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Seung D. Amylose in starch: towards an understanding of biosynthesis, structure and function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1490-1504. [PMID: 32767769 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules are composed of two distinct glucose polymers - amylose and amylopectin. Amylose constitutes 5-35% of most natural starches and has a major influence over starch properties in foods. Its synthesis and storage occurs within the semicrystalline amylopectin matrix of starch granules, this poses a great challenge for biochemical and structural analyses. However, the last two decades have seen vast progress in understanding amylose synthesis, including new insights into the action of GRANULE BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS), the major glucosyltransferase that synthesises amylose, and the discovery of PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH1 (PTST1) that targets GBSS to starch granules. Advances in analytical techniques have resolved the fine structure of amylose, raising new questions on how structure is determined during biosynthesis. Furthermore, the discovery of wild plants that do not produce amylose revives a long-standing question of why starch granules contain amylose, rather than amylopectin alone. Overall, these findings contribute towards a full understanding of amylose biosynthesis, structure and function that will be essential for future approaches to improve starch quality in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Chen G, Chen H, Shi K, Raza MA, Bawa G, Sun X, Pu T, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Yang F, Yang W, Wang X. Heterogeneous Light Conditions Reduce the Assimilate Translocation Towards Maize Ears. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080987. [PMID: 32759776 PMCID: PMC7465644 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The border row crop in strip intercropped maize is often exposed to heterogeneous light conditions, resulting in increased photosynthesis and yield decreased. Previous studies have focused on photosynthetic productivity, whereas carbon allocation could also be one of the major causes of decreased yield. However, carbon distribution remains unclear in partially shaded conditions. In the present study, we applied heterogeneous light conditions (T), and one side of plants was shaded (T-30%), keeping the other side fully exposed to light (T-100%), as compared to control plants that were exposed entirely to full-light (CK). Dry weight, carbon assimilation, 13C abundance, and transport tissue structure were analyzed to clarify the carbon distribution in partial shading of plants. T caused a marked decline in dry weight and harvest index (HI), whereas dry weight in unshaded and shaded leaves did not differ. Net photosynthesis rate (Pn), the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase enzymes (SPS), and sucrose concentration increased in unshaded leaves. Appropriately, 5.7% of the 13C from unshaded leaves was transferred to shaded leaves. Furthermore, plasmodesma density in the unshaded (T-100%) and shaded (T-30%) leaves in T was not significantly different but was lower than that of CK. Similarly, the vascular bundle total area of T was decreased. 13C transfer from unshaded leaves to ear in T was decreased by 18.0% compared with that in CK. Moreover, 13C and sucrose concentration of stem in T were higher than those in CK. Our results suggested that, under heterogeneous light, shaded leaves as a sink imported the carbohydrates from the unshaded leaves. Ear and shaded leaf competed for carbohydrates, and were not conducive to tissue structure of sucrose transport, resulting in a decrease in the carbon proportion in the ear, harvest index, and ear weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - George Bawa
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.C.); (H.C.); (K.S.); (M.A.R.); (G.B.); (X.S.); (T.P.); (T.Y.); (W.L.); (J.L.); (J.D.); (F.Y.); (W.Y.)
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-0906
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Zhu F, Bertoft E, Wang Y, Emes M, Tetlow I, Seetharaman K. Structure of Arabidopsis leaf starch is markedly altered following nocturnal degradation. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 117:1002-1013. [PMID: 25498728 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the thermal properties and internal molecular structure of transitory starch. In this study, granule morphology, thermal properties, and the cluster structure of Arabidopsis leaf starch at beginning and end of the light period were explored. The structural properties of building blocks and clusters were evaluated by using diverse chromatographic techniques. On the granular level, starch from end of day had larger granule size, thinner crystalline lamellae thickness, lower free surface energy of crystals, and lower tendency to retrograde than that from end of night. On the molecular level, the starch had lower amylose content, larger cluster size, and higher number of blocks per cluster at the end of day than at end of night. It is concluded that the core of the granules contains a more permanent molecular and less-ordered physical structure different from the transitory layers laid down around the core at daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Eric Bertoft
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - You Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Koushik Seetharaman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
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Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the mechanisms governing cotton fiber differentiation and initiation. J Proteomics 2012; 75:845-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chen Y, Jiang Y, Shi J, Xu X, Yang S, Duan J. Effect of girdling at various positions of 'Huang Zhi Xiang' tea tree (Camellia sinensis) on the contents of catechins and starch in fresh leaf. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 66:169-174. [PMID: 21523413 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The contents of starch and catechins in the fresh leaf of 'Huang Zhi Xiang' Oolong tea trees girdled at the bottom, middle (on the big branches) and top (on the small branches) were determined. The study demonstrated that the starch contents from girdled trees were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that from non-girdled ones. Furthermore, the contents of (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), total catechins (TC) and simple catechins (SC) from girdled trees were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those from non-girdled ones. Especially, the contents of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and catechin gallate (CG) from girdled at the middle were also significantly higher (p<0.05) than those from the non-girdled. The starch contents were negatively correlated with the contents of (-)-gallocatechin (GC), EC, SC, TC and EGC, while positively correlated with the contents of EGCG and CG in fresh shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Chen
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Santacruz S, Koch K, Andersson R, Aman P. Characterization of potato leaf starch. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:1985-1989. [PMID: 15053540 DOI: 10.1021/jf030601k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The starch accumulation-degradation process as well as the structure of leaf starch are not completely understood. To study this, starch was isolated from potato leaves collected in the early morning and late afternoon in July and August, representing different starch accumulation rates. The starch content of potato leaves varied between 2.9 and 12.9% (dry matter basis) over the night and day in the middle of July and between 0.6 and 1.5% in August. Scanning electron microscopy analyses of the four isolated starch samples showed that the granules had either an oval or a round shape and did not exceed 5 microm in size. Starch was extracted by successive washing steps with dimethyl sulfoxide and precipitated with ethanol. An elution profile on Sepharose CL-6B of debranched starch showed the presence of a material with a chain length distribution between that generally found for amylose and amylopectin. Amylopectin unit chains of low molecular size were present in a higher amount in the afternoon than in the morning samples. What remains at the end of the night is depleted in specific chain lengths, mainly between DP 15 and 24 and above DP 35, relative to the end of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalin Santacruz
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kitahara K, Uchino T, Okizono I, Suganuma T. Diurnal-Nocturnal Changes of Assimilated Starch Structures in Sweetpotato Leaves. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2004. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.51.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Protserov VA, Karpov VG, Kozhevnikov GO, Wasserman LA, Yuryev VP. Changes of Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Potato Starches (Udacha andAcrosil Varieties) during Biosynthesis. STARCH-STARKE 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-379x(200012)52:12<461::aid-star461>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Crowe TC, Seligman SA, Copeland L. Inhibition of enzymic digestion of amylose by free fatty acids in vitro contributes to resistant starch formation. J Nutr 2000; 130:2006-8. [PMID: 10917916 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.8.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of lipids on the enzymic breakdown of starch was investigated using an in vitro assay system. Mixtures of potato amylose, amylopectin and starch and various lipids were incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 min and subjected to digestion by alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and amyloglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33). Lauric, myristic, palmitic and oleic acids and lysolecithin inhibited enzymic hydrolysis of amylose by approximately 35% (P < 0.05). Stearic acid and cholesterol had no effect on the enzymic breakdown of amylose. Retrograded amylose was hydrolyzed less readily (P < 0.05) than solubilized amylose, but the breakdown was not further inhibited in the presence of lauric acid. Fatty acids had no effect on the enzymic hydrolysis of amylopectin, whereas inhibition by fatty acids of the breakdown of whole starch was consistent with only the amylose fraction being affected. The possibility that interactions between starch and fatty acids in the digestive tract could contribute to the formation of resistant starch is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Crowe
- Human Nutrition Unit and. Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Sydney, Australia
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Trethewey RN, Smith AM. Starch Metabolism in Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48137-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Matheson NK. The chemical structure of amylose and amylopectin fractions of starch from tobacco leaves during development and diurnally-nocturnally. Carbohydr Res 1996; 282:247-62. [PMID: 8901089 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Starches, isolated from rapidly expanding tobacco leaves four times during the day and night and once from fully expanded leaves, were fractionated with concanavalin A. From an examination of the amounts and properties of amylose, the diurnal decrease in iodine absorption of the starches on illumination appeared to be due to an increase in its branched character, and possibly the presence of unbranched polymer of low dp, combined with a decrease in the proportion of amylose fraction. The increase in apparent amylose content with age was due to an increase in the proportion of amylose. The amylose fractions at different times had only small differences in average mol size in solution and relative mol wt (M(r) near 4 x 10(5)) which were lower than those of storage organs. The average mol size in solution and relative mol wt of the amylopectins decreased during illumination, increased in darkness, and were lower (M(r) 2-2.7 x 10(6)) at all times than those from storage organs. Debranching followed by size-exclusion chromatography [on Fractogel TSK 50(S)] gave similar proportions of long, medium, and short chains for all amylopectin samples, and these proportions differed from those for debranched amylopectin from n-maize seed starch. On debranching and chromatography of the amylopectin beta-limit dextrins (which gives an estimate of the proportions of core chains) differences persisted. Structural characteristics of amylopectin from tobacco leaf starch were similar to those of normal genotypes from storage organs. The proportion of glucosyl units in core chains, the external-to-core chain ratio, and indices of compactness were calculated for a number of (1-->4)(1-->6) alpha-glucans. A plot of the index of compactness for glycogens and amylopectins showed that the decrease in compactness and the increase in total average chain length that occurs from glycogen to normal and then to amylose extender amylopectins involves a proportionate increase in average internal, external, and core chain lengths and not a selective increase in one type of chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Matheson
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Yun SH, Matheson NK. Structural changes during development in the amylose and amylopectin fractions (separated by precipitation with concanavalin A) of starches from maize genotypes. Carbohydr Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)85062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mullen JA, Koller HR. Trends in carbohydrate depletion, respiratory carbon loss, and assimilate export from soybean leaves at night. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 86:517-21. [PMID: 16665939 PMCID: PMC1054516 DOI: 10.1104/pp.86.2.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate assimilate export from soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) leaves at night, rates of respiratory CO(2) loss, specific leaf weight loss, starch mobilization, and changes in sucrose concentration were measured during a 10-hour dark period in leaves of pod-bearing ;Amsoy 71' and ;Wells II' plants in a controlled environment. Lateral leaflets were removed at various times between 2200 hours (beginning dark period) and 0800 hours (ending dark period) for dry weight determination and carbohydrate analyses. Respiratory CO(2) loss was measured throughout the 10-hour dark period. Rate of export was estimated from the rate of loss in specific leaf weight and rate of CO(2) efflux. Rate of assimilate export was not constant. Rate of export was relatively low during the beginning of the dark period, peaked during the middle of the dark period, and then decreased to near zero by the end of darkness. Rate of assimilate export was associated with rate of starch mobilization and amount of starch reserves available for export. Leaves of Amsoy 71 had a higher maximum export rate in conjunction with a greater total change in starch concentration than did leaves of Wells II. Sucrose concentration rapidly declined during the first hour of darkness and then remained constant throughout the rest of the night in leaves of both cultivars. Rate of assimilate export was not associated with leaf sucrose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mullen
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Chang CW, Wetmore JA. Effects of Water Stress on Starch and Its Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Cotton Leaves. STARCH-STARKE 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19860380907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Chang CW. Contributions of Starch-Granule Bound α-Amylase to Q-Enzyme from Cotton Leaves. STARCH-STARKE 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19840360304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Identification of glucan synthetase glycosidically bound to amylopectin from cotton leaf starch. Microchem J 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(81)90014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Chang CW. Isolation of starch granules and starch-granule-bound glucan synthetase from cotton leaves. Microchem J 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(80)90126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chang CW. Starch depletion and sugars in developing cotton leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 65:844-7. [PMID: 16661293 PMCID: PMC440435 DOI: 10.1104/pp.65.5.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cotton plants (cv. Coker 100) were exposed to a 14-hour dark period. Starch degradation occurred with no accumulation of sugars due mainly to translocation. Considerable amounts of starch degradation products however were detected from leaves after phloem transport was blocked. A minor component (10 to 25% of total starch) with a linear structure, amylose, was preferentially degraded, whereas the major multiple-branched component (about 80%), amylopectin, showed an increasing resistance to degradation with leaf age. This relationship was also shown by the decreasing iodine-binding capacity of unit starch with increasing leaf age. The structural resistance of amylopectin to enzymic dark degradation was one of the barriers to starch dissolution in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Chang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, Western Cotton Research Laboratory, 4135 East Broadway Road, Phoenix Arizona 85040
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