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Chen G, Qin Y, Wang J, Li S, Zeng F, Deng F, Chater C, Xu S, Chen ZH. Stomatal evolution and plant adaptation to future climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3299-3315. [PMID: 38757448 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change is affecting plant photosynthesis and transpiration processes, as well as increasing weather extremes impacting socio-political and environmental events and decisions for decades to come. One major research challenge in plant biology and ecology is the interaction of photosynthesis with the environment. Stomata control plant gas exchange and their evolution was a crucial innovation that facilitated the earliest land plants to colonize terrestrial environments. Stomata couple homoiohydry, together with cuticles, intercellular gas space, with the endohydric water-conducting system, enabling plants to adapt and diversify across the planet. Plants control stomatal movement in response to environmental change through regulating guard cell turgor mediated by membrane transporters and signaling transduction. However, the origin, evolution, and active control of stomata remain controversial topics. We first review stomatal evolution and diversity, providing fossil and phylogenetic evidence of their origins. We summarize functional evolution of guard cell membrane transporters in the context of climate changes and environmental stresses. Our analyses show that the core signaling elements of stomatal movement are more ancient than stomata, while genes involved in stomatal development co-evolved de novo with the earliest stomata. These results suggest that novel stomatal development-specific genes were acquired during plant evolution, whereas genes regulating stomatal movement, especially cell signaling pathways, were inherited ancestrally and co-opted by dynamic functional differentiation. These two processes reflect the different adaptation strategies during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Caspar Chater
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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Hagen ER, Vasconcelos T, Boyko JD, Beaulieu JM. Investigating historical drivers of latitudinal gradients in polyploid plant biogeography: A multiclade perspective. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16356. [PMID: 38867412 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE The proportion of polyploid plants in a community increases with latitude, and different hypotheses have been proposed about which factors drive this pattern. Here, we aimed to understand the historical causes of the latitudinal polyploidy gradient using a combination of ancestral state reconstruction methods. Specifically, we assessed whether (1) polyploidization enables movement to higher latitudes (i.e., polyploidization precedes occurrences in higher latitudes) or (2) higher latitudes facilitate polyploidization (i.e., occurrence in higher latitudes precedes polyploidization). METHODS We reconstructed the ploidy states and ancestral niches of 1032 angiosperm species at four paleoclimatic time slices ranging from 3.3 million years ago to the present, comprising taxa from four well-represented clades: Onagraceae, Primulaceae, Solanum (Solanaceae), and Pooideae (Poaceae). We used ancestral niche reconstruction models alongside a customized discrete character evolution model to allow reconstruction of states at specific time slices. Patterns of latitudinal movement were reconstructed and compared in relation to inferred ploidy shifts. RESULTS No single hypothesis applied equally well across all analyzed clades. While significant differences in median latitudinal occurrence were detected in the largest clade, Poaceae, no significant differences were detected in latitudinal movement in any clade. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary study is the first to attempt to connect ploidy changes to continuous latitudinal movement, but we cannot favor one hypothesis over another. Given that patterns seem to be clade-specific, more clades must be analyzed in future studies for generalities to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Hagen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, AR, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2, ON, Canada
| | - Thais Vasconcelos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, AR, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - James D Boyko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, AR, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beaulieu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, AR, USA
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McElwain JC, Matthaeus WJ, Barbosa C, Chondrogiannis C, O' Dea K, Jackson B, Knetge AB, Kwasniewska K, Nair R, White JD, Wilson JP, Montañez IP, Buckley YM, Belcher CM, Nogué S. Functional traits of fossil plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:392-423. [PMID: 38409806 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
A minuscule fraction of the Earth's paleobiological diversity is preserved in the geological record as fossils. What plant remnants have withstood taphonomic filtering, fragmentation, and alteration in their journey to become part of the fossil record provide unique information on how plants functioned in paleo-ecosystems through their traits. Plant traits are measurable morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical, or phenological characteristics that potentially affect their environment and fitness. Here, we review the rich literature of paleobotany, through the lens of contemporary trait-based ecology, to evaluate which well-established extant plant traits hold the greatest promise for application to fossils. In particular, we focus on fossil plant functional traits, those measurable properties of leaf, stem, reproductive, or whole plant fossils that offer insights into the functioning of the plant when alive. The limitations of a trait-based approach in paleobotany are considerable. However, in our critical assessment of over 30 extant traits we present an initial, semi-quantitative ranking of 26 paleo-functional traits based on taphonomic and methodological criteria on the potential of those traits to impact Earth system processes, and for that impact to be quantifiable. We demonstrate how valuable inferences on paleo-ecosystem processes (pollination biology, herbivory), past nutrient cycles, paleobiogeography, paleo-demography (life history), and Earth system history can be derived through the application of paleo-functional traits to fossil plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C McElwain
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - William J Matthaeus
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Catarina Barbosa
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | | | - Katie O' Dea
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Bea Jackson
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Antonietta B Knetge
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Kamila Kwasniewska
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Richard Nair
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Joseph D White
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, 76798-7388, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan P Wilson
- Department of Environmental Studies, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, 19041, PA, USA
| | - Isabel P Montañez
- UC Davis Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | | | - Sandra Nogué
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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Nir I, Budrys A, Smoot NK, Erberich J, Bergmann DC. Targeting editing of tomato SPEECHLESS cis-regulatory regions generates plants with altered stomatal density in response to changing climate conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.564550. [PMID: 37961313 PMCID: PMC10635072 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.564550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible developmental programs enable plants to customize their organ size and cellular composition. In leaves of eudicots, the stomatal lineage produces two essential cell types, stomata and pavement cells, but the total numbers and ratio of these cell types can vary. Central to this flexibility is the stomatal lineage initiating transcription factor, SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here we show, by multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 editing of SlSPCH cis-regulatory sequences in tomato, that we can identify variants with altered stomatal development responses to light and temperature cues. Analysis of tomato leaf development across different conditions, aided by newly-created tools for live-cell imaging and translational reporters of SlSPCH and its paralogues SlMUTE and SlFAMA, revealed the series of cellular events that lead to the environmental change-driven responses in leaf form. Plants bearing the novel SlSPCH variants generated in this study are powerful resources for fundamental and applied studies of tomato resilience in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Nir
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, HaMaccabbim Road 68, POB 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Alanta Budrys
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Department of Biology, New York University, 24 Waverly Pl, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - N. Katherine Smoot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel Erberich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Boyce CK, Ibarra DE, D'Antonio MP. What we talk about when we talk about the long-term carbon cycle. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1550-1557. [PMID: 36484141 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial biota is a crucial part of the long-term carbon cycle via the deposition of biomass as coal and other sedimentary organic matter and the impact of plants, fungi, and microbial life on the weathering of silicate minerals. Understanding these processes and their changes through time requires both geochemical modeling of the system as well as expertise in the living and fossil biotas and their ecological interactions, but details of these components are often lost in translation between disciplines. Here, we highlight misconceptions of the long-term carbon cycle that most frequently infiltrate the literature and hamper progress: mass balance requirements, the nature and duration of perturbations, opposing timescale constraints on biological and geological processes, and the role of models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel E Ibarra
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society and the Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Michael P D'Antonio
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Guzicka M, Marek S, Gawlak M, Tomaszewski D. Micromorphology of Pine Needle Primordia and Young Needles after Bud Dormancy Breaking. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:913. [PMID: 36840261 PMCID: PMC9963322 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using a scanning electron microscope, the micromorphologies of needle primordia and the young needles of seven pine species (Pinus cembra, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. rigida, P. sylvestris, P. strobus, and P. uncinata) were analyzed at phenological stages B2 and B3 (according to Debazac). In B2, needle tips were rounded or pointed, depending on the species. In P. cembra and P. strobus, teeth were noted on the tips. Teeth were also visible on the margins in P. mugo, P. cembra, and P. strobus. Stomata became visible in the late B2 phase (P. sylvestris, P. mugo, and P. nigra) near the needle tips and were arranged in rows. In the B3 phase, needle tips were pointed. Only in P. strobus was the needle tip slightly rounded. The teeth on the margin in all the species were pointed. In P. strobus, their size and density along the margin decreased basipetally. In B3 for all the species, numerous stomata were visible. In P. sylvestris, P. cembra, and P. strobus, Florin rings were also observed. These observations could be useful in pine systematics but also in palaeobotanical or physiological studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the micromorphology of very young needles in representatives of the genus Pinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzenna Guzicka
- Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, PL-62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Sławomir Marek
- Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, PL-62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gawlak
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, PL-60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominik Tomaszewski
- Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, PL-62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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Chen Y, Zhu W, Yan T, Chen D, Jiang L, Chen ZH, Wu D. Stomatal morphological variation contributes to global ecological adaptation and diversification of Brassica napus. PLANTA 2022; 256:64. [PMID: 36029339 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density and guard cell length of 274 global core germplasms of rapeseed reveal that the stomatal morphological variation contributes to global ecological adaptation and diversification of Brassica napus. Stomata are microscopic structures of plants for the regulation of CO2 assimilation and transpiration. Stomatal morphology has changed substantially in the adaptation to the external environment during land plant evolution. Brassica napus is a major crop to produce oil, livestock feed and biofuel in the world. However, there are few studies on the regulatory genes controlling stomatal development and their interaction with environmental factors as well as the genetic mechanism of adaptive variation in B. napus. Here, we characterized stomatal density (SD) and guard cell length (GL) of 274 global core germplasms at seedling stage. It was found that among the significant phenotypic variation, European germplasms are mostly winter rapeseed with high stomatal density and small guard cell length. However, the germplasms from Asia (especially China) are semi-winter rapeseed, which is characterized by low stomatal density and large guard cell length. Through selective sweep analysis and homology comparison, we identified several candidate genes related to stomatal density and guard cell length, including Epidermal Patterning Factor2 (EPF2; BnaA09g23140D), Epidermal Patterning Factor Like4 (EPFL4; BnaC01g22890D) and Suppressor of LLP1 (SOL1 BnaC01g22810D). Haplotype and phylogenetic analysis showed that natural variation in EPF2, EPFL4 and SOL1 is closely associated with the winter, spring, and semi-winter rapeseed ecotypes. In summary, this study demonstrated for the first time the relation between stomatal phenotypic variation and ecological adaptation in rapeseed, which is useful for future molecular breeding of rapeseed in the context of evolution and domestication of key stomatal traits and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeke Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weizhuo Zhu
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Yan
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Danyi Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Abstract
AbstractEvolvability is best addressed from a multi-level, macroevolutionary perspective through a comparative approach that tests for among-clade differences in phenotypic diversification in response to an opportunity, such as encountered after a mass extinction, entering a new adaptive zone, or entering a new geographic area. Analyzing the dynamics of clades under similar environmental conditions can (partially) factor out shared external drivers to recognize intrinsic differences in evolvability, aiming for a macroevolutionary analog of a common-garden experiment. Analyses will be most powerful when integrating neontological and paleontological data: determining differences among extant populations that can be hypothesized to generate large-scale, long-term contrasts in evolvability among clades; or observing large-scale differences among clade histories that can by hypothesized to reflect contrasts in genetics and development observed directly in extant populations. However, many comparative analyses can be informative on their own, as explored in this overview. Differences in clade-level evolvability can be visualized in diversity-disparity plots, which can quantify positive and negative departures of phenotypic productivity from stochastic expectations scaled to taxonomic diversification. Factors that evidently can promote evolvability include modularity—when selection aligns with modular structure or with morphological integration patterns; pronounced ontogenetic changes in morphology, as in allometry or multiphase life cycles; genome size; and a variety of evolutionary novelties, which can also be evaluated using macroevolutionary lags between the acquisition of a trait and phenotypic diversification, and dead-clade-walking patterns that may signal a loss of evolvability when extrinsic factors can be excluded. High speciation rates may indirectly foster phenotypic evolvability, and vice versa. Mechanisms are controversial, but clade evolvability may be higher in the Cambrian, and possibly early in the history of clades at other times; in the tropics; and, for marine organisms, in shallow-water disturbed habitats.
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Clark JW, Harris BJ, Hetherington AJ, Hurtado-Castano N, Brench RA, Casson S, Williams TA, Gray JE, Hetherington AM. The origin and evolution of stomata. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R539-R553. [PMID: 35671732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of stomata is one of the key innovations that led to the colonisation of the terrestrial environment by the earliest land plants. However, our understanding of the origin, evolution and the ancestral function of stomata is incomplete. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that, firstly, stomata are ancient structures, present in the common ancestor of land plants, prior to the divergence of bryophytes and tracheophytes and, secondly, there has been reductive stomatal evolution, especially in the bryophytes (with complete loss in the liverworts). From a review of the evidence, we conclude that the capacity of stomata to open and close in response to signals such as ABA, CO2 and light (hydroactive movement) is an ancestral state, is present in all lineages and likely predates the divergence of the bryophytes and tracheophytes. We reject the hypothesis that hydroactive movement was acquired with the emergence of the gymnosperms. We also conclude that the role of stomata in the earliest land plants was to optimise carbon gain per unit water loss. There remain many other unanswered questions concerning the evolution and especially the origin of stomata. To address these questions, it will be necessary to: find more fossils representing the earliest land plants, revisit the existing early land plant fossil record in the light of novel phylogenomic hypotheses and carry out more functional studies that include both tracheophytes and bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Brogan J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Alexander J Hetherington
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Natalia Hurtado-Castano
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert A Brench
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart Casson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Marek S, Tomaszewski D, Żytkowiak R, Jasińska A, Zadworny M, Boratyńska K, Dering M, Danusevičius D, Oleksyn J, Wyka TP. Stomatal density in Pinus sylvestris as an indicator of temperature rather than CO 2 : Evidence from a pan-European transect. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:121-132. [PMID: 34748220 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The commonly observed negative relationship between stomatal density (SD) and atmospheric CO2 has led to SD being proposed as an indicator of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The use of SD as a proxy for CO2 , however, has been hampered by an insufficient understanding of the intraspecific variation of this trait. We hypothesized that SD in Pinus sylvestris, a widely distributed conifer, varies geographically and that this variation is determined by major climatic variables. By sampling needles from naturally growing trees along a latitudinal range of 32.25°, equivalent to 13.7°C gradient of mean annual temperature (MAT) across Europe, we found that SD decreased from the warmest southern sites to the coldest sites in the north at a rate of 4 stomata per mm2 for each 1°C, with MAT explaining 44% of the variation. Additionally, samples from a provenance trial exhibited a positive relationship between SD and the MAT of the original localities, suggesting that high SD is an adaptation to warm temperature. Our study revealed one of the strongest intraspecific relationships between SD and climate in any woody species, supporting the utility of SD as a temperature, rather than direct CO2 , proxy. In addition, our results predict the response of SD to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Marek
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | | | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Anna Jasińska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | | | | | - Darius Danusevičius
- Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Akademija, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Wyka
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Milligan JN, Flynn AG, Wagner JD, Kouwenberg LL, Barclay RS, Byars BW, Dunn RE, White JD, Zechmann B, Peppe DJ. Quantifying the effect of shade on cuticle morphology and carbon isotopes of sycamores: present and past. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2435-2451. [PMID: 34636420 PMCID: PMC9306692 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Reconstructing the light environment and architecture of the plant canopy from the fossil record requires the use of proxies, such as those derived from cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes. All approaches assume that plant taxa will respond predictably to changes in light environments. However, most species-level studies looking at cell wall undulation only consider "sun" or "shade" leaves; therefore, we need a fully quantitative taxon-specific method. METHODS We quantified the response of cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes of Platanus occidentalis using two experimental setups: (1) two growth chambers at low and high light and (2) a series of outdoor growth experiments using green and black shade cloth at different densities. We then developed and applied a proxy for daily light integral (DLI) to fossil Platanites leaves from two early Paleocene floras from the San Juan Basin in New Mexico. RESULTS All traits responded to light environment. Cell wall undulation was the most useful trait for reconstructing DLI in the geological record. Median reconstructed DLI from early Paleocene leaves was ~44 mol m-2 d-1 , with values from 28 to 54 mol m-2 d-1 . CONCLUSIONS Cell wall undulation of P. occidentalis is a robust, quantifiable measurement of light environment that can be used to reconstruct the paleo-light environment from fossil leaves. The distribution of high DLI values from fossil leaves may provide information on canopy architecture; indicating that either (1) most of the canopy mass is within the upper portion of the crown or (2) leaves exposed to more sunlight are preferentially preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N. Milligan
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Andrew G. Flynn
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Jennifer D. Wagner
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California Berkeley, and UC Museum of PaleontologyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Richard S. Barclay
- Department of PaleobiologyNational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Avenue NWWashingtonD.C.USA
| | | | - Regan E. Dunn
- Natural History Museums of Los Angeles County, La Brea Tar PitsLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and ImagingBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Daniel J. Peppe
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
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12
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Hang H, Bauer M, Mio W, Mander L. Geometric and topological approaches to shape variation in Ginkgo leaves. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210978. [PMID: 34849242 PMCID: PMC8611351 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf shape is a key plant trait that varies enormously. The range of applications for data on this trait requires frequent methodological development so that researchers have an up-to-date toolkit with which to quantify leaf shape. We generated a dataset of 468 leaves produced by Ginkgo biloba, and 24 fossil leaves produced by evolutionary relatives of extant Ginkgo. We quantified the shape of each leaf by developing a geometric method based on elastic curves and a topological method based on persistent homology. Our geometric method indicates that shape variation in modern leaves is dominated by leaf size, furrow depth and the angle of the two lobes at the leaf base that is also related to leaf width. Our topological method indicates that shape variation in modern leaves is dominated by leaf size and furrow depth. We have applied both methods to modern and fossil material: the methods are complementary, identifying similar primary patterns of variation, but also revealing different aspects of morphological variation. Our topological approach distinguishes long-shoot leaves from short-shoot leaves, both methods indicate that leaf shape influences or is at least related to leaf area, and both could be applied in palaeoclimatic and evolutionary studies of leaf shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Hang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Washington Mio
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Luke Mander
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
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13
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Abstract
Philip Donoghue introduces the fossil record of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
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14
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Kubásek J, Hájek T, Duckett J, Pressel S, Šantrůček J. Moss stomata do not respond to light and CO 2 concentration but facilitate carbon uptake by sporophytes: a gas exchange, stomatal aperture, and 13 C-labelling study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1815-1828. [PMID: 33458818 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomata exert control on fluxes of CO2 and water (H2 O) in the majority of vascular plants and thus are pivotal for planetary fluxes of carbon and H2 O. However, in mosses, the significance and possible function of the sporophytic stomata are not well understood, hindering understanding of the ancestral function and evolution of these key structures of land plants. Infrared gas analysis and 13 CO2 labelling, with supporting data from gravimetry and optical and scanning electron microscopy, were used to measure CO2 assimilation and water exchange on young, green, ± fully expanded capsules of 11 moss species with a range of stomatal numbers, distributions, and aperture sizes. Moss sporophytes are effectively homoiohydric. In line with their open fixed apertures, moss stomata, contrary to those in tracheophytes, do not respond to light and CO2 concentration. Whereas the sporophyte cuticle is highly impermeable to gases, stomata are the predominant sites of 13 CO2 entry and H2 O loss in moss sporophytes, and CO2 assimilation is closely linked to total stomatal surface areas. Higher photosynthetic autonomy of moss sporophytes, consequent on the presence of numerous stomata, may have been the key to our understanding of evolution of large, gametophyte-independent sporophytes at the onset of plant terrestrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
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15
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Han SK, Kwak JM, Qi X. Stomatal Lineage Control by Developmental Program and Environmental Cues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751852. [PMID: 34707632 PMCID: PMC8542704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are micropores that allow plants to breathe and play a critical role in photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by regulating gas exchange and transpiration. Stomatal development, therefore, is optimized for survival and growth of the plant despite variable environmental conditions. Signaling cascades and transcriptional networks that determine the birth, proliferation, and differentiation of a stomate have been identified. These networks ensure proper stomatal patterning, density, and polarity. Environmental cues also influence stomatal development. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the developmental program governing cell fate and dynamics of stomatal lineage cells at the cell state- or single-cell level. We also overview the control of stomatal development by environmental cues as well as developmental plasticity associated with stomatal function and physiology. Recent advances in our understanding of stomatal development will provide a route to improving photosynthesis and water-stress resilience of crop plants in the climate change we currently face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Soon-Ki Han,
| | - June M. Kwak
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
- Xingyun Qi,
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16
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Pitaloka MK, Harrison EL, Hepworth C, Wanchana S, Toojinda T, Phetluan W, Brench RA, Narawatthana S, Vanavichit A, Gray JE, Caine RS, Arikit S. Rice Stomatal Mega-Papillae Restrict Water Loss and Pathogen Entry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677839. [PMID: 34149777 PMCID: PMC8213340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a water-intensive crop, and like other plants uses stomata to balance CO2 uptake with water-loss. To identify agronomic traits related to rice stomatal complexes, an anatomical screen of 64 Thai and 100 global rice cultivars was undertaken. Epidermal outgrowths called papillae were identified on the stomatal subsidiary cells of all cultivars. These were also detected on eight other species of the Oryza genus but not on the stomata of any other plant species we surveyed. Our rice screen identified two cultivars that had "mega-papillae" that were so large or abundant that their stomatal pores were partially occluded; Kalubala Vee had extra-large papillae, and Dharia had approximately twice the normal number of papillae. These were most accentuated on the flag leaves, but mega-papillae were also detectable on earlier forming leaves. Energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometry revealed that silicon is the major component of stomatal papillae. We studied the potential function(s) of mega-papillae by assessing gas exchange and pathogen infection rates. Under saturating light conditions, mega-papillae bearing cultivars had reduced stomatal conductance and their stomata were slower to close and re-open, but photosynthetic assimilation was not significantly affected. Assessment of an F3 hybrid population treated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola indicated that subsidiary cell mega-papillae may aid in preventing bacterial leaf streak infection. Our results highlight stomatal mega-papillae as a novel rice trait that influences gas exchange, stomatal dynamics, and defense against stomatal pathogens which we propose could benefit the performance of future rice crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutiara K. Pitaloka
- Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Emily L. Harrison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hepworth
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
| | - Watchara Phetluan
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Robert A. Brench
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Supatthra Narawatthana
- Thailand Rice Science Institute, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Suphanburi, Thailand
| | - Apichart Vanavichit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Julie E. Gray,
| | - Robert S. Caine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Robert S. Caine,
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Siwaret Arikit,
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17
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Jordan GJ, Carpenter RJ, Holland BR, Beeton NJ, Woodhams MD, Brodribb TJ. Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192876. [PMID: 31992170 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The size of plant stomata (adjustable pores that determine the uptake of CO2 and loss of water from leaves) is considered to be evolutionarily important. This study uses fossils from the major Southern Hemisphere family Proteaceae to test whether stomatal cell size responded to Cenozoic climate change. We measured the length and abundance of guard cells (the cells forming stomata), the area of epidermal pavement cells, stomatal index and maximum stomatal conductance from a comprehensive sample of fossil cuticles of Proteaceae, and extracted published estimates of past temperature and atmospheric CO2. We developed a novel test based on stochastic modelling of trait evolution to test correlations among traits. Guard cell length increased, and stomatal density decreased significantly with decreasing palaeotemperature. However, contrary to expectations, stomata tended to be smaller and more densely packed at higher atmospheric CO2. Thus, associations between stomatal traits and palaeoclimate over the last 70 million years in Proteaceae suggest that stomatal size is significantly affected by environmental factors other than atmospheric CO2. Guard cell length, pavement cell area, stomatal density and stomatal index covaried in ways consistent with coordinated development of leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Jordan
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Raymond J Carpenter
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Barbara R Holland
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Discipline of Mathematics, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 37, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Beeton
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Discipline of Mathematics, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 37, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,CSIRO, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Michael D Woodhams
- Discipline of Mathematics, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 37, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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18
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Batke SP, Yiotis C, Elliott-Kingston C, Holohan A, McElwain J. Plant responses to decadal scale increments in atmospheric CO 2 concentration: comparing two stomatal conductance sampling methods. PLANTA 2020; 251:52. [PMID: 31950281 PMCID: PMC6965045 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that the species respond non-linearly to increases in CO2 concentration when exposed to decadal changes in CO2, representing the year 1987, 2025, 2051, and 2070, respectively. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that the vast majority of C3 plants respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 by decreasing their stomatal conductance (gs). However, in the majority of CO2 enrichment studies, the response to elevated CO2 are tested between plants grown under ambient (380-420 ppm) and high (538-680 ppm) CO2 concentrations and measured usually at single time points in a diurnal cycle. We investigated gs responses to simulated decadal increments in CO2 predicted over the next 4 decades and tested how measurements of gs may differ when two alternative sampling methods are employed (infrared gas analyzer [IRGA] vs. leaf porometer). We exposed Populus tremula, Popolus tremuloides and Sambucus racemosa to four different CO2 concentrations over 126 days in experimental growth chambers at 350, 420, 490 and 560 ppm CO2; representing the years 1987, 2025, 2051, and 2070, respectively (RCP4.5 scenario). Our study demonstrated that the species respond non-linearly to increases in CO2 concentration when exposed to decadal changes in CO2. Under natural conditions, maximum operational gs is often reached in the late morning to early afternoon, with a mid-day depression around noon. However, we showed that the daily maximum gs can, in some species, shift later into the day when plants are exposed to only small increases (70 ppm) in CO2. A non-linear decreases in gs and a shifting diurnal stomatal behavior under elevated CO2, could affect the long-term daily water and carbon budget of many plants in the future, and therefore alter soil-plant-atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Peter Batke
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, St. Helen's Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Charilaos Yiotis
- Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Elliott-Kingston
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan Holohan
- School Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McElwain
- Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Ruebsam W, Reolid M, Schwark L. δ 13C of terrestrial vegetation records Toarcian CO 2 and climate gradients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:117. [PMID: 31924807 PMCID: PMC6954244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout Earth's history, variations in atmospheric CO2 concentration modulated climate. Understanding changes in atmospheric carbon cycle is therefore pivotal in predicting consequences of recent global warming. Here, we report stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of molecular land plant fossils complemented by bulk organic and inorganic carbon fractions for early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) sediments that coincided with global warming and a carbon cycle perturbation. The carbon cycle perturbation is expressed by a negative excursion in the δ13C records established for the different substrates. Based on differences in the magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion recorded in land plants and marine substrates we infer that the early Toarcian warming was paralleled by an increase in atmospheric CO2 levels from ~500 ppmv to ~1000 ppmv. Our data suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 levels resulted from the injection of 12C-enriched methane and its subsequent oxidation to CO2. Based on the cyclic nature of the CIE we concluded that methane was released from climate sensitive reservoirs, in particular permafrost areas. Moderate volcanic CO2 emissions led to a destabilization of the labile permafrost carbon pool triggering the onset of Toarcian climate change only. The main carbon cycle perturbation then subsequently was driven by a self-sustained demise of a carbon-rich cryosphere progressing from mid to high latitudes as reflected by latitudinal climate gradients recorded in land plant carbon isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Ruebsam
- Department of Organic and Isotope Geochemistry, Institute of Geoscience, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Matías Reolid
- Departamento de Geología and CEACT, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Lorenz Schwark
- Department of Organic and Isotope Geochemistry, Institute of Geoscience, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- WA-OIGC, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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20
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Reichgelt T, D'Andrea WJ. Plant carbon assimilation rates in atmospheric CO 2 reconstructions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1844-1855. [PMID: 31081929 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fossil plant gas-exchange-based CO2 reconstructions use carbon (C) assimilation rates of extant plant species as substitutes for assimilation rates of fossil plants. However, assumptions in model species adoption can lead to systematic error propagation. We used a dataset of c. 2500 extant species to investigate the role of phylogenetic relatedness and ecology in determining C assimilation, an essential variable in gas-exchange-based CO2 models. We evaluated the effect on random and systematic error propagation in atmospheric CO2 caused by adopting different model species. Phylogenetic relatedness, growth form, and solar exposure are important predictors of C assimilation rate. CO2 reconstructions that apply C assimilation rates from modern species based solely on phylogenetic relatedness to fossil species can result in CO2 estimates that are systematically biased by a factor of > 2. C assimilation rates used in CO2 reconstructions should be determined by averaging assimilation rates of modern plant species that are (1) in the same family and (2) have a similar habit and habitat as the fossil plant. In addition, systematic bias potential and random error propagation are greatly reduced when CO2 is reconstructed from multiple fossil plant species with different modern relatives at the same site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammo Reichgelt
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - William J D'Andrea
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
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21
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Muir CD. Is Amphistomy an Adaptation to High Light? Optimality Models of Stomatal Traits along Light Gradients. Integr Comp Biol 2019. [PMID: 31141118 DOI: 10.1101/601377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata regulate the supply of CO2 for photosynthesis and the rate of water loss out of the leaf. The presence of stomata on both leaf surfaces, termed amphistomy, increases photosynthetic rate, is common in plants from high light habitats, and rare otherwise. In this study I use optimality models based on leaf energy budget and photosynthetic models to ask why amphistomy is common in high light habitats. I developed an R package leafoptimizer to solve for stomatal traits that optimally balance carbon gain with water loss in a given environment. The model predicts that amphistomy is common in high light because its marginal effect on carbon gain is greater than in the shade, but only if the costs of amphistomy are also lower under high light than in the shade. More generally, covariation between costs and benefits may explain why stomatal and other traits form discrete phenotypic clusters.
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22
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Fetter KC, Eberhardt S, Barclay RS, Wing S, Keller SR. StomataCounter: a neural network for automatic stomata identification and counting. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1671-1681. [PMID: 31059134 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata regulate important physiological processes in plants and are often phenotyped by researchers in diverse fields of plant biology. Currently, there are no user-friendly, fully automated methods to perform the task of identifying and counting stomata, and stomata density is generally estimated by manually counting stomata. We introduce StomataCounter, an automated stomata counting system using a deep convolutional neural network to identify stomata in a variety of different microscopic images. We use a human-in-the-loop approach to train and refine a neural network on a taxonomically diverse collection of microscopic images. Our network achieves 98.1% identification accuracy on Ginkgo scanning electron microscropy micrographs, and 94.2% transfer accuracy when tested on untrained species. To facilitate adoption of the method, we provide the method in a publicly available website at http://www.stomata.science/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl C Fetter
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | | | - Rich S Barclay
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Scott Wing
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Stephen R Keller
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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23
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Hu JJ, Xing YW, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK. Stomatal frequency of Quercus glauca from three material sources shows the same inverse response to atmospheric pCO2. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1147-1158. [PMID: 30861064 PMCID: PMC6612940 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inverse correlation between atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and stomatal frequency in many plants has been widely used to estimate palaeo-CO2 levels. However, apparent discrepancies exist among the obtained estimates. This study attempts to find a potential proxy for palaeo-CO2 concentrations by analysing the stomatal frequency of Quercus glauca (section Cyclobalanopsis, Fagaceae), a dominant species in East Asian sub-tropical forests with abundant fossil relatives. METHODS Stomatal frequencies of Q. glauca from three material sources were analysed: seedlings grown in four climatic chambers with elevated CO2 ranging from 400 to 1300 ppm; extant samples collected from 14 field sites at altitudes ranging from 142 to 1555 m; and 18 herbarium specimens collected between 1930 and 2011. Stomatal frequency-pCO2 correlations were determined using samples from these three sources. KEY RESULTS An inverse correlation between stomatal frequency and pCO2 was found for Q. glauca through cross-validation of the three material sources. The combined calibration curves integrating data of extant altitudinal samples and historical herbarium specimens improved the reliability and accuracy of the curves. However, materials in the climatic chambers exhibited a weak response and relatively high stomatal frequency possibly due to insufficient treatment time. CONCLUSIONS A new inverse stomatal frequency-pCO2 correlation for Q. glauca was determined using samples from three sources. These three material types show the same response, indicating that Q. glauca is sensitive to atmospheric pCO2 and is an ideal proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels. Quercus glauca is a nearest living relative (NLR) of section Cyclobalanopsis fossils, which are widely distributed in the strata of East Asia ranging from the Eocene to Pliocene, thereby providing excellent materials to reconstruct the atmospheric CO2 concentration history of the Cenozoic. Quercus glauca will add to the variety of proxies that can be widely used in addition to Ginkgo and Metasequoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao-Wu Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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24
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Boyce CK, Zwieniecki MA. The prospects for constraining productivity through time with the whole-plant physiology of fossils. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:40-49. [PMID: 30304562 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anatomically preserved fossils allow estimation of hydraulic parameters, potentially providing constraints on interpreting whole-plant physiology. However, different organ systems have typically been considered in isolation - a problem given common mismatches of high and low conductance components coupled in the hydraulic path of the same plant. A recent paper addressed the issue of how to handle resistance mismatches in fossil plant hydraulics, focusing on Carboniferous medullosan seed plants and arborescent lycopsids. Among other problems, however, a fundamental error was made: the transpiration stream consists of resistances in series (where resistances are additive and the component with the largest resistance can dominate the behavior of the system), but emphasis was instead placed on the lowest resistance, effectively treating the system as resistances in parallel (where the component with the smallest resistance will dominate the behavior). Instead of possessing high assimilation capacities to match high specific stem conductances, it is argued here that individual high conductance components in these Paleozoic plants are nonetheless associated with low whole-plant productivity, just as can be commonly seen in living plants. Resolution of how to handle these issues may have broad implications for the Earth system including geobiological feedbacks to rock weathering, atmospheric composition, and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kevin Boyce
- Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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25
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Muir CD. Is Amphistomy an Adaptation to High Light? Optimality Models of Stomatal Traits along Light Gradients. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:571-584. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractStomata regulate the supply of CO2 for photosynthesis and the rate of water loss out of the leaf. The presence of stomata on both leaf surfaces, termed amphistomy, increases photosynthetic rate, is common in plants from high light habitats, and rare otherwise. In this study I use optimality models based on leaf energy budget and photosynthetic models to ask why amphistomy is common in high light habitats. I developed an R package leafoptimizer to solve for stomatal traits that optimally balance carbon gain with water loss in a given environment. The model predicts that amphistomy is common in high light because its marginal effect on carbon gain is greater than in the shade, but only if the costs of amphistomy are also lower under high light than in the shade. More generally, covariation between costs and benefits may explain why stomatal and other traits form discrete phenotypic clusters.
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Murray M, Soh WK, Yiotis C, Batke S, Parnell AC, Spicer RA, Lawson T, Caballero R, Wright IJ, Purcell C, McElwain JC. Convergence in Maximum Stomatal Conductance of C 3 Woody Angiosperms in Natural Ecosystems Across Bioclimatic Zones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:558. [PMID: 31134112 PMCID: PMC6514322 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal conductance (g s) in terrestrial vegetation regulates the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration, closely linking the biosphere and atmosphere and influencing climate. Yet, the range and pattern of g s in plants from natural ecosystems across broad geographic, climatic, and taxonomic ranges remains poorly quantified. Furthermore, attempts to characterize g s on such scales have predominantly relied upon meta-analyses compiling data from many different studies. This approach may be inherently problematic as it combines data collected using unstandardized protocols, sometimes over decadal time spans, and from different habitat groups. Using a standardized protocol, we measured leaf-level g s using porometry in 218 C3 woody angiosperm species in natural ecosystems representing seven bioclimatic zones. The resulting dataset of 4273 g s measurements, which we call STraits (Stomatal Traits), was used to determine patterns in maximum g s (g smax) across bioclimatic zones and whether there was similarity in the mean g smax of C3 woody angiosperms across ecosystem types. We also tested for differential g smax in two broadly defined habitat groups - open-canopy and understory-subcanopy - within and across bioclimatic zones. We found strong convergence in mean g smax of C3 woody angiosperms in the understory-subcanopy habitats across six bioclimatic zones, but not in open-canopy habitats. Mean g smax in open-canopy habitats (266 ± 100 mmol m-2 s-1) was significantly higher than in understory-subcanopy habitats (233 ± 86 mmol m-2 s-1). There was also a central tendency in the overall dataset to operate toward a g smax of ∼250 mmol m-2 s-1. We suggest that the observed convergence in mean g smax of C3 woody angiosperms in the understory-subcanopy is due to a buffering of g smax against macroclimate effects which will lead to differential response of C3 woody angiosperm vegetation in these two habitats to future global change. Therefore, it will be important for future studies of g smax to categorize vegetation according to habitat group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Murray
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wuu Kuang Soh
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charilaos Yiotis
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sven Batke
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert A. Spicer
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Conor Purcell
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer C. McElwain
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Stomata are structures on the surfaces of most land plants that are required for gas exchange between plants and their environment. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stomata comprise two kidney bean-shaped epidermal guard cells that flank a central pore overlying a cavity in the mesophyll. These guard cells can adjust their shape to occlude or facilitate access to this pore, and in so doing regulate the release of water vapor and oxygen from the plant, in exchange for the intake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Stomatal guard cells are the end product of a specialized lineage whose cell divisions and fate transitions ensure both the production and pattern of cells in aerial epidermal tissues. The stomatal lineage is dynamic and flexible, altering stomatal production in response to environmental change. As such, the stomatal lineage is an excellent system to study how flexible developmental transitions are regulated in plants. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we will summarize current knowledge of the divisions and fate decisions during stomatal development, discussing the role of transcriptional regulators, cell-cell signaling and polarity proteins. We will highlight recent work that links the core regulators to systemic or environmental information and provide an evolutionary perspective on stomata lineage regulators in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Lee
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5020
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5020
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA 94305
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Šmarda P, Horová L, Knápek O, Dieck H, Dieck M, Ražná K, Hrubík P, Orlóci L, Papp L, Veselá K, Veselý P, Bureš P. Multiple haploids, triploids, and tetraploids found in modern-day "living fossil" Ginkgo biloba. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:55. [PMID: 30302259 PMCID: PMC6165845 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba, the last extant representative of a lineage of Mesozoic gymnosperms, is one of the few seed plants with an exceptionally long (~300 Myr) evolutionary history free of genome-wide duplications (polyploidy). Despite this genome conservatism, we have recently found a viable spontaneous tetraploid Ginkgo sapling during routine screening of several plants, demonstrating that natural polyploidy is possible in Ginkgo. Here we provide a much wider flow cytometry survey of ploidy in some European Ginkgo collections, and own seedlings (>2200 individuals and ~200 cultivars). We found a surprisingly high level of ploidy variation in modern-day Ginkgo and documented altogether 13 haploid, 3 triploid, and 10 tetraploid Ginkgo plants or cultivars, most of them being morphologically distinct from common diploids. Haploids frequently produced polyploid (dihaploid) buds or branches. Tetraploids showed some genome size variation. The surveyed plants provide a unique resource for future Ginkgo research and breeding, and they might be used to accelerate the modern diversification of this nearly extinct plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Šmarda
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Koltlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Horová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Koltlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Knápek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Koltlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heidi Dieck
- Herrenkamper Gärten, Herrenkamp 1, DE-27254 Siedenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Dieck
- Herrenkamper Gärten, Herrenkamp 1, DE-27254 Siedenburg, Germany
| | - Katarína Ražná
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Hrubík
- Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Dunajská 16, 949 11 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Laszlo Orlóci
- Botanical Garden of Eötvös University, Illés utca 25, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Papp
- Botanical Garden of Eötvös University, Illés utca 25, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristýna Veselá
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Koltlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Veselý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Koltlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Koltlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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Effect of polyploidy on the leaf epidermis structure of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Muir CD. Light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio among British angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:242-252. [PMID: 29288622 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In most plants, stomata are located only on the abaxial leaf surface (hypostomy), but many plants have stomata on both surfaces (amphistomy). High light and herbaceous growth form have been hypothesized to favor amphistomy, but these hypotheses have not been rigorously tested together using phylogenetic comparative methods. I leveraged a large dataset including stomatal ratio, Ellenberg light indicator value, growth form and phylogenetic relationships for 372 species of British angiosperms. I used phylogenetic comparative methods to test how light and/or growth form influence stomatal ratio and density. High light and herbaceous growth form are correlated with amphistomy, as predicted, but they also interact; the effect of light is pronounced in therophytes (annuals) and perennial herbs, but muted in phanerophytes (shrubs and trees). Furthermore, amphistomy and stomatal density evolve together in response to light. Comparative analyses of British angiosperms reveal two major insights. First, light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio; amphistomy is common under high light, but mostly for herbs. Second, coordinated evolution of adaxial stomatal density and light tolerance indicates that amphistomy helps to optimally balance light acquisition with gas exchange. Stomatal ratio may have potential as a functional trait for paleoecology and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Muir
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Matthews JSA, Vialet-Chabrand SRM, Lawson T. Diurnal Variation in Gas Exchange: The Balance between Carbon Fixation and Water Loss. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:614-623. [PMID: 28416704 PMCID: PMC5462061 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal control of transpiration is critical for maintaining important processes, such as plant water status, leaf temperature, as well as permitting sufficient CO2 diffusion into the leaf to maintain photosynthetic rates (A). Stomatal conductance often closely correlates with A and is thought to control the balance between water loss and carbon gain. It has been suggested that a mesophyll-driven signal coordinates A and stomatal conductance responses to maintain this relationship; however, the signal has yet to be fully elucidated. Despite this correlation under stable environmental conditions, the responses of both parameters vary spatially and temporally and are dependent on species, environment, and plant water status. Most current models neglect these aspects of gas exchange, although it is clear that they play a vital role in the balance of carbon fixation and water loss. Future efforts should consider the dynamic nature of whole-plant gas exchange and how it represents much more than the sum of its individual leaf-level components, and they should take into consideration the long-term effect on gas exchange over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S A Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
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Brodribb TJ, McAdam SAM. Evolution of the Stomatal Regulation of Plant Water Content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:639-649. [PMID: 28404725 PMCID: PMC5462025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the function of stomata from the earliest bryophytes to derived angiosperms are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
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