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Papatsimpas V, Vrouva S, Papathanasiou G, Papadopoulou M, Bouzineki C, Kanellopoulou S, Moutafi D, Bakalidou D. Does Therapeutic Exercise Support Improvement in Cognitive Function and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1112. [PMID: 37509042 PMCID: PMC10377697 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of therapeutic exercise on cognitive function and daily activities in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). A total of 171 patients with mild AD from the Amarousion Day Care Center of the Alzheimer Society of Athens and the Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas" were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (aerobic and resistance exercise, n = 57), group B (resistance exercise, n = 57), and group C (control group, n = 57). Group A followed a weekly program consisting of 5 days with 30 min walking and 3 days with resistance exercises for about 45 min. Group B followed only a resistance exercise program, the same as group A. Group C did not participate in any exercise program. After the intervention, cognitive function was assessed with the Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R), Trail Making Test A-B (TMT A-B), and Digit Span Test Forward and Backward (DST F-B) and daily activities with the instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADLs). A significant intervention effect was observed for all outcome measures (global cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living). ANCOVA Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests revealed that the aerobic and resistance group improved compared to the control group on all measurement scales. The resistance group also showed an improvement compared to the control group. No significant effects were found between the aerobic and resistance group and the resistance group in any of the outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Papatsimpas
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Study of Motion (LANECASM), School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
- Department of Physical Therapy, General Hospital of Athens G. GENNIMATAS, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiria Vrouva
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Study of Motion (LANECASM), School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
- Department of Physical Therapy, 401 Army General Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - George Papathanasiou
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Study of Motion (LANECASM), School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Papadopoulou
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Study of Motion (LANECASM), School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitra Moutafi
- Pathological Department, General Hospital Konstantopouleio, 14233 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Daphne Bakalidou
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Study of Motion (LANECASM), School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica (UNIWA), 12243 Athens, Greece
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The Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercises on the Cognitive and Physical Function of Persons with Mild Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050677. [PMID: 36900682 PMCID: PMC10000686 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia causes deterioration in cognitive and physical functions. The scope of this study is to investigate the effect of different exercise programs on cognitive functions and functionality of persons suffering from mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) by generating information on the exercise types and their parameters. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be performed involving aerobic and resistance exercise interventions, taking place both at the sample collection center and at home. Participants will be randomly divided into two different intervention groups and a control group. All groups will be assessed twice; once at baseline and once after 12 weeks. The primary outcome shall comprise the effect of exercise programs on cognitive functions using cognitive testing, such as Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revisited (ACE-R), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail Making Test A-Β (TMT A-B), and Digit Span Test (DST): Digit Span Forward (DSF) and Digit Span Backward (DSB). The effect on functionality will be assessed using the Senior Fitness Test (SFT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL) questionnaire. Secondary outcomes include the effect of exercise on depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15), on physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), as well as the participants' compliance with the intervention. This study will investigate the possible effect of intervention of different exercise types and the comparison between them. Exercise forms a low-cost and reduced-risk intervention.
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Begde A, Jain M, Hogervorst E, Wilcockson T. Does physical exercise improve the capacity for independent living in people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:2317-2327. [PMID: 34951548 PMCID: PMC9662184 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.2019192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarise existing systematic reviews which assessed the effects of physical exercise on activities of daily living, walking, balance and visual processing in people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. METHODS In this overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, seven electronic databases were searched to identify eligible reviews published between January 2015 and April 2021. RESULTS A total of 30 systematic reviews were identified and included in the overview. The most frequent type of exercise for the intervention group was multimodal exercises. Mind-body exercises, exergames, dance intervention and aerobic exercise were other exercise types. Most of the reviews reported that exercise is significantly effective for improving activities of daily living (SMD 95%CI, from 0.27 to 1.44), walking (SMD 95%CI, from 0.08 to 2.23), balance (SMD 95%CI, from 0.37 to 2.24) and visuospatial function (SMD 95%CI, from 0.16 to 0.51), which are among the most leading determinants of independent living in individuals with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Evidence has shown that exercise (especially multicomponent exercise programmes including cognitive, physical and multitasking exercises) with sufficient intensity improves the activities of daily living skills. Exercise also improves walking, balance and visual processing, which can provide a more independent life for people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cognitively impaired people should therefore be encouraged to exercise regularly in order to be more independent. UNLABELLED Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.2019192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Begde
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK,CONTACT Ahmet Begde
| | - Manisha Jain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Thomas Wilcockson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Rondão CADM, Mota MPG, Esteves D. Development of a Combined Exercise and Cognitive Stimulation Intervention for People with Mild Cognitive Impairment-Designing the MEMO_MOVE PROGRAM. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10221. [PMID: 36011852 PMCID: PMC9408716 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dementia patients are at high risk for the decline of both physical and cognitive capacities, resulting in an increased risk of the loss of autonomy. Exercise is regarded as a non-pharmacological therapy for dementia, considering the potential benefits of preventing cognitive decline and improving physical fitness. In this paper, we aim to describe the different design stages for an exercise program combined with cognitive stimulation for a population with mild cognitive impairment, i.e., the MEMO_MOVE program. METHODS The intervention design followed the Medical Research Council's guidelines for complex interventions and was structured according to the six steps in quality intervention development (6SQuID). The intervention was described considering the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR). In order to establish the intervention characteristics, a literature review was conducted to collate and analyze previous work, which provided a summary the type of exercise that should be implemented among this population. RESULTS The MEMO_MOVE program was structured and described, regarding (i) inclusion of a cognitive stimulation component; (ii) the kind of cognitive stimulation; and (iii) the type of exercise, duration, frequency, intensity, and program length. CONCLUSIONS A systematic step-by-step process design was followed to create a specific intervention to promote physical fitness and cognitive stimulation in individuals with mild dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Paula Gonçalves Mota
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports, University of Trás os Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Dulce Esteves
- Department of Sports, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Babaei P, Azari HB. Exercise Training Improves Memory Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Evidence and Possible Mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:771553. [PMID: 35153701 PMCID: PMC8829997 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.771553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases, cognitive decline and memory impairment threaten independence and quality of life. Therefore, finding prevention and treatment strategies for memory impairment is an important health concern. Moreover, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved underlying memory preservation will enable the development of appropriate pharmaceuticals drugs for those who are activity limited. Exercise training as a non-pharmacological tool, has been known to increase the mean lifespan by maintaining general body health and improving the cardiovascular and nervous systems function. Among different exercise training protocols, aerobic exercise has been reported to prevent the progression of memory decline, provided adequate exertion level, duration, and frequency. Mechanisms underlying exercise training effects on memory performance have not been understood yet. Convergent evidence suggest several direct and indirect mechanisms at molecular and supramolecular levels. The supramolecular level includes improvement in blood circulation, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis which are under controls of complex molecular signaling of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, exerkines, and epigenetics factors. Among these various factors, irisin/BDNF signaling seems to be one of the important mediators of crosstalk between contracted skeletal muscles and the brain during exercise training. This review provides an affordable and effective method to improve cognitive function in old ages, particularly those who are most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Helya Bolouki Azari
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Borges-Machado F, Barros D, Teixeira L, Ribeiro O, Carvalho J. Contribution of a multicomponent intervention on functional capacity and independence on activities of daily living in individuals with neurocognitive disorder. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:625. [PMID: 34732148 PMCID: PMC8564955 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the effects of a 6-month multicomponent (MT) exercise intervention in the functional capacity and ability to independently perform activities of daily living (ADL) of individuals diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder (NCD). METHODS A quasi-experimental controlled trial with a parallel design study was conducted in multicentered community-based settings. Forty-three individuals (N Female: 30) were allocated to an exercise group (EG; N: 23; mean 75.09, SD = 5.54 years) or a control group (CG; N:20; mean 81.90, SD = 1.33 years). The EG engaged in a 6-month MT program (60-min sessions, twice a week). Exercise sessions were divided into a warm-up, specific training (e.g., coordination and balance, lower and upper body strength, and aerobics), and cool down. Lower body function, mobility, and gait speed were evaluated through Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Timed-Up and Go test (TUG) and 6-Meter Walk test, respectively. The Barthel Index (BI) was administered to assess individuals' ADL independence. Evaluations were performed before and after the 6-month intervention. RESULTS Linear Mixed Models revealed a statistically significant interaction (time X group) effect factor on SPPB (B = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.39-3.28, p < 0.001), TUG (B = - 11.15, 95% CI: - 17.23 - - 5.06, p = 0.001), and 6-Meter Walk test (B = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08-0.25, p < 0.001). No differences between groups or assessment moments were found in the ability of individuals to independently perform ADL. CONCLUSIONS The 6-month MT exercise intervention improves the functional capacity of older adults living with NCD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov - identifier number NCT04095962 ; retrospectively registered on 19 September 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Borges-Machado
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Duarte Barros
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laetitia Teixeira
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Oscar Ribeiro
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
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How does physical activity benefit people living with dementia? A systematic review to identify the potential mechanisms of action. QUALITY IN AGEING AND OLDER ADULTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/qaoa-09-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
One limitation of research that assesses the effectiveness of physical activity interventions for people with dementia is that most do not describe the intervention in sufficient detail to ascertain a theoretical basis or mechanism of action that determines the effective components. This paper aims to identify studies which evaluate the mechanisms of action of physical activity interventions for people with dementia, to further inform effective intervention development.
Design/methodology/approach
Papers were screened for evidence of evaluation of specific forms of physical activity, using pre-defined inclusion criteria. Analysis was conducted to ascertain if mechanisms of action were corroborated by data within and between studies.
Findings
The authors identified 26 studies with a measured mechanism of action; these related to the effects of physical activity on either neurological structure or endocrinal markers, including hormones. Physical activity had potential to reduce hippocampal atrophy, increase neural recruitment, activate the noradrenergic system and improve anti-inflammatory responses. While individual studies were hampered by small sample sizes, the body of evidence indicated that physical activity may have potential to delay cognitive decline.
Practical implications
Mechanisms of action in relation to dementia and physical activity are likely to be multifaceted, and physical activity may be protective against progression in the early stages of cognitive decline. Physical activity may be of greatest benefit if incorporated into on-going lifestyle, rather than engaged in for short periods, and combined with social interaction.
Originality/value
This paper is unique in its focus on the mechanisms of action of physical activity interventions for people with dementia.
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