1
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Baxter J, Hutchison CD, Fadini A, Maghlaoui K, Cordon-Preciado V, Morgan RML, Agthe M, Horrell S, Tellkamp F, Mehrabi P, Pfeifer Y, Müller-Werkmeister HM, von Stetten D, Pearson AR, van Thor JJ. Power Density Titration of Reversible Photoisomerization of a Fluorescent Protein Chromophore in the Presence of Thermally Driven Barrier Crossing Shown by Quantitative Millisecond Serial Synchrotron X-ray Crystallography. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16394-16403. [PMID: 38848551 PMCID: PMC11191680 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
We present millisecond quantitative serial X-ray crystallography at 1.7 Å resolution demonstrating precise optical control of reversible population transfer from Trans-Cis and Cis-Trans photoisomerization of a reversibly switchable fluorescent protein, rsKiiro. Quantitative results from the analysis of electron density differences, extrapolated structure factors, and occupancy refinements are shown to correspond to optical measurements of photoinduced population transfer and have sensitivity to a few percent in concentration differences. Millisecond time-resolved concentration differences are precisely and reversibly controlled through intense continuous wave laser illuminations at 405 and 473 nm for the Trans-to-Cis and Cis-to-Trans reactions, respectively, while the X-ray crystallographic measurement and laser illumination of the metastable Trans chromophore conformation causes partial thermally driven reconversion across a 91.5 kJ/mol thermal barrier from which a temperature jump between 112 and 128 K is extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
M. Baxter
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - Alisia Fadini
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Karim Maghlaoui
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - R. Marc L. Morgan
- Center
for Structural Biology, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Michael Agthe
- European
Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Sam Horrell
- Department
of Physics, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Institute for
Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University
of Hamburg, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Friedjof Tellkamp
- Scientific
Support Unit Machine Physics, Max-Planck-Institute
for Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Pedram Mehrabi
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, CFEL, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Yannik Pfeifer
- Institute
of Chemistry—Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | | | - David von Stetten
- European
Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Arwen R. Pearson
- Institute
for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics & The Hamburg Centre
for Ultrafast Imaging, HARBOR, Universität
Hamburg, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Jasper J. van Thor
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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2
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Shelley KL, Garman EF. Identifying and avoiding radiation damage in macromolecular crystallography. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:314-327. [PMID: 38700059 PMCID: PMC11066884 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798324003243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation damage remains one of the major impediments to accurate structure solution in macromolecular crystallography. The artefacts of radiation damage can manifest as structural changes that result in incorrect biological interpretations being drawn from a model, they can reduce the resolution to which data can be collected and they can even prevent structure solution entirely. In this article, we discuss how to identify and mitigate against the effects of radiation damage at each stage in the macromolecular crystal structure-solution pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Shelley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elspeth F. Garman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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3
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Kapuścińska K, Dukała Z, Doha M, Ansari E, Wang J, Brudvig GW, Brooks B, Amin M. Bridging the Coordination Chemistry of Small Compounds and Metalloproteins Using Machine Learning. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:2586-2593. [PMID: 38054243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Metalloproteins require metal ions as cofactors to catalyze specific reactions with remarkable efficiency and specificity. In various electron transfer reactions, metals in the active sites change their oxidation states to facilitate the biochemical reactions. Cryogenic electron microscopy, X-ray, and X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) crystallography are used to image metalloproteins to understand the reaction mechanisms. However, radiation damage in cryoEM and X-ray crystallography, and the challenge of generating homogeneous crystals and keeping the appropriate experimental conditions for all the crystals in XFEL crystallography, may alter the oxidation states. Here, we build machine learning models trained on a large data set from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center to evaluate the metal oxidation states. The models yield high accuracy scores (from 82% to 94%) for all metals in the small molecules. Then, they were used to predict the oxidation states of more than 30 000 metal clusters in metalloproteins with Fe, Mn, Co, and Cu in their active sites. We found that most of the metals exist in the lower oxidation states (Fe2+ 77%, Mn2+ 85%, Co2+ 65%, and Cu+ 64%), and these populations correlate with the standard reduction potentials of the metal ions. Furthermore, we found no clear correlation between these populations and the resolution of the structures, which suggests no significant dependence of these predictions on the resolution. Our models represent a valuable tool for evaluating the oxidation states of the metals in metalloproteins imaged with different techniques. The data files and the machine learning code are available in a public GitHub repository: https://github.com/mamin03/OxitationStatesMetalloprotein.git.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kapuścińska
- Department of Sciences, University College Groningen, University of Groningen, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zofia Dukała
- Department of Sciences, University College Groningen, University of Groningen, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mekhola Doha
- Department of Sciences, University College Groningen, University of Groningen, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eman Ansari
- Department of Sciences, University College Groningen, University of Groningen, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Bernand Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Muhamed Amin
- Department of Sciences, University College Groningen, University of Groningen, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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4
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Khorn PA, Luginina AP, Pospelov VA, Dashevsky DE, Khnykin AN, Moiseeva OV, Safronova NA, Belousov AS, Mishin AV, Borshchevsky VI. Rational Design of Drugs Targeting G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Structural Biology Perspective. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:747-764. [PMID: 38831510 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a key role in the transduction of extracellular signals to cells and regulation of many biological processes, which makes these membrane proteins one of the most important targets for pharmacological agents. A significant increase in the number of resolved atomic structures of GPCRs has opened the possibility of developing pharmaceuticals targeting these receptors via structure-based drug design (SBDD). SBDD employs information on the structure of receptor-ligand complexes to search for selective ligands without the need for an extensive high-throughput experimental ligand screening and can significantly expand the chemical space for ligand search. In this review, we describe the process of deciphering GPCR structures using X-ray diffraction analysis and cryoelectron microscopy as an important stage in the rational design of drugs targeting this receptor class. Our main goal was to present modern developments and key features of experimental methods used in SBDD of GPCR-targeting agents to a wide range of specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A Khorn
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Aleksandra P Luginina
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Pospelov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Dashevsky
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Andrey N Khnykin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Olga V Moiseeva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
- Scryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Safronova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Anatolii S Belousov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexey V Mishin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
| | - Valentin I Borshchevsky
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980, Russia
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5
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Stubbs J, Hornsey T, Hanrahan N, Esteban LB, Bolton R, Malý M, Basu S, Orlans J, de Sanctis D, Shim JU, Shaw Stewart PD, Orville AM, Tews I, West J. Droplet microfluidics for time-resolved serial crystallography. IUCRJ 2024; 11:237-248. [PMID: 38446456 PMCID: PMC10916287 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524001799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Serial crystallography requires large numbers of microcrystals and robust strategies to rapidly apply substrates to initiate reactions in time-resolved studies. Here, we report the use of droplet miniaturization for the controlled production of uniform crystals, providing an avenue for controlled substrate addition and synchronous reaction initiation. The approach was evaluated using two enzymatic systems, yielding 3 µm crystals of lysozyme and 2 µm crystals of Pdx1, an Arabidopsis enzyme involved in vitamin B6 biosynthesis. A seeding strategy was used to overcome the improbability of Pdx1 nucleation occurring with diminishing droplet volumes. Convection within droplets was exploited for rapid crystal mixing with ligands. Mixing times of <2 ms were achieved. Droplet microfluidics for crystal size engineering and rapid micromixing can be utilized to advance time-resolved serial crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Stubbs
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Hornsey
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Hanrahan
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Blay Esteban
- Universitat Carlemany, Avenida Verge de Canolich, 47, Sant Julia de Loria, Principat d’Andorra AD600, Spain
| | - Rachel Bolton
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Malý
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shibom Basu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, Grenoble 38042, Cedex 9, France
| | - Julien Orlans
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, Cedex 9, France
| | - Daniele de Sanctis
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jung-uk Shim
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Allen M. Orville
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Tews
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan West
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Andersen DG, Pedersen AB, Jørgensen MH, Montasell MC, Søgaard AB, Chen G, Schroeder A, Andersen GR, Zelikin AN. Chemical Zymogens and Transmembrane Activation of Transcription in Synthetic Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309385. [PMID: 38009384 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, synthetic cells equipped with an artificial signaling pathway that connects an extracellular trigger event to the activation of intracellular transcription are engineered. Learning from nature, this is done via an engineering of responsive enzymes, such that activation of enzymatic activity can be triggered by an external biochemical stimulus. Reversibly deactivated creatine kinase to achieve triggered production of adenosine triphosphate, and a reversibly deactivated nucleic acid polymerase for on-demand synthesis of RNA are engineered. An extracellular, enzyme-activated production of a diffusible zymogen activator is also designed. The key achievement of this work is that the importance of cellularity is illustrated whereby the separation of biochemical partners is essential to resolve their incompatibility, to enable transcription within the confines of a synthetic cell. The herein designed biochemical pathway and the engineered synthetic cells are arguably primitive compared to their natural counterpart. Nevertheless, the results present a significant step toward the design of synthetic cells with responsive behavior, en route from abiotic to life-like cell mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gal Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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7
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McMonagle CJ, Fuller CA, Hupf E, Malaspina LA, Grabowsky S, Chernyshov D. Lattice response to the radiation damage of molecular crystals: radiation-induced versus thermal expansivity. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2024; 80:13-18. [PMID: 38174727 PMCID: PMC10848411 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520623010636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of intense synchrotron radiation with molecular crystals frequently modifies the crystal structure by breaking bonds, producing fragments and, hence, inducing disorder. Here, a second-rank tensor of radiation-induced lattice strain is proposed to characterize the structural susceptibility to radiation. Quantitative estimates are derived using a linear response approximation from experimental data collected on three materials Hg(NO3)2(PPh3)2, Hg(CN)2(PPh3)2 and BiPh3 [PPh3 = triphenylphosphine, P(C6H5)3; Ph = phenyl, C6H5], and are compared with the corresponding thermal expansivities. The associated eigenvalues and eigenvectors show that the two tensors are not the same and therefore probe truly different structural responses. The tensor of radiative expansion serves as a measure of the susceptibility of crystal structures to radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emanuel Hupf
- University of Bremen, Department 2 – Biology/Chemistry, Leobener Str. 7, 29359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Boldyreva EV. Radiation damage as a source of information. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2024; 80:1-3. [PMID: 38323797 PMCID: PMC10848410 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520624000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The structural strain induced by temperature (`phonon pressure') and radiation damage (`defect pressure') is not necessarily correlated because of different underlying structural mechanisms. Here synchrotron experiments may provide new and yet unexplored opportunities. A recent publication by McMonagle et al. [(2024), Acta Cryst. B80, 13-18] is an excellent illustration of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Avenue 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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9
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Choi S, Park S, Kim J, Kim H, Cho S, Kim S, Park J, Kim C. X-ray free-electron laser induced acoustic microscopy (XFELAM). PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 35:100587. [PMID: 38312809 PMCID: PMC10835452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) has remarkably advanced X-ray imaging technology and enabled important scientific achievements. The XFEL's extremely high power, short pulse width, low emittance, and high coherence make possible such diverse imaging techniques as absorption/emission spectroscopy, diffraction imaging, and scattering imaging. Here, we demonstrate a novel XFEL-based imaging modality that uses the X-ray induced acoustic (XA) effect, which we call X-ray free-electron laser induced acoustic microscopy (XFELAM). Initially, we verified the XA effect by detecting XA signals from various materials, then we validated the experimental results with simulation outcomes. Next, in resolution experiments, we successfully imaged a patterned tungsten target with drilled various-sized circles at a spatial resolution of 7.8 ± 5.1 µm, which is the first micron-scale resolution achieved by XA imaging. Our results suggest that the novel XFELAM can expand the usability of XFEL in various areas of fundamental scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwook Choi
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyoung Park
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghee Cho
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunam Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Medical Device Innovation Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Catapano L, Long F, Yamashita K, Nicholls RA, Steiner RA, Murshudov GN. Neutron crystallographic refinement with REFMAC5 from the CCP4 suite. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:1056-1070. [PMID: 37921806 PMCID: PMC7615533 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323008793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen (H) atoms are abundant in macromolecules and often play critical roles in enzyme catalysis, ligand-recognition processes and protein-protein interactions. However, their direct visualization by diffraction techniques is challenging. Macromolecular X-ray crystallography affords the localization of only the most ordered H atoms at (sub-)atomic resolution (around 1.2 Å or higher). However, many H atoms of biochemical significance remain undetectable by this method. In contrast, neutron diffraction methods enable the visualization of most H atoms, typically in the form of deuterium (2H) atoms, at much more common resolution values (better than 2.5 Å). Thus, neutron crystallography, although technically demanding, is often the method of choice when direct information on protonation states is sought. REFMAC5 from the Collaborative Computational Project No. 4 (CCP4) is a program for the refinement of macromolecular models against X-ray crystallographic and cryo-EM data. This contribution describes its extension to include the refinement of structural models obtained from neutron crystallographic data. Stereochemical restraints with accurate bond distances between H atoms and their parent atom nuclei are now part of the CCP4 Monomer Library, the source of prior chemical information used in the refinement. One new feature for neutron data analysis in REFMAC5 is refinement of the protium/deuterium (1H/2H) fraction. This parameter describes the relative 1H/2H contribution to neutron scattering for hydrogen isotopes. The newly developed REFMAC5 algorithms were tested by performing the (re-)refinement of several entries available in the PDB and of one novel structure (FutA) using either (i) neutron data only or (ii) neutron data supplemented by external restraints to a reference X-ray crystallographic structure. Re-refinement with REFMAC5 afforded models characterized by R-factor values that are consistent with, and in some cases better than, the originally deposited values. The use of external reference structure restraints during refinement has been observed to be a valuable strategy, especially for structures at medium-low resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Catapano
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Long
- Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Nicholls
- Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto A. Steiner
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Garib N. Murshudov
- Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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11
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Arai T, Mio K, Onoda H, Chavas LMG, Umena Y, Sasaki YC. The Blinking of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Reveals the Degradation Process of Protein Crystals at Microsecond Timescale. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16640. [PMID: 38068964 PMCID: PMC10706227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray crystallography has revolutionized our understanding of biological macromolecules by elucidating their three-dimensional structures. However, the use of X-rays in this technique raises concerns about potential damage to the protein crystals, which results in a quality degradation of the diffraction data even at very low temperatures. Since such damage can occur on the micro- to millisecond timescale, a development in its real-time measurement has been expected. Here, we introduce diffracted X-ray blinking (DXB), which was originally proposed as a method to analyze the intensity fluctuations of diffraction of crystalline particles, to small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of a lysozyme single-crystal. This novel technique, called the small-angle X-ray blinking (SAXB) method, analyzes the fluctuation in SAXS intensity reflecting the domain fluctuation in the protein crystal caused by the X-ray irradiation, which could be correlated with the X-ray-induced damage on the crystal. There was no change in the protein crystal's domain dynamics between the first and second X-ray exposures at 95K, each of which lasted 0.7 s. On the other hand, its dynamics at 295K increased remarkably. The SAXB method further showed a dramatic increase in domain fluctuations with an increasing dose of X-ray radiation, indicating the significance of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Arai
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan;
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiro Mio
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Onoda
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan; (H.O.); (L.M.G.C.)
| | - Leonard M. G. Chavas
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan; (H.O.); (L.M.G.C.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Umena
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan; (H.O.); (L.M.G.C.)
| | - Yuji C. Sasaki
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan;
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Chiba, Japan;
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan
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12
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Bhowmick A, Simon PS, Bogacz I, Hussein R, Zhang M, Makita H, Ibrahim M, Chatterjee R, Doyle MD, Cheah MH, Chernev P, Fuller FD, Fransson T, Alonso-Mori R, Brewster AS, Sauter NK, Bergmann U, Dobbek H, Zouni A, Messinger J, Kern J, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Going around the Kok cycle of the water oxidation reaction with femtosecond X-ray crystallography. IUCRJ 2023; 10:642-655. [PMID: 37870936 PMCID: PMC10619448 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523008928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The water oxidation reaction in photosystem II (PS II) produces most of the molecular oxygen in the atmosphere, which sustains life on Earth, and in this process releases four electrons and four protons that drive the downstream process of CO2 fixation in the photosynthetic apparatus. The catalytic center of PS II is an oxygen-bridged Mn4Ca complex (Mn4CaO5) which is progressively oxidized upon the absorption of light by the chlorophyll of the PS II reaction center, and the accumulation of four oxidative equivalents in the catalytic center results in the oxidation of two waters to dioxygen in the last step. The recent emergence of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) with intense femtosecond X-ray pulses has opened up opportunities to visualize this reaction in PS II as it proceeds through the catalytic cycle. In this review, we summarize our recent studies of the catalytic reaction in PS II by following the structural changes along the reaction pathway via room-temperature X-ray crystallography using XFELs. The evolution of the electron density changes at the Mn complex reveals notable structural changes, including the insertion of OX from a new water molecule, which disappears on completion of the reaction, implicating it in the O-O bond formation reaction. We were also able to follow the structural dynamics of the protein coordinating with the catalytic complex and of channels within the protein that are important for substrate and product transport, revealing well orchestrated conformational changes in response to the electronic changes at the Mn4Ca cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmit Bhowmick
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Philipp S. Simon
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Isabel Bogacz
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rana Hussein
- Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miao Zhang
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hiroki Makita
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Margaret D. Doyle
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mun Hon Cheah
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry- Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 75120, Sweden
| | - Petko Chernev
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry- Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 75120, Sweden
| | - Franklin D. Fuller
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Fransson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aaron S. Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Holger Dobbek
- Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Athina Zouni
- Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry- Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 75120, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå SE 90187, Sweden
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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13
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Inoue I, Yamada J, Kapcia KJ, Stransky M, Tkachenko V, Jurek Z, Inoue T, Osaka T, Inubushi Y, Ito A, Tanaka Y, Matsuyama S, Yamauchi K, Yabashi M, Ziaja B. Femtosecond Reduction of Atomic Scattering Factors Triggered by Intense X-Ray Pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:163201. [PMID: 37925726 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.163201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction of silicon irradiated with tightly focused femtosecond x-ray pulses (photon energy, 11.5 keV; pulse duration, 6 fs) was measured at various x-ray intensities up to 4.6×10^{19} W/cm^{2}. The measurement reveals that the diffraction intensity is highly suppressed when the x-ray intensity reaches of the order of 10^{19} W/cm^{2}. With a dedicated simulation, we confirm that the observed reduction of the diffraction intensity can be attributed to the femtosecond change in individual atomic scattering factors due to the ultrafast creation of highly ionized atoms through photoionization, Auger decay, and subsequent collisional ionization. We anticipate that this ultrafast reduction of atomic scattering factor will be a basis for new x-ray nonlinear techniques, such as pulse shortening and contrast variation x-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Jumpei Yamada
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Konrad J Kapcia
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, PL-61614 Poznań, Poland
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Stransky
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Victor Tkachenko
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Takato Inoue
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Atsuki Ito
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuto Tanaka
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuyama
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamauchi
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Center of Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
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14
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Lebrette H, Srinivas V, John J, Aurelius O, Kumar R, Lundin D, Brewster AS, Bhowmick A, Sirohiwal A, Kim IS, Gul S, Pham C, Sutherlin KD, Simon P, Butryn A, Aller P, Orville AM, Fuller FD, Alonso-Mori R, Batyuk A, Sauter NK, Yachandra VK, Yano J, Kaila VRI, Sjöberg BM, Kern J, Roos K, Högbom M. Structure of a ribonucleotide reductase R2 protein radical. Science 2023; 382:109-113. [PMID: 37797025 PMCID: PMC7615503 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) initiate synthesis of DNA building blocks by generating a free radical within the R2 subunit; the radical is subsequently shuttled to the catalytic R1 subunit through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). We present a high-resolution room temperature structure of the class Ie R2 protein radical captured by x-ray free electron laser serial femtosecond crystallography. The structure reveals conformational reorganization to shield the radical and connect it to the translocation path, with structural changes propagating to the surface where the protein interacts with the catalytic R1 subunit. Restructuring of the hydrogen bond network, including a notably short O-O interaction of 2.41 angstroms, likely tunes and gates the radical during PCET. These structural results help explain radical handling and mobilization in RNR and have general implications for radical transfer in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Lebrette
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Vivek Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliane John
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Aurelius
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lundin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aaron S. Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Asmit Bhowmick
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Abhishek Sirohiwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - In-Sik Kim
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Pham
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kyle D. Sutherlin
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Simon
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Agata Butryn
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Aller
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Allen M. Orville
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ville R. I. Kaila
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Sjöberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katarina Roos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Högbom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Pei X, Bhatt N, Wang H, Ando N, Meisburger SP. Introduction to diffuse scattering and data collection. Methods Enzymol 2023; 688:1-42. [PMID: 37748823 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing goal in X-ray crystallography has been to extract information about the collective motions of proteins from diffuse scattering: the weak, textured signal that is found in the background of diffraction images. In the past few years, the field of macromolecular diffuse scattering has seen dramatic progress, and many of the past challenges in measurement and interpretation are now considered tractable. However, the concept of diffuse scattering is still new to many researchers, and a general set of procedures needed to collect a high-quality dataset has never been described in detail. Here, we provide the first guidelines for performing diffuse scattering experiments, which can be performed at any macromolecular crystallography beamline that supports room-temperature studies with a direct detector. We begin with a brief introduction to the theory of diffuse scattering and then walk the reader through the decision-making processes involved in preparing for and conducting a successful diffuse scattering experiment. Finally, we define quality metrics and describe ways to assess data quality both at the beamline and at home. Data obtained in this way can be processed independently by crystallographic software and diffuse scattering software to produce both a crystal structure, which represents the average atomic coordinates, and a three-dimensional diffuse scattering map that can then be interpreted in terms of models for protein motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Neti Bhatt
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Haoyue Wang
- Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nozomi Ando
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Graduate Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
| | - Steve P Meisburger
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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16
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Wych DC, Wall ME. Molecular-dynamics simulations of macromolecular diffraction, part I: Preparation of protein crystal simulations. Methods Enzymol 2023; 688:87-114. [PMID: 37748833 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of protein crystals enable the prediction of structural and dynamical features of both the protein and the solvent components of macromolecular crystals, which can be validated against diffraction data from X-ray crystallographic experiments. The simulations have been useful for studying and predicting both Bragg and diffuse scattering in protein crystallography; however, the preparation is not yet automated and includes choices and tradeoffs that can impact the results. Here we examine some of the intricacies and consequences of the choices involved in setting up MD simulations of protein crystals for the study of diffraction data, and provide a recipe for preparing the simulations, packaged in an accompanying Jupyter notebook. This article and the accompanying notebook are intended to serve as practical resources for researchers wishing to put these models to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Wych
- Computer, Computational and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM, United States; Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Michael E Wall
- Computer, Computational and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM, United States.
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17
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Timmermann S, Anthuparambil ND, Girelli A, Begam N, Kowalski M, Retzbach S, Senft MD, Akhundzadeh MS, Poggemann HF, Moron M, Hiremath A, Gutmüller D, Dargasz M, Öztürk Ö, Paulus M, Westermeier F, Sprung M, Ragulskaya A, Zhang F, Schreiber F, Gutt C. X-ray driven and intrinsic dynamics in protein gels. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11048. [PMID: 37422480 PMCID: PMC10329714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy to investigate how structure and dynamics of egg white protein gels are affected by X-ray dose and dose rate. We find that both, changes in structure and beam-induced dynamics, depend on the viscoelastic properties of the gels with soft gels prepared at low temperatures being more sensitive to beam-induced effects. Soft gels can be fluidized by X-ray doses of a few kGy with a crossover from stress relaxation dynamics (Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts exponents [Formula: see text] to 2) to typical dynamical heterogeneous behavior ([Formula: see text]1) while the high temperature egg white gels are radiation-stable up to doses of 15 kGy with [Formula: see text]. For all gel samples we observe a crossover from equilibrium dynamics to beam induced motion upon increasing X-ray fluence and determine the resulting fluence threshold values [Formula: see text]. Surprisingly small threshold values of [Formula: see text] s[Formula: see text] nm[Formula: see text] can drive the dynamics in the soft gels while for stronger gels this threshold is increased to [Formula: see text] s[Formula: see text] nm[Formula: see text]. We explain our observations with the viscoelastic properties of the materials and can connect the threshold dose for structural beam damage with the dynamic properties of beam-induced motion. Our results suggest that soft viscoelastic materials can display pronounced X-ray driven motion even for low X-ray fluences. This induced motion is not detectable by static scattering as it appears at dose values well below the static damage threshold. We show that intrinsic sample dynamics can be separated from X-ray driven motion by measuring the fluence dependence of the dynamical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Timmermann
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Nimmi Das Anthuparambil
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anita Girelli
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nafisa Begam
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marvin Kowalski
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Retzbach
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Darius Senft
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Moron
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, TU Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer-Str. 2, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anusha Hiremath
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Gutmüller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michelle Dargasz
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | - Özgül Öztürk
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Paulus
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, TU Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer-Str. 2, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Ragulskaya
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gutt
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 57072, Siegen, Germany.
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18
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Lutz WE, Azadmanesh J, Lovelace JJ, Kolar C, Coates L, Weiss KL, Borgstahl GEO. Perfect Crystals: microgravity capillary counterdiffusion crystallization of human manganese superoxide dismutase for neutron crystallography. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37270576 PMCID: PMC10238240 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The NASA mission Perfect Crystals used the microgravity environment on the International Space Station (ISS) to grow crystals of human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)-an oxidoreductase critical for mitochondrial vitality and human health. The mission's overarching aim is to perform neutron protein crystallography (NPC) on MnSOD to directly visualize proton positions and derive a chemical understanding of the concerted proton electron transfers performed by the enzyme. Large crystals that are perfect enough to diffract neutrons to sufficient resolution are essential for NPC. This combination, large and perfect, is hard to achieve on Earth due to gravity-induced convective mixing. Capillary counterdiffusion methods were developed that provided a gradient of conditions for crystal growth along with a built-in time delay that prevented premature crystallization before stowage on the ISS. Here, we report a highly successful and versatile crystallization system to grow a plethora of crystals for high-resolution NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Lutz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Jahaun Azadmanesh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Lovelace
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Carol Kolar
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Leighton Coates
- Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Kevin L Weiss
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Gloria E O Borgstahl
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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19
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Steiner RA. Introduction to the virtual thematic issue on room-temperature biological crystallography. IUCRJ 2023; 10:248-250. [PMID: 37000491 PMCID: PMC10161770 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523002968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature biological crystallography has seen a resergence in recent years and a collection of articles recently published in IUCrJ, Acta Cryst. D Structural Biology and Acta Cryst. F Structural Biology Communications, have been collected together to produce a virtual special issue at https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2022/RT/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Steiner
- King’s College London, New Hunt’s House - Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35131, Italy
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20
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Steiner RA. Introduction to the virtual thematic issue on room-temperature biological crystallography. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2023; 79:79-81. [PMID: 37013862 PMCID: PMC10071831 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x23002935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature biological crystallography has seen a resergence in recent years and a collection of articles recently published in IUCrJ, Acta Cryst. D Structural Biology and Acta Cryst. F Structural Biology Communications, have been collected together to produce a virtual special issue at https://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2022/RT/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Steiner
- King’s College London, New Hunt’s House - Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35131, Italy
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21
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Amin M. Predicting the oxidation states of Mn ions in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II using supervised and unsupervised machine learning. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 156:89-100. [PMID: 35896927 PMCID: PMC10070209 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at the X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) sources enabled the imaging of the catalytic intermediates of the oxygen evolution reaction of Photosystem II (PSII). However, due to the incoherent transition of the S-states, the resolved structures are a convolution from different catalytic states. Here, we train Decision Tree Classifier and K-means clustering models on Mn compounds obtained from the Cambridge Crystallographic Database to predict the S-state of the X-ray, XFEL, and CryoEM structures by predicting the Mn's oxidation states in the oxygen-evolving complex. The model agrees mostly with the XFEL structures in the dark S1 state. However, significant discrepancies are observed for the excited XFEL states (S2, S3, and S0) and the dark states of the X-ray and CryoEM structures. Furthermore, there is a mismatch between the predicted S-states within the two monomers of the same dimer, mainly in the excited states. We validated our model against other metalloenzymes, the valence bond model and the Mn spin densities calculated using density functional theory for two of the mismatched predictions of PSII. The model suggests designing a more optimized sample delivery and illumiation systems are crucial to precisely resolve the geometry of the advanced S-states to overcome the noncoherent S-state transition. In addition, significant radiation damage is observed in X-ray and CryoEM structures, particularly at the dangler Mn center (Mn4). Our model represents a valuable tool for investigating the electronic structure of the catalytic metal cluster of PSII to understand the water splitting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamed Amin
- Department of Sciences, University College Groningen, University of Groningen, Hoendiepskade 23/24, 9718 BG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Ang AKR, Umena Y, Sato-Tomita A, Shibayama N, Happo N, Marumi R, Yamamoto Y, Kimura K, Kawamura N, Takano Y, Matsushita T, Sasaki YC, Shen JR, Hayashi K. Development of serial X-ray fluorescence holography for radiation-sensitive protein crystals. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:368-378. [PMID: 36891850 PMCID: PMC10000799 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522011833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) is a powerful atomic resolution technique capable of directly imaging the local atomic structure around atoms of a target element within a material. Although it is theoretically possible to use XFH to study the local structures of metal clusters in large protein crystals, the experiment has proven difficult to perform, especially on radiation-sensitive proteins. Here, the development of serial X-ray fluorescence holography to allow the direct recording of hologram patterns before the onset of radiation damage is reported. By combining a 2D hybrid detector and the serial data collection used in serial protein crystallography, the X-ray fluorescence hologram can be directly recorded in a fraction of the measurement time needed for conventional XFH measurements. This approach was demonstrated by obtaining the Mn Kα hologram pattern from the protein crystal Photosystem II without any X-ray-induced reduction of the Mn clusters. Furthermore, a method to interpret the fluorescence patterns as real-space projections of the atoms surrounding the Mn emitters has been developed, where the surrounding atoms produce large dark dips along the emitter-scatterer bond directions. This new technique paves the way for future experiments on protein crystals that aim to clarify the local atomic structures of their functional metal clusters, and for other related XFH experiments such as valence-selective XFH or time-resolved XFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artoni Kevin R. Ang
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Umena
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 466-8603, Japan
| | - Ayana Sato-Tomita
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Naoya Shibayama
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Naohisa Happo
- Department of Computer and Network Engineering, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Asa-Minami-ku, Hiroshima 731-3194, Japan
| | - Riho Marumi
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Naomi Kawamura
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyôgo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yu Takano
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Asa-Minami-ku, Hiroshima 731-3194, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsushita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuji C. Sasaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hayashi
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyôgo 679-5198, Japan
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23
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Thomä SLJ, Zobel M. Beam-induced redox chemistry in iron oxide nanoparticle dispersions at ESRF-EBS. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:440-444. [PMID: 36891857 PMCID: PMC10000811 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522011523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The storage ring upgrade of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility makes ESRF-EBS the most brilliant high-energy fourth-generation light source, enabling in situ studies with unprecedented time resolution. While radiation damage is commonly associated with degradation of organic matter such as ionic liquids or polymers in the synchrotron beam, this study clearly shows that highly brilliant X-ray beams readily induce structural changes and beam damage in inorganic matter, too. Here, the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in iron oxide nanoparticles by radicals in the brilliant ESRF-EBS beam, not observed before the upgrade, is reported. Radicals are created due to radiolysis of an EtOH-H2O mixture with low EtOH concentration (∼6 vol%). In light of extended irradiation times during insitu experiments in, for example, battery and catalysis research, beam-induced redox chemistry needs to be understood for proper interpretation of insitu data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L. J. Thomä
- Institute of Crystallography, RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstraße 17–19, Aachen, 52066 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Mirijam Zobel
- Institute of Crystallography, RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstraße 17–19, Aachen, 52066 Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lane
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
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25
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Dalton KM, Greisman JB, Hekstra DR. A unifying Bayesian framework for merging X-ray diffraction data. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7764. [PMID: 36522310 PMCID: PMC9755530 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel X-ray methods are transforming the study of the functional dynamics of biomolecules. Key to this revolution is detection of often subtle conformational changes from diffraction data. Diffraction data contain patterns of bright spots known as reflections. To compute the electron density of a molecule, the intensity of each reflection must be estimated, and redundant observations reduced to consensus intensities. Systematic effects, however, lead to the measurement of equivalent reflections on different scales, corrupting observation of changes in electron density. Here, we present a modern Bayesian solution to this problem, which uses deep learning and variational inference to simultaneously rescale and merge reflection observations. We successfully apply this method to monochromatic and polychromatic single-crystal diffraction data, as well as serial femtosecond crystallography data. We find that this approach is applicable to the analysis of many types of diffraction experiments, while accurately and sensitively detecting subtle dynamics and anomalous scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Dalton
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jack B Greisman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Doeke R Hekstra
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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26
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Fernando NK, Bostrom HLB, Murray CA, Owen RL, Thompson AL, Dickerson JL, Garman EF, Cairns AB, Regoutz A. Variability in X-ray induced effects in [Rh(COD)Cl] 2 with changing experimental parameters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28444-28456. [PMID: 36399064 PMCID: PMC7614095 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
X-ray characterisation methods have undoubtedly enabled cutting-edge advances in all aspects of materials research. Despite the enormous breadth of information that can be extracted from these techniques, the challenge of radiation-induced sample change and damage remains prevalent. This is largely due to the emergence of modern, high-intensity X-ray source technologies and the growing potential to carry out more complex, longer duration in situ or in operando studies. The tunability of synchrotron beamlines enables the routine application of photon energy-dependent experiments. This work explores the structural stability of [Rh(COD)Cl]2, a widely used catalyst and precursor in the chemical industry, across a range of beamline parameters that target X-ray energies of 8 keV, 15 keV, 18 keV and 25 keV, on a powder X-ray diffraction synchrotron beamline at room temperature. Structural changes are discussed with respect to absorbed X-ray dose at each experimental setting associated with the respective photon energy. In addition, the X-ray radiation hardness of the catalyst is discussed, by utilising the diffraction data collected at the different energies to determine a dose limit, which is often considered in protein crystallography and typically overlooked in small molecule crystallography. This work not only gives fundamental insight into how damage manifests in this organometallic catalyst, but will encourage careful consideration of experimental X-ray parameters before conducting diffraction on similar radiation-sensitive organometallic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie K. Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Hanna L. B. Bostrom
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Claire A. Murray
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Robin L. Owen
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Chemical Crystallography, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Joshua L. Dickerson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Elspeth F. Garman
- Department of Biochemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Andrew B. Cairns
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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27
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Smith N, Wilson MA. Understanding Cysteine Chemistry Using Conventional and Serial X-Ray Protein Crystallography. CRYSTALS 2022; 12:1671. [PMID: 36685087 PMCID: PMC9850494 DOI: 10.3390/cryst12111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins that use cysteine residues for catalysis or regulation are widely distributed and intensively studied, with many biomedically important examples. Enzymes where cysteine is a catalytic nucleophile typically generate covalent catalytic intermediates whose structures are important for understanding mechanism and for designing targeted inhibitors. The formation of catalytic intermediates can change enzyme conformational dynamics, sometimes activating protein motions that are important for catalytic turnover. However, these transiently populated intermediate species have been challenging to structurally characterize using traditional crystallographic approaches. This review describes the use and promise of new time-resolved serial crystallographic methods to study cysteine-dependent enzymes, with a focus on the main (Mpro) and papain-like (PLpro) cysteine proteases of SARS-CoV-2 as well as other examples. We review features of cysteine chemistry that are relevant for the design and execution of time-resolved serial crystallography experiments. In addition, we discuss emerging X-ray techniques such as time-resolved sulfur X-ray spectroscopy that may be able to detect changes in sulfur charge state and covalency during catalysis or regulatory modification. In summary, cysteine-dependent enzymes have features that make them especially attractive targets for new time-resolved serial crystallography approaches, which can reveal both changes to enzyme structure and dynamics during catalysis in crystalline samples.
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28
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Plapp BV, Gakhar L, Subramanian R. Dependence of crystallographic atomic displacement parameters on temperature (25-150 K) for complexes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:1221-1234. [PMID: 36189742 PMCID: PMC9527765 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322008361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze reactions by binding and orienting substrates with dynamic interactions. Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes hydrogen transfer with quantum-mechanical tunneling that involves fast motions in the active site. The structures and B factors of ternary complexes of the enzyme with NAD+ and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl alcohol or NAD+ and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol were determined to 1.1-1.3 Å resolution below the `glassy transition' in order to extract information about the temperature-dependent harmonic motions, which are reflected in the crystallographic B factors. The refinement statistics and structures are essentially the same for each structure at all temperatures. The B factors were corrected for a small amount of radiation decay. The overall B factors for the complexes are similar (13-16 Å2) over the range 25-100 K, but increase somewhat at 150 K. Applying TLS refinement to remove the contribution of pseudo-rigid-body displacements of coenzyme binding and catalytic domains provided residual B factors of 7-10 Å2 for the overall complexes and of 5-10 Å2 for C4N of NAD+ and the methylene carbon of the alcohols. These residual B factors have a very small dependence on temperature and include local harmonic motions and apparently contributions from other sources. Structures at 100 K show complexes that are poised for hydrogen transfer, which involves atomic displacements of ∼0.3 Å and is compatible with the motions estimated from the residual B factors and molecular-dynamics simulations. At 298 K local conformational changes are also involved in catalysis, as enzymes with substitutions of amino acids in the substrate-binding site have similar positions of NAD+ and pentafluorobenzyl alcohol and similar residual B factors, but differ by tenfold in the rate constants for hydride transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce V. Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52252, USA
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52252, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52252, USA
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29
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Zabilska A, Clark AH, Ferri D, Nachtegaal M, Kröcher O, Safonova OV. Beware of beam damage under reaction conditions: X-ray induced photochemical reduction of supported VO x catalysts during in situ XAS experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21916-21926. [PMID: 36069029 PMCID: PMC9641748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for the investigation of heterogeneous catalysts and electrocatalysts. The obtained XAS spectra are usually interpreted from the point of view of the investigated chemical processes, thereby sometimes omitting the fact that intense X-ray irradiation may induce additional transformations in metal speciation and, thus, in the corresponding XAS spectra. In this work, we report on X-ray induced photochemical reduction of vanadium in supported vanadia (VOx) catalysts under reaction conditions, detected at a synchrotron beamline. While this process was not observed in an inert atmosphere and in the presence of water vapor, it occurred at room temperature in the presence of a reducing agent (ethanol or hydrogen) alone or mixed with oxygen. Temperature programmed experiments have shown that X-ray induced reduction of VOx species appeared very clear at 30-100 °C but was not detected at higher temperatures, where the thermocatalytic ethanol oxidative hydrogenation (ODH) takes place. Similar to other studies on X-ray induced effects, we suggest approaches, which can help to mitigate vanadium photoreduction, including defocusing of the X-ray beam and attenuation of the X-ray beam intensity by filters. To recognize beam damage under in situ/operando conditions, we suggest performing X-ray beam switching (on and off) tests at different beam intensities under in situ conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zabilska
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam H Clark
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Oliver Kröcher
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Marín‐Tovar Y, Serrano‐Posada H, Díaz‐Vilchis A, Rudiño‐Piñera E. PCNA from
Thermococcus gammatolerans
: A protein involved in chromosomal
DNA
metabolism intrinsically resistant at high levels of ionizing radiation. Proteins 2022; 90:1684-1698. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.26346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yerli Marín‐Tovar
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Estructural, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos Instituto de Biotecnología (IBt), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Hugo Serrano‐Posada
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ Universidad de Colima Colima Mexico
| | - Adelaida Díaz‐Vilchis
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Estructural, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos Instituto de Biotecnología (IBt), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Enrique Rudiño‐Piñera
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Estructural, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos Instituto de Biotecnología (IBt), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Cuernavaca Mexico
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31
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Yabukarski F, Doukov T, Mokhtari DA, Du S, Herschlag D. Evaluating the impact of X-ray damage on conformational heterogeneity in room-temperature (277 K) and cryo-cooled protein crystals. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:945-963. [PMID: 35916220 PMCID: PMC9344472 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322005939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo-cooling has been nearly universally adopted to mitigate X-ray damage and facilitate crystal handling in protein X-ray crystallography. However, cryo X-ray crystallographic data provide an incomplete window into the ensemble of conformations that is at the heart of protein function and energetics. Room-temperature (RT) X-ray crystallography provides accurate ensemble information, and recent developments allow conformational heterogeneity (the experimental manifestation of ensembles) to be extracted from single-crystal data. Nevertheless, high sensitivity to X-ray damage at RT raises concerns about data reliability. To systematically address this critical issue, increasingly X-ray-damaged high-resolution data sets (1.02-1.52 Å resolution) were obtained from single proteinase K, thaumatin and lysozyme crystals at RT (277 K). In each case a modest increase in conformational heterogeneity with X-ray damage was observed. Merging data with different extents of damage (as is typically carried out) had negligible effects on conformational heterogeneity until the overall diffraction intensity decayed to ∼70% of its initial value. These effects were compared with X-ray damage effects in cryo-cooled crystals by carrying out an analogous analysis of increasingly damaged proteinase K cryo data sets (0.9-1.16 Å resolution). X-ray damage-associated heterogeneity changes were found that were not observed at RT. This property renders it difficult to distinguish real from artefactual conformations and to determine the conformational response to changes in temperature. The ability to acquire reliable heterogeneity information from single crystals at RT, together with recent advances in RT data collection at accessible synchrotron beamlines, provides a strong motivation for the widespread adoption of RT X-ray crystallography to obtain conformational ensemble information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- SMB, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel A. Mokhtari
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Siyuan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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32
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Naydenova K, Kamegawa A, Peet MJ, Henderson R, Fujiyoshi Y, Russo CJ. On the reduction in the effects of radiation damage to two-dimensional crystals of organic and biological molecules at liquid-helium temperature. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 237:113512. [PMID: 35367901 PMCID: PMC9355890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the fading of electron diffraction spots from two-dimensional (2D) crystals of paraffin (C44H90), purple membrane (bacteriorhodopsin) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) at stage temperatures between 4K and 100K. We observed that the diffraction spots at resolutions between 3 Å and 20 Å fade more slowly at liquid-helium temperatures compared to liquid-nitrogen temperatures, by a factor of between 1.2 and 1.8, depending on the specimens. If the reduction in the effective rate of radiation damage for 2D crystals at liquid-helium temperature (as measured by spot fading) can be shown to extend to macromolecular assemblies embedded in amorphous ice, this would suggest that valuable improvements to electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) of biological specimens could be made by reducing the temperature of the specimens under irradiation below what is obtainable using standard liquid-nitrogen cryostats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Naydenova
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Akiko Kamegawa
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Laboratory (CeSPL), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mathew J Peet
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Richard Henderson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Yoshinori Fujiyoshi
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Laboratory (CeSPL), Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher J Russo
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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33
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Mañas‐Torres MC, Illescas‐Lopez S, Gavira JA, de Cienfuegos LÁ, Marchesan S. Interactions Between Peptide Assemblies and Proteins for Medicine. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari C. Mañas‐Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) Universidad de Granada, (UGR) C. U. Fuentenueva Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n E-18071 Granada
| | - Sara Illescas‐Lopez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) Universidad de Granada, (UGR) C. U. Fuentenueva Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n E-18071 Granada
| | - José A. Gavira
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UGR) Avenida de las Palmeras 4 18100 Armilla, UEQ Granada Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez de Cienfuegos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Unidad de Excelencia Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ) Universidad de Granada, (UGR) C. U. Fuentenueva Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n E-18071 Granada
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs Granada Spain
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
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34
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Inoue I, Tkachenko V, Kapcia KJ, Lipp V, Ziaja B, Inubushi Y, Hara T, Yabashi M, Nishibori E. Delayed Onset and Directionality of X-Ray-Induced Atomic Displacements Observed on Subatomic Length Scales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:223203. [PMID: 35714226 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.223203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transient structural changes of Al_{2}O_{3} on subatomic length scales following irradiation with an intense x-ray laser pulse (photon energy: 8.70 keV; pulse duration: 6 fs; fluence: 8×10^{2} J/cm^{2}) have been investigated by using an x-ray pump x-ray probe technique. The measurement reveals that aluminum and oxygen atoms remain in their original positions by ∼20 fs after the intensity maximum of the pump pulse, followed by directional atomic displacements at the fixed unit cell parameters. By comparing the experimental results and theoretical simulations, we interpret that electron excitation and relaxation triggered by the pump pulse modify the potential energy surface and drives the directional atomic displacements. Our results indicate that high-resolution x-ray structural analysis with the accuracy of 0.01 Å is feasible even with intense x-ray pulses by making the pulse duration shorter than the timescale needed to complete electron excitation and relaxation processes, which usually take up to a few tens of femtoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Victor Tkachenko
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad J Kapcia
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, PL-61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Vladimir Lipp
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Toru Hara
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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35
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Meurer F, von Essen C, Kühn C, Puschmann H, Bodensteiner M. The benefits of Cu Kβ radiation for the single-crystal X-ray structure determination of crystalline sponges. IUCRJ 2022; 9:349-354. [PMID: 35546798 PMCID: PMC9067116 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline sponge method facilitates the X-ray structure determination of samples that do not crystallize or are too sparsely available to afford viable crystallization. By including these materials in a metal-organic framework, the structure of the guest molecules can be determined. Some of the inherent difficulties of this method are discussed and the use of Cu Kβ radiation is presented as a simple and effective means to improve the quality of the diffraction data that can be obtained from a sponge crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meurer
- University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg, 93053 Bayern, Germany
| | - Carolina von Essen
- Merck Innovation Center, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, 64293 Hessen, Germany
| | - Clemens Kühn
- Merck Innovation Center, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, 64293 Hessen, Germany
| | - Horst Puschmann
- OlexSys Ltd, Chemistry Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg, 93053 Bayern, Germany
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36
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Shelley KL, Garman EF. Quantifying and comparing radiation damage in the Protein Data Bank. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1314. [PMID: 35288575 PMCID: PMC8921271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation damage remains one of the major bottlenecks to accurate structure solution in protein crystallography. It can induce structural and chemical changes in protein crystals, and is hence an important consideration when assessing the quality and biological veracity of crystal structures in repositories like the Protein Data Bank (PDB). However, detection of radiation damage artefacts has traditionally proved very challenging. To address this, here we introduce the Bnet metric. Bnet summarises in a single value the extent of damage suffered by a crystal structure by comparing the B-factor values of damage-prone and non-damage-prone atoms in a similar local environment. After validating that Bnet successfully detects damage in 23 different crystal structures previously characterised as damaged, we calculate Bnet values for 93,978 PDB crystal structures. Our metric highlights a range of damage features, many of which would remain unidentified by the other summary statistics typically calculated for PDB structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Shelley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.
| | - Elspeth F Garman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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37
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Cujia KS, Herb K, Zopes J, Abendroth JM, Degen CL. Parallel detection and spatial mapping of large nuclear spin clusters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1260. [PMID: 35273190 PMCID: PMC8913684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the atomic scale offers exciting prospects for determining the structure and function of individual molecules and proteins. Quantum defects in diamond have recently emerged as a promising platform towards reaching this goal, and allowed for the detection and localization of single nuclear spins under ambient conditions. Here, we present an efficient strategy for extending imaging to large nuclear spin clusters, fulfilling an important requirement towards a single-molecule MRI technique. Our method combines the concepts of weak quantum measurements, phase encoding and simulated annealing to detect three-dimensional positions from many nuclei in parallel. Detection is spatially selective, allowing us to probe nuclei at a chosen target radius while avoiding interference from strongly-coupled proximal nuclei. We demonstrate our strategy by imaging clusters containing more than 20 carbon-13 nuclear spins within a radius of 2.4 nm from single, near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers at room temperature. The radius extrapolates to 5-6 nm for 1H. Beside taking an important step in nanoscale MRI, our experiment also provides an efficient tool for the characterization of large nuclear spin registers in the context of quantum simulators and quantum network nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,IT'IS Foundation, Zeughausstrasse 43, 8004, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - K Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Zopes
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Ansys Switzerland GmbH, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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38
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Ishigami I, Russi S, Cohen A, Yeh SR, Rousseau DL. Temperature-dependent structural transition following X-ray-induced metal center reduction in oxidized cytochrome c oxidase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101799. [PMID: 35257742 PMCID: PMC8971940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is the terminal enzyme in the electron transfer chain in the inner membrane of mitochondria. It contains four metal redox centers, two of which, CuB and heme a3, form the binuclear center (BNC), where dioxygen is reduced to water. Crystal structures of CcO in various forms have been reported, from which ligand-binding states of the BNC and conformations of the protein matrix surrounding it have been deduced to elucidate the mechanism by which the oxygen reduction chemistry is coupled to proton translocation. However, metal centers in proteins can be susceptible to X-ray-induced radiation damage, raising questions about the reliability of conclusions drawn from these studies. Here, we used microspectroscopy-coupled X-ray crystallography to interrogate how the structural integrity of bovine CcO in the fully oxidized state (O) is modulated by synchrotron radiation. Spectroscopic data showed that, upon X-ray exposure, O was converted to a hybrid O∗ state where all the four metal centers were reduced, but the protein matrix was trapped in the genuine O conformation and the ligands in the BNC remained intact. Annealing the O∗ crystal above the glass transition temperature induced relaxation of the O∗ structure to a new R∗ structure, wherein the protein matrix converted to the fully reduced R conformation with the exception of helix X, which partly remained in the O conformation because of incomplete dissociation of the ligands from the BNC. We conclude from these data that reevaluation of reported CcO structures obtained with synchrotron light sources is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Silvia Russi
- Structural Molecular Biology, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Aina Cohen
- Structural Molecular Biology, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
| | - Denis L Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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39
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Azadmanesh J, Lutz WE, Coates L, Weiss KL, Borgstahl GEO. Cryotrapping peroxide in the active site of human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase crystals for neutron diffraction. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2022; 78:8-16. [PMID: 34981770 PMCID: PMC8725007 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21012413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally identifying the enzymatic intermediates of redox proteins has been elusive due to difficulty in resolving the H atoms involved in catalysis and the susceptibility of ligand complexes to photoreduction from X-rays. Cryotrapping ligands for neutron protein crystallography combines two powerful tools that offer the advantage of directly identifying hydrogen positions in redox-enzyme intermediates without radiolytic perturbation of metal-containing active sites. However, translating cryogenic techniques from X-ray to neutron crystallography is not straightforward due to the large crystal volumes and long data-collection times. Here, methods have been developed to visualize the evasive peroxo complex of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) so that all atoms, including H atoms, could be visualized. The subsequent cryocooling and ligand-trapping methods resulted in neutron data collection to 2.30 Å resolution. The P6122 crystal form of MnSOD is challenging because it has some of the largest unit-cell dimensions (a = b = 77.8, c = 236.8 Å) ever studied using high-resolution cryo-neutron crystallography. The resulting neutron diffraction data permitted the visualization of a dioxygen species bound to the MnSOD active-site metal that was indicative of successful cryotrapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahaun Azadmanesh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - William E. Lutz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Leighton Coates
- Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Kevin L. Weiss
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gloria E. O. Borgstahl
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
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40
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Gruene T, Mugnaioli E. 3D Electron Diffraction for Chemical Analysis: Instrumentation Developments and Innovative Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11823-11834. [PMID: 34533919 PMCID: PMC8517952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, many exciting papers reported results based on crystal structure determination by electron diffraction. The aim of this review is to provide general and practical information to structural chemists interested in stepping into this emerging field. We discuss technical characteristics of electron microscopes for research units that would like to acquire their own instrumentation, as well as those practical aspects that appear different between X-ray and electron crystallography. We also include a discussion about applications where electron crystallography provides information that is different, and possibly complementary, with respect to what is available from X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gruene
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry,
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, IT-56127 Pisa, Italy
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41
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Parkhurst JM, Dumoux M, Basham M, Clare D, Siebert CA, Varslot T, Kirkland A, Naismith JH, Evans G. Parakeet: a digital twin software pipeline to assess the impact of experimental parameters on tomographic reconstructions for cryo-electron tomography. Open Biol 2021; 11:210160. [PMID: 34699732 PMCID: PMC8548082 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) of biological samples, the quality of tomographic reconstructions can vary depending on the transmission electron microscope (TEM) instrument and data acquisition parameters. In this paper, we present Parakeet, a 'digital twin' software pipeline for the assessment of the impact of various TEM experiment parameters on the quality of three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions. The Parakeet digital twin is a digital model that can be used to optimize the performance and utilization of a physical instrument to enable in silico optimization of sample geometries, data acquisition schemes and instrument parameters. The digital twin performs virtual sample generation, TEM image simulation, and tilt series reconstruction and analysis within a convenient software framework. As well as being able to produce physically realistic simulated cryo-ET datasets to aid the development of tomographic reconstruction and subtomogram averaging programs, Parakeet aims to enable convenient assessment of the effects of different microscope parameters and data acquisition parameters on reconstruction quality. To illustrate the use of the software, we present the example of a quantitative analysis of missing wedge artefacts on simulated planar and cylindrical biological samples and discuss how data collection parameters can be modified for cylindrical samples where a full 180° tilt range might be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Parkhurst
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Maud Dumoux
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Mark Basham
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Daniel Clare
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - C. Alistair Siebert
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Trond Varslot
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila Pecha, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angus Kirkland
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK,Electron Physical Science Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK,Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - James H. Naismith
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK,Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Gwyndaf Evans
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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42
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Gerlits O, Blakeley MP, Keen DA, Radić Z, Kovalevsky A. Room temperature crystallography of human acetylcholinesterase bound to a substrate analogue 4K-TMA: Towards a neutron structure. Curr Res Struct Biol 2021; 3:206-215. [PMID: 34541552 PMCID: PMC8435639 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzes hydrolysis of acetylcholine thereby terminating cholinergic nerve impulses for efficient neurotransmission. Human AChE (hAChE) is a target of nerve agent and pesticide organophosphorus compounds that covalently attach to the catalytic Ser203 residue. Reactivation of inhibited hAChE can be achieved with nucleophilic antidotes, such as oximes. Understanding structural and electrostatic (i.e. protonation states) determinants of the catalytic and reactivation processes is crucial to improve design of oxime reactivators. Here we report X-ray structures of hAChE conjugated with a reversible covalent inhibitor 4K-TMA (4K-TMA:hAChE) at 2.8 Å resolution and of 4K-TMA:hAChE conjugate with oxime reactivator methoxime, MMB4 (4K-TMA:hAChE:MMB4) at 2.6 Å resolution, both at physiologically relevant room temperature, as well as cryo-crystallographic structure of 4K-TMA:hAChE at 2.4 Å resolution. 4K-TMA acts as a substrate analogue reacting with the hydroxyl of Ser203 and generating a reversible tetrahedral hemiketal intermediate that closely resembles the first tetrahedral intermediate state during hAChE-catalyzed acetylcholine hydrolysis. Structural comparisons of room temperature with cryo-crystallographic structures of 4K-TMA:hAChE and published mAChE complexes with 4K-TMA, as well as the effect of MMB4 binding to the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the 4K-TMA:hAChE complex, revealed only discrete, minor differences. The active center geometry of AChE, already highly evolved for the efficient catalysis, was thus indicative of only minor conformational adjustments to accommodate the tetrahedral intermediate in the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). To map protonation states in the hAChE active site gorge we collected 3.5 Å neutron diffraction data paving the way for obtaining higher resolution datasets that will be needed to determine locations of individual hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gerlits
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN, 37303, USA
| | - Matthew P. Blakeley
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue–Langevin, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - David A. Keen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0751, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Corresponding author.
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43
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Fernando NK, Cairns AB, Murray CA, Thompson AL, Dickerson JL, Garman EF, Ahmed N, Ratcliff LE, Regoutz A. Structural and Electronic Effects of X-ray Irradiation on Prototypical [M(COD)Cl] 2 Catalysts. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7473-7488. [PMID: 34420303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
X-ray characterization techniques are invaluable for probing material characteristics and properties, and have been instrumental in discoveries across materials research. However, there is a current lack of understanding of how X-ray-induced effects manifest in small molecular crystals. This is of particular concern as new X-ray sources with ever-increasing brilliance are developed. In this paper, systematic studies of X-ray-matter interactions are reported on two industrially important catalysts, [Ir(COD)Cl]2 and [Rh(COD)Cl]2, exposed to radiation in X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments. From these complementary techniques, changes to structure, chemical environments, and electronic structure are observed as a function of X-ray exposure, allowing comparisons of stability to be made between the two catalysts. Radiation dose is estimated using recent developments to the RADDOSE-3D software for small molecules and applied to powder XRD and XPS experiments. Further insights into the electronic structure of the catalysts and changes occurring as a result of the irradiation are drawn from density functional theory (DFT). The techniques combined here offer much needed insight into the X-ray-induced effects in transition-metal catalysts and, consequently, their intrinsic stabilities. There is enormous potential to extend the application of these methods to other small molecular systems of scientific or industrial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie K Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Andrew B Cairns
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Claire A Murray
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Chemical Crystallography, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Joshua L Dickerson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
| | - Elspeth F Garman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Nayera Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Laura E Ratcliff
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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44
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Stachowski TR, Snell ME, Snell EH. A SAXS-based approach to rationally evaluate radical scavengers - toward eliminating radiation damage in solution and crystallographic studies. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1309-1320. [PMID: 34475280 PMCID: PMC8415334 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
X-ray-based techniques are a powerful tool in structural biology but the radiation-induced chemistry that results can be detrimental and may mask an accurate structural understanding. In the crystallographic case, cryocooling has been employed as a successful mitigation strategy but also has its limitations including the trapping of non-biological structural states. Crystallographic and solution studies performed at physiological temperatures can reveal otherwise hidden but relevant conformations, but are limited by their increased susceptibility to radiation damage. In this case, chemical additives that scavenge the species generated by radiation can mitigate damage but are not always successful and the mechanisms are often unclear. Using a protein designed to undergo a large-scale structural change from breakage of a disulfide bond, radiation damage can be monitored with small-angle X-ray scattering. Using this, we have quantitatively evaluated how three scavengers commonly used in crystallographic experiments - sodium nitrate, cysteine, and ascorbic acid - perform in solution at 10°C. Sodium nitrate was the most effective scavenger and completely inhibited fragmentation of the disulfide bond at a lower concentration (500 µM) compared with cysteine (∼5 mM) while ascorbic acid performed best at 5 mM but could only reduce fragmentation by ∼75% after a total accumulated dose of 792 Gy. The relative effectiveness of each scavenger matches their reported affinities for solvated electrons. Saturating concentrations of each scavenger shifted fragmentation from first order to a zeroth-order process, perhaps indicating the direct contribution of photoabsorption. The SAXS-based method can detect damage at X-ray doses far lower than those accessible crystallographically, thereby providing a detailed picture of scavenger processes. The solution results are also in close agreement with what is known about scavenger performance and mechanism in a crystallographic setting and suggest that a link can be made between the damage phenomenon in the two scenarios. Therefore, our engineered approach might provide a platform for more systematic and comprehensive screening of radioprotectants that can directly inform mitigation strategies for both solution and crystallographic experiments, while also clarifying fundamental radiation damage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Stachowski
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, 665 Elm Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mary E. Snell
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Edward H. Snell
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Materials Design and Innovation, State University at New York at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Lawrence Bright E, Giacobbe C, Wright JP. Beam heating from a fourth-generation synchrotron source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1377-1385. [PMID: 34475286 PMCID: PMC8415326 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752100669x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high levels of flux available at a fourth-generation synchrotron are shown to have significant beam heating effects for high-energy X-rays and radiation hard samples, leading to temperature increases of over 400 K with a monochromatic beam. These effects have been investigated at the ID11 beamline at the recently upgraded ESRF Extremely Brilliant Source, using thermal lattice expansion to perform in situ measurements of beam heating. Results showed significant increases in temperature for metal and ceria samples, which are compared with a lumped thermodynamic model, providing a tool for estimating beam heating effects. These temperature increases may have a drastic effect on samples and measurements, such as the rapid recrystallization of a copper wire shown here. These results demonstrate the importance of beam heating and provide information needed to consider, predict and mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlotta Giacobbe
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan P. Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38040 Grenoble, France
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46
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Spiliopoulou M, Valmas A, Triandafillidis DP, Fili S, Christopoulou M, Filopoulou AJ, Piskopou A, Papadea P, Fitch AN, Beckers D, Degen T, Gozzo F, Morin M, Reinle-Schmitt ML, Karavassili F, Rosmaraki E, Chasapis CT, Margiolaki I. High-throughput macromolecular polymorph screening via an NMR and X-ray powder diffraction synergistic approach: the case of human insulin co-crystallized with resorcinol derivatives. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s160057672100426x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular injections of insulin provide life-saving benefits to millions of diabetics. Apart from native insulin and insulin analogue formulations, microcrystalline insulin suspensions are also commercially available. The onset of action of the currently available basal insulins relies on the slow dissociation of insulin hexamers in the subcutaneous space due to the strong binding of small organic ligands. With the aim of identifying insulin–ligand complexes with enhanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, the binding affinity of two resorcinol-based molecules (4-chlororesorcinol and 4-bromoresorcinol) and the structural characteristics of insulin upon co-crystallization with them were investigated in the present study. `In solution' measurements were performed via saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR. Co-crystallization upon pH variation resulted in the production of polycrystalline precipitates, whose structural characteristics (i.e. unit-cell symmetry and dimension) were assessed. In both cases, different polymorphs (four and three, respectively) of monoclinic symmetry (P21 and C2 space groups) were identified via X-ray powder diffraction. The results demonstrate the efficiency of a new approach that combines spectroscopy and diffraction techniques and provides an innovative alternative for high-throughput examination of insulin and other therapeutic proteins.
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47
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Chiari L, Carpentier P, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Gogny A, Perard J, Ravanel S, Cobessi D, Ménage S, Dumas R, Hamelin O. LEAFY protein crystals with a honeycomb structure as a platform for selective preparation of outstanding stable bio-hybrid materials. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8901-8908. [PMID: 33949561 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00268f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Well-organized protein assemblies offer many properties that justify their use for the design of innovative bionanomaterials. Herein, crystals of the oligomerization domain of the LEAFY protein from Ginkgo biloba, organized in a honeycomb architecture, were used as a modular platform for the selective grafting of a ruthenium-based complex. The resulting bio-hybrid crystalline material was fully characterized by UV-visible and Raman spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry and LC-MS analysis after selective enzymatic digestion. Interestingly, insertion of complexes within the tubular structure affords an impressive increase in stability of the crystals, eluding the use of stabilizing cross-linking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Chiari
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Philippe Carpentier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France. and ESRF, the European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Alice Gogny
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Julien Perard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - David Cobessi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Ménage
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Renaud Dumas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Hamelin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, UMR5249, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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48
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Advancements in macromolecular crystallography: from past to present. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:127-149. [PMID: 33969867 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein Crystallography or Macromolecular Crystallography (MX) started as a new discipline of science with the pioneering work on the determination of the protein crystal structures by John Kendrew in 1958 and Max Perutz in 1960. The incredible achievements in MX are attributed to the development of advanced tools, methodologies, and automation in every aspect of the structure determination process, which have reduced the time required for solving protein structures from years to a few days, as evident from the tens of thousands of crystal structures of macromolecules available in PDB. The advent of brilliant synchrotron sources, fast detectors, and novel sample delivery methods has shifted the paradigm from static structures to understanding the dynamic picture of macromolecules; further propelled by X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) that explore the femtosecond regime. The revival of the Laue diffraction has also enabled the understanding of macromolecules through time-resolved crystallography. In this review, we present some of the astonishing method-related and technological advancements that have contributed to the progress of MX. Even with the rapid evolution of several methods for structure determination, the developments in MX will keep this technique relevant and it will continue to play a pivotal role in gaining unprecedented atomic-level details as well as revealing the dynamics of biological macromolecules. With many exciting developments awaiting in the upcoming years, MX has the potential to contribute significantly to the growth of modern biology by unraveling the mechanisms of complex biological processes as well as impacting the area of drug designing.
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Coates CS, Murray CA, Boström HLB, Reynolds EM, Goodwin AL. Negative X-ray expansion in cadmium cyanide. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1446-1453. [PMID: 34846452 PMCID: PMC8111741 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01989e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium cyanide, Cd(CN)2, is a flexible coordination polymer best studied for its strong and isotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE) effect. Here we show that this NTE is actually X-ray-exposure dependent: Cd(CN)2 contracts not only on heating but also on irradiation by X-rays. This behaviour contrasts that observed in other beam-sensitive materials, for which X-ray exposure drives lattice expansion. We call this effect 'negative X-ray expansion' (NXE) and suggest its origin involves an interaction between X-rays and cyanide 'flips'; in particular, we rule out local heating as a possible mechanism. Irradiation also affects the nature of a low-temperature phase transition. Our analysis resolves discrepancies in NTE coefficients reported previously on the basis of X-ray diffraction measurements, and we establish the 'true' NTE behaviour of Cd(CN)2 across the temperature range 150-750 K. The interplay between irradiation and mechanical response in Cd(CN)2 highlights the potential for exploiting X-ray exposure in the design of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe S. Coates
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK+44 1865 272137
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield RoadCambridgeUK
| | - Claire A. Murray
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell CampusDidcotOxfordshire OX11 0DEUK
| | - Hanna L. B. Boström
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK+44 1865 272137
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1Stuttgart70569Germany
| | - Emily M. Reynolds
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK+44 1865 272137
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryDidcotOxfordshire OX11 0QXUK
| | - Andrew L. Goodwin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK+44 1865 272137
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50
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Kneller D, Phillips G, Weiss KL, Zhang Q, Coates L, Kovalevsky A. Direct Observation of Protonation State Modulation in SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease upon Inhibitor Binding with Neutron Crystallography. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4991-5000. [PMID: 33755450 PMCID: PMC8009097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The main protease (3CL Mpro) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, is an essential enzyme for viral replication with no human counterpart, making it an attractive drug target. To date, no small-molecule clinical drugs are available that specifically inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. To aid rational drug design, we determined a neutron structure of Mpro in complex with the α-ketoamide inhibitor telaprevir at near-physiological (22 °C) temperature. We directly observed protonation states in the inhibitor complex and compared them with those in the ligand-free Mpro, revealing modulation of the active-site protonation states upon telaprevir binding. We suggest that binding of other α-ketoamide covalent inhibitors can lead to the same protonation state changes in the Mpro active site. Thus, by studying the protonation state changes induced by inhibitors, we provide crucial insights to help guide rational drug design, allowing precise tailoring of inhibitors to manipulate the electrostatic environment of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
W. Kneller
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- National
Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, United States
| | - Gwyndalyn Phillips
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- National
Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, United States
| | - Kevin L. Weiss
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- National
Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, United States
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- National
Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, United States
| | - Leighton Coates
- National
Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, United States
- Second
Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- National
Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, United States
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