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Desnoyer AN, Nicolay A, Rios P, Ziegler MS, Tilley TD. Bimetallics in a Nutshell: Complexes Supported by Chelating Naphthyridine-Based Ligands. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1944-1956. [PMID: 32878429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bimetallic motifs are a structural feature common to some of the most effective and synthetically useful catalysts known, including in the active sites of many metalloenzymes and on the surfaces of industrially relevant heterogeneous materials. However, the complexity of these systems often hampers detailed studies of their fundamental properties. To glean valuable mechanistic insight into how these catalysts function, this research group has prepared a family of dinucleating 1,8-naphthyridine ligands that bind two first-row transition metals in close proximity, originally designed to help mimic the proposed active site of metal oxide surfaces. Of the various bimetallic combinations examined, dicopper(I) is particularly versatile, as neutral bridging ligands adopt a variety of different binding modes depending on the configuration of frontier orbitals available to interact with the Cu centers. Organodicopper complexes are readily accessible, either through the traditional route of salt metathesis or via the activation of tetraarylborate anions through aryl group abstraction by a dicopper(I) unit. The resulting bridging aryl complexes engage in C-H bond activations, notably with terminal alkynes to afford bridging alkynyl species. The μ-hydrocarbyl complexes are surprisingly tolerant of water and elevated temperatures. This stability was leveraged to isolate a species that typically represents a fleeting intermediate in Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne coupling (CuAAC); reaction of a bridging alkynyl complex with an organic azide afforded the first example of a well-defined, symmetrically bridged dicopper triazolide. This complex was shown to be an intermediate during CuAAC, providing support for a proposed bimetallic mechanism. These platforms are not limited to formally low oxidation states; chemical oxidation of the hydrocarbyl complexes cleanly results in formation of mixed valence CuICuII complexes with varying degrees of distortion in both the bridging moiety and the dicopper core. Higher oxidation states, e.g., dicopper(II), are easily accessed via oxidation of a dicopper(I) compound with air to give a CuII2(μ-OH)2 complex. Reduction of this compound with silanes resulted in the unexpected formation of pentametallic copper(I) dihydride clusters or trimetallic monohydride complexes, depending on the nature of the silane. Finally, development of an unsymmetrical naphthyridine ligand with mixed donor side-arms enables selective synthesis of an isostructural series of six heterobimetallic complexes, demonstrating the power of ligand design in the preparation of heterometallic assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison N. Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amélie Nicolay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pablo Rios
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Micah S. Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Chen HY, Chao I. Toward the Rational Design of Functionalized Pentacenes: Reduction of the Impact of Functionalization on the Reorganization Energy. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:2003-7. [PMID: 16952119 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For the widely studied high-carrier-mobility species, pentacene, it is found that perfluorination turned it into an n-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET), but doubled the internal reorganization energy (lambda) of the electron/hole hopping. Here, Cl- and N-functionalized pentacenes are designed to test two strategies that may reduce the impact of functionalization on lambda. Calculation results show that the strategies are feasible. Moreover, combined with crystal-structure data of Cl- and N-functionalized aromatic compounds, it is concluded that compared to fluorination, the presence of Cl and N atoms in pentacene not only reduces the influence of functionalization on lambda and affords a larger window for tuning HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies, but also provides the opportunity to promote pi-stacked structures through ClCl and C--HN interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Yin Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei, 11528, Taiwan
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Jagielska A, Arnautova YA, Scheraga HA. Derivation of a New Force Field for Crystal-Structure Prediction Using Global Optimization: Nonbonded Potential Parameters for Amines, Imidazoles, Amides, and Carboxylic Acids. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jagielska
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Yelena A. Arnautova
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Harold A. Scheraga
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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Marjo C, Bishop R, Craig D, Scudder M. Crystal Engineering Involving C−H···N Weak Hydrogen Bonds: A Diquinoxaline Lattice Inclusion Host with a Preference for Polychlorocarbon Guests. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200103)2001:5<863::aid-ejoc863>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cyrański M, Krygowski TM. Separation of the energetic and geometric contributions to the aromaticity of π-electron carbocyclics. Part V. Analysis of the aromatic character of aza-analogues of benzenoid hydrocarbons. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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