1
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Zhang S, Lin T, Zhang D, Chen X, Ge Y, Gao Q, Fan J. Use of the selected metal-dependent enzymes for exploring applicability of human annexin A1 as a purification tag. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:423-429. [PMID: 37805288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Several fusion tags have been developed for non-chromatographic fusion protein purification. Previously, we identified that human annexin A1 as a novel N-terminal purification tag was used for purifying the fusion proteins produced in Escherichia coli through precipitation in 10 mM Ca2+ buffer, and redissolution of the precipitate in 15 mM EDTA buffer. In this work, we selected four metal-dependent enzymes including E. coli 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase, yeast 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase, maize serine racemase and copper amine oxidase for investigating the annexin A1 tag applicability. Fusion of the His6-tag or the enzyme changed the behavior of precipitation-redissolution. The relatively high recovery yields of three tagged enzymes with the improved purities were obtained through two rounds of purification, whereas low recovery yield of the annexin A1 tagged maize amine oxidase was prepared. The added EDTA displayed different abilities to redissolve the fusion proteins precipitates in two precipitation-redissolution cycles. It inactivated three enzymes and obviously inhibited the activity of the fused maize serine racemase. Based on current findings, we believe that four enzymes could be applied for evaluating applicability of the proteins or peptides as affinity tags for chromatographic purification in a calcium dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncheng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Tingting Lin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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2
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He X, Zhang S, Dang D, Lin T, Ge Y, Chen X, Fan J. Detection of human annexin A1 as the novel N-terminal tag for separation and purification handle. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:2. [PMID: 36604649 PMCID: PMC9817314 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-02005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several fusion tags for separation handle have been developed, but the fused tag for simply and cheaply separating the target protein is still lacking. RESULTS Separation conditions for the human annexin A1 (hanA1) tagged emerald green fluorescent protein (EmGFP) in Escherichia coli were optimized via precipitation with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and resolubilization with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-Na2). The HanA1-EmGFP absorbing with other three affinity matrix was detected, only it was strongly bound to heparin Sepharose. The separation efficiency of the HanA1-EmGFP was comparable with purification efficiency of the His6-tagged HanA1-EmGFP via metal ion affinity chromatography. Three fluorescent proteins for the EmGFP, mCherry red fluorescent protein and flavin-binding cyan-green fluorescent protein LOV from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were used for naked-eye detection of the separation and purification processes, and two colored proteins including a red protein for a Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (Vhb), and a brown protein for maize sirohydrochlorin ferrochelatase (mSF) were used for visualizing the separation process. The added EDTA-Na2 disrupted the Fe-S cluster in the mSF, but it showed little impact on heme in Vhb. CONCLUSIONS The selected five colored proteins were efficient for detecting the applicability of the highly selective hanA1 for fusion separation and purification handle. The fused hanA1 tag will be potentially used for simple and cheap affinity separation of the target proteins in industry and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei He
- grid.460134.40000 0004 1757 393XCollege of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, 237012 People’s Republic of China ,grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuncheng Zhang
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongya Dang
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Lin
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Fan
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
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Yang MH, Hu CC, Wong CH, Liang JJ, Ko HY, He MH, Lin YL, Lin NS, Hsu YH. Convenient Auto-Processing Vector Based on Bamboo Mosaic Virus for Presentation of Antigens Through Enzymatic Coupling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739837. [PMID: 34721406 PMCID: PMC8551676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new binary epitope-presenting CVP platform based on bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) by using the sortase A (SrtA)-mediated ligation technology. The reconstructed BaMV genome harbors two modifications: 1) a coat protein (CP) with N-terminal extension of the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease recognition site plus 4 extra glycine (G) residues as the SrtA acceptor; and 2) a TEV protease coding region replacing that of the triple-gene-block proteins. Inoculation of such construct, pKB5G, on Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the efficient production of filamentous CVPs ready for SrtA-mediated ligation with desired proteins. The second part of the binary platform includes an expression vector for the bacterial production of donor proteins. We demonstrated the applicability of the platform by using the recombinant envelope protein domain III (rEDIII) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as the antigen. Up to 40% of the BaMV CP subunits in each CVP were loaded with rEDIII proteins in 1 min. The rEDIII-presenting BaMV CVPs (BJLPET5G) could be purified using affinity chromatography. Immunization assays confirmed that BJLPET5G could induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against JEV infections. The binary platform could be adapted as a useful alternative for the development and mass production of vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoacyltransferases/genetics
- Aminoacyltransferases/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/blood
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Endopeptidases/genetics
- Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Potexvirus/enzymology
- Potexvirus/genetics
- Potexvirus/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/immunology
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Virion/enzymology
- Virion/genetics
- Virion/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hzeng Wong
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsun He
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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4
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Hayes MP, O'Brien JB, Crawford RA, Fowler CA, Yu L, Doorn JA, Roman DL. Fragment-Based Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Screen against a Regulator of G Protein Signaling Identifies a Binding "Hot Spot". Chembiochem 2021; 22:1609-1620. [PMID: 33480159 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins have attracted attention as a result of their primary role in directing the specificity as well as the temporal and spatial aspects of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. In addition, alterations in RGS protein expression have been observed in a number of disease states, including certain cancers. In this area, RGS17 is of particular interest. It has been demonstrated that, while RGS17 is expressed primarily in the central nervous system, it has been found to be inappropriately expressed in lung, prostate, breast, cervical, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Overexpression of RGS17 leads to dysfunction in inhibitory G protein signaling and an overproduction of the intracellular second messenger cAMP, which in turn alters the transcription patterns of proteins known to promote various cancer types. Suppressing RGS17 expression with RNA interference (RNAi) has been found to decrease tumorigenesis and sufficiently prevents cancer cell migration, leading to the hypothesis that pharmacological blocking of RGS17 function could be useful in anticancer therapies. We have identified small-molecule fragments capable of binding the RGS homology (RH) domain of RGS17 by using a nuclear magnetic resonance fragment-based screening approach. By chemical shift mapping of the two-dimensional 15 N,1 H heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra of the backbone-assigned 15 N-labeled RGS17-RH, we determined the fragment binding sites to be distant from the Gα interface. Thus, our study identifies a putative fragment binding site on RGS17 that was previously unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hayes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S Grand Avenue, CPB 538, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.,Present address: Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Joseph B O'Brien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S Grand Avenue, CPB 538, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Rachel A Crawford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S Grand Avenue, CPB 538, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - C Andrew Fowler
- NMR Facility, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.,Present address: Bruker Biospin Corporation, Billerica, MA 01821-3991, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- NMR Facility, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 285 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Jonathan A Doorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S Grand Avenue, CPB 538, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David L Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S Grand Avenue, CPB 538, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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5
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Bowitch A, Sahoo A, Clark AM, Ntangka C, Raut KK, Gollnick P, Yu MC, Pascal SM, Walker SE, Ferkey DM. Methylation of the D2 dopamine receptor affects binding with the human regulatory proteins Par-4 and Calmodulin. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021:10.17912/micropub.biology.000366. [PMID: 33598640 PMCID: PMC7876548 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bowitch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Andrea M. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529
| | - Christiana Ntangka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529,
Current address: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Krishna K. Raut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529
| | - Paul Gollnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Michael C. Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Steven M. Pascal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529
| | - Sarah E. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Denise M. Ferkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260,
Correspondence to: Denise M. Ferkey ()
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6
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Hayes MP, Soto-Velasquez M, Fowler CA, Watts VJ, Roman DL. Identification of FDA-Approved Small Molecules Capable of Disrupting the Calmodulin-Adenylyl Cyclase 8 Interaction through Direct Binding to Calmodulin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:346-357. [PMID: 28968502 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (AC) catalyze the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP and are involved in a number of disease states, making them attractive potential drug targets. AC8, in particular, has been implicated in several neurological disorders. While development of small molecule AC inhibitors has generated some chemical leads, the lack of inhibitor specificity among AC family members has limited the identification of successful drug candidates. Therefore, finding alternative novel methods to suppress AC activity are needed. Because only AC1 and AC8 are robustly stimulated by calmodulin (CaM), we set out to explore the mechanism of disrupting the AC/CaM interaction as a way to selectively inhibit AC8. Through the development and implementation of a novel biochemical high-throughput-screening paradigm, we identified six small molecules from an FDA-approved compound library that are capable of disrupting the AC8/CaM interaction. These compounds were also shown to be able disrupt formation of this complex in cells, ultimately leading to decreased AC8 activity. Interestingly, further mechanistic analysis determined that these compounds functioned by binding to CaM and blocking its interaction with AC8. While these particular compounds could inhibit CaM interaction with both AC1 and AC8, they provide significant proof of concept for inhibition of ACs through disruption of CaM binding. These compounds, as dual AC1/AC8 inhibitors, provide important tools for probing pathological conditions where AC1/AC8 activity are enhanced, such as chronic pain and ethanol consumption. Furthermore, unlike tools such as genetic deletion, these compounds can be used in a dose-dependent fashion to determine the role of AC/CaM interactions in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Hayes
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug
Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - C. Andrew Fowler
- NMR Facility, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Val J. Watts
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug
Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David L. Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Roy J. and
Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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7
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Jia B, Jeon CO. High-throughput recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: current status and future perspectives. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160196. [PMID: 27581654 PMCID: PMC5008019 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ease of genetic manipulation, low cost, rapid growth and number of previous studies have made Escherichia coli one of the most widely used microorganism species for producing recombinant proteins. In this post-genomic era, challenges remain to rapidly express and purify large numbers of proteins for academic and commercial purposes in a high-throughput manner. In this review, we describe several state-of-the-art approaches that are suitable for the cloning, expression and purification, conducted in parallel, of numerous molecules, and we discuss recent progress related to soluble protein expression, mRNA folding, fusion tags, post-translational modification and production of membrane proteins. Moreover, we address the ongoing efforts to overcome various challenges faced in protein expression in E. coli, which could lead to an improvement of the current system from trial and error to a predictable and rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Jia
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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8
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Ishida H, Nguyen LT, Gopal R, Aizawa T, Vogel HJ. Overexpression of Antimicrobial, Anticancer, and Transmembrane Peptides in Escherichia coli through a Calmodulin-Peptide Fusion System. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11318-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishida
- Biochemistry
Research Group,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leonard T. Nguyen
- Biochemistry
Research Group,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ramamourthy Gopal
- Biochemistry
Research Group,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Biochemistry
Research Group,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Biochemistry
Research Group,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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9
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Luo D, Wen C, Zhao R, Liu X, Liu X, Cui J, Liang JG, Liang P. High Level Expression and Purification of Recombinant Proteins from Escherichia coli with AK-TAG. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156106. [PMID: 27214237 PMCID: PMC4877045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate kinase (AK) from Escherichia coli was used as both solubility and affinity tag for recombinant protein production. When fused to the N-terminus of a target protein, an AK fusion protein could be expressed in soluble form and purified to near homogeneity in a single step from Blue-Sepherose via affinity elution with micromolar concentration of P1, P5- di (adenosine—5’) pentaphosphate (Ap5A), a transition-state substrate analog of AK. Unlike any other affinity tags, the level of a recombinant protein expression in soluble form and its yield of recovery during each purification step could be readily assessed by AK enzyme activity in near real time. Coupled to a His-Tag installed at the N-terminus and a thrombin cleavage site at the C terminus of AK, the streamlined method, here we dubbed AK-TAG, could also allow convenient expression and retrieval of a cleaved recombinant protein in high yield and purity via dual affinity purification steps. Thus AK-TAG is a new addition to the arsenal of existing affinity tags for recombinant protein expression and purification, and is particularly useful where soluble expression and high degree of purification are at stake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Wen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongchuan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Peng Liang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
- GenHunter Corporation, Grassmere Park, Nashville, United States of America
- * E-mail: ;
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10
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Cydzik M, Abdul-Wahid A, Park S, Bourdeau A, Bowden K, Prodeus A, Kollara A, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ, Gariépy J. Slow binding kinetics of secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine-VEGF interaction limit VEGF activation of VEGF receptor 2 and attenuate angiogenesis. FASEB J 2015; 29:3493-505. [PMID: 25921830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
VEGF-A (VEGF) drives angiogenesis through activation of downstream effectors to promote endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Although VEGF binds both VEGF receptor 1 (R1) and receptor 2 (R2), its proangiogenic effects are attributed to R2. Secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein thought to inhibit angiogenesis by preventing VEGF from activating R1, but not R2. Because R2 rather than R1 mediates proangiogenic activities of VEGF, the role of human SPARC in angiogenesis was reevaluated. We confirm that association of SPARC with VEGF inhibits VEGF-induced HUVEC adherence, motility, and proliferation in vitro and blocks VEGF-induced blood vessel formation ex vivo. SPARC decreases VEGF-induced phosphorylation of R2 and downstream effectors ERK, Akt, and p38 MAPK as shown by Western blot and/or phosphoflow analysis. Surface plasmon resonance indicates that SPARC binds slowly to VEGF (0.865 ± 0.02 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)) with a Kd of 150 nM, forming a stable complex that dissociates slowly (1.26 ± 0.003 × 10(-3) s(-1)). Only domain III of SPARC binds VEGF, exhibiting a 15-fold higher affinity than full-length SPARC. These findings support a model whereby SPARC regulates angiogenesis by sequestering VEGF, thus restricting the activation of R2 and the subsequent activation of downstream targets critical for endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Cydzik
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aws Abdul-Wahid
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soyeon Park
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Bourdeau
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Bowden
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Prodeus
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kollara
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodore J Brown
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maurice J Ringuette
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Gariépy
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Haley R, Fruchtl M, Brune E, Ataai M, Henry R, Beitle R. A redesigned Escherichia coli triosephosphate isomerase restores growth properties in a bacterial strain useful for Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC). J Biotechnol 2014; 188:48-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Costa S, Almeida A, Castro A, Domingues L. Fusion tags for protein solubility, purification and immunogenicity in Escherichia coli: the novel Fh8 system. Front Microbiol 2014. [PMID: 24600443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00063.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are now widely produced in diverse microbial cell factories. The Escherichia coli is still the dominant host for recombinant protein production but, as a bacterial cell, it also has its issues: the aggregation of foreign proteins into insoluble inclusion bodies is perhaps the main limiting factor of the E. coli expression system. Conversely, E. coli benefits of cost, ease of use and scale make it essential to design new approaches directed for improved recombinant protein production in this host cell. With the aid of genetic and protein engineering novel tailored-made strategies can be designed to suit user or process requirements. Gene fusion technology has been widely used for the improvement of soluble protein production and/or purification in E. coli, and for increasing peptide's immunogenicity as well. New fusion partners are constantly emerging and complementing the traditional solutions, as for instance, the Fh8 fusion tag that has been recently studied and ranked among the best solubility enhancer partners. In this review, we provide an overview of current strategies to improve recombinant protein production in E. coli, including the key factors for successful protein production, highlighting soluble protein production, and a comprehensive summary of the latest available and traditionally used gene fusion technologies. A special emphasis is given to the recently discovered Fh8 fusion system that can be used for soluble protein production, purification, and immunogenicity in E. coli. The number of existing fusion tags will probably increase in the next few years, and efforts should be taken to better understand how fusion tags act in E. coli. This knowledge will undoubtedly drive the development of new tailored-made tools for protein production in this bacterial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Costa
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge Porto, Portugal
| | - André Almeida
- Hitag Biotechnology, Lad., Biocant, Parque Technologico de Cantanhede Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António Castro
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Domingues
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
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13
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Costa S, Almeida A, Castro A, Domingues L. Fusion tags for protein solubility, purification and immunogenicity in Escherichia coli: the novel Fh8 system. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:63. [PMID: 24600443 PMCID: PMC3928792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins are now widely produced in diverse microbial cell factories. The Escherichia coli is still the dominant host for recombinant protein production but, as a bacterial cell, it also has its issues: the aggregation of foreign proteins into insoluble inclusion bodies is perhaps the main limiting factor of the E. coli expression system. Conversely, E. coli benefits of cost, ease of use and scale make it essential to design new approaches directed for improved recombinant protein production in this host cell. With the aid of genetic and protein engineering novel tailored-made strategies can be designed to suit user or process requirements. Gene fusion technology has been widely used for the improvement of soluble protein production and/or purification in E. coli, and for increasing peptide's immunogenicity as well. New fusion partners are constantly emerging and complementing the traditional solutions, as for instance, the Fh8 fusion tag that has been recently studied and ranked among the best solubility enhancer partners. In this review, we provide an overview of current strategies to improve recombinant protein production in E. coli, including the key factors for successful protein production, highlighting soluble protein production, and a comprehensive summary of the latest available and traditionally used gene fusion technologies. A special emphasis is given to the recently discovered Fh8 fusion system that can be used for soluble protein production, purification, and immunogenicity in E. coli. The number of existing fusion tags will probably increase in the next few years, and efforts should be taken to better understand how fusion tags act in E. coli. This knowledge will undoubtedly drive the development of new tailored-made tools for protein production in this bacterial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Costa
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge Porto, Portugal
| | - André Almeida
- Hitag Biotechnology, Lad., Biocant, Parque Technologico de Cantanhede Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António Castro
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Domingues
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
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14
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Peng Z, Wang A, Feng Q, Wang Z, Ivanova IV, He X, Zhang B, Song W. High-level expression, purification and characterisation of porcine β-defensin 2 in Pichia pastoris and its potential as a cost-efficient growth promoter in porcine feed. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5487-97. [PMID: 24515729 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Porcine β-defensin 2 (pBD2), a recently discovered porcine defensin that is produced by the intestine, exerts antimicrobial activities and innate immune effects that are linked to intestinal diseases in pigs. Here, we report a codon-optimised protein corresponding to mature pBD2 cDNA that was expressed and purified in Pichia pastoris yeast. The highest amount of secreted protein (3,694.0 mg/L) was reached 144 h into a 150-h induction during high-density cultivation. Precipitation followed by gel exclusion chromatography yielded 383.7 mg/L purified recombinant pBD2 (rpBD2) with a purity of ~93.7 %. Two recombinant proteins of 5,458.5 and 5,258.4 Da were detected in the mass spectrum due to variation in the amino-terminus. The rpBD2 exhibited high antimicrobial activity against a broad range of pig pathogenic bacteria (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] 32-128 μg/mL); the highest activity was observed against Salmonella choleraesuis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis (MIC 32-64 μg/mL). However, rpBD2 also inhibited the growth of probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but at lower efficacies than the pathogens. Purified or unpurified rpBD2 also maintained high activity over a wide range of pH values (2.0-10.0), a high thermal stability at 100 °C for 40 min and significant resistance to papain, pepsin and trypsin. In addition, the activity of rpBD2 towards S. aureus was unaffected by 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 20 % dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Our results suggest that pBD2 could be produced efficiently in large quantities in P. pastoris and be a substitute for traditional antibiotics for growth promotion in the porcine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Direct-Fed Microbial Engineering, No. B-3 Northern Territory of Zhongguancun Dongsheng Science and Technology Park, Haidian District, Beijing, 100192, People's Republic of China
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15
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Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK, Dadlez M, Grabowska A, Roszczenko P. Proteomic technology in the design of new effective antibacterial vaccines. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 6:315-30. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Costa SJ, Coelho E, Franco L, Almeida A, Castro A, Domingues L. The Fh8 tag: a fusion partner for simple and cost-effective protein purification in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:163-70. [PMID: 24084009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Downstream processing is still a major bottleneck in recombinant protein production representing most of its costs. Hence, there is a continuing demand of novel and cost-effective purification processes aiming at the recovery of pure and active target protein. In this work, a novel purification methodology is presented, using the Fh8 solubility enhancer tag as fusion handle. The binding properties of Fh8 tag to a hydrophobic matrix were first studied via hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). The Fh8 tag was then evaluated as a purification handle by its fusion to green fluorescent protein and superoxide dismutase. The purification efficiency of the Fh8-HIC strategy was compared to the immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) using the His6 tag. Results showed that the Fh8-HIC binding mechanism is calcium-dependent in a low salt medium, making the purification process highly selective. Both target proteins were biologically active, even when fused to Fh8, and were successfully purified by HIC, achieving efficiencies identical to those of IMAC. Thus, the Fh8 acts as an effective affinity tag that, together with its previously reported solubility enhancer capability, allows for the design of inexpensive and successful recombinant protein production processes in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia J Costa
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSARJ), Porto, Portugal
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17
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McCluskey AJ, Bolewska-Pedyczak E, Jarvik N, Chen G, Sidhu SS, Gariépy J. Charged and hydrophobic surfaces on the a chain of shiga-like toxin 1 recognize the C-terminal domain of ribosomal stalk proteins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31191. [PMID: 22355345 PMCID: PMC3280276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga-like toxins are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) produced by pathogenic E. coli strains that are responsible for hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The catalytic A(1) chain of Shiga-like toxin 1 (SLT-1), a representative RIP, first docks onto a conserved peptide SD[D/E]DMGFGLFD located at the C-terminus of all three eukaryotic ribosomal stalk proteins and halts protein synthesis through the depurination of an adenine base in the sarcin-ricin loop of 28S rRNA. Here, we report that the A(1) chain of SLT-1 rapidly binds to and dissociates from the C-terminal peptide with a monomeric dissociation constant of 13 µM. An alanine scan performed on the conserved peptide revealed that the SLT-1 A(1) chain interacts with the anionic tripeptide DDD and the hydrophobic tetrapeptide motif FGLF within its sequence. Based on these 2 peptide motifs, SLT-1 A(1) variants were generated that displayed decreased affinities for the stalk protein C-terminus and also correlated with reduced ribosome-inactivating activities in relation to the wild-type A(1) chain. The toxin-peptide interaction and subsequent toxicity were shown to be mediated by cationic and hydrophobic docking surfaces on the SLT-1 catalytic domain. These docking surfaces are located on the opposite face of the catalytic cleft and suggest that the docking of the A(1) chain to SDDDMGFGLFD may reorient its catalytic domain to face its RNA substrate. More importantly, both the delineated A(1) chain ribosomal docking surfaces and the ribosomal peptide itself represent a target and a scaffold, respectively, for the design of generic inhibitors to block the action of RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. McCluskey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nick Jarvik
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Gariépy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Expression and purification of ataxin-1 protein. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 189:30-5. [PMID: 20304006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ataxin-1 is part of a larger family of polyglutamine-containing proteins that is linked to nine distinct neurodegenerative disorders. There are no known effective therapies for any of these expanded polyglutamine tract disorders. One possible reason for this is the lack of sufficient amounts of pure polyglutamine-containing proteins suitable for biochemical and conformational studies. Here, we show that we were able to successfully purify a non-pathological, wild-type human ataxin-1 protein containing a 30-glutamine repeat sequence. This ataxin-1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with a GST tag at the N-terminus and a double (His)(6) tag at the C-terminus. The devised dual affinity tag strategy allowed successful purification of the full-length ataxin-1 fusion protein to 90% homogeneity as confirmed by Western blot analysis using the two monoclonal ataxin-1 antibodies developed in our laboratory. In addition, the GST tag was successfully removed from the purified ataxin-1 fusion protein by treatment with Tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease. Since polyglutamine-containing proteins tend to aggregate, solvents/buffers that minimize aggregation have been used in the purification process. This dual affinity purification protocol could serve as a useful basis for purifying aggregation-prone proteins that are involved in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
TAP (tandem affinity purification) allows rapid and clean isolation of a tagged protein along with its interacting partners from cell lysates. Initially developed in yeast, the TAP method has subsequently been adapted to other cells and organisms. In combination with MS analysis, this method has become an indispensable tool for systematic identification of target-associated protein complexes. The key feature of TAP is the use of a dual-affinity tag, which is fused to the protein of interest. The original TAP tag consisted of two IgG-binding units of Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus and the calmodulin-binding peptide. As the technique has been widely exploited, a number of alternative TAP tags based on other affinity handles have been developed. The present review gives an overview of the various tag combinations for TAP with a highlight on those alternatives that result in improved yields or unique features. The information provided should assist in the selection and development of TAP tags for specific applications.
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20
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Camper DV, Viola RE. Fully automated protein purification. Anal Biochem 2009; 393:176-81. [PMID: 19595984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining highly purified proteins is essential to begin investigating their functional and structural properties. The steps that are typically involved in purifying proteins can include an initial capture, intermediate purification, and a final polishing step. Completing these steps can take several days and require frequent attention to ensure success. Our goal was to design automated protocols that would allow the purification of proteins with minimal operator intervention. Separate methods have been produced and tested that automate the sample loading, column washing, sample elution and peak collection steps for ion exchange, metal affinity, hydrophobic interaction, and gel filtration chromatography. These individual methods are designed to be coupled and run sequentially in any order to achieve a flexible and fully automated protein purification protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeMarco V Camper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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The Catalytic Subunit of Shiga-like Toxin 1 Interacts with Ribosomal Stalk Proteins and is Inhibited by Their Conserved C-Terminal Domain. J Mol Biol 2008; 378:375-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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