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Wear KA. Mechanisms of Interaction of Ultrasound With Cancellous Bone: A Review. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:454-482. [PMID: 31634127 PMCID: PMC7050438 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2947755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is now a clinically accepted modality in the management of osteoporosis. The most common commercial clinical devices assess fracture risk from measurements of attenuation and sound speed in cancellous bone. This review discusses fundamental mechanisms underlying the interaction between ultrasound and cancellous bone. Because of its two-phase structure (mineralized trabecular network embedded in soft tissue-marrow), its anisotropy, and its inhomogeneity, cancellous bone is more difficult to characterize than most soft tissues. Experimental data for the dependencies of attenuation, sound speed, dispersion, and scattering on ultrasound frequency, bone mineral density, composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties are presented. The relative roles of absorption, scattering, and phase cancellation in determining attenuation measurements in vitro and in vivo are delineated. Common speed of sound metrics, which entail measurements of transit times of pulse leading edges (to avoid multipath interference), are greatly influenced by attenuation, dispersion, and system properties, including center frequency and bandwidth. However, a theoretical model has been shown to be effective for correction for these confounding factors in vitro and in vivo. Theoretical and phantom models are presented to elucidate why cancellous bone exhibits negative dispersion, unlike soft tissue, which exhibits positive dispersion. Signal processing methods are presented for separating "fast" and "slow" waves (predicted by poroelasticity theory and supported in cancellous bone) even when the two waves overlap in time and frequency domains. Models to explain dependencies of scattering on frequency and mean trabecular thickness are presented and compared with measurements. Anisotropy, the effect of the fluid filler medium (marrow in vivo or water in vitro), phantoms, computational modeling of ultrasound propagation, acoustic microscopy, and nonlinear properties in cancellous bone are also discussed.
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Fontes-Pereira A, Rosa P, Barboza T, Matusin D, Freire AS, Braz BF, Machado CB, von Krüger MA, Souza SALD, Santelli RE, Pereira WCDA. Monitoring bone changes due to calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus loss in rat femurs using Quantitative Ultrasound. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11963. [PMID: 30097589 PMCID: PMC6086864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density is an important parameter for the diagnosis of bone diseases, as well as for predicting fractures and treatment monitoring. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) to monitor bone changes after calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium loss in rat femurs in vitro during a demineralization process. Four quantitative ultrasound parameters were estimated from bone surface echoes in eight femur diaphysis of rats. The echo signals were acquired during a decalcification process by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA). The results were compared to Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry measurements for validation. Integrated Reflection Coefficient (IRC) reflection parameters and Frequency Slope of Reflection Transfer Function (FSRTF) during demineralization tended to decrease, while the backscattering parameter Apparent Integrated Backscatter (AIB) increased and Frequency Slope of Apparent Backscatter (FSAB) showed an oscillatory behavior with no defined trend. Results indicate a clear relation between demineralization and the corresponding decrease in the reflection parameters and increase in the scattering parameters. The trend analysis of the fall curve of the chemical elements showed a better relationship between IRC and QCT. It was possible to monitor bone changes after ions losses, through the QUS. Thus, it is an indication that the proposed protocol has potential to characterize bone tissue in animal models, providing consistent results towards standardization of bone characterization studies by QUS endorsing its use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Fontes-Pereira
- Ultrasound Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program/COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco H, PO Box 68510, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Rosa
- Ultrasound Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program/COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco H, PO Box 68510, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barboza
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Daniel Matusin
- Ultrasound Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program/COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco H, PO Box 68510, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Aline Soares Freire
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - Centro de Tecnologia Federal, University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24020-007, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Ferreira Braz
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - Centro de Tecnologia Federal, University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24020-007, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Antônio von Krüger
- Ultrasound Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program/COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco H, PO Box 68510, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Sergio Augusto Lopes de Souza
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Erthal Santelli
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - Centro de Tecnologia Federal, University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24020-007, Brazil
| | - Wagner Coelho de Albuquerque Pereira
- Ultrasound Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program/COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco H, PO Box 68510, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil
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Hoffman JJ, Nelson AM, Holland MR, Miller JG. Cancellous bone fast and slow waves obtained with Bayesian probability theory correlate with porosity from computed tomography. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 132:1830-7. [PMID: 22978910 PMCID: PMC3460989 DOI: 10.1121/1.4739455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A Bayesian probability theory approach for separating overlapping ultrasonic fast and slow waves in cancellous bone has been previously introduced. The goals of this study were to investigate whether the fast and slow waves obtained from Bayesian separation of an apparently single mode signal individually correlate with porosity and to isolate the fast and slow waves from medial-lateral insonification of the calcaneus. The Bayesian technique was applied to trabecular bone data from eight human calcanei insonified in the medial-lateral direction. The phase velocity, slope of attenuation (nBUA), and amplitude were determined for both the fast and slow waves. The porosity was assessed by micro-computed tomography (microCT) and ranged from 78.7% to 94.1%. The method successfully separated the fast and slow waves from medial-lateral insonification of the calcaneus. The phase velocity for both the fast and slow wave modes showed an inverse correlation with porosity (R(2) = 0.73 and R(2) = 0.86, respectively). The slope of attenuation for both wave modes also had a negative correlation with porosity (fast wave: R(2) = 0.73, slow wave: R(2) = 0.53). The fast wave amplitude decreased with increasing porosity (R(2) = 0.66). Conversely, the slow wave amplitude modestly increased with increasing porosity (R(2) = 0.39).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Hoffman
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63139, USA
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Gluer CC. A new quality of bone ultrasound research. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2008; 55:1524-1528. [PMID: 18986942 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2008.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) methods have strong power to predict osteoporotic fractures, but they are also very relevant for the assessment of bone quality. A representative sample of recent studies addressing these topics can be found in this special issue. Further pursuit of these methods will establish micro-QUS imaging methods as tools for measuring specific aspects of bone quality. Once this is achieved, we will be able to link such data to the clinical QUS methods used in vivo to determine which aspects of bone quality cause QUS to be a predictor of fracture risk that is independent of bone mineral density (BMD). Potentially this could lead to the development of a new generation of QUS devices for improved and expanded clinical assessment. Good quality of basic science work will thus lead to good quality of clinical patient examinations on the basis of a more detailed assessment of bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Gluer
- Medizinische Phys., Univ. Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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