1
|
Hunziker P, Greb T. Stem Cells and Differentiation in Vascular Tissues. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:399-425. [PMID: 38382908 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Plant vascular tissues are crucial for the long-distance transport of water, nutrients, and a multitude of signal molecules throughout the plant body and, therefore, central to plant growth and development. The intricate development of vascular tissues is orchestrated by unique populations of dedicated stem cells integrating endogenous as well as environmental cues. This review summarizes our current understanding of vascular-related stem cell biology and of vascular tissue differentiation. We present an overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing the maintenance and fate determination of vascular stem cells and highlight the interplay between intrinsic and external cues. In this context, we emphasize the role of transcription factors, hormonal signaling, and epigenetic modifications. We also discuss emerging technologies and the large repertoire of cell types associated with vascular tissues, which have the potential to provide unprecedented insights into cellular specialization and anatomical adaptations to distinct ecological niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hunziker
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; ,
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; ,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koga H, Ikematsu S, Kimura S. Diving into the Water: Amphibious Plants as a Model for Investigating Plant Adaptations to Aquatic Environments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:579-604. [PMID: 38424069 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-024919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Amphibious plants can grow and survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This review explores the diverse adaptations that enable them to thrive in such contrasting habitats. Plants with amphibious lifestyles possess fascinating traits, and their phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in adaptations. Heterophylly, the ability to produce different leaf forms, is one such trait, with submerged leaves generally being longer, narrower, and thinner than aerial leaves. In addition to drastic changes in leaf contours, amphibious plants display significant anatomical and physiological changes, including a reduction in stomatal number and cuticle thickness and changes in photosynthesis mode. This review summarizes and compares the regulatory mechanisms and evolutionary origins of amphibious plants based on molecular biology studies actively conducted in recent years using novel model amphibious plant species. Studying amphibious plants will enhance our understanding of plant adaptations to aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koga
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuka Ikematsu
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan;
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Poethig RS, Fouracre J. Temporal regulation of vegetative phase change in plants. Dev Cell 2024; 59:4-19. [PMID: 38194910 PMCID: PMC10783531 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
During their vegetative growth, plants reiteratively produce leaves, buds, and internodes at the apical end of the shoot. The identity of these organs changes as the shoot develops. Some traits change gradually, but others change in a coordinated fashion, allowing shoot development to be divided into discrete juvenile and adult phases. The transition between these phases is called vegetative phase change. Historically, vegetative phase change has been studied because it is thought to be associated with an increase in reproductive competence. However, this is not true for all species; indeed, heterochronic variation in the timing of vegetative phase change and flowering has made important contributions to plant evolution. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanism of vegetative phase change, how the timing of this process is controlled by endogenous and environmental factors, and its ecological and evolutionary significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Poethig
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jim Fouracre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He B, Gao S, Lu H, Yan J, Li C, Ma M, Wang X, Chen X, Zhan Y, Zeng F. Genome-wide analysis and molecular dissection of the SPL gene family in Fraxinus mandshurica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:451. [PMID: 36127640 PMCID: PMC9490987 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) is a unique family of transcription factors in plants, which is engaged in regulating plant growth and development, physiological and biochemical processes. Fraxinus mandshurica is an excellent timber species with a wide range of uses in northeastern China and enjoys a high reputation in the international market. SPL family analysis has been reported in some plants while SPL family analysis of Fraxinus mandshurica has not been reported. RESULTS We used phylogeny, conserved motifs, gene structure, secondary structure prediction, miR156 binding sites, promoter cis elements and GO annotation to systematically analyze the FmSPLs family. This was followed by expression analysis by subcellular localization, expression patterns at various tissue sites, abiotic stress and hormone induction. Because FmSPL2 is highly expressed in flowers it was selected to describe the SPL gene family of Fraxinus mandshurica by ectopic expression. Among them, 10 FmSPL genes that were highly expressed at different loci were selected for expression analysis under abiotic stress (NaCl and Cold) and hormone induction (IAA and ABA). These 10 FmSPL genes showed corresponding trends in response to both abiotic stress and hormone induction. We showed that overexpression of FmSPL2 in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. resulted in taller plants, shorter root length, increased root number, rounded leaves, and earlier flowering time. CONCLUSIONS We identified 36 SPL genes, which were classified into seven subfamilies based on sequence analysis. FmSPL2 was selected for subsequent heterologous expression by analysis of expression patterns in various tissues and under abiotic stress and hormone induction, and significant phenotypic changes were observed in the transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. These results provide insight into the evolutionary origin and biological significance of plant SPL. The aim of this study was to lay the foundation for the genetic improvement of Fraxinus mandshurica and the subsequent functional analysis of FmSPL2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biying He
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shangzhu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Han Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jialin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Caihua Li
- Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050041, China
| | - Minghao Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xigang Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Fansuo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei X, Huang Y, Nguyen STT, Collings DA, McCurdy DW. Asymmetric wall ingrowth deposition in Arabidopsis phloem parenchyma transfer cells is tightly associated with sieve elements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5414-5427. [PMID: 35609084 PMCID: PMC9467654 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, polarized deposition of wall ingrowths in phloem parenchyma (PP) transfer cells (TCs) occurs adjacent to cells of the sieve element/companion cell (SE/CC) complex. However, the spatial relationships between these different cell types in minor veins, where phloem loading occurs, are poorly understood. PP TC development and wall ingrowth localization were compared with those of other phloem cells in leaves of Col-0 and the transgenic lines AtSUC2::AtSTP9-GFP (green fluorescent protein) and AtSWEET11::AtSWEET11-GFP that identify CCs and PP cells, respectively. The development of PP TCs in minor veins, indicated by deposition of wall ingrowths, proceeded basipetally in leaves. However, not all PP cells develop wall ingrowths, and higher levels of deposition occur in abaxial- compared with adaxial-positioned PP TCs. Furthermore, the deposition of wall ingrowths was exclusively initiated on and preferentially covered the PP TC/SE interface, rather than the PP TC/CC interface, and only occurred in PP cells that were adjacent to SEs. Collectively, these results demonstrate a tight association between SEs and wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs and suggest the existence of two subtypes of PP cells in leaf minor veins. Compared with PP cells, PP TCs showed more abundant accumulation of AtSWEET11-GFP, indicating functional differences in phloem loading between PP and PP TCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wei
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan NSW 2308, Australia
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China
| | - Suong T T Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang F, Yang J, Zhang N, Wu J, Si H. Roles of microRNAs in abiotic stress response and characteristics regulation of plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:919243. [PMID: 36092392 PMCID: PMC9459240 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.919243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding endogenous small RNAs (long 20-24 nucleotides) that negatively regulate eukaryotes gene expression at post-transcriptional level via cleavage or/and translational inhibition of targeting mRNA. Based on the diverse roles of miRNA in regulating eukaryotes gene expression, research on the identification of miRNA target genes has been carried out, and a growing body of research has demonstrated that miRNAs act on target genes and are involved in various biological functions of plants. It has an important influence on plant growth and development, morphogenesis, and stress response. Recent case studies indicate that miRNA-mediated regulation pattern may improve agronomic properties and confer abiotic stress resistance of plants, so as to ensure sustainable agricultural production. In this regard, we focus on the recent updates on miRNAs and their targets involved in responding to abiotic stress including low temperature, high temperature, drought, soil salinity, and heavy metals, as well as plant-growing development. In particular, this review highlights the diverse functions of miRNAs on achieving the desirable agronomic traits in important crops. Herein, the main research strategies of miRNAs involved in abiotic stress resistance and crop traits improvement were summarized. Furthermore, the miRNA-related challenges and future perspectives of plants have been discussed. miRNA-based research lays the foundation for exploring miRNA regulatory mechanism, which aims to provide insights into a potential form of crop improvement and stress resistance breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaijun Si
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Doody E, Zha Y, He J, Poethig RS. The genetic basis of natural variation in the timing of vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2022; 149:275256. [PMID: 35502761 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The juvenile-to-adult transition in plants is known as vegetative phase change and is marked by changes in the expression of leaf traits in response to a decrease in the level of miR156 and miR157. To determine whether this is the only mechanism of vegetative phase change, we measured the appearance of phase-specific leaf traits in 70 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that leaf shape was poorly correlated with abaxial trichome production (two adult traits), that variation in these traits was not necessarily correlated with the level of miR156, and that there was little to no correlation between the appearance of adult-specific vegetative traits and flowering time. We identified eight quantitative trait loci controlling phase-specific vegetative traits from a cross between the Columbia (Col-0) and Shakdara (Sha) accessions. Only one of these quantitative trait loci includes genes known to regulate vegetative phase change (MIR156A and TOE1), which were expressed at levels consistent with the precocious phenotype of Sha. Our results suggest that vegetative phase change is regulated both by the miR156/SPL module and by genes specific to different vegetative traits, and that natural variation in vegetative phase change can arise from either source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Doody
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuqi Zha
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jia He
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R Scott Poethig
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu M, Hu T, Poethig RS. Low light intensity delays vegetative phase change. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1177-1188. [PMID: 34618024 PMCID: PMC8566249 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants that develop under low light (LL) intensity often display a phenotype known as the "shade tolerance syndrome (STS)". This syndrome is similar to the phenotype of plants in the juvenile phase of shoot development, but the basis for this similarity is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the STS is regulated by the same mechanism that regulates the juvenile vegetative phase by examining the effect of LL on rosette development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that LL prolonged the juvenile vegetative phase and that this was associated with an increase in the expression of the master regulators of vegetative phase change, miR156 and miR157, and a decrease in the expression of their SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) targets. Exogenous sucrose partially corrected the effect of LL on seedling development and miR156 expression. Our results suggest that the response of Arabidopsis to LL is mediated by an increase in miR156/miR157 expression and by factors that repress SPL gene expression independently of miR156/miR157, and is caused in part by a decrease in carbohydrate production. The effect of LL on vegetative phase change does not require the photoreceptors and transcription factors responsible for the shade avoidance syndrome, implying that light intensity and light quality regulate rosette development through different pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
- Author for communication:
| | - Tieqiang Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA
| | - R Scott Poethig
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei XY, Collings DA, McCurdy DW. Review: More than sweet: New insights into the biology of phloem parenchyma transfer cells in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110990. [PMID: 34315604 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) develop extensive wall ingrowths to facilitate enhanced rates of membrane transport. In Arabidopsis, TCs trans-differentiate from phloem parenchyma (PP) cells abutting the sieve element/companion cell complex in minor veins of foliar tissues and, based on anatomy and expression of SWEET sucrose uniporters, are assumed to play pivotal roles in phloem loading. While wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs is a dynamic process responding to abiotic stresses such as high light and cold, the transcriptional control of PP TC development, including deposition of the wall ingrowths themselves, is not understood. PP TC development is a trait of vegetative phase change, potentially linking wall ingrowth deposition with floral induction. Transcript profiling by RNA-seq identified NAC056 and NAC018 (NARS1 and NARS2) as putative regulators of wall ingrowth deposition, while recent single cell RNA-seq analysis of leaf vasculature identified PP-specific expression of NAC056. Numerous membrane transporters, particularly of the UmamiT family of amino acid efflux carriers, were also identified. Collectively, these findings, and the recent discovery that wall ingrowth deposition is regulated by sucrose-dependent loading activity of these cells, provide new insights into the biology of PP TCs and their importance to phloem loading in Arabidopsis, establishing these cells as a key transport hub for phloem loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Wei
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xie X, Yue S, Shi B, Li H, Cui Y, Wang J, Yang P, Li S, Li X, Bian S. Comprehensive Analysis of the SBP Family in Blueberry and Their Regulatory Mechanism Controlling Chlorophyll Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:703994. [PMID: 34276754 PMCID: PMC8281205 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.703994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SQUAMOSA Promoter Binding Protein (SBP) family genes act as central players to regulate plant growth and development with functional redundancy and specificity. Addressing the diversity of the SBP family in crops is of great significance to precisely utilize them to improve agronomic traits. Blueberry is an important economic berry crop. However, the SBP family has not been described in blueberry. In the present study, twenty VcSBP genes were identified through data mining against blueberry transcriptome databases. These VcSBPs could be clustered into eight groups, and the gene structures and motif compositions are divergent among the groups and similar within each group. The VcSBPs were differentially expressed in various tissues. Intriguingly, 10 VcSBPs were highly expressed at green fruit stages and dramatically decreased at the onset of fruit ripening, implying that they are important regulators during early fruit development. Computational analysis showed that 10 VcSBPs were targeted by miR156, and four of them were further verified by degradome sequencing. Moreover, their functional diversity was studied in Arabidopsis. Noticeably, three VcSBPs significantly increased chlorophyll accumulation, and qRT-PCR analysis indicated that VcSBP13a in Arabidopsis enhanced the expression of chlorophyll biosynthetic genes such as AtDVR, AtPORA, AtPORB, AtPORC, and AtCAO. Finally, the targets of VcSBPs were computationally identified in blueberry, and the Y1H assay showed that VcSBP13a could physically bind to the promoter region of the chlorophyll-associated gene VcLHCB1. Our findings provided an overall framework for individually understanding the characteristics and functions of the SBP family in blueberry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaokang Yue
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baosheng Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongxue Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhai Cui
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jingying Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengjie Yang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuchun Li
- Department of Pain, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuyan Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaomin Bian
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu S, Wang JW. The Crosstalk between MicroRNAs and Gibberellin Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1880-1890. [PMID: 32845336 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is an integral phytohormone that plays prominent roles in controlling seed germination, stem elongation, leaf development and floral induction. It has been shown that GA regulates these diverse biological processes mainly through overcoming the suppressive effects of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear repressors of GA response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which have been identified as master regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes, are also involved in a wide range of plant developmental events through the repression of their target genes. The pathways of GA biosynthesis and signaling, as well as the pathways of miRNA biogenesis and regulation, have been profoundly delineated in the past several decades. Growing evidence has shown that miRNAs and GAs are coordinated in regulating plant development, as several components in GA pathways are targeted by miRNAs, and GAs also regulate the expression of miRNAs or their target genes vice versa. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular connections between miRNAs and GA, with an emphasis on the two miRNAs, miR156 and miR159.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yu
- Center for RNA research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 00826, South Korea
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rae AE, Wei X, Flores-Rodriguez N, McCurdy DW, Collings DA. Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana Transfer Cell Wall Ingrowths using Pseudo-Schiff Labelling Adapted for the Use of Different Dyes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1775-1787. [PMID: 32761075 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To understand plant growth and development, it is often necessary to investigate the organization of plant cells and plant cell walls. Plant cell walls are often fluorescently labeled for confocal imaging with the dye propidium iodide using a pseudo-Schiff reaction. This reaction binds free amine groups on dye molecules to aldehyde groups on cellulose that result from oxidation with periodic acid. We tested a range of fluorescent dyes carrying free amine groups for their ability to act as pseudo-Schiff reagents. Using the low-pH solution historically used for the Schiff reaction, these alternative dyes failed to label cell walls of Arabidopsis cotyledon vascular tissue as strongly as propidium iodide but replacing the acidic solution with water greatly improved fluorescence labeling. Under these conditions, rhodamine-123 provided improved staining of plant cell walls compared to propidium iodide. We also developed protocols for pseudo-Schiff labeling with ATTO 647N-amine, a dye compatible for super-resolution Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) imaging. ATTO 647N-amine was used for super-resolution imaging of cell wall ingrowths that occur in phloem parenchyma transfer cells of Arabidopsis, structures whose small size is only slightly larger than the resolution limit of conventional confocal microscopy. Application of surface-rendering software demonstrated the increase in plasma membrane surface area as a consequence of wall ingrowth deposition and suggests that STED-based approaches will be useful for more detailed morphological analysis of wall ingrowth formation. These improvements in pseudo-Schiff labeling for conventional confocal microscopy and STED imaging will be broadly applicable for high-resolution imaging of plant cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus E Rae
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaoyang Wei
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Neftali Flores-Rodriguez
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Offler CE, Patrick JW. Transfer cells: what regulates the development of their intricate wall labyrinths? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:427-444. [PMID: 32463520 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) support high nutrient rates into, or at symplasmic discontinuities within, the plant body. Their transport capacity is conferred by an amplified plasma membrane surface area, enriched in nutrient transporters, supported on an intricately invaginated wall labyrinth (WL). Thus, development of the WL is at the heart of TC function. Enquiry has shifted from describing WL architecture and formation to discovering mechanisms regulating WL assembly. Experimental systems used to examine these phenomena are critiqued. Considerable progress has been made in identifying master regulators that commit stem cells to a TC fate (e.g. the maize Myeloblastosis (MYB)-related R1-type transcription factor) and signals that induce differentiated cells to undergo trans-differentiation to a TC phenotype (e.g. sugar, auxin and ethylene). In addition, signals that provide positional information for assembly of the WL include apoplasmic hydrogen peroxide and cytosolic Ca2+ plumes. The former switches on, and specifies the intracellular site for WL construction, while the latter creates subdomains to direct assembly of WL invaginations. Less is known about macromolecule species and their spatial organization essential for WL assembly. Emerging evidence points to a dependency on methyl-esterified homogalacturonan accumulation, unique patterns of cellulose and callose deposition and spatial positioning of arabinogalactan proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun X, Wang M, Leng X, Zhang K, Liu G, Fang J. Characterization of the regulation mechanism of grapevine microRNA172 family members during flower development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:409. [PMID: 32883203 PMCID: PMC7650276 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), which has important nutritional values and health benefits, is one of the most economically important fruit crops cultivated worldwide. Several studies showed a large number of microRNAs (VvmiRNAs) involved in the modulation of grape growth and development, and many VvmiRNA families have multiple members. However, the way by which various members from the same miRNA family work is unclear, particularly in grapes. RESULTS In this study, an important conserved VvmiR172 family (VvmiR172s) and their targets were set as a good example for elucidating the interaction degree, mechanism, and spatio-temporal traits of diverse members from the same miRNA family. miR-RACE and Stem-loop RT-PCR were used to identify the spatio-temporal expressions of various members of VvmiR172s; together with RLM-RACE, PPM-RACE, Western blot, transgenic technologies, their interaction degree, and regulation mechanism were further validated. The expression of VvmiR172c was significantly higher than that of VvmiR172a, b, and d and showed a positive correlation with the abundance of VvAP2 cleavage products. These findings indicated that VvmiR172c might be one of the main action factors of the VvmiR172 family in flower development. The ability of VvmiR172c to cleave target genes differed due to divergence in complementary degree with VvAP2 and expression levels of various members. In VvmiR172 transgenic lines, we observed that 35S::VvmiR172c resulted in the earliest and abundant flowering, indicating the strong function of VvmiR172c. In contrast, the non-significant phenotypic changes were detected in the VvAP2 transgenic lines. The qRT-PCR and Western bolt results demonstrated that VvmiR172c plays a major role in targeting VvAP2. CONCLUSIONS VvmiR172 up-regulated the expression of NtFT and decreased the expression of NtFLC. The up/down regulation of VvmiR172c was the most pronounced. The functions of four VvmiR172 members in grape differed, and miR172c had the strongest regulation on AP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiangpeng Leng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kekun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gengsen Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei X, Nguyen STT, Collings DA, McCurdy DW. Sucrose regulates wall ingrowth deposition in phloem parenchyma transfer cells in Arabidopsis via affecting phloem loading activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4690-4702. [PMID: 32433727 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, phloem parenchyma transfer cells (PPTCs) occur in leaf minor veins and play a pivotal role in phloem loading. Wall ingrowth formation in PPTCs is induced by the phloem loading activity of these cells, which is regulated by sucrose (Suc). The effects of endogenous versus exogenous Suc on wall ingrowth deposition, however, differ. Elevating endogenous Suc levels by increased light enhanced wall ingrowth formation, whereas lowering endogenous Suc levels by dark treatment or genetically in ch-1 resulted in lower levels of deposition. In contrast, exogenously applied Suc, or Suc derived from other organs, repressed wall ingrowth deposition. Analysis of pAtSUC2::GFP plants, used as a marker for phloem loading status, suggested that wall ingrowth formation is correlated with phloem loading activity. Gene expression analysis revealed that exogenous Suc down-regulated expression of AtSWEET11 and 12, whereas endogenous Suc up-regulated AtSWEET11 expression. Analysis of a TREHALOSE 6-PHOSPHATE (T6P) SYNTHASE overexpression line and the hexokinase (HXK)-null mutant, gin2-1, suggested that Suc signalling of wall ingrowth formation is independent of T6P and HXK. Collectively, these results are consistent with the conclusion that Suc regulates wall ingrowth formation via affecting Suc exporting activity in PPTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wei
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Suong T T Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roles of transcription factor SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like gene family in papaya (Carica papaya) development and ripening. Genomics 2020; 112:2734-2747. [PMID: 32194147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) family plays vital regulatory roles in plant growth and development. The SPL family in climacteric fruit Carica papaya has not been reported. This study identified 14 papaya SPLs (CpSPL) from papaya genome and analyzed their sequence features, phylogeny, intron/exon structure, conserved motif, miR156-mediated posttranscriptional regulation, and expression patterns. 14 CpSPLs were clustered into 8 groups, and two distinct expression patterns were revealed for miR156-targeted and nontargeted CpSPLs in different tissues and fruit development stages. The expression changes of CpSPLs in ethephon and 1-MCP treated fruit during ripening suggested that the CpSPLs guided by CpmiR156 play crucial roles in ethylene signaling pathway. This study sheds light on the new function of SPL family in fruit development and ripening, providing insights on understanding evolutionary divergence of the members of SPL family among plant species.
Collapse
|
17
|
Silva PO, Batista DS, Cavalcanti JHF, Koehler AD, Vieira LM, Fernandes AM, Barrera-Rojas CH, Ribeiro DM, Nogueira FTS, Otoni WC. Leaf heteroblasty in Passiflora edulis as revealed by metabolic profiling and expression analyses of the microRNAs miR156 and miR172. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1191-1203. [PMID: 30861065 PMCID: PMC6612941 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Juvenile-to-adult phase transition is marked by changes in leaf morphology, mostly due to the temporal development of the shoot apical meristem, a phenomenon known as heteroblasty. Sugars and microRNA-controlled modules are components of the heteroblastic process in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. However, our understanding about their roles during phase-changing in other species, such as Passiflora edulis, remains limited. Unlike Arabidopsis, P. edulis (a semi-woody perennial climbing vine) undergoes remarkable changes in leaf morphology throughout juvenile-to-adult transition. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. METHODS Here we evaluated the molecular mechanisms underlying the heteroblastic process by analysing the temporal expression of microRNAs and targets in leaves as well as the leaf metabolome during P. edulis development. KEY RESULTS Metabolic profiling revealed a unique composition of metabolites associated with leaf heteroblasty. Increasing levels of glucose and α-trehalose were observed during juvenile-to-adult phase transition. Accumulation of microRNA156 (miR156) correlated with juvenile leaf traits, whilst miR172 transcript accumulation was associated with leaf adult traits. Importantly, glucose may mediate adult leaf characteristics during de novo shoot organogenesis by modulating miR156-targeted PeSPL9 expression levels at early stages of shoot development. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results suggest that specific sugars may act as co-regulators, along with two microRNAs, leading to leaf morphological modifications throughout juvenile-to-adult phase transition in P. edulis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila O Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego S Batista
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - João Henrique F Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andréa D Koehler
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena M Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda M Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Hernan Barrera-Rojas
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio T S Nogueira
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | - Wagner C Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang C, Turgeon R. Mechanisms of phloem loading. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:71-75. [PMID: 29448176 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The complex form of higher plants requires continuous, balanced transport of nutrients in the phloem. The initial step of transferring sugars, amino acids, and other materials from photosynthetic cells to the conducting sieve tubes is known as phloem loading. Three phloem loading mechanisms have been described. The first involves release of sucrose into the apoplast and subsequent retrieval by the phloem. The initial release step in this process is now known to be mediated by a new class of transporters, the SWEET proteins. In the other two loading mechanisms, polymer trapping and diffusion, sucrose passes into the phloem through cytoplasmic channels, the plasmodesmata. Recent models have shed additional light on these mechanisms and their ability to sustain the growth of even the tallest trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 49707, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Threshold-dependent repression of SPL gene expression by miR156/miR157 controls vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007337. [PMID: 29672610 PMCID: PMC5929574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetative phase change is regulated by a decrease in the abundance of the miRNAs, miR156 and miR157, and the resulting increase in the expression of their targets, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors. To determine how miR156/miR157 specify the quantitative and qualitative changes in leaf morphology that occur during vegetative phase change, we measured their abundance in successive leaves and characterized the phenotype of mutations in different MIR156 and MIR157 genes. miR156/miR157 decline rapidly between leaf 1&2 and leaf 3 and decrease more slowly after this point. The amount of miR156/miR157 in leaves 1&2 greatly exceeds the threshold required to specify their identity. Subsequent leaves have relatively low levels of miR156/miR157 and are sensitive to small changes in their abundance. In these later-formed leaves, the amount of miR156/miR157 is close to the threshold required to specify juvenile vs. adult identity; a relatively small decrease in the abundance of miR156/157 in these leaves produces a disproportionately large increase in SPL proteins and a significant change in leaf morphology. miR157 is more abundant than miR156 but has a smaller effect on shoot morphology and SPL gene expression than miR156. This may be attributable to the inefficiency with which miR157 is loaded onto AGO1, as well as to the presence of an extra nucleotide at the 5' end of miR157 that is mis-paired in the miR157:SPL13 duplex. miR156 represses different targets by different mechanisms: it regulates SPL9 by a combination of transcript cleavage and translational repression and regulates SPL13 primarily by translational repression. Our results offer a molecular explanation for the changes in leaf morphology that occur during shoot development in Arabidopsis and provide new insights into the mechanism by which miR156 and miR157 regulate gene expression. Leaves produced at different stages in the development of an Arabidopsis shoot vary predictably in shape and size. Previous studies have shown that this phenomenon is regulated by variation in the abundance of the miRNAs, miR156 and miR157, but how miR156/miR157 produce the changes in leaf morphology that occur during shoot development is not understood. To answer this question, we measured the abundance of miR156/miR157 and their SPL targets in successive leaf primordia, and characterized the effect of variation in the abundance of miR156/miR157 on leaf morphology and the abundance of SPL transcripts and SPL proteins. miR156/miR157 are present at very high levels in the first two rosette leaves, where they act as buffers to stabilize leaf identity. They are present at lower and steadily declining levels in subsequent leaves, where they act to modulate leaf morphogenesis. In these later-formed leaves, a small decrease in the abundance of miR156/miR157 produces a disproportionately large increase in SPL activity, primarily as a result of the increased translation of SPL transcripts. Our results provide a new view of vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis and the mechanism by which miR156 and miR157 regulate this process.
Collapse
|
20
|
Dhami N, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI. Leaf-age dependent response of carotenoid accumulation to elevated CO 2 in Arabidopsis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:67-75. [PMID: 29604257 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids contribute to photosynthesis, photoprotection, phytohormone and apocarotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Carotenoid-derived metabolites control plant growth, development and signalling processes and their accumulation can depend upon changes in the environment. Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) often enhances carbon assimilation, early growth patterns and overall plant biomass, and may increase carotenoid accumulation due to higher levels of precursors from isoprenoid biosynthesis. Variable effects of eCO2 on carotenoid accumulation in leaves have been observed for different plant species. Here, we determined whether the variable response of carotenoids to eCO2 was potentially a function of leaf age and the impact of eCO2 on leaf development by growing Arabidopsis in ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and eCO2 (800 ppm). eCO2 increased plant leaf number, rosette area, biomass, seed yield and net photosynthesis. In addition, eCO2 increased carotenoid content by 10-20% in younger emerging leaves, but not in older mature leaves. Older leaves contained approximately 60% less total carotenoids compared to younger leaves. The age-dependent effect on carotenoid content was observed for cotyledon, juvenile and adult phase leaves. We conclude that younger leaves utilize additional carbon from enhanced photosynthesis in eCO2 to increase carotenoid content, yet older leaves have less capacity to store additional carbon into carotenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namraj Dhami
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu Y, Hou J, Yu F, Nguyen STT, McCurdy DW. Transcript Profiling Identifies NAC-Domain Genes Involved in Regulating Wall Ingrowth Deposition in Phloem Parenchyma Transfer Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29599795 PMCID: PMC5862824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) play important roles in facilitating enhanced rates of nutrient transport at key apoplasmic/symplasmic junctions along the nutrient acquisition and transport pathways in plants. TCs achieve this capacity by developing elaborate wall ingrowth networks which serve to increase plasma membrane surface area thus increasing the cell's surface area-to-volume ratio to achieve increased flux of nutrients across the plasma membrane. Phloem parenchyma (PP) cells of Arabidopsis leaf veins trans-differentiate to become PP TCs which likely function in a two-step phloem loading mechanism by facilitating unloading of photoassimilates into the apoplasm for subsequent energy-dependent uptake into the sieve element/companion cell (SE/CC) complex. We are using PP TCs in Arabidopsis as a genetic model to identify transcription factors involved in coordinating deposition of the wall ingrowth network. Confocal imaging of pseudo-Schiff propidium iodide-stained tissue revealed different profiles of temporal development of wall ingrowth deposition across maturing cotyledons and juvenile leaves, and a basipetal gradient of deposition across mature adult leaves. RNA-Seq analysis was undertaken to identify differentially expressed genes common to these three different profiles of wall ingrowth deposition. This analysis identified 68 transcription factors up-regulated two-fold or more in at least two of the three experimental comparisons, with six of these transcription factors belonging to Clade III of the NAC-domain family. Phenotypic analysis of these NAC genes using insertional mutants revealed significant reductions in levels of wall ingrowth deposition, particularly in a double mutant of NAC056 and NAC018, as well as compromised sucrose-dependent root growth, indicating impaired capacity for phloem loading. Collectively, these results support the proposition that Clade III members of the NAC-domain family in Arabidopsis play important roles in regulating wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wu
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiexi Hou
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Fen Yu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Suong T. T. Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - David W. McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nguyen STT, McCurdy DW. Wall ingrowth deposition in phloem parenchyma transfer cells in Arabidopsis: Heteroblastic variations and a potential role in pathogen defence. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1338226. [PMID: 28594274 PMCID: PMC5566348 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1338226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cell (TCs) develop unique wall ingrowth networks which amplify plasma membrane surface area and thus maximize nutrient transporter density at key anatomic sites for nutrient exchange within plants and their external environment. These sites fall into 4 main groups corresponding to 4 categories of trans-membrane flux: absorption/secretion of solutes from or to the external environment, and absorption/secretion of solutes from or to internal, extra-cytoplasmic compartments. Research on TC biology over recent decades has demonstrated correlations between wall ingrowth deposition in TCs and enhanced transport capacity in many major agricultural species such as pea, fava bean, cotton and maize. Consequently, there is general consensus that the existence of wall ingrowth morphology implies an augmentation in membrane transport capacity. However, this may not be entirely applicable for phloem parenchyma (PP) TCs in Arabidopsis. Our recent survey of PP TC abundance and distribution in Arabidopsis veins indicated that PP TC development reflects heteroblastic status. A consequence of this observation is the suggestion that PP TCs, or at least wall ingrowth deposition in these cells, potentially act as a physical barrier to defend access of invading pathogens to sugar-rich sieve elements rather than solely in facilitating the export of photoassimilate from collection phloem in leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suong T. T. Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Nong Lam University, HCMC, Vietnam
| | - David W. McCurdy
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- CONTACT David W. McCurdy School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Dr. Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|