist extensive interactions between DIR family members. Taken together, our results shed light on and provide a research foundation for the further exploration of DIR genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Baoping Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaqian He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shenghao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xueying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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Lin JL, Fang X, Li JX, Chen ZW, Wu WK, Guo XX, Liu NJ, Huang JF, Chen FY, Wang LJ, Xu B, Martin C, Chen XY, Huang JQ. Dirigent gene editing of gossypol enantiomers for toxicity-depleted cotton seeds. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:605-615. [PMID: 36928775 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Axial chirality of biaryls can generate varied bioactivities. Gossypol is a binaphthyl compound made by cotton plants. Of its two axially chiral isomers, (-)-gossypol is the bioactive form in mammals and has antispermatogenic activity, and its accumulation in cotton seeds poses health concerns. Here we identified two extracellular dirigent proteins (DIRs) from Gossypium hirsutum, GhDIR5 and GhDIR6, which impart the hemigossypol oxidative coupling into (-)- and (+)-gossypol, respectively. To reduce cotton seed toxicity, we disrupted GhDIR5 by genome editing, which eliminated (-)-gossypol but had no effects on other phytoalexins, including (+)-gossypol, that provide pest resistance. Reciprocal mutagenesis identified three residues responsible for enantioselectivity. The (-)-gossypol-forming DIRs emerged later than their enantiocomplementary counterparts, from tandem gene duplications that occurred shortly after the cotton genus diverged. Our study offers insight into how plants control enantiomeric ratios and how to selectively modify the chemical spectra of cotton plants and thereby improve crop quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wen-Kai Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Fa Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Yan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Baofu Xu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Quan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Meng Q, Kim SJ, Costa MA, Moinuddin SGA, Celoy RM, Smith CA, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Dirigent protein subfamily function and structure in terrestrial plant phenol metabolism. Methods Enzymol 2023; 683:101-150. [PMID: 37087184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plant transition to land, and subsequent terrestrial plant species diversification, was accompanied by the emergence and massive elaboration of plant phenol chemo-diversity. Concomitantly, dirigent protein (DP) and dirigent-like protein subfamilies, derived from large multigene families, emerged and became extensively diversified. DP biochemical functions as gateway entry points into new and diverse plant phenol skeletal types then markedly expanded. DPs have at least eight non-uniformly distributed subfamilies, with different DP subfamily members of known biochemical/physiological function now implicated as gateway entries to lignan, lignin, aromatic diterpenoid, pterocarpan and isoflavene pathways. While some other DP subfamily members have jacalin domains, both these and indeed the majority of DPs throughout the plant kingdom await discovery of their biochemical roles. Methods and approaches were developed to discover DP biochemical function as gateway entry points to distinct plant phenol skeletal types in land plants. Various DP 3D X-ray structural determinations enabled structure-based comparative sequence analysis and modeling to understand similarities and differences among the different DP subfamilies. We consider that the core DP β-barrel fold and associated characteristics are likely common to all DPs, with several residues conserved and nearly invariant. There is also considerable variation in residue composition and topography of the putative substrate binding pockets, as well as substantial differences in several loops, such as the β1-β2 loop. All DPs likely bind and stabilize quinone methide intermediates, while guiding distinctive regio- and/or stereo-chemical entry into Nature's chemo-diverse land plant phenol metabolic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael A Costa
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Syed G A Moinuddin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Rhodesia M Celoy
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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15
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Huwa N, Weiergräber OH, Fejzagić AV, Kirsch C, Schaffrath U, Classen T. The Crystal Structure of the Defense Conferring Rice Protein OsJAC1 Reveals a Carbohydrate Binding Site on the Dirigent-like Domain. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081126. [PMID: 36009020 PMCID: PMC9405769 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are routinely used to prevent severe losses in agriculture. This practice is under debate because of its potential negative environmental impact and selection of resistances in pathogens. Therefore, the development of disease resistant plants is mandatory. It was shown that the rice (Oryza sativa) protein OsJAC1 enhances resistance against different bacterial and fungal plant pathogens in rice, barley, and wheat. Recently we reported possible carbohydrate interaction partners for both domains of OsJAC1 (a jacalin-related lectin (JRL) and a dirigent (DIR) domain), however, a mechanistic understanding of its function is still lacking. Here, we report crystal structures for both individual domains and the complex of galactobiose with the DIR domain, which revealed a new carbohydrate binding motif for DIR proteins. Docking studies of the two domains led to a model of the full-length protein. Our findings offer insights into structure and binding properties of OsJAC1 and its possible function in pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Huwa
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Weiergräber
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 7: Structural Biochemistry and Jülich Centre for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander V. Fejzagić
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Kirsch
- Institute for Biology III, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Institute for Biology III, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 1: Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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16
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Shen S, Tong Y, Luo Y, Huang L, Gao W. Biosynthesis, total synthesis, and pharmacological activities of aryltetralin-type lignan podophyllotoxin and its derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1856-1875. [PMID: 35913409 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Podophyllotoxin (PTOX, 1), a kind of aryltetralin-type lignan, was first discovered in the plant Podophyllum peltatum and its structure was clarified by W. Borsche and J. Niemann in 1932. Due to its potent anti-cancer and anti-viral activities, it is considered one of the molecules most likely to be developed into modern drugs. With the increasing market demand and insufficient storage of natural resources, it is crucial to expand the sources of PTOXs. The original extraction method from plants has gradually failed to meet the requirements, and the biosynthesis and total synthesis have become the forward-looking alternatives. As key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of PTOXs and their catalytic mechanisms being constantly revealed, it is possible to realize the heterogeneous biosynthesis of PTOXs in the future. Chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis also provide schemes for strictly controlling the asymmetric configuration of the tetracyclic core. Currently, the pharmacological activities of some PTOX derivatives have been extensively studied, laying the foundation for clinical candidate drugs. This review focuses primarily on the latest research progress in the biosynthesis, total synthesis, and pharmacological activities of PTOX and its derivatives, providing a more comprehensive understanding of these widely used compounds and supporting the future search for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yunfeng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
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Transgenic Forsythia plants expressing sesame cytochrome P450 produce beneficial lignans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10152. [PMID: 35710718 PMCID: PMC9203787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans are widely distributed plant secondary metabolites that have received attention for their benefits to human health. Sesamin is a furofran lignan that is conventionally extracted from Sesamum seeds and shows anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the human liver. Sesamin is biosynthesized by the Sesamum-specific enzyme CYP81Q1, and the natural sources of sesamin are annual plants that are at risk from climate change. In contrast, Forsythia species are widely distributed perennial woody plants that highly accumulate the precursor lignan pinoresinol. To sustainably supply sesamin, we developed a transformation method for Forsythia leaf explants and generated transgenic Forsythia plants that heterologously expressed the CYP81Q1 gene. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-mass spectrometry analyses detected sesamin and its intermediate piperitol in the leaves of two independent transgenic lines of F. intermedia and F. koreana. We also detected the accumulation of sesamin and piperitol in their vegetatively propagated descendants, demonstrating the stable and efficient production of these lignans. These results indicate that CYP81Q1-transgenic Forsythia plants are promising prototypes to produce diverse lignans and provide an important strategy for the cost-effective and scalable production of lignans.
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Impact of Heat Stress on Expression of Wheat Genes Responsive to Hessian Fly Infestation. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111402. [PMID: 35684175 PMCID: PMC9183101 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress compromises wheat (Triticum aestivium) resistance to Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor (Say)). This study aimed to investigate the impact of heat stress on transcript expression of wheat genes associated with resistance to HF infestation under normal and heat-stressed conditions. To this end, ‘Molly’, a wheat cultivar containing the resistance gene H13, was subjected to HF infestation, heat stress, and the combination of HF infestation and heat stress. Our RNA-Seq approach identified 21 wheat genes regulated by HF infestation under normal temperatures (18 °C) and 155 genes regulated by HF infestation when plants were exposed to 35 °C for 6 h. Three differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the RNA-Seq analysis were selected to validate the gene function of these DEGs using the RT-qPCR approach, indicating that these DEGs may differentially contribute to the expression of wheat resistance during the early stage of wheat–HF interaction under various stresses. Moreover, the jasmonate ZIM domain (JAZ) gene was also significantly upregulated under these treatments. Our results suggest that the genes in heat-stressed wheat plants are more responsive to HF infestation than those in plants growing under normal temperature conditions, and these genes in HF-infested wheat plants are more responsive to heat stress than those in plants without infestation.
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Li X, Liu Z, Zhao H, Deng X, Su Y, Li R, Chen B. Overexpression of Sugarcane ScDIR Genes Enhances Drought Tolerance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5340. [PMID: 35628151 PMCID: PMC9141896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirigent proteins (DIRs) are known to function in lignin biogenesis and to be involved in stress resistance in plants. However, the sugarcane DIRs have not been functionally characterized. In this study, we investigated the DIR-protein-encoding genes in Saccharum spp. (ScDIR) by screening collections of sugarcane databases, monitoring the responses of these genes to drought stress by real-time quantitative PCR, and identifying their heterologous expression in tobacco. Of the 64 ScDIRs identified, four belonging to the DIR-b/d (ScDIR5 and ScDIR11) and DIR-c (ScDIR7 and ScDIR40) subfamilies showed a significant transcriptional response when subjected to drought stress. ScDIR5, ScDIR7, and ScDIR11 are localized in the cell membrane, whereas ScDIR40 is found in the cell wall. The overexpression of these ScDIR genes in tobacco generally increased the drought tolerance of the transgenic lines, with ScDIR7 conferring the highest degree of drought tolerance. The characterization of the physiological and biochemical indicators (superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and H2O2) confirmed that the ScDIR-overexpressing lines outperformed the wild type. These results demonstrated that specific ScDIRs in sugarcane respond and contribute to tolerance of drought stress, shedding light on potential means of improving drought tolerance in this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro−Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro−Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haiyun Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Xingli Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro−Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yizu Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro−Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro−Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (Y.S.)
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro−Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (X.D.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
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20
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Zhou M, Laureanti JA, Bell CJ, Kwon M, Meng Q, Novikova IV, Thomas DG, Nicora CD, Sontag RL, Bedgar DL, O'Bryon I, Merkley ED, Ginovska B, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. De novo sequencing and native mass spectrometry revealed hetero-association of dirigent protein homologs and potential interacting proteins in Forsythia × intermedia. Analyst 2021; 146:7670-7681. [PMID: 34806721 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01476e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of dirigent proteins (DPs) and their functions in plant phenol biochemistry was made over two decades ago with Forsythia × intermedia. Stereo-selective, DP-guided, monolignol-derived radical coupling in vitro was then reported to afford the optically active lignan, (+)-pinoresinol from coniferyl alcohol, provided one-electron oxidase/oxidant capacity was present. It later became evident that DPs have several distinct sub-families, presumably with different functions. Some known DPs require other essential enzymes/proteins (e.g. oxidases) for their functions. However, the lack of a fully sequenced genome for Forsythia × intermedia made it difficult to profile other components co-purified with the (+)-pinoresinol forming DP. Herein, we used an integrated bottom-up, top-down, and native mass spectrometry (MS) approach to de novo sequence the extracted proteins via adaptation of our initial report of DP solubilization and purification. Using publicly available transcriptome and genomic data from closely related species, we identified 14 proteins that were putatively associated with either DP function or the cell wall. Although their co-occurrence after extraction and chromatographic separation is suggestive for potential protein-protein interactions, none were found to form stable protein complexes with DPs in native MS under the specific experimental conditions we have explored. Interestingly, two new DP homologs were found and they formed hetero-trimers. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that similar hetero-trimers were possible between Arabidopsis DP homologs with comparable sequence similarities. Nevertheless, our integrated mass spectrometry method development helped prepare for future investigations directed to the discovery of novel proteins and protein-protein interactions. These advantages can be highly beneficial for plant and microbial research where fully sequenced genomes may not be readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowei Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Joseph A Laureanti
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Callum J Bell
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Mi Kwon
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Qingyan Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Irina V Novikova
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ryan L Sontag
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Diana L Bedgar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle O'Bryon
- Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Eric D Merkley
- Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Bojana Ginovska
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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21
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Lo S, Parker T, Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Berny-Mier Y Teran JC, Jernstedt J, Close TJ, Gepts P. Genetic, anatomical, and environmental patterns related to pod shattering resistance in domesticated cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6219-6229. [PMID: 34106233 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pod shattering, which causes the explosive release of seeds from the pod, is one of the main sources of yield losses in cowpea in arid and semi-arid areas. Reduction of shattering has therefore been a primary target for selection during domestication and improvement of cowpea, among other species. Using a mini-core diversity panel of 368 cowpea accessions, four regions with a statistically significant association with pod shattering were identified. Two genes (Vigun03g321100 and Vigun11g100600), involved in cell wall biosynthesis, were identified as strong candidates for pod shattering. Microscopic analysis was conducted on a subset of accessions representing the full spectrum of shattering phenotypes. This analysis indicated that the extent of wall fiber deposition was highly correlated with shattering. The results from this study also demonstrate that pod shattering in cowpea is exacerbated by arid environmental conditions. Finally, using a subset of West African landraces, patterns of historical selection for shattering resistance related to precipitation in the environment of origin were identified. Together, these results shed light on sources of resistance to pod shattering, which will, in turn, improve climate resilience of a major global nutritional staple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassoum Lo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780,USA
| | - Travis Parker
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780,USA
| | - María Muñoz-Amatriaín
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523,USA
| | | | - Judy Jernstedt
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780,USA
| | - Timothy J Close
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
| | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780,USA
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22
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Dinglasan EG, Peressini T, Marathamuthu KA, See PT, Snyman L, Platz G, Godwin I, Voss-Fels KP, Moffat CS, Hickey LT. Genetic characterization of adult-plant resistance to tan spot (syn, yellow spot) in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2823-2839. [PMID: 34061222 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
QTL mapping identified key genomic regions associated with adult-plant resistance to tan spot, which are effective even in the presence of the sensitivity gene Tsn1, thus serving as a new genetic solution to develop disease-resistant wheat cultivars. Improving resistance to tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; Ptr) in wheat by eliminating race-specific susceptibility genes is a common breeding approach worldwide. The potential to exploit variation in quantitative forms of resistance, such as adult-plant resistance (APR), offers an alternative approach that could lead to broad-spectrum protection. We previously identified wheat landraces in the Vavilov diversity panel that exhibited high levels of APR despite carrying the sensitivity gene Tsn1. In this study, we characterised the genetic control of APR by developing a recombinant inbred line population fixed for Tsn1, but segregating for the APR trait. Linkage mapping using DArTseq markers and disease response phenotypes identified a QTL associated with APR to Ptr race 1 (producing Ptr ToxA- and Ptr ToxC) on chromosome 2B (Qts.313-2B), which was consistently detected in multiple adult-plant experiments. Additional loci were also detected on chromosomes 2A, 3D, 5A, 5D, 6A, 6B and 7A at the seedling stage, and on chromosomes 1A and 5B at the adult stage. We demonstrate that Qts.313-2B can be combined with other adult-plant QTL (i.e. Qts.313-1A and Qts.313-5B) to strengthen resistance levels. The APR QTL reported in this study provide a new genetic solution to tan spot in Australia and could be deployed in wheat cultivars, even in the presence of Tsn1, to decrease production losses and reduce the application of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Dinglasan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tamaya Peressini
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Pao Theen See
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lisle Snyman
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD, Australia
| | - Greg Platz
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Godwin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kai P Voss-Fels
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Caroline S Moffat
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lee T Hickey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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23
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Bogolitsyn KG, Gusakova MA, Krasikova AA. Molecular self-organization of wood lignin-carbohydrate matrix. PLANTA 2021; 254:30. [PMID: 34272608 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the state of research on the chemical composition, functional nature and structure of the main components of the lignin-carbohydrate matrix allows considering the wood substance as a thermodynamically self-organizing nanobiocomposite system. Features of biosynthesis of the wood matrix main biopolymers, the formation of their functional nature and structure determine the complex hierarchical organization of cell walls. The supramolecular level of biosynthesis considers the interaction of cell wall components. On the one hand, these are questions of dynamics of cell walls synthesis and processes of self-organization that control the formation of chaotic objects of biological origin; on the other hand, it is the question of thermodynamic compatibility of plant tissue components. Various models of structural organization are currently being considered, focusing on various features (biological, chemical, structural) of wood substance. At the same time, the lignin-carbohydrate matrix is a three-component system of natural polymers: lignin-hemicelluloses-cellulose, the state of which is described by specific values of thermodynamic parameters that characterize the degree of its stability. The new approach proposed in this paper allows considering the plant lignin-carbohydrate matrix from the standpoint of physical chemistry of polymer as quasi-equilibrium, thermodynamically limited ordered system of biopolymers. Thus, the biochemical processes of synthesis and self-organization lead to the formation of a complex multicomponent system of wood substance, considered as a nanobiocomposite. This determines the need to study the applicability of the fundamental cycle "structure-functional nature-properties" from the standpoint of physical chemistry of biopolymers both for the investigation of plant objects and for the development of modern technologies for complex processing based on the principles of "green chemistry".
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Bogolitsyn
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Embankment, 23, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russia
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment, 17, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russia
| | - Mariya A Gusakova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Embankment, 23, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russia
| | - Anna A Krasikova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Embankment, 23, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russia.
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24
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Biochemical and Initial Structural Characterization of the Monocot Chimeric Jacalin OsJAC1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115639. [PMID: 34073266 PMCID: PMC8197871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The monocot chimeric jacalin OsJAC1 from Oryza sativa consists of a dirigent and a jacalin-related lectin domain. The corresponding gene is expressed in response to different abiotic and biotic stimuli. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the basic function of the individual domains and their contribution to the physiological role of the entire protein. In this study, we have established a heterologous expression in Escherichia coli with high yields for the full-length protein OsJAC1 as well as its individual domains. Our findings showed that the secondary structure of both domains is dominated by β-strand elements. Under reducing conditions, the native protein displayed clearly visible transition points of thermal unfolding at 59 and 85 °C, which could be attributed to the lectin and the dirigent domain, respectively. Our study identified a single carbohydrate-binding site for each domain with different specificities towards mannose and glucose (jacalin domain), and galactose moieties (dirigent domain), respectively. The recognition of different carbohydrates might explain the ability of OsJAC1 to respond to different abiotic and biotic factors. This is the first report of specific carbohydrate-binding activity of a DIR domain, shedding new light on its function in the context of this monocot chimeric jacalin.
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25
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Genome-Wide Characterization of Dirigent Proteins in Populus: Gene Expression Variation and Expression Pattern in Response to Marssonina brunnea and Phytohormones. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Marssonina brunnea causes a major disease that limits poplar growth. Lignin and lignan play essential roles in protecting plants from various biological stresses. Dirigent (DIR) proteins are thought to control the stereoselective coupling of coniferyl alcohol in the formation of lignan and lignin. DIR family members have been well studied in several plant species, but no previous detailed genome-wide analysis has been carried out in forest trees, such as poplar. We identified 40 PtDIR genes in Populus trichocarpa and classified them into three subgroups (DIR-a, DIR-b/d, and DIR-e) based on phylogenetic analyses. These genes are distributed on 11 poplar chromosomes, and 80% of PtDIRs (32/40) are intronless. The cis-element analysis inferred that PtDIRs possess many types of biological and abiotic stress-response cis-elements. We also analyzed intra- and inter-specific collinearity, which provided deep insights into the evolutionary characteristics of the poplar DIR genes. Analyses of the protein tertiary structure and critical amino acid residues showed that PtDIR7–10 and PtDIR13–16, which belong to the DIR-a subfamily, might be involved in the regio- and stereo-selectivity of bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling in poplars. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed different expression patterns for the PtDIR genes of P. trichocarpa and the PeDIR genes of ‘Nanlin 895’ in various tissues. Additionally, we analyzed responses of PeDIRs to M. brunnea and different phytohormone treatments (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethylene) in ‘Nanlin 895’. The results showed that at least 18 genes responded strongly to M. brunnea, and these PeDIRs also showed significant responses to phytohormones. These results suggest that DIR genes are involved in the poplar defense response against M. brunnea, and this study will provide fundamental insights for future research on poplar DIR genes.
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Kim SS, Sattely ES. Dirigent Proteins Guide Asymmetric Heterocoupling for the Synthesis of Complex Natural Product Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5011-5021. [PMID: 33780244 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids are a class of abundant building blocks found in plants and derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Phenylpropanoid polymerization leads to the second most abundant biopolymer lignin while stereo- and site-selective coupling generates an array of lignan natural products with potent biological activity, including the topoisomerase inhibitor and chemotherapeutic etoposide. A key step in etoposide biosynthesis involves a plant dirigent protein that promotes selective dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, a common phenylpropanoid, to form (+)-pinoresinol, a critical C2 symmetric pathway intermediate. Despite the power of this coupling reaction for the elegant and rapid assembly of the etoposide scaffold, dirigent proteins have not been utilized to generate other complex lignan natural products. Here, we demonstrate that dirigent proteins from Podophyllum hexandrum in combination with a laccase guide the heterocoupling of natural and synthetic coniferyl alcohol analogues for the enantioselective synthesis of pinoresinol analogues. This route for complexity generation is remarkably direct and efficient: three new bonds and four stereocenters are produced from two different achiral monomers in a single step. We anticipate our results will enable biocatalytic routes to difficult-to-access non-natural lignan analogues and etoposide derivatives. Furthermore, these dirigent protein and laccase-promoted reactions of coniferyl alcohol analogues represent new regio- and enantioselective oxidative heterocouplings for which no other chemical methods have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie S Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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27
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Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Yamamura M, Matsuda F, Ono E, Nakabayashi R, Sugawara S, Mori T, Tobimatsu Y, Umezawa T, Saito K. Seed-coat protective neolignans are produced by the dirigent protein AtDP1 and the laccase AtLAC5 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:129-152. [PMID: 33751095 PMCID: PMC8136895 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignans/neolignans are generally synthesized from coniferyl alcohol (CA) in the cinnamate/monolignol pathway by oxidation to generate the corresponding radicals with subsequent stereoselective dimerization aided by dirigent proteins (DIRs). Genes encoding oxidases and DIRs for neolignan biosynthesis have not been identified previously. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the DIR AtDP1/AtDIR12 plays an essential role in the 8-O-4' coupling in neolignan biosynthesis by unequivocal structural determination of the compound missing in the atdp1 mutant as a sinapoylcholine (SC)-conjugated neolignan, erythro-3-{4-[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxymethylethoxy]-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl}acryloylcholine. Phylogenetic analyses showed that AtDP1/AtDIR12 belongs to the DIR-a subfamily composed of DIRs for 8-8' coupling of monolignol radicals. AtDP1/AtDIR12 is specifically expressed in outer integument 1 cells in developing seeds. As a putative oxidase for neolignan biosynthesis, we focused on AtLAC5, a laccase gene coexpressed with AtDP1/AtDIR12. In lac5 mutants, the abundance of feruloylcholine (FC)-conjugated neolignans decreased to a level comparable to those in the atdp1 mutant. In addition, SC/FC-conjugated neolignans were missing in the seeds of mutants defective in SCT/SCPL19, an enzyme that synthesizes SC. These results strongly suggest that AtDP1/AtDIR12 and AtLAC5 are involved in neolignan biosynthesis via SC/FC. A tetrazolium penetration assay showed that seed coat permeability increased in atdp1 mutants, suggesting a protective role of neolignans in A. thaliana seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yonekura-Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaomi Yamamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ono
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugawara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Development of Global Sustainability, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Author for correspondence: ,
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28
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Yang X, Wei C, Changqing X, Zhang X. Comparative Analysis, Characterization and Evolutionary Study of Dirigent Gene Family in Cucurbitaceae and Expression of Novel Dirigent Peptide against Powdery Mildew Stress. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030326. [PMID: 33668231 PMCID: PMC7996225 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirigent (DIR) proteins are induced under various stress conditions and involved in sterio- and regio-selective coupling of monolignol. A striking lack of information about dirigent genes in cucurbitaceae plants underscores the importance of functional characterization. In this study, 112 DIR genes were identified in six species, and 61 genes from major cultivated species were analyzed. DIRs were analyzed using various bioinformatics tools and complemented by expression profiling. Phylogenetic analysis segregated the putative DIRs into six distinctively known subgroups. Chromosomal mapping revealed uneven distribution of genes, whereas synteny analysis exhibited that duplication events occurred during gene evolution. Gene structure analysis suggested the gain of introns during gene diversification. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicates the participation of proteins in lignification and pathogen resistance activities. We also determined their organ-specific expression levels in three species revealing preferential expression in root and leaves. Furthermore, the number of CmDIR (CmDIR1, 6, 7 and 12) and ClDIR (ClDIR2, 5, 8, 9 and 17) genes exhibited higher expression in resistant cultivars after powdery mildew (PM) inoculation. In summary, based on the expression and in-silico analysis, we propose a role of DIRs in disease resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
- Xi’an Agriculture Technology, Extension Center, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuan Changqing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-186-2909-2147
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Ou Y, Kui H, Li J. Receptor-like Kinases in Root Development: Current Progress and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:166-185. [PMID: 33316466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment communications are critical to the growth and development of plants. Cell surface-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are mainly involved in sensing various extracellular signals to initiate their corresponding cellular responses. As important vegetative organs for higher plants to adapt to a terrestrial living situation, roots play a critical role for the survival of plants. It has been demonstrated that RLKs control many biological processes during root growth and development. In this review, we summarize several key regulatory processes during Arabidopsis root development in which RLKs play critical roles. We also put forward a number of relevant questions that are required to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Kui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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30
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Modolo C, Ren L, Besson E, Robert V, Gastaldi S, Rousselot-Pailley P, Tron T. Coniferyl Alcohol Radical Detection by the Dirigent Protein AtDIR6 Monitored by EPR. Chembiochem 2020; 22:992-995. [PMID: 33112043 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Plant dirigent proteins (DIRs) control the stereoselectivity of the monolignol coniferyl alcohol radical coupling. The main mechanistic hypothesis on this chemo- and stereoselective reaction invokes a binding of coniferyl alcohol radical substrates in the dirigent protein active site so that only one enantiomeric form can be produced. We have studied the influence of the Arabidopsis thaliana AtDIR6 protein on the transient coniferyl alcohol radical by EPR. Herein, we show that AtDIR6 stabilizes coniferyl alcohol radicals prior to directing their coupling towards the formation of (-)-pinoresinol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Ren
- Aix Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2
| | - Eric Besson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Thierry Tron
- Aix Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2
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31
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Uchida K, Aoki T, Suzuki H, Akashi T. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of isoflav-3-ene synthase, a key enzyme of the biosyntheses of (+)-pisatin and coumestrol. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:301-310. [PMID: 33088193 PMCID: PMC7557667 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Most leguminous plants produce (-)-type enantiomers of pterocarpans as the phytoalexin, but pea (Pisum sativum L.) produces the opposite stereoisomer of pterocarpan, (+)-pisatin. Biosynthesis of (-)-pterocarpan skeleton is completely characterized at the molecular level, and pterocarpan synthase (PTS), a dirigent (DIR) domain-containing protein, participates in the last dehydration reaction. Similarly, isoflav-3-ene, a precursor of (+)-pisatin, is likely to be biosynthesized by the DIR-mediated dehydration reaction; however the biosynthesis is still unknown. In the present study, we screened PTS homologs based on RNA-sequence data from (+)-pisatin-producing pea seedlings and demonstrated that one of the candidates encodes isoflav-3-ene synthase (I3S). Real-time PCR analysis revealed that transcripts of I3S, in addition to other genes involved in the (+)-pisatin pathway, transiently accumulated in pea upon elicitation prior to the maximum accumulation of (+)-pisatin. I3S orthologs were also found in soybean and Lotus japonicus that are not known to accumulate (+)-pterocarpan, and the catalytic function of gene products was verified to be I3S by the in vitro enzyme assay. Incubation of the crude extract of elicited soybean cells with isoflav-3-ene yielded coumestrol, suggesting that isoflav-3-ene is a precursor of coumestrol biosynthesis in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Uchida
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Toshio Aoki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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32
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Meng Q, Moinuddin SGA, Kim SJ, Bedgar DL, Costa MA, Thomas DG, Young RP, Smith CA, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Pterocarpan synthase (PTS) structures suggest a common quinone methide-stabilizing function in dirigent proteins and proteins with dirigent-like domains. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11584-11601. [PMID: 32565424 PMCID: PMC7450108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical activities of dirigent proteins (DPs) give rise to distinct complex classes of plant phenolics. DPs apparently began to emerge during the aquatic-to-land transition, with phylogenetic analyses revealing the presence of numerous DP subfamilies in the plant kingdom. The vast majority (>95%) of DPs in these large multigene families still await discovery of their biochemical functions. Here, we elucidated the 3D structures of two pterocarpan-forming proteins with dirigent-like domains. Both proteins stereospecifically convert distinct diastereomeric chiral isoflavonoid precursors to the chiral pterocarpans, (-)- and (+)-medicarpin, respectively. Their 3D structures enabled comparisons with stereoselective lignan- and aromatic terpenoid-forming DP orthologs. Each protein provides entry into diverse plant natural products classes, and our experiments suggest a common biochemical mechanism in binding and stabilizing distinct plant phenol-derived mono- and bis-quinone methide intermediates during different C-C and C-O bond-forming processes. These observations provide key insights into both their appearance and functional diversification of DPs during land plant evolution/adaptation. The proposed biochemical mechanisms based on our findings provide important clues to how additional physiological roles for DPs and proteins harboring dirigent-like domains can now be rationally and systematically identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Syed G A Moinuddin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Diana L Bedgar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Michael A Costa
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Robert P Young
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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33
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Zetzsche LE, Narayan ARH. Broadening the scope of biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:334-346. [PMID: 34430708 PMCID: PMC8382263 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impeccable control over chemo-, site-, and stereoselectivity possible in enzymatic reactions has led to a surge in the development of new biocatalytic methods. Despite carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds providing the central framework for organic molecules, development of biocatalytic methods for their formation has been largely confined to the use of a select few lyases over the last several decades, limiting the types of C-C bond-forming transformations possible through biocatalytic methods. This Review provides an update on the suite of enzymes available for highly selective biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Examples will be discussed in reference to the (1) native activity of enzymes, (2) alteration of activity through protein or substrate engineering for broader applicability, and (3) utility of the biocatalyst for abiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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34
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Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Lignanamides: sources, biosynthesis and potential health benefits - a minireview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1404-1414. [PMID: 32366112 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1759025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignanamides are natural plant secondary metabolites derived from oxidative coupling mechanism with hydroxycinnamic acid amides as intermediates. These compounds display powerful anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-hyperlipidemic capacities in vitro, cell culture and in vivo studies. With strong potential to be utilized as protective agents against human chronic diseases, these compounds have attracted the interest of researchers. This review aims to discuss current understanding on the sources, classification, biosynthesis of lignanamides in plants, and importantly their biological activity and potential health benefits. The general biosynthesis pathway for lignanamides is comprehensively summarized, though some details in molecular regulation of the coupling process have yet to be elucidated. Lignanamides deserves additional clinical studies involving animal and human subjects, to prove its health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Leonard
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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35
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Davies KM, Jibran R, Zhou Y, Albert NW, Brummell DA, Jordan BR, Bowman JL, Schwinn KE. The Evolution of Flavonoid Biosynthesis: A Bryophyte Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:7. [PMID: 32117358 PMCID: PMC7010833 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway is one of the best characterized specialized metabolite pathways of plants. In angiosperms, the flavonoids have varied roles in assisting with tolerance to abiotic stress and are also key for signaling to pollinators and seed dispersal agents. The pathway is thought to be specific to land plants and to have arisen during the period of land colonization around 550-470 million years ago. In this review we consider current knowledge of the flavonoid pathway in the bryophytes, consisting of the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. The pathway is less characterized for bryophytes than angiosperms, and the first genetic and molecular studies on bryophytes are finding both commonalities and significant differences in flavonoid biosynthesis and pathway regulation between angiosperms and bryophytes. This includes biosynthetic pathway branches specific to each plant group and the apparent complete absence of flavonoids from the hornworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David A. Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Brian R. Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John L. Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy E. Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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36
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Sánchez-Elordi E, Sterling RM, Santiago R, de Armas R, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Increase in cytotoxic lignans production after smut infection in sugar cane plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153087. [PMID: 31816510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smut infection alters the transcription of dirigent proteins (DIR) by sugarcane plants. Here, we show that these alterations are associated to an elevated production of cytotoxic lignans. Smut-resistant sugarcane varieties display a fivefold increase in pinoresinol and also produce elevated amounts of secoisolariciresinol. Conversely, smut-sensitive varieties do not produce pinoresinol or secoisolariciresinol upon infection, synthesizing instead small amounts of matairesinol. Our data indicate that commercial pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol seem to prevent smut teliospore germination and sporidia release from sprouted teliospores. Consistently, we observed abundant morphological alterations of sporidia incubated in the presence of these lignans. However, commercial lignans do not block the development of the pathogen in a definitive way. Additional experiments demonstrate that only the extracts from healthy or smut-exposed resistant plants inhibit sporidia growth in vitro, indicating that a specific mixture of lignans from resistant plants is necessary to constitute an effective defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto M Sterling
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Santiago
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto de Armas
- Department of Plant Biology, Havana University, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Legaz
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Schultz BJ, Kim SY, Lau W, Sattely ES. Total Biosynthesis for Milligram-Scale Production of Etoposide Intermediates in a Plant Chassis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19231-19235. [PMID: 31755709 PMCID: PMC7380830 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide is a plant-derived drug used clinically to treat several forms of cancer. Recent shortages of etoposide demonstrate the need for a more dependable production method to replace the semisynthetic method currently in place, which relies on extraction of a precursor natural product from Himalayan mayapple. Here we report milligram-scale production of (-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin, a late-stage biosynthetic precursor to the etoposide aglycone, using an engineered biosynthetic pathway in tobacco. Our strategy relies on engineering the supply of coniferyl alcohol, an endogenous tobacco metabolite and monolignol precursor to the etoposide aglycone. We show that transient expression of 16 genes, encoding both coniferyl alcohol and main etoposide aglycone pathway enzymes from mayapple, in tobacco leaves results in the accumulation of up to 4.3 mg/g dry plant weight (-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin, and enables isolation of high-purity (-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin after chromatography at levels up to 0.71 mg/g dry plant weight. Our work reveals that long (>10 step) pathways can be efficiently transferred from difficult-to-cultivate medicinal plants to a tobacco plant production chassis, and demonstrates mg-scale total biosynthesis for access to valuable precursors of the chemotherapeutic etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey J. Schultz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Seung Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Warren Lau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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38
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The Resurgence of Dirigent Story: Time for a Bacterial Chapter. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:517-521. [PMID: 31728698 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, dirigent (DIR) domain-containing proteins have been assumed to be green lineage-specific, responsible for the defence response and lignan/lignin biosynthesis. Despite their high potential in terms of biotechnology and chemistry, to date there have been very few well-studied plant DIRs. However, recent achievements in sequencing technologies have allowed for discovery of DIR genes in bacteria. This prospective study suggests expansion of the focus of research to consider the existence of bacterial DIRs. It also considers the outlook for understanding DIR functioning with respect to the fields of green lineage evolution, organic synthesis, and biotechnology.
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39
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Oliw EH, Hamberg M. Biosynthesis of Jasmonates from Linoleic Acid by the Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Evidence for a Novel Allene Oxide Cyclase. Lipids 2019; 54:543-556. [PMID: 31353474 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae (FOT) secretes (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-(S)-isoleucine ((+)-JA-Ile) to the growth medium together with about 10 times less 9,10-dihydro-(+)-7-iso-JA-Ile. Plants and fungi form (+)-JA-Ile from 18:3n-3 via 12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), which is formed sequentially by 13S-lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase (AOS), and allene oxide cyclase (AOC). Plant AOC does not accept linoleic acid (18:2n-6)-derived allene oxides and dihydrojasmonates are not commonly found in plants. This raises the question whether 18:2n-6 serves as the precursor of 9,10-dihydro-JA-Ile in Fusarium, or whether the latter arises by a putative reductase activity operating on the n-3 double bond of (+)-JA-Ile or one of its precursors. Incubation of pentadeuterated (d5 ) 18:3n-3 with mycelia led to the formation of d5 -(+)-JA-Ile whereas d5 -9,10-dihydro-JA-Ile was not detectable. In contrast, d5 -9,10-dihydro-(+)-JA-Ile was produced following incubation of [17,17,18,18,18-2 H5 ]linoleic acid (d5 -18:2n-6). Furthermore, 9(S),13(S)-12-oxophytoenoic acid, the 15,16-dihydro analog of 12-OPDA, was formed upon incubation of unlabeled or d5 -18:2n-6. Appearance of the α-ketol, 12-oxo-13-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid following incubation of unlabeled or [13 C18 ]-labeled 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid confirmed the involvement of AOS and the biosynthesis of the allene oxide 12,13(S)-epoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid. The lack of conversion of this allene oxide by AOC in higher plants necessitates the conclusion that the fungal AOC is distinct from the corresponding plant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Walde P, Kashima K, Ćirić-Marjanović G. Synthesizing Polyaniline With Laccase/O 2 as Catalyst. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:165. [PMID: 31355193 PMCID: PMC6635843 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of aniline to polyaniline (PANI) can be achieved chemically, electrochemically or enzymatically. In all cases, the products obtained are mixtures of molecules which are constituted by aniline units. Depending on the synthesis conditions there are variations (i) in the way the aniline molecules are connected, (ii) in the average number of aniline units per molecule, (iii) in the oxidation state, and (iv) in the degree of protonation. For many possible applications, the synthesis of electroconductive PANI with para-N-C-coupled aniline units in their half-oxidized and protonated state is of interest. This is the emeraldine salt form of PANI, abbreviated as PANI-ES. The enzymatic synthesis of PANI-ES is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical or electrochemical methods. Although many studies have been devoted to the in vitro synthesis of PANI-ES by using heme peroxidases with added hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant, the application of laccases is of particular interest since the oxidant for these multicopper enzymes is molecular oxygen (O2) from air, which is beneficial from environmental and economic points of view. In vivo, laccases participate in the synthesis and degradation of lignin. Various attempts of synthesizing PANI-ES with laccase/O2 in slightly acidic aqueous media from aniline or the linear aniline dimer PADPA (p-aminodiphenylamine) are summarized. Advances in the understanding of the positive effects of soft dynamic templates, as chemical structure guiding additives (anionic polyelectrolytes, micelles, or vesicles), for obtaining PANI-ES-rich products are highlighted. Conceptually, some of these template effects appear to be related to the effect "dirigent proteins" exert in the biosynthesis of lignin. In both cases intermediate radicals are formed enzymatically which then must react in a controlled way in follow-up reactions for obtaining the desired products. These follow-up reactions are controlled to some extent by the templates or specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Keita Kashima
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology, Oyama College, Oyama, Japan
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41
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Hu J, Li H, Chooi YH. Fungal Dirigent Protein Controls the Stereoselectivity of Multicopper Oxidase-Catalyzed Phenol Coupling in Viriditoxin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8068-8072. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Hu
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Hang Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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42
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The Casparian strip-one ring to bring cell biology to lignification? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 56:121-129. [PMID: 30502636 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lignin research has long been motivated by the outstanding importance of wood for human societies. The annual, non-woody Arabidopsis thaliana, has nevertheless contributed greatly to our understanding of lignification, due to its unrivalled genetic resources. Arabidopsis is also great for cell and developmental biology, allowing precise imaging and tracking of cell types. Root endodermis differentiation involves the precise lignification of the Casparian Strip, as an apoplastic barrier; while barrier damage triggers a less localized, compensatory lignification. Transcriptional reprogramming and peptide-induced signalling emerge as promising tools for the study of endodermal lignification. We argue that endodermis lignification is an attractive model complementary to equally powerful, cellular xylem differentiation systems, as it might better represent the restricted - often localized - lignification seen in non-vascular cells.
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43
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Cheng X, Su X, Muhammad A, Li M, Zhang J, Sun Y, Li G, Jin Q, Cai Y, Lin Y. Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Expression Profiling of the Dirigent ( DIR) Family Genes in Chinese White Pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri). Front Genet 2018; 9:136. [PMID: 29713336 PMCID: PMC5911567 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stone cells content and size are the key factors determining the internal quality of the pear fruit. Synthesis of lignin and thickening of secondary cell wall are the keys to the development of stone cells. The polymerization of monolignols and secondary cell wall formation requires the participation of dirigent proteins (DIRs). In recent years, DIR family have been studied in higher plants, but lack of comprehensive study in the pear DIR (PbDIR) family. This study focuses on the identification and analysis of PbDIR family for the first time. We identified 35 PbDIRs from the pear genome, 89% of which are intronless genes. Phylogenetic tree and chromosome localization analysis showed that 35 PbDIRs were divided into four subfamilies (DIR-a, -b/d, -e, and -g) and irregularly distributed among 10 chromosomes. In addition, we identified 29, 26, and 14 DIRs from the other three Rosids (peach, Mei, and grape), respectively. Interspecies microsynteny analysis revealed the collinear gene pairs between pear and peach are the most. Temporal expression analysis showed that the expression changes of seven PbDIRs (DIR-a subfamily: PbDIR4 and PbDIR5; DIR-b/d subfamily: PbDIR11; DIR-g subfamily: PbDIR19; DIR-e subfamily: PbDIR23, 25 and 26) in fruits were consistent with the changes of fruit lignin and stone cells contents. In addition, the subfamily of PbDIRs in fruits showed significant responses after treatment with ABA, SA, and MeJA. According to the protein tertiary structure, key amino acid residues and expression patterns analysis found that PbDIR4 might be involved in the metabolism of lignin and related to stone cells contents in pear fruits. In this study, we systematically analyzed the structure, evolution, function and expression of PbDIR family, which not only confirmed the characteristics of PbDIR family, but also laid the foundation for revealing the role of DIR in pear stone cell development and lignin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueqiang Su
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Manli Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinyun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Horticultural, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yanming Sun
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guohui Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Behr M, Sergeant K, Leclercq CC, Planchon S, Guignard C, Lenouvel A, Renaut J, Hausman JF, Lutts S, Guerriero G. Insights into the molecular regulation of monolignol-derived product biosynthesis in the growing hemp hypocotyl. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:1. [PMID: 29291729 PMCID: PMC5749015 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin and lignans are both derived from the monolignol pathway. Despite the similarity of their building blocks, they fulfil different functions in planta. Lignin strengthens the tissues of the plant, while lignans are involved in plant defence and growth regulation. Their biosyntheses are tuned both spatially and temporally to suit the development of the plant (water conduction, reaction to stresses). We propose to study the general molecular events related to monolignol-derived product biosynthesis, especially lignin. It was previously shown that the growing hemp hypocotyl (between 6 and 20 days after sowing) is a valid system to study secondary growth and the molecular events accompanying lignification. The present work confirms the validity of this system, by using it to study the regulation of lignin and lignan biosynthesis. Microscopic observations, lignin analysis, proteomics, together with in situ laccase and peroxidase activity assays were carried out to understand the dynamics of lignin synthesis during the development of the hemp hypocotyl. RESULTS Based on phylogenetic analysis and targeted gene expression, we suggest a role for the hemp dirigent and dirigent-like proteins in lignan biosynthesis. The transdisciplinary approach adopted resulted in the gene- and protein-level quantification of the main enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of monolignols and their oxidative coupling (laccases and class III peroxidases), in lignin deposition (dirigent-like proteins) and in the determination of the stereoconformation of lignans (dirigent proteins). CONCLUSIONS Our work sheds light on how, in the growing hemp hypocotyl, the provision of the precursors needed to synthesize the aromatic biomolecules lignin and lignans is regulated at the transcriptional and proteomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain (UcL), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Céline C. Leclercq
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cédric Guignard
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Audrey Lenouvel
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain (UcL), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
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Fofana B, Ghose K, Somalraju A, McCallum J, Main D, Deyholos MK, Rowland GG, Cloutier S. Induced Mutagenesis in UGT74S1 Gene Leads to Stable New Flax Lines with Altered Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (SDG) Profiles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1638. [PMID: 28983308 PMCID: PMC5613138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flax secoisolariciresinol (SECO) diglucoside (SDG) lignan is an emerging natural product purported to prevent chronic diseases in humans. SECO, the aglycone form of SDG, has shown higher intestinal cell absorption but it is not accumulated naturally in planta. Recently, we have identified and characterized a UDP-glucosyltransferase gene, UGT74S1, that glucosylates SECO into its monoglucoside (SMG) and SDG forms when expressed in yeast. However, whether this gene is unique in controlling SECO glucosylation into SDG in planta is unclear. Here, we report on the use of UGT74S1 in reverse and forward genetics to characterize an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenized flax population from cultivar CDC Bethune and consisting of 1996 M2 families. EMS mutagenesis generated 73 SNP variants causing 79 mutational events in the UGT74S1 exonic regions of 93 M2 families. The mutation frequency in the exonic regions was determined to be one per 28 Kb. Of these mutations, 13 homozygous missense mutations and two homozygous nonsense mutations were observed and all were transmitted into the M3 and M4 generations. Forward genetics screening of the population showed homozygous nonsense mutants completely lacking SDG biosynthesis while the production of SMG was observed only in a subset of the M4 lines. Heterozygous or homozygous M4 missense mutants displayed a wide range of SDG levels, some being greater than those of CDC Bethune. No additional deleterious mutations were detected in these mutant lines using a panel of 10 other genes potentially involved in the lignan biosynthesis. This study provides further evidence that UGT74S1 is unique in controlling SDG formation from SECO and this is the first report of non-transgenic flax germplasm with simultaneous knockout of SDG and presence of SMG in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bourlaye Fofana
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaCharlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Kaushik Ghose
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaCharlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Ashok Somalraju
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaCharlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Jason McCallum
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaCharlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - David Main
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaCharlottetown, PE, Canada
| | | | - Gordon G. Rowland
- Department of Plant Science, Crop Development Centre, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
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Paniagua C, Bilkova A, Jackson P, Dabravolski S, Riber W, Didi V, Houser J, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Wimmerova M, Budínská E, Hamann T, Hejatko J. Dirigent proteins in plants: modulating cell wall metabolism during abiotic and biotic stress exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3287-3301. [PMID: 28472349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dirigent (DIR) proteins were found to mediate regio- and stereoselectivity of bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling during lignan biosynthesis. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the importance of DIR proteins in lignan and lignin biosynthesis and highlight their possible importance in plant development. We focus on the still rather enigmatic Arabidopsis DIR gene family, discussing the few members with known functional importance. We comment on recent discoveries describing the detailed structure of two DIR proteins with implications in the mechanism of DIR-mediated catalysis. Further, we summarize the ample evidence for stress-induced dirigent gene expression, suggesting the role of DIRs in adaptive responses. In the second part of our work, we present a preliminary bioinformatics-based characterization of the AtDIR family. The phylogenetic analysis of AtDIRs complemented by comparison with DIR proteins of mostly known function from other species allowed us to suggest possible roles for several members of this family and identify interesting AtDIR targets for further study. Finally, based on the available metadata and our in silico analysis of AtDIR promoters, we hypothesize about the existence of specific transcriptional controls for individual AtDIR genes and implicate them in various stress responses, hormonal regulations, and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Bilkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Phil Jackson
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Willi Riber
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Didi
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houser
- Glycobiochemistry, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5, Hogskoleringen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michaela Wimmerova
- Glycobiochemistry, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Budínská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5, Hogskoleringen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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