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Irizar P, Vicary E, Glossop Z, Waller G, Lightowlers C, Quigg Z, Roper L, Gilmore I, Coulton S, Newbury-Birch D, Goodwin L. Working with the police service and homeless services in North West England to reduce alcohol harms: A feasibility study of a tailored Blue Light approach. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 159:209259. [PMID: 38103833 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deaths caused by alcohol are increasing in England and 80 % of people with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are not in treatment. The Blue Light approach (Alcohol Change UK) is an initiative to support people with AUDs who are not in treatment. This study aimed to tailor the Blue Light approach (combined with alcohol identification and alcohol brief interventions [ABI] training) for police officers and homeless service staff in North West England, and to qualitatively evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the training. METHODS The Blue Light approach was tailored using co-production activities, based on Transdisciplinary Action Research. Full-day and half-day training sessions were delivered to the police (full-day N = 14, half-day N = 54) and homeless service staff (full-day N = 11, half-day N = 32), in local police stations and online (four half-day sessions). Semi-structured interviews (N = 23) were conducted to evaluate implementation and integration, analysing the qualitative data in line with Normalisation Process Theory. RESULTS Four themes were identified, each with two to three sub-themes, reflecting: (i) the importance of training for working practice, (ii) implementation of the interventions, (iii) changes to relationships within and between organizations, and (iv) recommendations for further changes to the training. Differences in findings across the organizations (police versus homeless services) and by training type attended (full-day versus half-day, in-person versus online) are presented. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence to suggest that the training has provided worthwhile knowledge and intervention techniques that can become embedded into working practices. Nevertheless, structural barriers were apparent, primarily within the police service, with clear disparities between recognising the value of the training and what is achievable in practice, given the competing demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Irizar
- Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Emily Vicary
- Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Zoe Glossop
- The Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, UK
| | - Gillian Waller
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, UK
| | - Carly Lightowlers
- Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Zara Quigg
- Faculty of Health, Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Louise Roper
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Liverpool University Hospital Trust, UK
| | - Ian Gilmore
- Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Coulton
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, UK
| | | | - Laura Goodwin
- The Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, UK
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Abukari MH, Appiah CA, Kwarteng A, Iddrisu S. Cardiovascular risk assessment of people living in prison in the Northern region of Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRISON HEALTH 2024; 20:102-115. [PMID: 38984556 DOI: 10.1108/ijoph-09-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The health of people living in prisons (PLP) frequently remains marginalised in national development discourse, particularly in resource-constrained settings like Ghana. This study aims to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among PLP at a prison facility in the Northern Region of Ghana. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A cross-sectional study involving 134 male persons in prison, aged 18-79 years, was conducted to assess their dietary habits, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sleep behaviour and physical activity practices. Serum lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP) and body mass indices of participants were also measured. FINDINGS Almost half (48.1%) of the participants had abnormal lipid levels. Those with FBG in the diabetes range (= 7.0 mmol/l) constituted 3.9%, while 16.7% were in the impaired FBG range (6.1-6.9 mmol/l). Participants with BP within the pre-hypertension range were 54.5%. The majority of participants (92%) had a low daily intake of fruits and vegetables. Few participants were active smokers (5%) and alcohol users (2%). The average sleep duration at night among the participants was 5.54 ± 2.07 h. The majority (74%) of the participants were sedentary. About a quarter of the participants (24.6%) had overweight/obesity. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This study highlights the CVD risks among PLP. Findings suggest the need for targeted interventions, such as dietary and lifestyle modification strategies, regular physical activity and routine screening for diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. These interventions within the prison space could significantly improve the cardiovascular health of PLP in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Collins Afriyie Appiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sherifa Iddrisu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tamale Technical University, Tamale, Ghana
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Brooks O, Hayashi K, Cui Z, Milloy MJ, Kerr T, Fairbairn N. Re-incarceration and associated social, structural and behavioural factors among people who use drugs in an urban Canadian setting. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 115:104018. [PMID: 37060885 PMCID: PMC10683765 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who use drugs (PWUD) are disproportionately incarcerated, however little is known about specific substance use, social and structural factors associated with re-incarceration among PWUD. We aimed to identify the socio-structural and substance use factors associated with re-incarceration among structurally-marginalized PWUD. METHODS We used longitudinal data from two prospective cohorts of PWUD in Vancouver, Canada. We included adults reporting at least one incarceration event in the last six months and who completed at least one additional follow-up study visit. We performed multivariable extended Cox regression to explore factors associated with re-incarceration. RESULTS Among 468 eligible participants, the median age was 40 years (Q1-Q3 = 34-46 years), 346 (73.9%) were men, 177 (37.8%) identified as Indigenous, and 227 (48.5%) experienced at least one re-incarceration event. Incidence rate of re-incarceration was 157 incarceration events per 1000 person years. In multivariable analyses, homelessness (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.79-2.61), community judicial supervision (AHR = 3.89; 95% CI: 3.21-4.71) and re-incarceration during the study period (once: AHR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.55-2.44; two or more events: AHR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.23-1.90) were positively associated with re-incarceration. Among substance use variables that included illicit drugs, only heavy alcohol use remained significantly associated with re-incarceration across analyses after adjustment (AHR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06-1.65). Engagement in addiction treatment (AHR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.53-0.75), mental illness (AHR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.59-0.84) and age (AHR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95-0.97) were negatively associated with re-incarceration. CONCLUSION Access to housing and substance use services, including treatment for alcohol use disorder, following incarceration may reduce re-incarceration among PWUD. The high rates of re-incarceration of PWUD in our sample underscores how structural factors-such as homelessness and criminalization of substance use-drive re-incarceration among PWUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Brooks
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Zishan Cui
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Newbury-Birch D, Ferguson J, Connor N, Divers A, Waller G. A Rapid Systematic Review of Worldwide Alcohol Use Disorders and Brief Alcohol Interventions in the Criminal Justice System. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:900186. [PMID: 35873244 PMCID: PMC9301009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the relationship is complex, there is an association between alcohol use and offending behavior with an interplay between the amount drank, the pattern of drinking and individual and contextual factors. Alcohol brief interventions have been shown to be effective in primary healthcare, however there is currently a lack of compelling evidence in the criminal justice system. We carried out a rapid systematic review of the literature, which updated our review conducted in 2016. Following systematic searches, we included 36 papers on prevalence and 13 papers on effectiveness. Between 26 and 88% of individuals in the policy custody setting scored positive for an alcohol use disorder. In the magistrates court this was 95%; 31-86% in the probation setting and between 19 and 86% in the prison system. In relation to probable dependence, between 21 and 38% of individuals were shown to have probable alcohol dependence in the police custody suite setting; 39 per cent in the magistrate court system; 17-36% in the probation setting and between 18 and 48% in the prison system. This compares to 6% in the general population. We included 13 studies of effectiveness with differing outcome measures and outcomes. We conclude more studies are needed in the field to develop the current evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Newbury-Birch
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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Ghosh A, Mattoo SK, Newbury-Birch D. Editorial: The evidence and practice-gap of screening and brief interventions for substance misuse. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1056814. [PMID: 36440414 PMCID: PMC9692069 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1056814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Ghosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug Deaddiction and Treatment Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Dorothy Newbury-Birch
- Centre for Social Innovation, Alcohol and Public Health Research, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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Hilde P, Ingeborg R, Anne B. Are short AUDIT screeners effective in identifying unhealthy drinking of varying severity? A prison population study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109153. [PMID: 34800804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether brief versions of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) can be used as graded severity measures is largely unknown. We examined the performance of eight such brief screeners in a prison population, and compared their effectiveness in detecting hazardous drinking, harmful drinking, and possible alcohol dependence as classified by the full ten-item AUDIT. METHODS The study sample included pre-prison drinkers who participated in the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study (n = 758). We conducted receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses and estimated the area under the curve (AUROC) to assess the performance of AUDIT-C (three consumption items) and four-item versions that consisted of AUDIT-C and one additional item. RESULTS AUDIT-C performed very well in detecting unhealthy drinking of varying severity (AUROCs of 0.933 or 0.935). Four-item versions performed even better. Of these, the well-established AUDIT-4 was superior in identifying harmful drinking (AUROC=0.969) and possible alcohol dependence (AUROC=0.976). For AUDIT-C, the optimal cut-points in terms of the highest combined sensitivity and specificity were ≥ 6 (hazardous drinking), ≥ 8 (harmful drinking) and ≥ 8 or ≥ 9 (possible dependence). The corresponding cut-points on AUDIT-4 were ≥ 6, ≥ 9 and ≥ 10. The highest cut-point whereby all cases of possible dependence were identified was ≥ 6 on AUDIT-C and ≥ 8 on AUDIT-4. At these cut-points, almost all individuals with harmful drinking were also detected. CONCLUSIONS AUDIT-C and AUDIT-4 were both highly effective in detecting hazardous drinking, harmful drinking and possible alcohol dependence. AUDIT-4 was superior, notably as a graded severity measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pape Hilde
- University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Norway.
| | | | - Bukten Anne
- University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo,. Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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Baumann S, Staudt A, Freyer-Adam J, Bischof G, Meyer C, John U. Effects of a brief alcohol intervention addressing the full spectrum of drinking in an adult general population sample: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2021; 116:2056-2066. [PMID: 33449418 DOI: 10.1111/add.15412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evidence for efficacy of brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) is mainly limited to primary care and at-risk drinkers. The aim was to test the efficacy of a BAI addressing the full spectrum of alcohol use in a general population sample and across alcohol risk groups. DESIGN Two-parallel-group randomized controlled trial (allocation ratio 1:1) with post-baseline assessments at months 3, 6 and 12. SETTING One municipal registry office in Germany responsible for registration, passport and vehicle admission issues. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1646 proactively recruited 18-64-year-old adults with past year alcohol use (56% women, 66% low-risk drinkers) were randomized to intervention (n = 815) or control (n = 831). INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR The intervention consisted of assessment plus computer-generated individualized feedback letters at baseline and months 3 and 6. Comparator was assessment only. MEASUREMENTS Primary outcome was change in the self-reported number of drinks/week from baseline to 12 months. Changes at 3 and 6 months were secondary outcomes. Moderator was alcohol risk group (low-risk versus at-risk drinking) according to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, with scores from 1-3 (women) and from 1-4 (men) indicating low-risk drinking. FINDINGS For the whole sample, significant group differences were observed neither at 12-month follow-up [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.87-1.17, Bayes factor (BE) = 0.52] nor at previous assessments (month 3: IRR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.92-1.12, BE = 0.41; month 6: IRR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.81-1.07, BE = 1.10). Moderator analyses revealed that low-risk drinkers were more likely to benefit from BAI only at month 6 than at-risk drinkers (IRR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.70-0.86). CONCLUSIONS In a randomized controlled trial, there was no clear evidence for efficacy of a computer-based brief alcohol intervention in a general population sample, but there was some evidence of medium-term benefits in the large but understudied group of low-risk drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Baumann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Staudt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Community Medicine, Department of Prevention Research and Social Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jennis Freyer-Adam
- Institute for Medical Psychology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gallus Bischof
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institute of Community Medicine, Department of Prevention Research and Social Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrich John
- Institute of Community Medicine, Department of Prevention Research and Social Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Holloway A, Guthrie V, Waller G, Smith J, Boyd J, Mercado S, Smith P, Stenhouse R, Sheikh A, Parker RA, Stoddart A, Conaglen P, Coulton S, Stadler G, Hunt K, Bray J, Ferguson J, Sondhi A, Lynch K, Rees J, Newbury-Birch D. A two-arm parallel-group individually randomised prison pilot study of a male remand alcohol intervention for self-efficacy enhancement: the APPRAISE study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e040636. [PMID: 33811049 PMCID: PMC8023744 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of at-risk drinking is far higher among those in contact with the criminal justice system (73%) than the general population (35%). However, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of alcohol brief interventions (ABIs) in reducing risky drinking among those in the criminal justice system, including the prison system and, in particular, those on remand. Building on earlier work, A two-arm parallel group individually randomised Prison Pilot study of a male Remand Alcohol Intervention for Self-efficacy Enhancement (APPRAISE) is a pilot study designed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of an ABI, delivered to male prisoners on remand. The findings of APPRAISE should provide the information required to design a future definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT). METHODS AND ANALYSIS APPRAISE will use mixed methods, with two linked phases, across two prisons in the UK, recruiting 180 adult men on remand: 90 from Scotland and 90 from England. Phase I will involve a two-arm, parallel-group, individually randomised pilot study. The pilot evaluation will provide data on the likely impact of A two-arm parallel group individually randomised Prison Pilot study of a male Remand Alcohol Intervention for Self-efficacy Enhancement (APPRAISE), which will be used to inform a future definitive multicentre RCT. Phase II will be a process evaluation assessing how the ABI has been implemented to explore the change mechanisms underpinning the ABI (figure 1) and to assess the context within which the ABI is delivered. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The APPRAISE protocol has been approved by the East of Scotland Research Ethics Committee (19/ES/0068), National Offender Management System (2019-240), Health Board Research and Development (2019/0268), Scottish Prison Service research and ethics committee, and by the University of Edinburgh's internal ethics department. The findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journal publications, presentations at local, national and international conferences, infographics and shared with relevant stakeholders through meetings and events. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN27417180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Holloway
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Victoria Guthrie
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gillian Waller
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Jamie Smith
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute for Gender Medicine, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanne Boyd
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
- Centre for Change, County Durham Drug and Alcohol Recovery Service, Durham, UK
| | - Sharon Mercado
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pam Smith
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosie Stenhouse
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Andrew Stoddart
- Edinburgh Health Services Research Unit, The University Of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Simon Coulton
- Centre for Health Service Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Gertraud Stadler
- Institute for Gender Medicine, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kate Hunt
- Institute of Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jeremy Bray
- Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensborough, UK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Kieran Lynch
- Criminal Justice, Alcohol, Drugs and Tobacco Division, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Jessica Rees
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Catterall I, Mitchell SM, Dhingra K, Conner KR, Swogger MT. BRIEF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVENTION FOR SUBSTANCE USE MAY DECREASE VIOLENCE AMONG HEAVY ALCOHOL USERS IN A JAIL DIVERSION PROGRAM. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 48:274-292. [PMID: 34305196 PMCID: PMC8300488 DOI: 10.1177/0093854820958747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rates of harmful alcohol use are high among justice-involved individuals and may contribute to violent recidivism. Robust treatments for alcohol-related violence in criminal justice systems are thus a public health priority. In this analysis of existing randomized controlled trial data (N = 105), we examined the impact of a brief motivational intervention (BMI) for harmful substance use on violent recidivism among individuals in a pretrial jail diversion program. Results indicated that, after controlling for violence history, the intervention's impact on violent recidivism was moderated by baseline harmful alcohol use. Specifically, among people with severe alcohol problems at baseline, the BMI + standard care group had less violent recidivism at a 1-year follow-up than participants randomized to standard care alone. This finding was unchanged when we accounted for psychopathic traits. Our study provides preliminary evidence that a BMI may be useful for decreasing violent recidivism among heavy drinkers in criminal justice systems.
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Eriksson L, Bryant S, McPhedran S, Mazerolle P, Wortley R. Alcohol and drug problems among Australian homicide offenders. Addiction 2021; 116:618-631. [PMID: 32562295 DOI: 10.1111/add.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most homicide studies focus upon 'acute' situational intoxication as opposed to 'chronic' substance misuse. The aims of the study were to: (1) determine the extent of homicide offenders' alcohol and drug use in the year preceding the homicide; (2) compare the individual characteristics of homicide offenders across levels of problematic substance use; and (3) compare homicide incident characteristics across levels of problematic substance use. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study using data collected through face-to-face interviews in custodial and community correctional settings across Australia. Participants were recruited through an opt-in process. PARTICIPANTS The data consist of 302 individuals convicted of murder or manslaughter. MEASUREMENTS We used the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and Drug Abuse Screening Test to determine problematic alcohol or drug use. We also used a range of self-report measures to ascertain offender characteristics [socio-demographics, developmental experiences, criminal history, personality] and incident characteristics (who was killed, and situational intoxication). FINDINGS Of the sample, 38.8% displayed high levels of alcohol problems and 30.8% displayed high levels of drug problems. Those displaying high levels of alcohol and/or drug problems were more likely than those without high levels of alcohol and/or drug problems to report adverse developmental experiences, low education, financial difficulties, extensive criminal histories and high levels of trait anger, impulsivity and risk-seeking. In addition, offenders with problematic substance use were more likely to have killed non-family and to have used substances at the time of the homicide. CONCLUSIONS High proportions of homicide offenders in Australia appear to have problematic substance use in the year preceding the homicide offence, and such use appears to be associated with a range of other challenging factors, including adverse childhoods, criminal involvement, low socio-economic factors and low self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Eriksson
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah Bryant
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Samara McPhedran
- Pro-Vice Chancellor's (Arts, Education, Law) Office, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Mazerolle
- Vice-Chancellor's Office, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Richard Wortley
- Jill Dando Institute for Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK
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Pape H, Rossow I, Bukten A. Alcohol Problems among Prisoners: Subgroup Variations, Concurrent Drug Problems, and Treatment Needs. Eur Addict Res 2021; 27:179-188. [PMID: 33321498 DOI: 10.1159/000511253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Alcohol problems in the prison population are understudied, underdetected, and undertreated. Our aims were to identify subgroups of inmates whose pre-prison drinking behavior indicated a high need for alcohol-related interventions, to assess the prevalence of concurrent alcohol and drug problems, and to compare dual-dependent inmates and those who were alcohol-dependent alone with respect to the severity of their drinking problems. METHODS Data stemmed from the nationwide Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study. Both male (n = 1,356) and female (n = 90) inmates took part in the study, representing about 40% of the prison population in Norway at the time of the data collection (2013-2014). Pre-prison substance use problems were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT). RESULTS A majority (55%) had an AUDIT positive screen (score ≥8), which is indicative of alcohol problems of some severity, and 18% were possible alcohol-dependent (score ≥20). A positive screen was associated with younger age, lower education, violent offending, driving while intoxicated (DWI), and previous criminal convictions. Two-thirds (68%) of those who screened positive on the AUDIT had also a DUDIT positive screen (score ≥6), and a similar overlap between possible alcohol dependence and possible drug dependence (score ≥25) was observed. Inmates with possible dual dependence (12% of all) had higher mean scores on the AUDIT than those with possible alcohol dependence only (7% of all). CONCLUSIONS More than half of the prisoners in Norway had AUDIT scores that indicated they could benefit from alcohol-related interventions, and the prevalence was elevated in younger, less educated groups of previously convicted DWI, and violent offenders. Alcohol problems were most often combined with drug problems, and possible dual dependence was associated with particularly severe drinking problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Pape
- University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Lillestrøm, Norway, .,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,
| | | | - Anne Bukten
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Gamblin D, Tobutt C, Patton R. Alcohol identification and brief advice in England’s criminal justice system: a review of the evidence. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1745311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gamblin
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Clive Tobutt
- Department of Interprofessional Studies, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Robert Patton
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Hechanova MRM, Reyes JC, Acosta AC, Tuliao AP. Psychosocial treatment for incarcerated methamphetamine users: the Philippines experience. Int J Prison Health 2020; 16:343-358. [PMID: 33634665 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-09-2019-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate a psychosocial treatment program for prisoners incarcerated because of methamphetamine use. It compared the outcomes of prisoners who received the program while incarcerated, those who were released and received the treatment as part of community-based drug recovery program and a waitlist-control group (WC) with no treatment. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A quasi-experimental design was use with pre- and post-test surveys administered to three groups: a WC group, a pre-release treatment-while-incarcerated (TWI) group, and a post-release outpatient treatment group (OP). Surveys measured recovery skills, life skills and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms were administered before and after the intervention. FINDINGS Results revealed that at baseline OP and TWI had significant higher recovery skills compared to WC group. However, in terms of life skills, there was no significant difference observed among the WC, OP and TWI group at baseline. TWI had a significantly lower number of SUD symptoms compared to the WC group at baseline. As hypothesized, findings revealed significant changes in recovery and life skills among the OP and TWI group compared to the WC group. No significant change in SUD scores were observed for all groups. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS A major limitation of the study was the use of a quasi-experimental design because legal issues did not allow a randomized control trial. Future research using randomized controlled trial designs would provide more robust conclusions on the impact of the intervention. The study design was also limited to pre- and post-evaluation. Further studies are encouraged to look at longitudinal outcomes of appears on SUD symptoms and possibility of relapse. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Given that there were no significant differences in outcomes between OP and TWI groups, results suggest that the program may serve either as a pre- or post-release program for incarcerated drug users. However, results also suggest that completion is higher when the program is used as a pre-release program. Delivering the program prior to release also reduces challenges related to attrition including conflict in schedules and the lack of resources for transportation. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS The study suggests the value of psychosocial treatment as opposed to punitive approaches in dealing with drug use. In particular, delivering interventions prior to release can prepare participants for problems they may encounter during reintegration and prevent recidivism. In a country where drug-related killings are on the rise, the study presents an alternate and restorative justice approach. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The study addresses a dearth in the literature on psychosocial intervention for methamphetamine users. It also fills a vacuum in studies from developing countries such as the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Regina M Hechanova
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines, and University Research Co., LLC, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennel C Reyes
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Avegale C Acosta
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Antover P Tuliao
- Department of Community Family and Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Haile YG, Kebede KB, Limenhe A, Habatmu K, Alem A. Alcohol use disorder among prisoners in Debre Berhan prison, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2020; 15:26. [PMID: 32245385 PMCID: PMC7119076 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-020-00270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies reported that history of alcohol use among prisoners is higher than the prevalence in the general population. Criminality is found to be associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) in previous studies. In Ethiopia, there is limited information on the prevalence and associated factors of AUD among prisoners. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of AUD among prisoners of Debre Berhan Prison. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess history of AUD among prisoners at Debre Berhan Prison, before imprisonment. We selected 347 prisoners with a systematic sampling technique and interviewed using Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to screen for AUD in May 2017. Data entry was done using Epi-Data version 3.1 software, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were done using Stata version 13 software. Crude and adjusted odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals and p-values are reported. RESULTS About six out of ten prisoners (59.1%) had AUD before imprisonment. Factors associated with increased odds of AUD were perception that the current offence is related to using substances (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI = 2.3, 7.8), and family history of substance use (AOR = 8.7; 95% CI = 1.7, 44.9). Being married had lower odds of AUD compared to the unmarried (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.2, 0.9). CONCLUSION We found that the prevalence of AUD 1 year before imprisonment in this population is high. AUD is found to be associated with a family history of substance use and perception that the current offence is related to using a substance. We recommend community-based study with different kind of study designs to see the relationship between AUD and crime for planning interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Gebreegziabhere Haile
- Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. .,Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Asnake Limenhe
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Habatmu
- School of Psychology, College of Education and Behavioral Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Atalay Alem
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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15
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Callaghan L, Thompson TP, Creanor S, Quinn C, Senior J, Green C, Hawton A, Byng R, Wallace G, Sinclair J, Kane A, Hazeldine E, Walker S, Crook R, Wainwright V, Enki DG, Jones B, Goodwin E, Cartwright L, Horrell J, Shaw J, Annison J, Taylor AH. Individual health trainers to support health and well-being for people under community supervision in the criminal justice system: the STRENGTHEN pilot RCT. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3310/phr07200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Little is known about the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of interventions, such as health trainer support, to improve the health and well-being of people recently released from prison or serving a community sentence, because of the challenges in recruiting participants and following them up.
Objectives
This pilot trial aimed to assess the acceptability and feasibility of the trial methods and intervention (and associated costs) for a randomised trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of health trainer support versus usual care.
Design
This trial involved a pilot multicentre, parallel, two-group randomised controlled trial recruiting 120 participants with 1 : 1 individual allocation to receive support from a health trainer and usual care or usual care alone, with a mixed-methods process evaluation, in 2017–18.
Setting
Participants were identified, screened and recruited in Community Rehabilitation Companies in Plymouth and Manchester or the National Probation Service in Plymouth. The intervention was delivered in the community.
Participants
Those who had been out of prison for at least 2 months (to allow community stabilisation), with at least 7 months of a community sentence remaining, were invited to participate; those who may have posed an unacceptable risk to the researchers and health trainers and those who were not interested in the trial or intervention support were excluded.
Interventions
The intervention group received, in addition to usual care, our person-centred health trainer support in one-to-one sessions for up to 14 weeks, either in person or via telephone. Health trainers aimed to empower participants to make healthy lifestyle changes (particularly in alcohol use, smoking, diet and physical activity) and take on the Five Ways to Well-being [Foresight Projects. Mental Capital and Wellbeing: Final Project Report. 2008. URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/mental-capital-and-wellbeing-making-the-most-of-ourselves-in-the-21st-century (accessed 24 January 2019).], and also signposted to other options for support. The control group received treatment as usual, defined by available community and public service options for improving health and well-being.
Main outcome measures
The main outcomes included the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores, alcohol use, smoking behaviour, dietary behaviour, physical activity, substance use, resource use, quality of life, intervention costs, intervention engagement and feasibility and acceptability of trial methods and the intervention.
Results
A great deal about recruitment was learned and the target of 120 participants was achieved. The minimum trial retention target at 6 months (60%) was met. Among those offered health trainer support, 62% had at least two sessions. The mixed-methods process evaluation generally supported the trial methods and intervention acceptability and feasibility. The proposed primary outcome, the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores, provided us with valuable data to estimate the sample size for a full trial in which to test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the intervention.
Conclusions
Based on the findings from this pilot trial, a full trial (with some modifications) seems justified, with a sample size of around 900 participants to detect between-group differences in the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores at a 6-month follow-up.
Future work
A number of recruitment, trial retention, intervention engagement and blinding issues were identified in this pilot and recommendations are made in preparation of and within a full trial.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN80475744.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 7, No. 20. See the National Institute for Health Research Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Callaghan
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Tom P Thompson
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Siobhan Creanor
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Cath Quinn
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jane Senior
- Faculty of Biology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin Green
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Annie Hawton
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Richard Byng
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Gary Wallace
- Trading Standards and Health Improvement, Plymouth City Council, Plymouth, UK
| | - Julia Sinclair
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Amy Kane
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Emma Hazeldine
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Samantha Walker
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Rebecca Crook
- Faculty of Biology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Verity Wainwright
- Faculty of Biology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Doyo Gragn Enki
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Elizabeth Goodwin
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lucy Cartwright
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jane Horrell
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jenny Shaw
- Faculty of Biology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Annison
- Faculty of Business, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Adrian H Taylor
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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16
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Addison M, Mcgovern R, Angus C, Becker F, Brennan A, Brown H, Coulton S, Crowe L, Gilvarry E, Hickman M, Howel D, Mccoll E, Muirhead C, Newbury-Birch D, Waqas M, Kaner E. Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention in Police Custody Suites: Pilot Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial (AcCePT). Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:548-559. [PMID: 29889245 PMCID: PMC6104624 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims There is a clear association between alcohol use and offending behaviour and significant police time is spent on alcohol-related incidents. This study aimed to test the feasibility of a trial of screening and brief intervention in police custody suites to reduce heavy drinking and re-offending behaviour. Short summary We achieved target recruitment and high brief intervention delivery if this occurred immediately after screening. Low rates of return for counselling and retention at follow-up were challenges for a definitive trial. Conversely, high consent rates for access to police data suggested at least some outcomes could be measured remotely. Methods A three-armed pilot Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial with an embedded qualitative interview-based process evaluation to explore acceptability issues in six police custody suites (north east and south west of the UK). Interventions included: 1. Screening only (Controls), 2. 10 min Brief Advice 3. Brief Advice plus 20 min of brief Counselling. Results Of 3330 arrestees approached: 2228 were eligible for screening (67%) and 720 consented (32%); 386 (54%) scored 8+ on AUDIT; and 205 (53%) were enroled (79 controls, 65 brief advice and 61 brief counselling). Follow-up rates at 6 and 12 months were 29% and 26%, respectively. However, routinely collected re-offending data were obtained for 193 (94%) participants. Indices of deprivation data were calculated for 184 (90%) participants; 37.6% of these resided in the 20% most deprived areas of UK. Qualitative data showed that all arrestees reported awareness that participation was voluntary, that the trial was separate from police work, and the majority said trial procedures were acceptable. Conclusion Despite hitting target recruitment and same-day brief intervention delivery, a future trial of alcohol screening and brief intervention in a police custody setting would only be feasible if routinely collected re-offending and health data were used for outcome measurement. Trial registration ISRCTN number: 89291046.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Addison
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ruth Mcgovern
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Colin Angus
- School of Health and Related Research, Health Economics and Decision Science, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Frauke Becker
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, Health Economics and Decision Science, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heather Brown
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Coulton
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Lisa Crowe
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eilish Gilvarry
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle & North Tyneside Addictions Service, Plummer Court, Carliol Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK
| | - Denise Howel
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elaine Mccoll
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Colin Muirhead
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Muhammad Waqas
- Economics Division, Leeds University Business School, Leeds, UK
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Corresponding author: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK. Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7884; E-mail:
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17
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Newbury-Birch D, Ferguson J, Landale S, Giles EL, McGeechan GJ, Gill C, Stockdale KJ, Holloway A. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Alcohol Interventions for Incarcerated People. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:412-425. [PMID: 29750413 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this current study was to systematically review the literature on brief alcohol interventions for incarcerated individuals to ascertain the efficacy or effectiveness in making changes to either consumption of alcohol or other social outcomes. Short summary Levels of risky drinking and dependency are high amongst incarcerated individuals. Eleven studies from nine articles were included in the systematic review. Six of the studies included brief intervention and three extended interventions. Interventions have the potential to positively impact on risky drinking. More studies are needed in this setting. Introduction It has been shown that around three times as many incarcerated individuals are risky drinkers and alcohol dependency is ten times higher than in the general population. Methods Systematic review of randomised controlled trials or matched group trials of the efficacy of psychosocial alcohol interventions for incarcerated individuals: we searched seven databases, with no restrictions on language, year or location from inception through to August 2017. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool was used to assess the quality of included studies. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist was used to ascertain intervention descriptions. Results Nine studies from 11 papers were included in the analysis. Six of the studies included brief interventions and three extended interventions. Every study used a different measure of alcohol consumption. Three of the studies that looked at brief interventions and all of the three extended intervention studies found significant reductions in relation to alcohol outcomes. Conclusions Results show that interventions in the prison setting have the potential to positively impact on alcohol use; however, because of small numbers and the use of different outcome measures we could not conduct a meta-analysis or generalise findings. Future studies are needed to standardise approaches to ensure greater rigour and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- School of Health & Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Sarah Landale
- School of Health in Social Science, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma L Giles
- School of Health & Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Grant J McGeechan
- School of Health & Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Charlotte Gill
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kelly J Stockdale
- School of Psychological and Social Sciences, York St Johns University, York, UK
| | - Aisha Holloway
- School of Health in Social Science, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Beyer F, Lynch E, Kaner E. Brief Interventions in Primary Care: an Evidence Overview of Practitioner and Digital Intervention Programmes. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:265-273. [PMID: 29963364 PMCID: PMC5984646 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Excessive drinking is a major public health problem that adversely affects all parts of the population. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported that brief interventions delivered in primary care are effective at reducing alcohol consumption, albeit with small effect sizes that have decreased over time. This review summarises the updated evidence base on practitioner and digitally delivered brief interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Using Cochrane methodology, 69 primary care brief intervention trials (33,642 participants) and 57 digital intervention trials (34,390 participants) were identified. Meta-analyses showed both approaches significantly reduced consumption compared to controls. Five trials (390 participants) compared practitioner-delivered and digital interventions directly with no evidence of difference in outcomes at follow-up. SUMMARY Brief interventions have the potential to impact at both individual and population levels. Future research should focus on optimising components and delivery mechanisms, and on alcohol-related harms. Digital interventions may overcome some of the implementation barriers faced by practitioner-delivered interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Beyer
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX UK
| | - Ellen Lynch
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX UK
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX UK
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19
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de Andrade D, Ritchie J, Rowlands M, Mann E, Hides L. Substance Use and Recidivism Outcomes for Prison-Based Drug and Alcohol Interventions. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:121-133. [DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique de Andrade
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jessica Ritchie
- TC Beirne School of Law, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Rowlands
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety- Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emily Mann
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne Hides
- Lives Lived Well Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Abstract
Abstract. This paper describes a review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews, to explore what appears to be ineffective in reducing reoffending among people convicted of crime. The focus of this review is on secondary or tertiary crime prevention initiatives, concentrating on interventions aiming to reduce offending among adults serving sentences in custody or the community. Twenty-one reviews met the inclusion criteria, covering interventions aiming to reduce violence, domestic violence, sexual offending, drug misuse, driving under the influence, and general reoffending. Fourteen of these reviews identified interventions that have no impact on criminal recidivism, and three identified interventions that in at least one study were actively harmful by increasing the risk of recidivism of participants. Findings suggest that ineffective interventions may comprise drug testing as a stand-alone strategy, insight-oriented and behavioral interventions for sexual offending, brief interventions for alcohol misuse, and in prison in the longer-term, agonist pharmacological treatment alone for drug misuse. Those interventions that had demonstrated, in at least one of the evaluations reviewed, that they were associated with negative behaviors were court-mandated treatment for domestic violence, boot camps, incarceration-based agonist drug treatment and custodial (when compared to noncustodial) sanctions. Taken together with the findings of previous reviews in this area, the authors identify features of interventions which are likely to be ineffective in reducing reoffending. Explanations for these interventions’ likely failure to reduce reoffending draw on criminological and social psychological research and behavioral science. The authors also note that this review may not include all relevant evidence and findings should therefore be considered indicative.
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21
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Olagunju AT, Oluwaniyi SO, Fadipe B, Ogunnubi OP, Oni OD, Aina OF, Chaimowitz GA. Mental health services in Nigerian prisons: Lessons from a four-year review and the literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2018; 58:79-86. [PMID: 29853016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forensic and correctional mental health services may constitute an important "safety net" for the mentally ill and can ensure a degree of public protection. The increasing prison populations and shift towards humane care of the mentally ill that encompasses promotion of human rights, community re-integration, utilitarian safety and operation of internationally comparable mental health legislations underscore the need to appraise correctional psychiatry services, especially in resource-restricted settings. We present findings from a review of the literature and from mental health services provided to 179 inmates in two Nigerian urban prisons. The mental health services spanned four years and allowed a focus on important issues deserving urgent attention. The mean age of participants was 33.10 years (SD = 9.91) and majority (86.6%) were males. The common clinical diagnoses among participants were schizophrenia (49.3%) and mood disorders (29.6%), while approximately half (46.5%) used psychoactive substances. About one-fifth was evaluated as having high risk for violence-dangerousness based solely on clinical evaluation. The majority (88.4%) presented with a first episode of mental illness, and 14% had a prior correctional history. Gender, marital status and hallucinatory experiences were associated with a high risk of dangerousness (p < 0.05), while gender, use of psychoactive substances, previous history of mental disorders and depot medication indexed participants more likely to have a previous forensic history (p < 0.05). Considering the current findings, we advocate for inclusion of validated tools in risk assessments, multipronged intervention strategy to address the unmet needs of prisoners and improved attention to forensic and correctional mental health in relevant policy-law, service-planning, research and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Toyin Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003 Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 12003 Lagos, Nigeria; Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, 57 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | | | - Babatunde Fadipe
- Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 12003 Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oluseun Peter Ogunnubi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003 Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Osunwale Dahunsi Oni
- Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 12003 Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olatunji Francis Aina
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003 Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 12003 Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Gary Andrew Chaimowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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22
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Shorter GW, Heather N, Bray JW, Giles EL, Holloway A, Barbosa C, Berman AH, O'Donnell AJ, Clarke M, Stockdale KJ, Newbury-Birch D. The 'Outcome Reporting in Brief Intervention Trials: Alcohol' (ORBITAL) framework: protocol to determine a core outcome set for efficacy and effectiveness trials of alcohol screening and brief intervention. Trials 2017; 18:611. [PMID: 29273070 PMCID: PMC5741954 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evidence base to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of alcohol brief interventions (ABI) is weakened by variation in the outcomes measured and by inconsistent reporting. The ‘Outcome Reporting in Brief Intervention Trials: Alcohol’ (ORBITAL) project aims to develop a core outcome set (COS) and reporting guidance for its use in future trials of ABI in a range of settings. Methods/design An international Special Interest Group was convened through INEBRIA (International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol and Other Drugs) to inform the development of a COS for trials of ABI. ORBITAL will incorporate a systematic review to map outcomes used in efficacy and effectiveness trials of ABI and their measurement properties, using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) criteria. This will support a multi-round Delphi study to prioritise outcomes. Delphi panellists will be drawn from a range of settings and stakeholder groups, and the Delphi study will also be used to determine if a single COS is relevant for all settings. A consensus meeting with key stakeholder representation will determine the final COS and associated guidance for its use in trials of ABI. Discussion ORBITAL will develop a COS for alcohol screening and brief intervention trials, with outcomes stratified into domains and guidance on outcome measurement instruments. The standardisation of ABI outcomes and their measurement will support the ongoing development of ABI studies and a systematic synthesis of emerging research findings. We will track the extent to which the COS delivers on this promise through an exploration of the use of the guidance in the decade following COS publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Shorter
- Alcohol and Public Health Research Team, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Psychotraumatology, Mental Health & Suicidal Behaviour Research Group, Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK.,Inspire, Belfast, UK.,College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - N Heather
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeremy W Bray
- Department of Economics, Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - E L Giles
- Alcohol and Public Health Research Team, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - A Holloway
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Barbosa
- Behavioral Health Economics Program, RTI International, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A H Berman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A J O'Donnell
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Clarke
- Northern Ireland Methodology Hub, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - K J Stockdale
- Alcohol and Public Health Research Team, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,School of Psychological and Social Sciences, York St. John University, York, UK
| | - D Newbury-Birch
- Alcohol and Public Health Research Team, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Addison M, Stockdale K, McGovern R, McGovern W, McKinnon I, Crowe L, Hogan L, Kaner E. Exploring the intersections between novel psychoactive substances (NPS) and other substance use in a police custody suite setting in the north east of England. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2017.1378620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Addison
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kelly Stockdale
- School of Psychological and Social Sciences, York St John University, North Yorkshire, York, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ruth McGovern
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - William McGovern
- School of Social Work and Communities, Northumbria University, Allendale House, Coach Lane Campus (West), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lisa Crowe
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lisa Hogan
- Northumbria Police, Newcastle City Centre Police Station, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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24
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Holloway A, Landale S, Ferguson J, Newbury-Birch D, Parker R, Smith P, Sheikh A. Alcohol Brief Interventions (ABIs) for male remand prisoners: protocol for development of a complex intervention and feasibility study (PRISM-A). BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014561. [PMID: 28473514 PMCID: PMC5623434 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the UK, a significant proportion of male remand prisoners have alcohol problems. Alcohol Brief Interventions (ABIs) are an effective component of a population-level approach to harmful and hazardous drinking. ABIs have been shown to reduce the aggregate level of alcohol consumed and therefore reduce harm to the individual and to others. However, in relation to remand prisoners, there is no evidence as to how effective ABIs could be. The aims of this study are therefore to explore the feasibility and acceptability of an ABI for adult male remand prisoners and to develop an ABI for this group to be piloted in a future trial. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will comprise three stages. Stage 1: a cross-sectional survey of adult male remand and convicted prisoners (n=500) at one Scottish prison and one English prison will be undertaken to assess acceptability and feasibility of delivering an ABI, as well as prevalence rates of harmful, hazardous and dependent drinking. Stage 2: in-depth interviews will be conducted with a sample of remand prisoners (n=24) who undertook the survey (n=12 in Scotland; n=12 in England). Two focus groups (one in Scotland and one in England) with six to eight key stakeholders associated with alcohol-related healthcare provision in prisons will be conducted to explore views on barriers, facilitators and levers to ABI delivery. Stage 3: through formal intervention mapping, the analysed data will inform the refinement of an acceptable ABI that is feasible to deliver to male remand prisoners. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The project has been approved by the National Research Ethics Committee (NRES), National Offender Management System, Health Board Research and Development, Scottish Prison Service and ethics committee at The University of Edinburgh. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at local, national and international conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Holloway
- Nursing Studies, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Landale
- Nursing Studies, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- Health and Social Care Institute, School of Health & Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Dorothy Newbury-Birch
- Health and Social Care Institute, School of Health & Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Richard Parker
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pam Smith
- Nursing Studies, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Population Health Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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25
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Sánchez FC, Wolff N. The association between substance use and physical victimization among incarcerated men in Spanish prisons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2017; 50:9-16. [PMID: 27816218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical victimization and substance use are common behaviors inside prisons. Yet little is known about whether there is an association between substance use and physical victimization among male inmates. We examined the absolute and relative association between substance use (prior to, during, and both prior to and during incarceration) and physical victimization while incarcerated. For this study, 2484 men (mean age of 36.3years; SD=11.1) were sampled from eight prisons located in Spain. Information was collected using self-report questionnaires probing experiences of physical victimization while incarcerated and substance use prior to prison and during the past six months in prison. We found that the rates and likelihood of physical victimization were greater for male inmates who used substances at any time, compared to non-consumers of substances but were highest for male inmates who used exclusively in prison or both prior to and in prison. These findings suggest the need for immediate prevention steps including comprehensive screening and segregation practices; better drug interdiction practices; and more evidence-based substance abuse treatment with and without integrated trauma treatment to ensure public health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Caravaca Sánchez
- Department of Criminology, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Avenue of Jerónimos, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Nancy Wolff
- Bloustein Center for Survey Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 33 Livingston Avenue, Office 273, United States
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A randomized study of the use of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for drug and alcohol use with jail inmates. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 74:54-64. [PMID: 28132701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based practice that has been shown to reduce alcohol and drug use in healthcare, educational, and other settings, but research on the effectiveness of SBIRT with populations involved in the criminal justice system is limited. These populations have high rates of substance use but have limited access to interventions. METHODS The study randomized 732 jail inmates from a large urban jail to the SBIRT intervention or to the control group. Using the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), the intervention assessed the risk level for drug and alcohol misuse by inmates and provided those who were at low or medium risk with a brief intervention in jail and referred those at high risk to community treatment following release, including the opportunity to participate in a brief treatment (eight sessions) protocol. Using interview and records data from a 12-month follow-up, analyses compared the two groups with respect to the primary study outcomes of reductions in drug and alcohol use and the secondary outcomes of participation in treatment, rearrest, reduction in HIV risk behaviors, and quality of life. In addition, the costs of delivering the SBIRT intervention were calculated. RESULTS When baseline differences were controlled, the groups did not differ at follow-up on any of the primary or secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Future research should develop and evaluate SBIRT models that are specifically adapted to the characteristics and needs of the jail population. Until more favorable results emerge, attempts to use SBIRT with jail inmates should be implemented with caution, if at all. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01683643.
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Heather N. Spreading alcohol brief interventions from health care to non-health care settings: Is it justified? DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2016.1187113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Climbing down the steps from the ivory tower: how UK academics and criminal justice practitioners need to work together on alcohol studies. Int J Prison Health 2016; 12:129-34. [DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Evidence in the UK tells us that risky drinking is high amongst those in contact with the criminal justice system. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reasons why carrying out research around risky drinking in this setting is so difficult.
Design/methodology/approach
A commentary on the issues of carrying out research in the criminal justice setting.
Findings
There are issues of carrying out research in the criminal justice setting. The authors argue, that as academics we can be more proactive in working with practitioners in the design and carrying out of studies. By examining what the primary outcome of interest is to those that work in the field rather than what funding agencies tell us academics must use, academics may engage in a more co-productive way that enables everyone to achieve what they need. Moreover more work is needed to show how this approach can be achieved both in the UK and internationally.
Originality/value
This editorial explores some of the difficulties of carrying out alcohol research in the criminal justice system and postulates ways that this could be made easier.
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Sondhi A, Birch J, Lynch K, Holloway A, Newbury-Birch D. Exploration of delivering brief interventions in a prison setting: A qualitative study in one English region. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2016.1183588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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