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Kriechbaumer V. Preparation of ER Microsomes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2772:129-135. [PMID: 38411810 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3710-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Microsomes are vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when cells are broken down in the lab. These microsomes are a valuable tool to study a variety of ER functions such as protein and lipid synthesis in vitro.Here we describe a protocol to isolate ER-derived microsomes Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and exemplify the use of these purified microsomes in enzyme assays with the auxin precursors tryptophan (Trp) or indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) to quantify auxin synthetic capacity in microsomal and cytosolic fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Zou Z, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Xie Z, Chang L, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Molecular characterization of oleosin genes in Cyperus esculentus, a Cyperaceae plant producing oil in underground tubers. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1791-1808. [PMID: 37747544 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE CeOLE genes exhibit a tuber-predominant expression pattern and their mRNA/protein abundances are positively correlated with oil accumulation during tuber development. Overexpression could significantly increase the oil content of tobacco leaves. Oleosins (OLEs) are abundant structural proteins of lipid droplets (LDs) that function in LD formation and stabilization in seeds of oil crops. However, little information is available on their roles in vegetative tissues. In this study, we present the first genome-wide characterization of the oleosin family in tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L., Cyperaceae), a rare example accumulating high amounts of oil in underground tubers. Six members identified represent three previously defined clades (i.e. U, SL and SH) or six out of seven orthogroups (i.e. U, SL1, SL2, and SH1-3) proposed in this study. Comparative genomics analysis reveals that lineage-specific expansion of Clades SL and SH was contributed by whole-genome duplication and dispersed duplication, respectively. Moreover, presence of SL2 and SH3 in Juncus effuses implies their appearance sometime before Cyperaceae-Juncaceae divergence, whereas SH2 appears to be Cyperaceae specific. Expression analysis showed that CeOLE genes exhibit a tuber-predominant expression pattern and transcript levels are considerably more abundant than homologs in the close relative Cyperus rotundus. Moreover, CeOLE mRNA and protein abundances were shown to positively correlate with oil accumulation during tuber development. Additionally, two dominant isoforms (i.e. CeOLE2 and -5) were shown to locate in LDs as well as the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves, and are more likely to function in homo and heteromultimers. Furthermore, overexpression of CeOLE2 and -5 in tobacco leaves could significantly increase the oil content, supporting their roles in oil accumulation. These findings provide insights into lineage-specific family evolution and putative roles of CeOLE genes in oil accumulation of vegetative tissues, which facilitate further genetic improvement for tigernut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zou
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yujiao Zheng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Xiao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengnan Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Chang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongguo Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Board AJ, Crowther JM, Acevedo-Fani A, Meisrimler CN, Jameson GB, Dobson RCJ. How plants solubilise seed fats: revisiting oleosin structure and function to inform commercial applications. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:257-266. [PMID: 35340610 PMCID: PMC8921422 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants store triacylglycerides in organelles called oil bodies, which are important fuel sources for germination. Oil bodies consist of a lipid core surrounded by an interfacial single layer membrane of phospholipids and proteins. Oleosins are highly conserved plant proteins that are important for oil body formation, solubilising the triacylglycerides, stabilising oil bodies, and playing a role in mobilising the fuel during the germination process. The domain structure of oleosins is well established, with N- and C-terminal domains that are hydrophilic flanking a long hydrophobic domain that is proposed to protrude into the triacylglyceride core of the oil body. However, beyond this general understanding, little molecular level detail on the structure is available and what is known is disputed. This lack of knowledge limits our understanding of oleosin function and concomitantly our ability to engineer them. Here, we review the state of play in the literature regarding oleosin structure and function, and provide some examples of how oleosins can be used in commercial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Board
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand ,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer M. Crowther
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand ,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Claudia-Nicole Meisrimler
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B. Jameson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand ,School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand ,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand ,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
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Yuan Y, Cao X, Zhang H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Song XL, Gai S. Genome-wide identification and analysis of Oleosin gene family in four cotton species and its involvement in oil accumulation and germination. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:569. [PMID: 34863105 PMCID: PMC8642851 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton is not only a major textile fiber crop but also a vital oilseed, industrial, and forage crop. Oleosins are the structural proteins of oil bodies, influencing their size and the oil content in seeds. In addition, the degradation of oleosins is involved in the mobilization of lipid and oil bodies during seed germination. However, comprehensive identification and the systematic analysis of the Oleosin gene (OLEOs) family have not been conducted in cotton. RESULTS An in-depth analysis has enabled us to identify 25 and 24 OLEOs in tetraploid cotton species G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, respectively, while 12 and 13 OLEOs were identified in diploid species G. arboreum and G. raimondii, respectively. The 74 OLEOs were further clustered into three lineages according to the phylogenetic tree. Synteny analysis revealed that most of the OLEOs were conserved and that WGD or segmental duplications might drive their expansion. The transmembrane helices in GhOLEO proteins were predicted, and three transmembrane models were summarized, in which two were newly proposed. A total of 24 candidate miRNAs targeting GhOLEOs were predicted. Three highly expressed oil-related OLEOs, GH_A07G0501 (SL), GH_D10G0941 (SH), and GH_D01G1686 (U), were cloned, and their subcellular localization and function were analyzed. Their overexpression in Arabidopsis increased seed oil content and decreased seed germination rates. CONCLUSION We identified OLEO gene family in four cotton species and performed comparative analyses of their relationships, conserved structure, synteny, and gene duplication. The subcellular localization and function of three highly expressed oil-related OLEOs were detected. These results lay the foundation for further functional characterization of OLEOs and improving seed oil content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinzhe Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian-Liang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.
| | - Shupeng Gai
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China.
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Ojha R, Kaur S, Sinha K, Chawla K, Kaur S, Jadhav H, Kaur M, Bhunia RK. Characterization of oleosin genes from forage sorghum in Arabidopsis and yeast reveals their role in storage lipid stability. PLANTA 2021; 254:97. [PMID: 34655341 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of forage sorghum oleosin genes in Arabidopsis oleosin-deficient mutant and yeast showed increased germination rate, triacylglycerol content, and protection against lipase-mediated TAG degradation. Plant lipids are an important source of ration for cattle or other livestock animals to fulfil their energy needs. Poor energy containing green forages are still one of the major sources of food for livestock animals, leaving the animals undernourished. This lowers the milk and meat production efficiency, thereby affecting human consumption. Oleosin, an essential oil body surface protein, is capable of enhancing and stabilizing the lipid content in plants. We identified and functionally characterized three forage sorghum oleosin genes (SbOle1, SbOle2, and SbOle3) in Arabidopsis and yeast. Phylogenetic analysis of SbOle proteins showed a close relationship with rice and maize oleosins. Expression analysis of SbOle genes determined a higher expression pattern in embryo followed by endosperm, while its expression in the non-seed tissues remained negligible. Overexpression of SbOle genes in Arabidopsis ole1-deficient mutants showed restoration of normal germination whereas control mutant seeds showed lower germination rates. Heterologous overexpression of SbOle in yeast cells resulted in increased TAG accumulation. Additionally, the TAG turnover assay showed the effectiveness of SbOle genes in reducing the yeast endogenous and rumen bacterial lipase-mediated TAG degradation. Taken together, our findings not only provide insights into forage sorghum oleosin for increasing the energy content in non-seed organs but also opened up the direction towards implication of oleosin in rumen protection of fodders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabishankar Ojha
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Simranjit Kaur
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kshitija Sinha
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kirti Chawla
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Sumandeep Kaur
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Harish Jadhav
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Manmehar Kaur
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rupam Kumar Bhunia
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Brunetti SC, Arseneault MKM, Wright JA, Wang Z, Ehdaeivand MR, Lowden MJ, Rivoal J, Khalil HB, Garg G, Gulick PJ. The stress induced caleosin, RD20/CLO3, acts as a negative regulator of GPA1 in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:159-175. [PMID: 34599731 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A stress induced calcium-binding protein, RD20/CLO3 interacts with the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex in Arabidopsis and affects etiolation and leaf morphology. Heterotrimeric G proteins and calcium signaling have both been shown to play a role in the response to environmental abiotic stress in plants; however, the interaction between calcium-binding proteins and G-protein signaling molecules remains elusive. We investigated the interaction between the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex, GPA1, of Arabidopsis thaliana with the calcium-binding protein, the caleosin RD20/CLO3, a gene strongly induced by drought, salt and abscisic acid. The proteins were found to interact in vivo by bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC); the interaction was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and to oil bodies within the cell. The constitutively GTP-bound GPA1 (GPA1QL) also interacts with RD20/CLO3 as well as its EF-hand mutant variations and these interactions are localized to the plasma membrane. The N-terminal portion of RD20/CLO3 was found to be responsible for the interaction with GPA1 and GPA1QL using both BiFC and yeast two-hybrid assays. RD20/CLO3 contains a single calcium-binding EF-hand in the N-terminal portion of the protein; disruption of the calcium-binding capacity of the protein obliterates interaction with GPA1 in in vivo assays and decreases the interaction between the caleosin and the constitutively active GPA1QL. Analysis of rd20/clo3 mutants shows that RD20/CLO3 plays a key role in the signaling pathway controlling hypocotyl length in dark grown seedlings and in leaf morphology. Our findings indicate a novel role for RD20/CLO3 as a negative regulator of GPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina C Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Michelle K M Arseneault
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Justin A Wright
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | - Michael J Lowden
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Jean Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Hala B Khalil
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams University, Shoubra El-khema, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gajra Garg
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Patrick J Gulick
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
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ANKRD22 is an N-myristoylated hairpin-like monotopic membrane protein specifically localized to lipid droplets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19233. [PMID: 34584137 PMCID: PMC8478909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane topology and intracellular localization of ANKRD22, a novel human N-myristoylated protein with a predicted single-pass transmembrane domain that was recently reported to be overexpressed in cancer, were examined. Immunofluorescence staining of COS-1 cells transfected with cDNA encoding ANKRD22 coupled with organelle markers revealed that ANKRD22 localized specifically to lipid droplets (LD). Analysis of the intracellular localization of ANKRD22 mutants C-terminally fused to glycosylatable tumor necrosis factor (GLCTNF) and assessment of their susceptibility to protein N-glycosylation revealed that ANKRD22 is synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane as an N-myristoylated hairpin-like monotopic membrane protein with the amino- and carboxyl termini facing the cytoplasm and then sorted to LD. Pro98 located at the center of the predicted membrane domain was found to be essential for the formation of the hairpin-like monotopic topology of ANKRD22. Moreover, the hairpin-like monotopic topology, and positively charged residues located near the C-terminus were demonstrated to be required for the sorting of ANKRD22 from ER to LD. Protein N-myristoylation was found to positively affect the LD localization. Thus, multiple factors, including hairpin-like monotopic membrane topology, C-terminal positively charged residues, and protein N-myristoylation cooperatively affected the intracellular targeting of ANKRD22 to LD.
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Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles that consist of a core of neutral lipids encircled by a phospholipid monolayer decorated with proteins. As hubs of cellular lipid and energy metabolism, LDs are inherently involved in the etiology of prevalent metabolic diseases such as obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The functions of LDs are regulated by a unique set of associated proteins, the LD proteome, which includes integral membrane and peripheral proteins. These proteins control key activities of LDs such as triacylglycerol synthesis and breakdown, nutrient sensing and signal integration, and interactions with other organelles. Here we review the mechanisms that regulate the composition of the LD proteome, such as pathways that mediate selective and bulk LD protein degradation and potential connections between LDs and cellular protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Leyland B, Boussiba S, Khozin-Goldberg I. A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020038. [PMID: 32098118 PMCID: PMC7168155 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic nutrient availability and photon flux density of diatom habitats necessitate buffering capabilities in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. This is accomplished by the biosynthesis and turnover of storage lipids, which are sequestered in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are an organelle conserved among eukaryotes, composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a polar lipid monolayer. LDs shield the intracellular environment from the accumulation of hydrophobic compounds and function as a carbon and electron sink. These functions are implemented by interconnections with other intracellular systems, including photosynthesis and autophagy. Since diatom lipid production may be a promising objective for biotechnological exploitation, a deeper understanding of LDs may offer targets for metabolic engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of diatom LD biology and biotechnological potential.
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Iwabuchi K, Shimada TL, Yamada T, Hara-Nishimura I. A space-saving visual screening method, Glycine max FAST, for generating transgenic soybean. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1722911. [PMID: 32019401 PMCID: PMC7053950 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1722911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Establishing homozygous transgenic lines of Glycine max is time-consuming and laborious. To overcome the difficulties, we developed a powerful method for selecting transgenic soybean plants, Fluorescence-Accumulating Seed Technology (GmFAST). GmFAST uses a marker composed of a soybean seed-specific promoter coupled to the OLE1-GFP gene, which encodes a GFP fusion of the oil-body membrane protein OLEOSIN1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. We introduced the marker gene into cotyledonary nodes of G. max Kariyutaka via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regenerated heterozygous transgenic plants. OLE1-GFP-expressing soybean seeds can be selected nondestructively with a fluorescence stereomicroscope. Among T2 seeds, the most strongly fluorescent seeds were homozygous. GmFAST enables to reduce the growing space by one-tenth compared with the conventional method. With this method, we obtained the soybean line that had higher levels of seed pods and oil production. The phenotypes are presumably caused by overexpression of Glyma13g30950, suggesting that Glyma13g30950 regulates seed pod formation in soybean plants. An increase in seed pod number was confirmed in A. thaliana plants that overexpressed the Arabidopsis ortholog of Glyma13g30950, E6L1.Taken together, GmFAST provides a space-saving visual and nondestructive screening method for soybean transformation, thereby increasing the chance of developing useful soybean lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
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11
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Zienkiewicz K, Zienkiewicz A. Degradation of Lipid Droplets in Plants and Algae-Right Time, Many Paths, One Goal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579019. [PMID: 33014002 PMCID: PMC7509404 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, lipids in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major reservoir of cellular carbon and energy. These TAGs are packed into specialized organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). They can be found in most, if not all, types of cells, from bacteria to human. Recent data suggest that rather than being simple storage organelles, LDs are very dynamic structures at the center of cellular metabolism. This is also true in plants and algae, where LDs have been implicated in many processes including energy supply; membrane structure, function, trafficking; and signal transduction. Plant and algal LDs also play a vital role in human life, providing multiple sources of food and fuel. Thus, a lot of attention has been paid to metabolism and function of these organelles in recent years. This review summarizes the most recent advances on LDs degradation as a key process for TAGs release. While the initial knowledge on this process came from studies in oilseeds, the findings of the last decade revealed high complexity and specific mechanisms of LDs degradation in plants and algae. This includes identification of numerous novel proteins associated with LDs as well as a prominent role for autophagy in this process. This review outlines, systemizes, and discusses the most current data on LDs catabolism in plants and algae.
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12
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The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:281-334. [PMID: 33263877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles. In eukaryotes, the internal membranes comprise on the one hand the general endomembrane system, a dynamic network including organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope, etc. and also the plasma membrane, which are linked via direct lateral connectivity (e.g. between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear outer envelope membrane) or indirectly via vesicular trafficking. On the other hand, semi-autonomous organelles, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts, are disconnected from the endomembrane system and request vertical transmission following cell division. Membranes are organized as lipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded. The budding of some of these membranes, leading to the formation of the so-called lipid droplets (LDs) loaded with hydrophobic molecules, most notably triacylglycerol, is conserved in all clades. The evolution of eukaryotes is marked by the acquisition of mitochondria and simple plastids from Gram-positive bacteria by primary endosymbiosis events and the emergence of extremely complex plastids, collectively called secondary plastids, bounded by three to four membranes, following multiple and independent secondary endosymbiosis events. There is currently no consensus view of the evolution of LDs in the Tree of Life. Some features are conserved; others show a striking level of diversification. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the architecture, dynamics, and multitude of functions of the lipid droplets in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes deriving from primary and secondary endosymbiosis events.
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Chen K, Yin Y, Liu S, Guo Z, Zhang K, Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhao W, Chao H, Li M. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of oleosin genes in Brassica napus L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:294. [PMID: 31272381 PMCID: PMC6610931 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapeseed is the third largest oil seed crop in the world. The seeds of this plant store lipids in oil bodies, and oleosin is the most important structural protein in oil bodies. However, the function of oleosin in oil crops has received little attention. RESULTS In the present study, 48 oleosin sequences from the Brassica napus genome were identified and divided into four lineages (T, U, SH, SL). Synteny analysis revealed that most of the oleosin genes were conserved, and all of these genes experienced purifying selection during evolution. Three and four important oleosin genes from Arabidopsis and B. napus, respectively, were cloned and analyzed for function in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of these oleosin genes in Arabidopsis increased the seed oil content slightly, except for BnaOLE3. Further analysis revealed that the average oil body size of the transgenic seeds was slightly larger than that of the wild type (WT), except for BnaOLE1. The fatty acid profiles showed that the linoleic acid content (13.3% at most) increased and the peanut acid content (11% at most) decreased in the transgenic lines. In addition, the seed size and thousand-seed weight (TSW) also increased in the transgenic lines, which could lead to increased total lipid production. CONCLUSION We identified oleosin genes in the B. napus genome, and overexpression of oleosin in Arabidopsis seeds increased the seed weight and linoleic acid content (13.3% at most).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yongtai Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Zhenyi Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Hongbo Chao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
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14
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Popa C, Shi X, Ruiz T, Ferrer P, Coca M. Biotechnological Production of the Cell Penetrating Antifungal PAF102 Peptide in Pichia pastoris. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1472. [PMID: 31316491 PMCID: PMC6610294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have potent and durable antimicrobial activity to a wide range of fungi and bacteria. The growing problem of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms, together with the lack of new effective compounds, has stimulated interest in developing AMPs as anti-infective molecules. PAF102 is an AMP that was rationally designed for improved antifungal properties. This cell penetrating peptide has potent and specific activity against major fungal pathogens. Cecropin A is a natural AMP with strong and fast lytic activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens, including multidrug resistant pathogens. Both peptides, PAF102 and Cecropin A, are alternative antibiotic compounds. However, their exploitation requires fast, cost-efficient production systems. Here, we developed an innovative system to produce AMPs in Pichia pastoris using the oleosin fusion technology. Oleosins are plant-specific proteins with a structural role in lipid droplet formation and stabilization, which are used as carriers for recombinant proteins to lipid droplets in plant-based production systems. This study reports the efficient production of PAF102 in P. pastoris when fused to the rice plant Oleosin 18, whereas no accumulation of Cecropin A was detected. The Ole18-PAF102 fusion protein targets the lipid droplets of the heterologous system where it accumulates to high levels. Interestingly, the production of this fusion protein induces the formation of lipid droplets in yeast cells, which can be additionally enhanced by the coexpression of a diacylglycerol transferase gene that allows a three-fold increase in the production of the fusion protein. Using this high producer strain, PAF102 reaches commercially relevant yields of up to 180 mg/l of yeast culture. Moreover, the accumulation of PAF102 in the yeast lipid droplets facilitates its downstream extraction and recovery by flotation on density gradients, with the recovered PAF102 being biologically active against pathogenic fungi. Our results demonstrate that plant oleosin fusion technology can be transferred to the well-established P. pastoris cell factory to produce the PAF102 antifungal peptide, and potentially other AMPs, for multiple applications in crop protection, food preservation and animal and human therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina Popa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiaoqing Shi
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tarik Ruiz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Ferrer
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Coca
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Bundó M, Shi X, Vernet M, Marcos JF, López-García B, Coca M. Rice Seeds as Biofactories of Rationally Designed and Cell-Penetrating Antifungal PAF Peptides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:731. [PMID: 31231409 PMCID: PMC6566136 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PAFs are short cationic and tryptophan-rich synthetic peptides with cell-penetrating antifungal activity. They show potent and selective killing activity against major fungal pathogens and low toxicity to other eukaryotic and bacterial cells. These properties make them a promising alternative to fulfill the need of novel antifungals with potential applications in crop protection, food preservation, and medical therapies. However, the difficulties of cost-effective manufacturing of PAFs by chemical synthesis or biotechnological production in microorganisms have hampered their development for practical use. This work explores the feasibility of using rice seeds as an economical and safe production system of PAFs. The rationally designed PAF102 peptide with improved antifungal properties was selected for assessing PAF biotechnological production. Two different strategies are evaluated: (1) the production as a single peptide targeted to protein bodies and (2) the production as an oleosin fusion protein targeted to oil bodies. Both strategies are designed to offer stability to the PAF peptide in the host plant and to facilitate its downstream purification. Our results demonstrate that PAF does not accumulate to detectable levels in rice seeds when produced as a single peptide, whereas it is successfully produced as fusion protein to the Oleosin18, up to 20 μg of peptide per gram of grain. We show that the expression of the chimeric Ole18-PAF102 gene driven by the Ole18 promoter results in the specific accumulation of the fusion protein in the embryo and aleurone layer of the rice seed. Ole18-PAF102 accumulation has no deleterious effects on seed yield, germination capacity, or seedling growth. We also show that the Oleosin18 protein serves as carrier to target the fusion protein to oil bodies facilitating PAF102 recovery. Importantly, the recovered PAF102 is active against the fungal phytopathogen Fusarium proliferatum. Altogether, our results prove that the oleosin fusion technology allows the production of PAF bioactive peptides to assist the exploitation of these antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiaoqing Shi
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Vernet
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose F. Marcos
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Belén López-García
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Coca
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. HCV Pit Stop at the Lipid Droplet: Refuel Lipids and Put on a Lipoprotein Coat before Exit. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030233. [PMID: 30871009 PMCID: PMC6468556 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication cycle of the liver-tropic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly connected to the host lipid metabolism, during the virus entry, replication, assembly and egress stages, but also while the virus circulates in the bloodstream. This interplay coins viral particle properties, governs viral cell tropism, and facilitates immune evasion. This review summarizes our knowledge of these interactions focusing on the late steps of the virus replication cycle. It builds on our understanding of the cell biology of lipid droplets and the biosynthesis of liver lipoproteins and attempts to explain how HCV hijacks these organelles and pathways to assemble its lipo-viro-particles. In particular, this review describes (i) the mechanisms of viral protein translocation to and from the lipid droplet surface and the orchestration of an interface between replication and assembly complexes, (ii) the importance of the triglyceride mobilization from the lipid droplets for HCV assembly, (iii) the interplay between HCV and the lipoprotein synthesis pathway including the role played by apolipoproteins in virion assembly, and finally (iv) the consequences of these complex virus–host interactions on the virion composition and its biophysical properties. The wealth of data accumulated in the past years on the role of the lipid metabolism in HCV assembly and its imprint on the virion properties will guide vaccine design efforts and reinforce our understanding of the hepatic lipid metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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17
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Lu Y, Chi M, Li L, Li H, Noman M, Yang Y, Ji K, Lan X, Qiang W, Du L, Li H, Yang J. Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Profiling, and Functional Validation of Oleosin Gene Family in Carthamus tinctorius L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1393. [PMID: 30405647 PMCID: PMC6201191 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carthamus tinctorius L., commonly known as safflower, is an important oilseed crop containing oil bodies. Oil bodies are intracellular organelles in plant cells for storing triacylglycerols (TAGs) and sterol esters. Oleosins are the most important surface proteins of the oil bodies. We predicted and retrieved the sequences of eight putative C. tinctorius oleosin (Ctoleosin) genes from the genome database of safflower. The bioinformatics analyses revealed the size of their open reading frames ranging from 414 to 675 bp, encoding 137 to 224 aa polypeptides with predicted molecular weights of 14.812 to 22.155 kDa, all containing the typical "proline knot" motif. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) determined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of Ctoleosin genes, which gradually increased and peaked during flowering and seed ripening, and decreased thereafter. To validate their role in plant development, we transformed and overexpressed these eight putative Ctoleosin genes in Arabidopsis. Overexpressing Ctoleosins did not affect leaf size, although silique length was altered. Arabidopsis transformed with Ctoleosin3, 4, and 5 grew longer siliques than did the wild-type plants, without altering seed quantity. The 100-grain weight of the transgenic Arabidopsis seeds was slightly more than that of the wild-type seeds. The seed germination rates of the plants overexpressing Ctoleosin4 and 6 were slightly lower as compared with that of the wild-type Arabidopsis, whereas that in the other transgenic lines were higher than that in the wild-type plants. The overexpression of Ctoleosin genes elevated the oil content in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis. Our findings not only provide an approach for increasing the oil content, but also for elucidating the intricate mechanisms of oil body synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haiyan Li
- *Correspondence: Jing Yang, Haiyan Li,
| | - Jing Yang
- *Correspondence: Jing Yang, Haiyan Li,
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18
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Zhang C, Liu P. The New Face of the Lipid Droplet: Lipid Droplet Proteins. Proteomics 2018; 19:e1700223. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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19
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Yew CL, Kakui H, Shimizu KK. Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip transformation of the model polyploid species Arabidopsis kamchatica. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:349-358. [PMID: 29032409 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidization has played an important role in the speciation and diversification of plant species. However, genetic analyses of polyploids are challenging because the vast majority of the model species are diploids. The allotetraploid Arabidopsis kamchatica, which originated through the hybridization of the diploid Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis lyrata, is an emerging model system for studying various aspects of polyploidy. However, a transgenic method that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into A. kamchatica is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the early development of pistils in A. kamchatica and confirmed the formation of open pistils in young flower buds (stages 8-9), which is important for allowing Agrobacterium to access female reproductive tissues. We established a simple Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip transformation method to transform a gene of interest into A. kamchatica by dipping A. kamchatica inflorescences bearing many young flower buds into a 5% sucrose solution containing 0.05% Silwet L-77 and Agrobacterium harboring the gene of interest. We showed that a screenable marker comprising fluorescence-accumulating seed technology with green fluorescent protein was useful for screening the transgenic seeds of two accessions of A. kamchatica subsp. kamchatica and an accession of A. kamchatica subsp. kawasakiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chow-Lih Yew
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Kakui
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka-ward, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka-ward, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
Long considered inert fat storage depots, it has become clear that lipid droplets (LDs) are bona fide organelles. Like other organelles, they have a characteristic complement of proteins and lipids, and undergo a life cycle that includes biogenesis, maturation, interactions with other organelles, and turnover. I will discuss recent insights into mechanisms governing the life cycle of LDs, and compare and contrast the LD life cycle with that of other metabolic organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and autophagosomes, highlighting open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cohen
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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21
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Kriechbaumer V. ER Microsome Preparation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1691:117-123. [PMID: 29043673 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7389-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microsomes are vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when cells are broken down in the lab. These microsomes are a valuable tool to study a variety of ER functions such as protein and lipid synthesis in vitro.Here we describe a protocol to isolate ER-derived microsomes Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and exemplify the use of these purified microsomes in enzyme assays with the auxin precursors tryptophan (Trp) or indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) to quantify auxin synthetic capacity in microsomal and cytosolic fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, OX3 0BP, Oxford, UK.
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22
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Shimada TL, Hayashi M, Hara-Nishimura I. Membrane Dynamics and Multiple Functions of Oil Bodies in Seeds and Leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:199-207. [PMID: 29203559 PMCID: PMC5761825 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Oil bodies have multiple functions: oleosin-mediated freezing tolerance of seeds, direct interaction with glyoxysomes for lipid degradation in seedlings, and antifungal compound production in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L Shimada
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan
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23
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Huang CY, Huang AHC. Unique Motifs and Length of Hairpin in Oleosin Target the Cytosolic Side of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Budding Lipid Droplet. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:2248-2260. [PMID: 28611060 PMCID: PMC5543949 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) are covered with a layer of phospholipids and oleosin and were extensively studied before those in mammals and yeast. Oleosin has short amphipathic N- and C-terminal peptides flanking a conserved 72-residue hydrophobic hairpin, which penetrates and stabilizes the LD Oleosin is synthesized on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and extracts ER-budding LDs to cytosol. To delineate the mechanism of oleosin targeting ER-LD, we have expressed modified-oleosin genes in Physcomitrella patens for transient expression and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY2 cells for stable transformation. The results have identified oleosin motifs for targeting ER-LD and oleosin as the sole molecule responsible for budding-LD entering cytosol. Both the N-terminal and C-terminal peptides are not required for the targeting. The hairpin, including its entire length, initial N-portion residues, and hairpin-loop of three Pro and one Ser residues, as well as the absence of an N-terminal ER-targeting peptide, are necessary for oleosin targeting ER and moving onto budding LDs and extracting them to cytosol. In a reverse approach, eliminations of these necessities allow the modified oleosin to enter the ER lumen and extract budding LDs to the ER lumen. Modified oleosin with an added vacuole signal peptide transports the ER-luminal LDs to vacuoles. The overall findings define the mechanism of oleosin targeting ER-LDs and extracting budding LDs to the cytosol as well as reveal potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Huang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Anthony H C Huang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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24
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Bersuker K, Olzmann JA. Establishing the lipid droplet proteome: Mechanisms of lipid droplet protein targeting and degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28627435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles that mediate the sequestration of neutral lipids (e.g. triacylglycerol and sterol esters), providing a dynamic cellular storage depot for rapid lipid mobilization in response to increased cellular demands. LDs have a unique ultrastructure, consisting of a core of neutral lipids encircled by a phospholipid monolayer that is decorated with integral and peripheral proteins. The LD proteome contains numerous lipid metabolic enzymes, regulatory scaffold proteins, proteins involved in LD clustering and fusion, and other proteins of unknown functions. The cellular role of LDs is inherently determined by the composition of its proteome and alteration of the LD protein coat provides a powerful mechanism to adapt LDs to fluctuating metabolic states. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern LD protein targeting and degradation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Bersuker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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25
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Siegler H, Valerius O, Ischebeck T, Popko J, Tourasse NJ, Vallon O, Khozin-Goldberg I, Braus GH, Feussner I. Analysis of the lipid body proteome of the oleaginous alga Lobosphaera incisa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:98. [PMID: 28587627 PMCID: PMC5461629 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lobosphaera incisa (L. incisa) is an oleaginous microalga that stores triacylglycerol (TAG) rich in arachidonic acid in lipid bodies (LBs). This organelle is gaining attention in algal research, since evidence is accumulating that proteins attached to its surface fulfill important functions in TAG storage and metabolism. RESULTS Here, the composition of the LB proteome in L incisa was investigated by comparing different cell fractions in a semiquantitative proteomics approach. After applying stringent filters to the proteomics data in order to remove contaminating proteins from the list of possible LB proteins (LBPs), heterologous expression of candidate proteins in tobacco pollen tubes, allowed us to confirm 3 true LBPs: A member of the algal Major Lipid Droplet Protein family, a small protein of unknown function and a putative lipase. In addition, a TAG lipase that belongs to the SUGAR DEPENDENT 1 family of TAG lipases known from oilseed plants was identified. Its activity was verified by functional complementation of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking the major seed TAG lipases. CONCLUSIONS Here we describe 3 LBPs as well as a TAG lipase from the oleaginous microalga L. incisa and discuss their possible involvement in LB metabolism. This study highlights the importance of filtering LB proteome datasets and verifying the subcellular localization one by one, so that contaminating proteins can be recognized as such. Our dataset can serve as a valuable resource in the identification of additional LBPs, shedding more light on the intriguing roles of LBs in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Siegler
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Popko
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas J. Tourasse
- UMR7141, CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Present address: Laboratoire ARNA, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR5320, Université Bordeaux 2; Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Vallon
- UMR7141, CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Goettingen, Germany
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26
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Kumari S, Memba LJ, Dahuja A, Vinutha T, Saha S, Sachdev A. Elucidation of the role of oleosin in off-flavour generation in soymeal through supercritical CO₂ and biotic elicitor treatments. Food Chem 2016; 205:264-71. [PMID: 27006239 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defatting soybean by sophisticated oil extraction method utilising supercritical CO2 resulted in a significant decrease in the residual phospholipids (PLs) compared with soymeal obtained by conventional cold percolation method utilising hexane as the extraction solvent. Interestingly, the levels of residual PLs showed a proportionate relationship with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number, an indicator of lipid peroxidation responsible for off-flavour generation. Furthermore, two oleosins (18 and 24 kDa) were isolated from the oil bodies extracted from soybean seeds and positively characterised for phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, suggesting their plausible involvement in off-flavour generation in soymeal. The treatment of soybean seeds, before oil extraction, with different concentrations of biotic elicitors such as chitosan and jasmonic acid also significantly reduced the levels of residual PLs as well as the TBA number. The biotic elicitor treatment could thus prove to be an important strategy for the reduction of off-flavour in protein-rich soymeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Kumari
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Lucia Joseph Memba
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - T Vinutha
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Supradip Saha
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Archana Sachdev
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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27
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Kriechbaumer V, Botchway SW, Hawes C. Localization and interactions between Arabidopsis auxin biosynthetic enzymes in the TAA/YUC-dependent pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4195-207. [PMID: 27208541 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth regulator auxin is involved in all key developmental processes in plants. A complex network of a multiplicity of potential biosynthetic pathways as well as transport, signalling plus conjugation and deconjugation lead to a complex and multifaceted system system for auxin function. This raises the question how such a system can be effectively organized and controlled. Here we report that a subset of auxin biosynthetic enzymes in the TAA/YUC route of auxin biosynthesis is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER microsomal fractions also contain a significant percentage of auxin biosynthetic activity. This could point toward a model of auxin function using ER membrane location and subcellular compartmentation for supplementary layers of regulation. Additionally we show specific protein-protein interactions between some of the enzymes in the TAA/YUC route of auxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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28
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Liu M, Chu S, Ai J, Li H, Chen Z, Huang S, Jiang C, Li X. Application of oleosin-flanked keratinocyte growth factor-2 expressed from Arabidopsis thaliana promotes hair follicle growth in mice. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1611-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Gidda SK, Park S, Pyc M, Yurchenko O, Cai Y, Wu P, Andrews DW, Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. Lipid Droplet-Associated Proteins (LDAPs) Are Required for the Dynamic Regulation of Neutral Lipid Compartmentation in Plant Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2052-71. [PMID: 26896396 PMCID: PMC4825156 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize neutral lipids into organelles called lipid droplets (LDs), and while much is known about the role of LDs in storing triacylglycerols in seeds, their biogenesis and function in nonseed tissues are poorly understood. Recently, we identified a class of plant-specific, lipid droplet-associated proteins (LDAPs) that are abundant components of LDs in nonseed cell types. Here, we characterized the three LDAPs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to gain insight to their targeting, assembly, and influence on LD function and dynamics. While all three LDAPs targeted specifically to the LD surface, truncation analysis of LDAP3 revealed that essentially the entire protein was required for LD localization. The association of LDAP3 with LDs was detergent sensitive, but the protein bound with similar affinity to synthetic liposomes of various phospholipid compositions, suggesting that other factors contributed to targeting specificity. Investigation of LD dynamics in leaves revealed that LD abundance was modulated during the diurnal cycle, and characterization of LDAP misexpression mutants indicated that all three LDAPs were important for this process. LD abundance was increased significantly during abiotic stress, and characterization of mutant lines revealed that LDAP1 and LDAP3 were required for the proper induction of LDs during heat and cold temperature stress, respectively. Furthermore, LDAP1 was required for proper neutral lipid compartmentalization and triacylglycerol degradation during postgerminative growth. Taken together, these studies reveal that LDAPs are required for the maintenance and regulation of LDs in plant cells and perform nonredundant functions in various physiological contexts, including stress response and postgerminative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Sunjung Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Michal Pyc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Yingqi Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - John M Dyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
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Targeting Fat: Mechanisms of Protein Localization to Lipid Droplets. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:535-546. [PMID: 26995697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
How proteins specifically localize to the phospholipid monolayer surface of lipid droplets (LDs) is being unraveled. We review here the major known pathways of protein targeting to LDs and suggest a classification framework based on the localization origin for the protein. Class I proteins often have a membrane-embedded, hydrophobic 'hairpin' motif, and access LDs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) either during LD formation or after formation via ER-LD membrane bridges. Class II proteins access the LD surface from the cytosol and bind through amphipathic helices or other hydrophobic domains. Other proteins require lipid modifications or protein-protein interactions to bind to LDs. We summarize knowledge for targeting and removal of the different classes, and highlight areas needing investigation.
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31
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Production of Biologically Active Cecropin A Peptide in Rice Seed Oil Bodies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146919. [PMID: 26760761 PMCID: PMC4711921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecropin A is a natural antimicrobial peptide that exhibits fast and potent activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens and neoplastic cells, and that has important biotechnological applications. However, cecropin A exploitation, as for other antimicrobial peptides, is limited by their production and purification costs. Here, we report the efficient production of this bioactive peptide in rice bran using the rice oleosin 18 as a carrier protein. High cecropin A levels were reached in rice seeds driving the expression of the chimeric gene by the strong embryo-specific oleosin 18 own promoter, and targeting the peptide to the oil body organelle as an oleosin 18-cecropin A fusion protein. The accumulation of cecropin A in oil bodies had no deleterious effects on seed viability and seedling growth, as well as on seed yield. We also show that biologically active cecropin A can be easily purified from the transgenic rice seeds by homogenization and simple flotation centrifugation methods. Our results demonstrate that the oleosin fusion technology is suitable for the production of cecropin A in rice seeds, which can potentially be extended to other antimicrobial peptides to assist their exploitation.
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32
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Kriechbaumer V. ER Microsome Preparation and Subsequent IAA Quantification in Maize Coleoptile and Primary Root Tissue. Bio Protoc 2016; 6:e1805. [PMID: 28180138 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a major growth hormone in plants and the first plant hormone to be discovered and studied (Darwin and Darwin, 1880). The auxin molecule in plants was first identified as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by Kögl et al. (1934). Active research over nearly a decade has shed light on many of the molecular mechanisms of its action but the complexity and redundancy of the auxin biosynthetic network raises questions about control of this system. We have shown that some enzymes involved in the YUCCA-route of auxin biosynthesis are not cytosolic but localised to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in both Arabidopsis thaliana (YUCCA4.2) (Kriechbaumer et al., 2012) as well as Zea mays (ZmTAR1 and ZmSPI) (Kriechbaumer et al., 2015). This is raising the intriguing possibility of subcellular compartmentation of auxin biosynthesis. To show that maize auxin biosynthesis indeed can take place in microsomal as well as cytosolic cellular fractions from maize seedlings we applied the protocol described here: Microsomes are being isolated from maize coleoptile and primary root tissue, enzyme assays with microsomal and cytosolic fractions using either tryptophan (Trp) or indole- -3pyruvic acid (IPyA) as a substrate are carried out and the auxin IAA is extracted and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, UK
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33
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Lévesque-Lemay M, Chabot D, Hubbard K, Chan JK, Miller S, Robert LS. Tapetal oleosins play an essential role in tapetosome formation and protein relocation to the pollen coat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:691-704. [PMID: 26305561 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis pollen grain is covered by a lipidic pollen coat representing select constituents released upon the programmed cell death of the anther secretory tapetum. These constituents originate primarily from two specialized tapetal organelles, elaioplasts and tapetosomes. Tapetosomes are distinctive Brassicaceae organelles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum that store triacylglycerols, flavonoids, alkanes, and proteins. The tapetosome triacylglycerols are found within lipid droplets surrounded by the highly variable tapetal oleosins that eventually generate the most abundant proteins of the pollen coat. Many questions remain regarding the sub-cellular targeting of tapetal oleosins as well as their role in tapetosome formation. Translational fusions of different tapetal oleosins or their derived domains to marker proteins were introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate their localization, processing and function. Arabidopsis tapetal oleosins were shown to be proteolytically cleaved following tapetum degeneration and different protein domains were targeted to the pollen coat despite vast differences in composition and size. Importantly, specific fusions were discovered to affect distinct aspects of tapetosome formation. This report not only highlighted the critical role of individual tapetal oleosin domains in Arabidopsis tapetosome formation, but revealed translational fusions to be a valuable tool in deciphering this evidently complex developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Lévesque-Lemay
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Denise Chabot
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Keith Hubbard
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - John K Chan
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Shea Miller
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Laurian S Robert
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
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34
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Kriechbaumer V, Seo H, Park WJ, Hawes C. Endoplasmic reticulum localization and activity of maize auxin biosynthetic enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6009-6020. [PMID: 26139824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a major growth hormone in plants and the first plant hormone to be discovered and studied. Active research over >60 years has shed light on many of the molecular mechanisms of its action including transport, perception, signal transduction, and a variety of biosynthetic pathways in various species, tissues, and developmental stages. The complexity and redundancy of the auxin biosynthetic network and enzymes involved raises the question of how such a system, producing such a potent agent as auxin, can be appropriately controlled at all. Here it is shown that maize auxin biosynthesis takes place in microsomal as well as cytosolic cellular fractions from maize seedlings. Most interestingly, a set of enzymes shown to be involved in auxin biosynthesis via their activity and/or mutant phenotypes and catalysing adjacent steps in YUCCA-dependent biosynthesis are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Positioning of auxin biosynthetic enzymes at the ER could be necessary to bring auxin biosynthesis in closer proximity to ER-localized factors for transport, conjugation, and signalling, and allow for an additional level of regulation by subcellular compartmentation of auxin action. Furthermore, it might provide a link to ethylene action and be a factor in hormonal cross-talk as all five ethylene receptors are ER localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Hyesu Seo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Yongin-si 448-701, South Korea
| | - Woong June Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Yongin-si 448-701, South Korea
| | - Chris Hawes
- Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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35
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Fan Y, Ortiz-Urquiza A, Garrett T, Pei Y, Keyhani NO. Involvement of a caleosin in lipid storage, spore dispersal, and virulence in the entomopathogenic filamentous fungus,Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4600-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Fan
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing Beibei China
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Almudena Ortiz-Urquiza
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Timothy Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing Beibei China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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36
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Wang CW. Lipid droplet dynamics in budding yeast. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2677-95. [PMID: 25894691 PMCID: PMC11113813 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells store excess fatty acids as neutral lipids, predominantly triacylglycerols and sterol esters, in organelles termed lipid droplets (LDs) that bulge out from the endoplasmic reticulum. LDs are highly dynamic and contribute to diverse cellular functions. The catabolism of the storage lipids within LDs is channeled to multiple metabolic pathways, providing molecules for energy production, membrane building blocks, and lipid signaling. LDs have been implicated in a number of protein degradation and pathogen infection processes. LDs may be linked to prevalent human metabolic diseases and have marked potential for biofuel production. The knowledge accumulated on LDs in recent years provides a foundation for diverse, and even unexpected, future research. This review focuses on recent advances in LD research, emphasizing the diverse physiological roles of LDs in the model system of budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan,
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A Caleosin-Like Protein with Peroxygenase Activity Mediates Aspergillus flavus Development, Aflatoxin Accumulation, and Seed Infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6129-44. [PMID: 26116672 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00867-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Caleosins are a small family of calcium-binding proteins endowed with peroxygenase activity in plants. Caleosin-like genes are present in fungi; however, their functions have not been reported yet. In this work, we identify a plant caleosin-like protein in Aspergillus flavus that is highly expressed during the early stages of spore germination. A recombinant purified 32-kDa caleosin-like protein supported peroxygenase activities, including co-oxidation reactions and reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides. Deletion of the caleosin gene prevented fungal development. Alternatively, silencing of the gene led to the increased accumulation of endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides and antioxidant activities but to a reduction of fungal growth and conidium formation. Two key genes of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway, aflR and aflD, were downregulated in the strains in which A. flavus PXG (AfPXG) was silenced, leading to reduced aflatoxin B1 production in vitro. Application of caleosin/peroxygenase-derived oxylipins restored the wild-type phenotype in the strains in which AfPXG was silenced. PXG-deficient A. flavus strains were severely compromised in their capacity to infect maize seeds and to produce aflatoxin. Our results uncover a new branch of the fungal oxylipin pathway and may lead to the development of novel targets for controlling fungal disease.
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Purkrtová Z, Chardot T, Froissard M. N-terminus of seed caleosins is essential for lipid droplet sorting but not for lipid accumulation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 579:47-54. [PMID: 26032334 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Caleosin, a calcium-binding protein associated with plant lipid droplets, stimulates lipid accumulation when heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Accumulated lipids are stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets that are stabilised by incorporated caleosin. We designed a set of mutants affecting putative crucial sites for caleosin function and association with lipid droplets, i.e. the N-terminus, the EF-hand motif and the proline-knot motif. We investigated the effect of introduced mutations on caleosin capacity to initiate lipid accumulation and on caleosin sorting within cell as well as on its association with lipid droplets. Our results strongly suggest that the N-terminal domain is essential for proper protein sorting and targeting to lipid droplets but not for enhancing lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Purkrtová
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France.
| | - Thierry Chardot
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France.
| | - Marine Froissard
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France.
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Vargo KB, Al Zaki A, Warden-Rothman R, Tsourkas A, Hammer DA. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle micelles stabilized by recombinant oleosin for targeted magnetic resonance imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1409-13. [PMID: 25418741 PMCID: PMC4746475 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant surfactants present a new platform for stabilizing and targeting nanoparticle imaging agents. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded micelles for MRI contrast are stabilized by an engineered variant of the naturally occurring protein oleosin and targeted using a Her2/neu affibody-oleosin fusion. The recombinant oleosin platform allows simple targeting and the ability to easily swap the ligand for numerous targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Vargo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Ajlan Al Zaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | | | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103
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Laibach N, Post J, Twyman RM, Gronover CS, Prüfer D. The characteristics and potential applications of structural lipid droplet proteins in plants. J Biotechnol 2014; 201:15-27. [PMID: 25160916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant cytosolic lipid droplets are storage organelles that accumulate hydrophobic molecules. They are found in many tissues and their general structure includes an outer lipid monolayer with integral and associated proteins surrounding a hydrophobic core. Two distinct types can be distinguished, which we define here as oleosin-based lipid droplets (OLDs) and non-oleosin-based lipid droplets (NOLDs). OLDs are the best characterized lipid droplets in plants. They are primarily restricted to seeds and other germinative tissues, their surface is covered with oleosin-family proteins to maintain stability, they store triacylglycerols (TAGs) and they are used as a source of energy (and possibly signaling molecules) during the germination of seeds and pollen. Less is known about NOLDs. They are more abundant than OLDs and are distributed in many tissues, they accumulate not only TAGs but also other hydrophobic molecules such as natural rubber, and the structural proteins that stabilize them are unrelated to oleosins. In many species these proteins are members of the rubber elongation factor superfamily. NOLDs are not typically used for energy storage but instead accumulate hydrophobic compounds required for environmental interactions such as pathogen defense. There are many potential applications of NOLDs including the engineering of lipid production in plants and the generation of artificial oil bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Janina Post
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany; Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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Lin JL, Wheeldon I. Dual N- and C-terminal helices are required for endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplet association of alcohol acetyltransferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104141. [PMID: 25093817 PMCID: PMC4122449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae two alcohol acetyltransferases (AATases), Atf1 and Atf2, condense short chain alcohols with acetyl-CoA to produce volatile acetate esters. Such esters are, in large part, responsible for the distinctive flavors and aromas of fermented beverages including beer, wine, and sake. Atf1 and Atf2 localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Atf1 is known to localize to lipid droplets (LDs). The mechanism and function of these localizations are unknown. Here, we investigate potential mechanisms of Atf1 and Atf2 membrane association. Segments of the N- and C-terminal domains of Atf1 (residues 24–41 and 508–525, respectively) are predicted to be amphipathic helices. Truncations of these helices revealed that the terminal domains are essential for ER and LD association. Moreover, mutations of the basic or hydrophobic residues in the N-terminal helix and hydrophobic residues in the C-terminal helix disrupted ER association and subsequent sorting from the ER to LDs. Similar amphipathic helices are found at both ends of Atf2, enabling ER and LD association. As was the case with Atf1, mutations to the N- and C-terminal helices of Atf2 prevented membrane association. Sequence comparison of the AATases from Saccharomyces, non-Saccharomyces yeast (K. lactis and P. anomala) and fruits species (C. melo and S. lycopersicum) showed that only AATases from Saccharomyces evolved terminal amphipathic helices. Heterologous expression of these orthologs in S. cerevisiae revealed that the absence of terminal amphipathic helices eliminates LD association. Combined, the results of this study suggest a common mechanism of membrane association for AATases via dual N- and C-terminal amphipathic helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Liang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ian Wheeldon
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Maeda Y, Sunaga Y, Yoshino T, Tanaka T. Oleosome-associated protein of the oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris contains an endoplasmic reticulum-targeting signal sequence. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3892-903. [PMID: 24983635 PMCID: PMC4113804 DOI: 10.3390/md12073892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae tend to accumulate lipids as an energy storage material in the specific organelle, oleosomes. Current studies have demonstrated that lipids derived from microalgal oleosomes are a promising source of biofuels, while the oleosome formation mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Oleosome-associated proteins have been identified from several microalgae to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of oleosome formation, although understanding their functions is still in infancy. Recently, we discovered a diatom-oleosome-associated-protein 1 (DOAP1) from the oleaginous diatom, Fistulifera solaris JPCC DA0580. The DOAP1 sequence implied that this protein might be transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to the signal sequence. To ensure this, we fused the signal sequence to green fluorescence protein. The fusion protein distributed around the chloroplast as like a meshwork membrane structure, indicating the ER localization. This result suggests that DOAP1 could firstly localize at the ER, then move to the oleosomes. This study also demonstrated that the DOAP1 signal sequence allowed recombinant proteins to be specifically expressed in the ER of the oleaginous diatom. It would be a useful technique for engineering the lipid synthesis pathways existing in the ER, and finally controlling the biofuel quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Maeda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Sunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Koch B, Schmidt C, Ploier B, Daum G. Modifications of the C terminus affect functionality and stability of yeast triacylglycerol lipase Tgl3p. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19306-16. [PMID: 24847060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.556944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are specific organelles for the storage of triacylglycerols and steryl esters. They are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with a small but specific set of proteins embedded. Assembly and insertion of proteins into this surface membrane is an intriguing question of lipid droplet biology. To address this question we studied the topology of Tgl3p, the major triacylglycerol lipase of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on lipid droplets. Employing the method of limited proteolysis of lipid droplet surface proteins, we found that the C terminus of Tgl3p faces the inside of the organelle, whereas the N terminus is exposed at the cytosolic side of lipid droplets. Detailed analysis of the C terminus revealed a stretch of seven amino acids that are critical for protein stability and functionality. The negative charge of two aspartate residues within this stretch is crucial for lipase activity of Tgl3p. A portion of Tgl3p, which is located to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits a different topology. In the phospholipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum the C terminus faces the cytosol, which results in instability of the protein. Thus, the topology of Tgl3p is important for its function and strongly dependent on the membrane environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Koch
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Ploier
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Daum
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Koch B, Schmidt C, Daum G. Storage lipids of yeasts: a survey of nonpolar lipid metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and Yarrowia lipolytica. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:892-915. [PMID: 24597968 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis and storage of nonpolar lipids, such as triacylglycerols (TG) and steryl esters (SE), have gained much interest during the last decades because defects in these processes are related to severe human diseases. The baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become a valuable tool to study eukaryotic lipid metabolism because this single-cell microorganism harbors many enzymes and pathways with counterparts in mammalian cells. In this article, we will review aspects of TG and SE metabolism and turnover in the yeast that have been known for a long time and combine them with new perceptions of nonpolar lipid research. We will provide a detailed insight into the mechanisms of nonpolar lipid synthesis, storage, mobilization, and degradation in the yeast S. cerevisiae. The central role of lipid droplets (LD) in these processes will be addressed with emphasis on the prevailing view that this compartment is more than only a depot for TG and SE. Dynamic and interactive aspects of LD with other organelles will be discussed. Results obtained with S. cerevisiae will be complemented by recent investigations of nonpolar lipid research with Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris. Altogether, this review article provides a comprehensive view of nonpolar lipid research in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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López-Ribera I, La Paz JL, Repiso C, García N, Miquel M, Hernández ML, Martínez-Rivas JM, Vicient CM. The evolutionary conserved oil body associated protein OBAP1 participates in the regulation of oil body size. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1237-49. [PMID: 24406791 PMCID: PMC3938616 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A transcriptomic approach has been used to identify genes predominantly expressed in maize (Zea mays) scutellum during maturation. One of the identified genes is oil body associated protein1 (obap1), which is transcribed during seed maturation predominantly in the scutellum, and its expression decreases rapidly after germination. Proteins similar to OBAP1 are present in all plants, including primitive plants and mosses, and in some fungi and bacteria. In plants, obap genes are divided in two subfamilies. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains five genes coding for OBAP proteins. Arabidopsis OBAP1a protein is accumulated during seed maturation and disappears after germination. Agroinfiltration of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) epidermal leaf cells with fusions of OBAP1 to yellow fluorescent protein and immunogold labeling of embryo transmission electron microscopy sections showed that OBAP1 protein is mainly localized in the surface of the oil bodies. OBAP1 protein was detected in the oil body cellular fraction of Arabidopsis embryos. Deletion analyses demonstrate that the most hydrophilic part of the protein is responsible for the oil body localization, which suggests an indirect interaction of OBAP1 with other proteins in the oil body surface. An Arabidopsis mutant with a transfer DNA inserted in the second exon of the obap1a gene and an RNA interference line against the same gene showed a decrease in the germination rate, a decrease in seed oil content, and changes in fatty acid composition, and their embryos have few, big, and irregular oil bodies compared with the wild type. Taken together, our findings suggest that OBAP1 protein is involved in the stability of oil bodies.
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Shimada TL, Takano Y, Shimada T, Fujiwara M, Fukao Y, Mori M, Okazaki Y, Saito K, Sasaki R, Aoki K, Hara-Nishimura I. Leaf oil body functions as a subcellular factory for the production of a phytoalexin in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:105-18. [PMID: 24214535 PMCID: PMC3875792 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.230185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oil bodies are intracellular structures present in the seed and leaf cells of many land plants. Seed oil bodies are known to function as storage compartments for lipids. However, the physiological function of leaf oil bodies is unknown. Here, we show that leaf oil bodies function as subcellular factories for the production of a stable phytoalexin in response to fungal infection and senescence. Proteomic analysis of oil bodies prepared from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves identified caleosin (CLO3) and α-dioxygenase (α-DOX1). Both CLO3 and α-DOX1 were localized on the surface of oil bodies. Infection with the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum promoted the formation of CLO3- and α-DOX1-positive oil bodies in perilesional areas surrounding the site of infection. α-DOX1 catalyzes the reaction from α-linolenic acid (a major fatty acid component of oil bodies) to an unstable compound, 2-hydroperoxy-octadecatrienoic acid (2-HPOT). Intriguingly, a combination of α-DOX1 and CLO3 produced a stable compound, 2-hydroxy-octadecatrienoic acid (2-HOT), from α-linolenic acid. This suggests that the colocalization of α-DOX1 and CLO3 on oil bodies might prevent the degradation of unstable 2-HPOT by efficiently converting 2-HPOT into the stable compound 2-HOT. We found that 2-HOT had antifungal activity against members of the genus Colletotrichum and that infection with C. higginsianum induced 2-HOT production. These results defined 2-HOT as an Arabidopsis phytoalexin. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence that leaf oil bodies produce a phytoalexin under a pathological condition, which suggests a new mechanism of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L. Shimada
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Masashi Mori
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Ryosuke Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
| | - Koh Aoki
- Graduate School of Science (T.L.S., T.S., I.H.-N.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (T.L.S., Y.T.), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630–0101, Japan (M.F., Y.F.)
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan (M.M.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230–0045, Japan (Y.O., K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8675, Japan (K.S.)
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (R.S., K.A.)
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Abstract
Lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that are found in most cells, where they have fundamental roles in metabolism. They function prominently in storing oil-based reserves of metabolic energy and components of membrane lipids. Lipid droplets are the dispersed phase of an oil-in-water emulsion in the aqueous cytosol of cells, and the importance of basic biophysical principles of emulsions for lipid droplet biology is now being appreciated. Because of their unique architecture, with an interface between the dispersed oil phase and the aqueous cytosol, specific mechanisms underlie their formation, growth and shrinkage. Such mechanisms enable cells to use emulsified oil when the demands for metabolic energy or membrane synthesis change. The regulation of the composition of the phospholipid surfactants at the surface of lipid droplets is crucial for lipid droplet homeostasis and protein targeting to their surfaces.
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Murugesan S, Goldberg EB, Dou E, Brown WJ. Identification of diverse lipid droplet targeting motifs in the PNPLA family of triglyceride lipases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64950. [PMID: 23741432 PMCID: PMC3669214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Patatin-like Phospholipase Domain containing Protein A (PNPLA) family play key roles in triglyceride hydrolysis, energy metabolism, and lipid droplet (LD) homoeostasis. Here we report the identification of two distinct LD targeting motifs (LTM) for PNPLA family members. Transient transfection of truncated versions of human adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, also known as PNPLA2), PNPLA3/adiponutrin, or PNPLA5 (GS2-like) fused to GFP revealed that the C-terminal third of these proteins contains sequences that are sufficient for targeting to LDs. Furthermore, fusing the C-termini of PNPLA3 or PNPLA5 confers LD localization to PNPLA4, which is otherwise cytoplasmic. Analyses of additional mutants in ATGL, PNPLA5, and Brummer Lipase, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian ATGL, identified two different types of LTMs. The first type, in PNPLA5 and Brummer lipase, is a set of loosely conserved basic residues, while the second type, in ATGL, is contained within a stretch of hydrophobic residues. These results show that even closely related members of the PNPLA family employ different molecular motifs to associate with LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sricharan Murugesan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Elysa B. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Eda Dou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - William J. Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Wilfling F, Wang H, Haas JT, Krahmer N, Gould TJ, Uchida A, Cheng JX, Graham M, Christiano R, Fröhlich F, Liu X, Buhman KK, Coleman RA, Bewersdorf J, Farese RV, Walther TC. Triacylglycerol synthesis enzymes mediate lipid droplet growth by relocalizing from the ER to lipid droplets. Dev Cell 2013; 24:384-99. [PMID: 23415954 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) store metabolic energy and membrane lipid precursors. With excess metabolic energy, cells synthesize triacylglycerol (TG) and form LDs that grow dramatically. It is unclear how TG synthesis relates to LD formation and growth. Here, we identify two LD subpopulations: smaller LDs of relatively constant size, and LDs that grow larger. The latter population contains isoenzymes for each step of TG synthesis. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (GPAT4), which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step, relocalizes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to a subset of forming LDs, where it becomes stably associated. ER-to-LD targeting of GPAT4 and other LD-localized TG synthesis isozymes is required for LD growth. Key features of GPAT4 ER-to-LD targeting and function in LD growth are conserved between Drosophila and mammalian cells. Our results explain how TG synthesis is coupled with LD growth and identify two distinct LD subpopulations based on their capacity for localized TG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wilfling
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Umate P. Comparative genomics of the lipid-body-membrane proteins oleosin, caleosin and steroleosin in magnoliophyte, lycophyte and bryophyte. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2012; 10:345-53. [PMID: 23317702 PMCID: PMC5054715 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipid bodies store oils in the form of triacylglycerols. Oleosin, caleosin and steroleosin are unique proteins localized on the surface of lipid bodies in seed plants. This study has identified genes encoding lipid body proteins oleosin, caleosin and steroleosin in the genomes of five plants: Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Populus trichocarpa, Selaginella moellendorffii and Physcomitrella patens. The protein sequence alignment indicated that each oleosin protein contains a highly-conserved proline knot motif, and proline knob motif is well conserved in steroleosin proteins, while caleosin proteins possess the Dx[D/N]xDG-containing calcium-binding motifs. The identification of motifs (proline knot and knob) and conserved amino acids at active site was further supported by the sequence logos. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of magnoliophyte- and bryophyte-specific subgroups. We analyzed the public microarray data for expression of oleosin, caleosin and steroleosin in Arabidopsis and rice during the vegetative and reproductive stages, or under abiotic stresses. Our results indicated that genes encoding oleosin, caleosin and steroleosin proteins were expressed predominantly in plant seeds. This work may facilitate better understanding of the members of lipid-body-membrane proteins in diverse organisms and their gene expression in model plants Arabidopsis and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Umate
- Department of Botany, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506009, India.
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