1
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Cardozo GA, Volaire F, Chapon P, Barotin C, Barkaoui K. Can we identify tipping points of resilience loss in Mediterranean rangelands under increased summer drought? Ecology 2024:e4383. [PMID: 39054896 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Mediterranean ecosystems are predicted to undergo longer and more intense summer droughts. The mechanisms underlying the response of herbaceous communities to such drier environments should be investigated to identify the resilience thresholds of Mediterranean rangelands. A 5-year experiment was conducted in deep and shallow soil rangelands of southern France. A rainout shelter for 75 days in summer imposed drier and warmer conditions. Total soil water content was measured monthly to model available daily soil water. Aboveground net primary production (ANPP), forage quality, and the proportion of graminoids in ANPP were measured in spring and autumn. Plant senescence and plant cover were assessed in summer and spring, respectively. The experimental years were among the driest ever recorded at the site. Therefore, manipulated summer droughts were drier than long-term ambient conditions. Interactions between treatment, community type, and experimental year were found for most variables. In shallow soil communities, spring plant cover decreased markedly with time. This legacy effect, driven by summer plant mortality and the loss of perennial graminoids, led to an abrupt loss of resilience when the extreme water stress index exceeded 37 mm 10 day-1, characterized by a reduction of spring plant cover below 50% and a decreased ANPP in rainy years. Conversely, the ANPP of deep soil communities remained unaffected by increased summer drought, although the presence of graminoids increased and forage nutritive value decreased. This study highlights the role of the soil water reserve of Mediterranean plant communities in modulating ecosystem responses to chronically intensified summer drought. Communities on deep soils were resilient, but communities on shallow soils showed a progressive, rapid, and intense degradation associated with a loss of resilience capacity. Notably, indexes of extreme stress were a better indicator of tipping points than indexes of integrated annual stress. Considering the role of soil water availability in other herbaceous ecosystems should improve the ability to predict the resilience of plant communities under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerónimo A Cardozo
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Área de Pasturas y Forrajes, Estación Experimental INIA Treinta y Tres, Treinta y Tres, Uruguay
| | - Florence Volaire
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Chapon
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Karim Barkaoui
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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2
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Kiene C, Jung EY, Engelbrecht BMJ. Nutrient effects on drought responses vary across common temperate grassland species. Oecologia 2023; 202:1-14. [PMID: 37145315 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drought and nutrient input are two main global change drivers that threaten ecosystem function and services. Resolving the interactive effects of human-induced stressors on individual species is necessary to improve our understanding of community and ecosystem responses. This study comparatively assessed how different nutrient conditions affect whole-plant drought responses across 13 common temperate grassland species. We conducted a fully factorial drought-fertilization experiment to examine the effect of nutrient addition [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and combined NP] on species' drought survival, and on drought resistance of growth as well as drought legacy effects. Drought had an overall negative effect on survival and growth, and the adverse drought effects extended into the next growing season. Neither drought resistance nor legacy effects exhibited an overall effect of nutrients. Instead, both the size and the direction of the effects differed strongly among species and between nutrient conditions. Consistently, species performance ranking under drought changed with nitrogen availability. The idiosyncratic responses of species to drought under different nutrient conditions may underlie the seemingly contradicting effects of drought in studies on grassland composition and productivity along nutrient and land-use gradients-ranging from amplifying to dampening. Differential species' responses to combinations of nutrients and drought, as observed in our study, complicate predictions of community and ecosystem responses to climate and land-use changes. Moreover, they highlight the urgent need for an improved understanding of the mechanisms that render species more or less vulnerable to drought under different nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Kiene
- Functional and Tropical Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Eun-Young Jung
- Functional and Tropical Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bettina M J Engelbrecht
- Functional and Tropical Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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3
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Müller LM, Bahn M. Drought legacies and ecosystem responses to subsequent drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5086-5103. [PMID: 35607942 PMCID: PMC9542112 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of droughts. These events, which can cause significant perturbations of terrestrial ecosystems and potentially long-term impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning after the drought has subsided are often called 'drought legacies'. While the immediate effects of drought on ecosystems have been comparatively well characterized, our broader understanding of drought legacies is just emerging. Drought legacies can relate to all aspects of ecosystem structure and functioning, involving changes at the species and the community scale as well as alterations of soil properties. This has consequences for ecosystem responses to subsequent drought. Here, we synthesize current knowledge on drought legacies and the underlying mechanisms. We highlight the relevance of legacy duration to different ecosystem processes using examples of carbon cycling and community composition. We present hypotheses characterizing how intrinsic (i.e. biotic and abiotic properties and processes) and extrinsic (i.e. drought timing, severity, and frequency) factors could alter resilience trajectories under scenarios of recurrent drought events. We propose ways for improving our understanding of drought legacies and their implications for subsequent drought events, needed to assess the longer-term consequences of droughts on ecosystem structure and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M. Müller
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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4
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Buerdsell SL, Milligan BG, Lehnhoff EA. Extreme drought induces rapid declines in co‐occurring native
Bouteloua eriopoda
and invasive
Eragrostis lehmanniana. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brook G. Milligan
- Department of Biology New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico USA
| | - Erik A. Lehnhoff
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico USA
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5
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Broderick CM, Wilkins K, Smith MD, Blair JM. Climate legacies determine grassland responses to future rainfall regimes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2639-2656. [PMID: 35015919 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate variability and periodic droughts have complex effects on carbon (C) fluxes, with uncertain implications for ecosystem C balance under a changing climate. Responses to climate change can be modulated by persistent effects of climate history on plant communities, soil microbial activity, and nutrient cycling (i.e., legacies). To assess how legacies of past precipitation regimes influence tallgrass prairie C cycling under new precipitation regimes, we modified a long-term irrigation experiment that simulated a wetter climate for >25 years. We reversed irrigated and control (ambient precipitation) treatments in some plots and imposed an experimental drought in plots with a history of irrigation or ambient precipitation to assess how climate legacies affect aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), soil respiration, and selected soil C pools. Legacy effects of elevated precipitation (irrigation) included higher C fluxes and altered labile soil C pools, and in some cases altered sensitivity to new climate treatments. Indeed, decades of irrigation reduced the sensitivity of both ANPP and soil respiration to drought compared with controls. Positive legacy effects of irrigation on ANPP persisted for at least 3 years following treatment reversal, were apparent in both wet and dry years, and were associated with altered plant functional composition. In contrast, legacy effects on soil respiration were comparatively short-lived and did not manifest under natural or experimentally-imposed "wet years," suggesting that legacy effects on CO2 efflux are contingent on current conditions. Although total soil C remained similar across treatments, long-term irrigation increased labile soil C and the sensitivity of microbial biomass C to drought. Importantly, the magnitude of legacy effects for all response variables varied with topography, suggesting that landscape can modulate the strength and direction of climate legacies. Our results demonstrate the role of climate history as an important determinant of terrestrial C cycling responses to future climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Wilkins
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John M Blair
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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6
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Driving Climatic Factors at Critical Plant Developmental Stages for Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Alpine Grassland Productivity. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14071564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Determining the driving climatic factors at critical periods and potential legacy effects is crucial for grassland productivity predictions on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). However, studies with limited and ex situ ground samples from highly heterogeneous alpine meadows brought great uncertainties. This study determined the key climatic factors at critical plant developmental stages and the impact of previous plant growth status for interannual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) variations in different QTP grassland types. We hypothesize that the impact of climatic factors on grassland productivity varies in different periods and different vegetation types, while its legacy effects are not great. Pixel-based partial least squares regression was used to associate interannual ANPP with precipitation and air temperature at different developmental stages and prior-year ANPP from 2000 to 2019 using remote sensing techniques. Results indicated different findings from previous studies. Precipitation at the reproductive stage (July–August) was the most prominent controlling factor for ANPP which was also significantly affected by precipitation and temperature at the withering (September–October) and dormant stage (November–February), respectively. The influence of precipitation was more significant in alpine meadows than in alpine steppes, while the differentiated responses to climatic factors were attributed to differences in water consumption at different developmental stages induced by leaf area changes, bud sprouting, growth, and protection from frost damage. The prior-year ANPP showed a non-significant impact on ANPP of current year, except for alpine steppes, and this impact was much less than that of current-year climatic factors, which may be attributed to the reduced annual ANPP variations related to the inter-annual carbon circulation of alpine perennial herbaceous plants and diverse root/shoot ratios in different vegetation types. These findings can assist in improving the interannual ANPP predictions on the QTP under global climate change.
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7
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Liu H, Chen Y, Zhang L, Baskin JM, Baskin CC, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhang Y. Is the Life History Flexibility of Cold Desert Annuals Broad Enough to Cope with Predicted Climate Change? The Case of Erodium oxyrhinchum in Central Asia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080780. [PMID: 34440013 PMCID: PMC8389623 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interannual seasonal variability in precipitation may strongly affect the life history and growth of desert annual plants. We compared the effects of dry and wet springs and dry and wet autumns on growth and F2 seed dormancy of plants from spring (SG)- and autumn (AG)-germinated seeds of the cold desert annual Erodium oxyrhinchum. Vegetative and reproductive growth and F2 seed dormancy and germination were monitored from September 2016 to November 2020 in the sandy Gurbantunggut Desert in NW China in Central Asia. Dry autumns decreased the density of AG plants, and dry springs decreased the density of SG plants and growth of SG and AG plants. In dry springs, SG plants were more sensitive to precipitation than AG plants, while in wet springs SG and AG plants had similar responses to precipitation. During growth in both dry and wet springs, most morphological characters of SG and AG plants initially increased rapidly in size/number and then plateaued or decreased, except for SG plants in dry springs. In dry springs, most morphological characters of AG plants were larger or more numerous than those of SG plants, and they were larger/more numerous for SG plants in wet than in dry springs. The percentage biomass allocated to reproduction in SG plants was slightly higher in a wet than in a dry spring. A much higher proportion of dormant seeds was produced by AG plants in a wet spring than in a dry spring. Projected changes in precipitation due to climate change in NW China are not likely to have much of an effect on the biology of this common desert annual plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urümqi 830011, China; (H.L.); (Y.C.); (D.Z.)
- Yili Botanical Garden, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinyuan 835800, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urümqi 830011, China; (H.L.); (Y.C.); (D.Z.)
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276800, China;
| | - Lingwei Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Ecological Processes, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China; (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jerry M. Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (J.M.B.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Carol C. Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (J.M.B.); (C.C.B.)
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Ecological Processes, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China; (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276800, China;
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urümqi 830011, China; (H.L.); (Y.C.); (D.Z.)
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urümqi 830011, China; (H.L.); (Y.C.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Plant Species Richness in Multiyear Wet and Dry Periods in the Chihuahuan Desert. CLIMATE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cli9080130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In drylands, most studies of extreme precipitation events examine effects of individual years or short-term events, yet multiyear periods (>3 y) are expected to have larger impacts on ecosystem dynamics. Our goal was to take advantage of a sequence of multiple long-term (4-y) periods (dry, wet, average) that occurred naturally within a 26-y time frame to examine responses of plant species richness to extreme rainfall in grasslands and shrublands of the Chihuahuan Desert. Our hypothesis was that richness would be related to rainfall amount, and similar in periods with similar amounts of rainfall. Breakpoint analyses of water-year precipitation showed five sequential periods (1993–2018): AVG1 (mean = 22 cm/y), DRY1 (mean = 18 cm/y), WET (mean = 30 cm/y), DRY2 (mean = 18 cm/y), and AVG2 (mean = 24 cm/y). Detailed analyses revealed changes in daily and seasonal metrics of precipitation over the course of the study: the amount of nongrowing season precipitation decreased since 1993, and summer growing season precipitation increased through time with a corresponding increase in frequency of extreme rainfall events. This increase in summer rainfall could explain the general loss in C3 species after the wet period at most locations through time. Total species richness in the wet period was among the highest in the five periods, with the deepest average storm depth in the summer and the fewest long duration (>45 day) dry intervals across all seasons. For other species-ecosystem combinations, two richness patterns were observed. Compared to AVG2, AVG1 had lower water-year precipitation yet more C3 species in upland grasslands, creosotebush, and mesquite shrublands, and more C4 perennial grasses in tarbush shrublands. AVG1 also had larger amounts of rainfall and more large storms in fall and spring with higher mean depths of storm and lower mean dry-day interval compared with AVG2. While DRY1 and DRY2 had the same amount of precipitation, DRY2 had more C4 species than DRY1 in creosote bush shrublands, and DRY1 had more C3 species than DRY2 in upland grasslands. Most differences in rainfall between these periods occurred in the summer. Legacy effects were observed for C3 species in upland grasslands where no significant change in richness occurred from DRY1 to WET compared with a 41% loss of species from the WET to DRY2 period. The opposite asymmetry pattern was found for C4 subdominant species in creosote bush and mesquite shrublands, where an increase in richness occurred from DRY1 to WET followed by no change in richness from WET to DRY2. Our results show that understanding plant biodiversity of Chihuahuan Desert landscapes as precipitation continues to change will require daily and seasonal metrics of rainfall within a wet-dry period paradigm, as well as a consideration of species traits (photosynthetic pathways, lifespan, morphologies). Understanding these relationships can provide insights into predicting species-level dynamics in drylands under a changing climate.
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9
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Meng B, Li J, Maurer GE, Zhong S, Yao Y, Yang X, Collins SL, Sun W. Nitrogen addition amplifies the nonlinear drought response of grassland productivity to extended growing-season droughts. Ecology 2021; 102:e03483. [PMID: 34287849 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the response of grassland production and carbon exchange to intra-annual variation in precipitation and nitrogen addition is critical for sustainable grassland management and ecosystem restoration. We introduced growing-season drought treatments of different lengths (15, 30, 45 and 60 d drought) by delaying growing-season precipitation in a long-term nitrogen addition experiment in a low diversity meadow steppe in northeast China. Response variables included aboveground biomass (AGB), ecosystem net carbon exchange (NEE), and leaf net carbon assimilation rate (A). In unfertilized plots drought decreased AGB by 13.7% after a 45-d drought and 31.7% after a 60-d drought (47.6% in fertilized plots). Progressive increases in the drought response of NEE were also observed. The effects of N addition on the drought response of productivity increased as drought duration increased, and these responses were a function of changes in AGB and biomass allocation, particularly root to shoot ratio. However, no significant effects of drought occurred in fertilized or unfertilized plots in the growing season a year after the experiment, N addition did limit the recovery of AGB from severe drought during the remainder of the current growing season. Our results imply that chronic N enrichment could exacerbate the effects of growing-season drought on grassland productivity caused by altered precipitation seasonality under climate change, but that these effects do not carry over to the next growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Junqin Li
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Gregory E Maurer
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Shangzhi Zhong
- College of Grassland Science, Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 255109, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xuechen Yang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.,Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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10
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Wang M, Lu N, An N, Fu B. A Trait-Based Approach for Understanding Changes in Carbon Sequestration in Semi-Arid Grassland During Succession. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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He L, Li ZL, Wang X, Xie Y, Ye JS. Lagged precipitation effect on plant productivity is influenced collectively by climate and edaphic factors in drylands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142506. [PMID: 33035982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lagged precipitation effect explains a large proportion of annual aboveground net primary productivity in some dryland ecosystems. Using satellite-derived plant productivity and precipitation datasets in the Northern Hemisphere drylands during 2000-2018, we identify 1111 pixels mainly located in the Tibetan Plateau, the western US, and Kazakhstan where productivities are significantly correlated with previous-year precipitation (hereafter, the lagged type). Differences in climatic and edaphic factors between the lagged and unlagged (pixels where productivities are not correlated with previous-year precipitation) types are evaluated. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance shows that the two types differ significantly regarding six climatic and edaphic factors. Compared to unlagged type, water availability, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, field capacity, silt content and radiation are more sensitive to changes in precipitation in lagged type. Water availability is the most important factor for distinguishing the two types, followed by soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, field capacity, soil texture, and radiation. Our study suggests that the altered sensitivities of several climatic and edaphic factors to precipitation collectively affect the lagged effect of precipitation on productivity in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; ICube Laboratory (UMR 7357), CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 300 bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Zhao-Liang Li
- ICube Laboratory (UMR 7357), CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 300 bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, F-67412 Illkirch, France; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xunming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaowen Xie
- College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jian-Sheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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12
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Hoover DL, Lauenroth WK, Milchunas DG, Porensky LM, Augustine DJ, Derner JD. Sensitivity of productivity to precipitation amount and pattern varies by topographic position in a semiarid grassland. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Hoover
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Crops Research Laboratory Fort Collins Colorado USA
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Crops Research Laboratory Cheyenne Wyoming USA
| | - William K. Lauenroth
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Daniel G. Milchunas
- Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Department Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Lauren M. Porensky
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Crops Research Laboratory Fort Collins Colorado USA
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Crops Research Laboratory Cheyenne Wyoming USA
| | - David J. Augustine
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Crops Research Laboratory Fort Collins Colorado USA
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Crops Research Laboratory Cheyenne Wyoming USA
| | - Justin D. Derner
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Crops Research Laboratory Fort Collins Colorado USA
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Crops Research Laboratory Cheyenne Wyoming USA
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13
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Han J, Chen J, Shi W, Song J, Hui D, Ru J, Wan S. Asymmetric responses of resource use efficiency to previous‐year precipitation in a semi‐arid grassland. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Han
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Geographical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Weiyu Shi
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Geographical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Life Science Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences Tennessee State University Nashville TN USA
| | - Jingyi Ru
- College of Life Science Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- College of Life Science Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
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14
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Ding X, Su P, Zhou Z, Shi R, Yang J. Responses of Plant Bud Bank Characteristics to the Enclosure in Different Desertified Grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:141. [PMID: 33445486 PMCID: PMC7826903 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Asexual reproduction is the main mode of alpine plant reproduction, and buds play an important role in plant community succession. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the desertified grassland can recover itself through the existing bud bank. The bud bank composition, distribution and size of different desertified grasslands were studied using unit volume excavation on the Tibetan Plateau. The bud bank consisted of tiller, long and short rhizome buds, and more than 40% of buds were distributed in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Enclosure changed the bud density, distribution and composition. The bud densities were 4327 and 2681 No./m2 in light and middle desertified grasslands before enclosure, while that decreased to 3833 and 2567 No./m2 after enclosure. Tiller bud density and proportion of middle desertified grassland were the highest, increased from 2765 (31.26%, before enclosure) to 5556 No./m3 (62.67%, after enclosure). There were new grasses growing out in the extreme desertified grassland after enclosure. The meristem limitation index of moderate desertified grassland was the lowest (0.37), indicating that plant renewal was limited by bud bank. Plants constantly adjust the bud bank composition, distribution, and asexual reproduction strategy, and desertified grasslands can recover naturally, relying on their bud banks through an enclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (Z.Z.); (R.S.); (J.Y.)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peixi Su
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (Z.Z.); (R.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Zijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (Z.Z.); (R.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (Z.Z.); (R.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (Z.Z.); (R.S.); (J.Y.)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Crawford KM, Hawkes CV. Soil precipitation legacies influence intraspecific plant-soil feedback. Ecology 2020; 101:e03142. [PMID: 32813278 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Feedbacks between plants and soil microbial communities can play an important role in structuring plant communities. However, little is known about how soil legacies caused by environmental disturbances such as drought and extreme precipitation events may affect plant-soil feedback or whether plant-soil feedback operates within species as it does between species. If soil legacies alter plant-soil feedback among genotypes within a plant species, then soil legacies may alter the diversity within plant populations. We conducted a fully factorial pairwise plant-soil feedback experiment to test how precipitation legacies influenced intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks among three genotypes of a dominant grass species, Panicum virgatum. Panicum virgatum experienced negative intraspecific plant-soil feedback, i.e., genotypes generally performed worse on soil from the same genotype than different genotypes. Soil precipitation legacies reversed the rank order of the strength of negative feedback among the genotypes. Feedback is often positively correlated with plant relative abundance. Therefore, our results suggest that soil precipitation legacies may alter the genotypic composition of P. virgatum populations, favoring genotypes that develop less negative feedback. Changes in intraspecific diversity will likely further affect community structure and ecosystem functioning, and may constrain the ability of populations to respond to future changes in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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16
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Gong YH, Zhao DM, Ke WB, Fang C, Pei JY, Sun GJ, Ye JS. Legacy effects of precipitation amount and frequency on the aboveground plant biomass of a semi-arid grassland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135899. [PMID: 31864167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation is known to have legacy effects on plant diversity and production of many terrestrial ecosystems. Precipitation regimes are expected to become more variable with increasing extreme precipitation events. However, how previous-year precipitation regimes affect the current-year aboveground biomass (AGB) remains largely unknown. Here we measured long-term (2004-2017) AGB in a semi-arid grassland of the Chinese Loess Plateau to evaluate the impact of previous-year precipitation amount on current-year AGB. Furthermore, to assess the response of current-year AGB to previous-year precipitation regimes, we conducted a field manipulation experiment that included three precipitation regimes during 2014-2017: (i) ambient precipitation, (ii) monthly added four 5 mm rain events, and (iii) monthly added one 20 mm event. Both the long-term (2004-2017) observations under ambient precipitation and short-term (2014-2017) measurements under manipulative treatments showed significant positive effects of previous-year precipitation on current-year AGB. Our path analysis suggested that previous-year precipitation frequency had negative effects on the current-year density and mean height of grass (Leymus secalinus) while had positive effects on forb (Artemisia capillaris). The forb had much smaller height and AGB (65% and 53% less, respectively) than the grass. Consequently, the AGB reduced in the weekly small events treatment, causing the sensitivity of AGB to precipitation to decrease. Therefore, our findings indicated that the impacts of precipitation regimes on plant community dynamics should be taken into consideration while assessing the precipitation legacy effect on ecosystem production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong-Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wen-Bin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jiu-Ying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guo-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222, South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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17
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Xu K, He L, Hu H, Wang Z, Lin M, Liu S, Du Y, Li Y, Wang G. Indirect effects of water availability in driving and predicting productivity in the Gobi desert. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:133952. [PMID: 31487587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate is the fundamental determinant of plant metabolism and net primary productivity (NPP). However, whether climate drives NPP directly or indirectly is not well understand. The Gobi desert across a precipitation gradient in the arid zone provides an ideal naturally-controlled platform for studying the precipitation-productivity relationships. We conducted 3-year experiments in four Gobi desert shrublands across an aridity gradient in Gansu Province of China to test the relationship between water availability and shrub productivity as well as the relative importance of the possible factors driving productivity (using piecewise structural equation modeling) and to explore the appropriate variables for predicting productivity (using three spatial models). The results showed that water availability indirectly affected the NPP via stand biomass, while stand biomass had a significant direct effect on NPP regardless of whether the leaf water content and stand height were considered. The model based on stand size (71.6%) and the model that contained both stand size and water availability (72.3%) explained more of the variation in the water-NPP relationships than the model based on water availability (37.3%). Our findings suggest that even in extremely water-limited areas, the effects of water availability on plant growth and the kinetics of plant metabolism could be indirect via plant size, demonstrating the importance of plant size as an indicator of shrub productivity. This study explains the mechanisms underlying the NPP driving pattern and proposes a practical NPP model for arid ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingchao He
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hanjian Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Maozi Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control System for Coastal Basin Environment, Fujian Province University (Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University), Fuqing 350300, China
| | - Shun Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Genxuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Plant growth and aboveground production respond differently to late-season deluges in a semi-arid grassland. Oecologia 2019; 191:673-683. [PMID: 31571040 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Semi-arid ecosystems are strongly water-limited and typically quite responsive to changes in precipitation amount and event size. In the C4-dominated shortgrass steppe of the Central US, previous experiments suggest that large rain events more effectively stimulate plant growth and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) than an equal amount of precipitation from smaller events. Responses to naturally occurring large events have generally been consistent with experimental results, with the exception of large events occurring later in the growing season (e.g., August). These have been reported as less effective at increasing net C uptake, despite temperatures optimal for C4 plant growth. Since atmospheric warming is increasing the frequency of statistically extreme rain events (deluges) throughout the growing season, how late-season deluges affect semi-arid ecosystems remains to be resolved. We applied deluges in August of three sizes (1.0-2.5 times average August precipitation) to assess the potential for late-season deluges to stimulate plant growth and ANPP. These late-season deluges led to significant "green-up" of this grassland, with new leaf production, and an increase in flowering of the dominant grass species. Further, these responses increased as deluge size increased, suggesting that larger or multiple deluges may lead to even greater growth responses. However, despite strong plant-level responses, no increase in ANPP was measured. Our results confirm that aboveground plant growth in the C4-dominated shortgrass steppe does respond to late-season deluges; however, if there is an increase in plant biomass, net accumulation aboveground is minimal at this time of year.
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Sun S, Liu X, He Y, Wei S, Zhang L, Lv P, Bao C, Wang M, Cheng L. Responses of annual herb plant community characteristics to increased precipitation and reduced wind velocity in semiarid sandy grassland. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10654-10664. [PMID: 31624573 PMCID: PMC6787865 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in precipitation regimes and wind velocity tend to alter structure and composition of the annual herb plant community, with consequent effects on ecological functioning and biodiversity maintenance. We examined the effects of increased precipitation and reduced wind velocity on annual herb plant community characteristics via a manipulative experiment from the middle of April to middle of August, 2016. There was significant increment in species richness with increased precipitation from June to August, and there were interactive effects between increased precipitation and reduced wind velocity especially in June and the end of July. From June to August, increased precipitation, reduced wind velocity as well as their interaction stimulated sandy plant community development. There was considerable elevation in plant coverage with increased precipitation, and also there was an interactive effect of increased precipitation with 20% reduced wind velocity. However, reduced wind velocity caused more significant stimulation (p < .01) in plant height. Moreover, dominant plants, Salsola collina, Bassia dasyphylla, and Setaria viridis, contributed equally to the elevated community coverage with increased precipitation, whereas S. collina occupied a much larger proportion on the augment of community height compared with the other two species under the increased precipitation and reduced wind velocity. Elevated Shannon-Wiener index was detected with increased precipitation in June and July. Furthermore, increased precipitation and reduced wind velocity enhanced aboveground and belowground biomass, respectively. These species traits-in structuring and composing plant community were suggested to be conducive to deep understanding the plant functioning and dynamics under global changing precipitation regimes and atmospheric wind velocity scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan‐Shan Sun
- Naiman Desertification Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin‐Ping Liu
- Naiman Desertification Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Yu‐Hui He
- Naiman Desertification Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Shui‐Lian Wei
- Beijing ZTRC Environmental Protection Science &Technology Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - La‐Mei Zhang
- Forestry and Grassland Service Center in Tongwei CountyDingxiChina
| | - Peng Lv
- Naiman Desertification Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Chelmeg Bao
- Naiman Desertification Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ming‐Ming Wang
- Naiman Desertification Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li Cheng
- Naiman Desertification Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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20
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Yan Z, Li W, Yan T, Chang S, Hou F. Evaluation of energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions from different agricultural production systems in Minqin Oasis, China. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6890. [PMID: 31289697 PMCID: PMC6599452 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural production in Minqin Oasis, China, is commonly categorized as intensive crop production (ICP), integrated crop–livestock production (ICLP), intensive livestock production (confined feeding) (IFLP), and extensive livestock production (grazing) (EGLP). The objectives of the present study were to use a life cycle assessment technique to evaluate on-farm energy balances and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of agricultural production, and to compare the differences among the four systems. Data used in the present study were collected from published literature and face-to face questionnaires from 529 farms in eight towns (two towns per production system) within Minqin county. The ANOVA of averaged data from 2014 to 2015 indicated that the net energy ratio (Output/Input) for the EGLP system was significantly higher than that for any other system (P < 0.01), whereas the difference among other three systems were not significant. The EGLP system generated lower CO2-eq emissions per hectare of farmland than other systems (P < 0.01). Relating carbon economic efficiency to market values (US$) of agricultural products, indicated that the carbon economic efficiency (US$/kg CO2-eq) of the IFLP system was significantly greater than that of other systems (P < 0.01). The major GHG emission sources varied across the systems, that is, soil respiration is the dominant source in EGLP, while the main sources in IFLP are enteric methane and manure management; in ICLP major sources are enteric methane, soil respiration and fertilizer; and in ICP are soil respiration and fertilizer. The structural equation modelling analysis showed that livestock category was strongly linked to net income. The direct effects and total effects of water use efficiency, via its positive influence on energy balances and GHG emissions were much stronger than those of other dependent variables. The study provides important benchmark information to help develop sustainable agricultural production systems on energy balances and GHG emissions in northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, China, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,College of Information & Science Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Finance and Economics, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, UK
| | - Shenghua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, China, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, China, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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21
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Ott JP, Klimešová J, Hartnett DC. The ecology and significance of below-ground bud banks in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1099-1118. [PMID: 31167028 PMCID: PMC6612937 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Below-ground bud banks have experienced much recent interest due to discoveries that they (1) account for the majority of seasonal population renewal in many communities, (2) are crucial to regeneration following disturbance, and (3) have important consequences for plant population dynamics and plant and ecosystem function across a number of habitats. SCOPE This review presents an overview of the role of bud banks in plant population renewal, examines bud bank life history, summarizes bud bank traits and their potential ecological implications, synthesizes the response of bud banks to disturbance, and highlights gaps to guide future research. The characteristics and life history of buds, including their natality, dormancy, protection and longevity, provide a useful framework for advancing our understanding of bud banks. The fate of buds depends on their age, size, type, location, and biotic and abiotic factors that collectively regulate bud bank dynamics. A bud bank can provide a demographic storage effect stabilizing population dynamics, and also confer resistance to disturbance and invasion. Regeneration capacity following disturbance is determined by interactions among the rates of bud natality, depletion and dormancy (meristem limitation), and the resources available to support the regeneration process. The resulting response of plants and their bud banks to disturbances such as fire, herbivory and anthropogenic sources determines the community's regenerative capacity. CONCLUSIONS Vegetation responses to environmental change may be mediated through changes in bud bank dynamics and phenology. Environmental change that depletes the bud bank or prohibits its formation likely results in a loss of vegetation resilience and plant species diversity. Standardization of bud sampling, examination of bud banks in more ecosystems and their response to environmental variation and disturbance regimes, employment of stage-structured bud bank modelling and evaluation of the cost of bud bank construction and maintenance will benefit this expanding field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Ott
- Forest and Grassland Research Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Rapid City, SD, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská, CZ – Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - David C Hartnett
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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22
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Gherardi LA, Sala OE. Effect of interannual precipitation variability on dryland productivity: A global synthesis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:269-276. [PMID: 30338886 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate-change assessments project increasing precipitation variability through increased frequency of extreme events. However, the effects of interannual precipitation variance per se on ecosystem functioning have been largely understudied. Here, we report on the effects of interannual precipitation variability on the primary production of global drylands, which include deserts, steppes, shrublands, grasslands, and prairies and cover about 40% of the terrestrial earth surface. We used a global database that has 43 datasets, which are uniformly distributed in parameter space and each has at least 10 years of data. We found (a) that at the global scale, precipitation variability has a negative effect on aboveground net primary production. (b) Expected increases in interannual precipitation variability for the year 2,100 may result in a decrease of up to 12% of the global terrestrial carbon sink. (c) The effect of precipitation interannual variability on dryland productivity changes from positive to negative along a precipitation gradient. Arid sites with mean precipitation under 300 mm/year responded positively to increases in precipitation variability, whereas sites with mean precipitation over 300 mm/year responded negatively. We propose three complementary mechanisms to explain this result: (a) concave-up and concave-down precipitation-production relationships in arid vs. humid systems, (b) shift in the distribution of water in the soil profile, and (c) altered frequency of positive and negative legacies. Our results demonstrated that enhanced precipitation variability will have direct impacts on global drylands that can potentially affect the future terrestrial carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureano A Gherardi
- Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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23
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Differing Responses to Rainfall Suggest More Than One Functional Type of Grassland in South Africa. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10122055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Grasslands, which represent around 40% of the terrestrial area, are mostly located in arid and semi-arid zones. Semiarid ecosystems in Africa have been identified as being particularly vulnerable to the impacts of increased human pressure on land, as well as enhanced climate variability. Grasslands are indeed very responsive to variations in precipitation. This study evaluates the sensitivity of the grassland ecosystem to precipitation variability in space and time, by identifying the factors controlling this response, based on monthly precipitation data from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer-High Resolution (MISR-HR) datasets, used as proxy for productivity, at 60 grassland sites in South Africa. Our results show that MISR-HR products adequately capture the spatial and temporal variability in productivity at scales that are relevant to this study, and they are therefore a good tool to study climate change impacts on ecosystem at small spatial scales over large spatial and temporal domains. We show that combining several determinants and accounting for legacies improves our ability to understand patterns, identify areas of vulnerability, and predict the future of grassland productivity. Mean annual precipitation is a good predictor of mean grassland productivity. The grasslands with a mean annual rainfall above about 530 mm have a different functional response to those receiving less than that amount of rain, on average. On the more arid and less fertile soils, large inter-annual variability reduces productivity. Our study suggests that grasslands on the more marginal soils are the most vulnerable to climate change.
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24
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Petrie MD, Peters DPC, Yao J, Blair JM, Burruss ND, Collins SL, Derner JD, Gherardi LA, Hendrickson JR, Sala OE, Starks PJ, Steiner JL. Regional grassland productivity responses to precipitation during multiyear above- and below-average rainfall periods. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1935-1951. [PMID: 29265568 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of changes in precipitation associated with climate change, and ecosystem responses are also uncertain. Multiyear periods of above- and below-average rainfall may foretell consequences of changes in rainfall regime. We compiled long-term aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and precipitation (PPT) data for eight North American grasslands, and quantified relationships between ANPP and PPT at each site, and in 1-3 year periods of above- and below-average rainfall for mesic, semiarid cool, and semiarid warm grassland types. Our objective was to improve understanding of ANPP dynamics associated with changing climatic conditions by contrasting PPT-ANPP relationships in above- and below-average PPT years to those that occurred during sequences of multiple above- and below-average years. We found differences in PPT-ANPP relationships in above- and below-average years compared to long-term site averages, and variation in ANPP not explained by PPT totals that likely are attributed to legacy effects. The correlation between ANPP and current- and prior-year conditions changed from year to year throughout multiyear periods, with some legacy effects declining, and new responses emerging. Thus, ANPP in a given year was influenced by sequences of conditions that varied across grassland types and climates. Most importantly, the influence of prior-year ANPP often increased with the length of multiyear periods, whereas the influence of the amount of current-year PPT declined. Although the mechanisms by which a directional change in the frequency of above- and below-average years imposes a persistent change in grassland ANPP require further investigation, our results emphasize the importance of legacy effects on productivity for sequences of above- vs. below-average years, and illustrate the utility of long-term data to examine these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Petrie
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Debra P C Peters
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Jin Yao
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - John M Blair
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nathan D Burruss
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Justin D Derner
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, Cheyenne, WY, USA
| | | | - John R Hendrickson
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, Mandan, ND, USA
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick J Starks
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
| | - Jean L Steiner
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
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25
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Wu X, Liu H, Li X, Ciais P, Babst F, Guo W, Zhang C, Magliulo V, Pavelka M, Liu S, Huang Y, Wang P, Shi C, Ma Y. Differentiating drought legacy effects on vegetation growth over the temperate Northern Hemisphere. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:504-516. [PMID: 28973825 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In view of future changes in climate, it is important to better understand how different plant functional groups (PFGs) respond to warmer and drier conditions, particularly in temperate regions where an increase in both the frequency and severity of drought is expected. The patterns and mechanisms of immediate and delayed impacts of extreme drought on vegetation growth remain poorly quantified. Using satellite measurements of vegetation greenness, in-situ tree-ring records, eddy-covariance CO2 and water flux measurements, and meta-analyses of source water of plant use among PFGs, we show that drought legacy effects on vegetation growth differ markedly between forests, shrubs and grass across diverse bioclimatic conditions over the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Deep-rooted forests exhibit a drought legacy response with reduced growth during up to 4 years after an extreme drought, whereas shrubs and grass have drought legacy effects of approximately 2 years and 1 year, respectively. Statistical analyses partly attribute the differences in drought legacy effects among PFGs to plant eco-hydrological properties (related to traits), including plant water use and hydraulic responses. These results can be used to improve the representation of drought response of different PFGs in land surface models, and assess their biogeochemical and biophysical feedbacks in response to a warmer and drier climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212-Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Flurin Babst
- Dendro Sciences, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Weichao Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cicheng Zhang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Mediterranean Agriculture and Forest Systems (CNR-ISAFoM), Ercolano, Italy
| | - Marian Pavelka
- CzechGlobe-Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Shaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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26
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Irisarri JGN, Derner JD, Porensky LM, Augustine DJ, Reeves JL, Mueller KE. Grazing intensity differentially regulates ANPP response to precipitation in North American semiarid grasslands. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:1370-1380. [PMID: 27755747 DOI: 10.1890/15-1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Grazing intensity elicits changes in the composition of plant functional groups in both shortgrass steppe (SGS) and northern mixed-grass prairie (NMP) in North America. How these grazing intensity-induced changes control aboveground net primary production (ANPP) responses to precipitation remains a central open question, especially in light of predicted climate changes. Here, we evaluated effects of four levels (none, light, moderate, and heavy) of long-term (>30 yr) grazing intensity in SGS and NMP on: (1) ANPP; (2) precipitation-use efficiency (PUE, ANPP : precipitation); and (3) precipitation marginal response (PMR; slope of a linear regression model between ANPP and precipitation). We advance prior work by examining: (1) the consequences of a range of grazing intensities (more grazed vs. ungrazed); and (2) how grazing-induced changes in ANPP and PUE are related both to shifts in functional group composition and physiological responses within each functional group. Spring (April-June) precipitation, the primary determinant of ANPP, was only 12% higher in NMP than in SGS, yet ANPP and PUE were 25% higher. Doubling grazing intensity in SGS and nearly doubling it in NMP reduced ANPP and PUE by only 24% and 33%, respectively. Increased grazing intensity reduced C3 graminoid biomass and increased C4 grass biomass in both grasslands. Functional group shifts affected PUE through biomass reductions, as PUE was positively associated with the relative abundance of C3 species and negatively with C4 species across both grasslands. At the community level, PMR was similar between grasslands and unaffected by grazing intensity. However, PMR of C3 graminoids in SGS was eightfold higher in the ungrazed treatment than under any grazed level. In NMP, PMR of C3 graminoids was only reduced under heavy grazing intensity. Knowing the ecological consequences of grazing intensity provides valuable information for mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to predicted climate change. For example, moderate grazing (the recommended rate) in SGS would sequester the same amount of aboveground carbon as light grazing because ANPP was nearly the same. In contrast, reductions in grazing intensity in NMP from moderate to light intensity would increase the amount of aboveground carbon sequestrated by 25% because of increased ANPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gonzalo N Irisarri
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Avenida San Martin 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aries, Argentina
| | - Justin D Derner
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 82009, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Lauren M Porensky
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 82009, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - David J Augustine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 82009, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Justin L Reeves
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 82009, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Kevin E Mueller
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 82009, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
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27
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Gremer JR, Bradford JB, Munson SM, Duniway MC. Desert grassland responses to climate and soil moisture suggest divergent vulnerabilities across the southwestern United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:4049-4062. [PMID: 26183431 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change predictions include warming and drying trends, which are expected to be particularly pronounced in the southwestern United States. In this region, grassland dynamics are tightly linked to available moisture, yet it has proven difficult to resolve what aspects of climate drive vegetation change. In part, this is because it is unclear how heterogeneity in soils affects plant responses to climate. Here, we combine climate and soil properties with a mechanistic soil water model to explain temporal fluctuations in perennial grass cover, quantify where and the degree to which incorporating soil water dynamics enhances our ability to understand temporal patterns, and explore the potential consequences of climate change by assessing future trajectories of important climate and soil water variables. Our analyses focused on long-term (20-56 years) perennial grass dynamics across the Colorado Plateau, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan Desert regions. Our results suggest that climate variability has negative effects on grass cover, and that precipitation subsidies that extend growing seasons are beneficial. Soil water metrics, including the number of dry days and availability of water from deeper (>30 cm) soil layers, explained additional grass cover variability. While individual climate variables were ranked as more important in explaining grass cover, collectively soil water accounted for 40-60% of the total explained variance. Soil water conditions were more useful for understanding the responses of C3 than C4 grass species. Projections of water balance variables under climate change indicate that conditions that currently support perennial grasses will be less common in the future, and these altered conditions will be more pronounced in the Chihuahuan Desert and Colorado Plateau. We conclude that incorporating multiple aspects of climate and accounting for soil variability can improve our ability to understand patterns, identify areas of vulnerability, and predict the future of desert grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Gremer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - John B Bradford
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Seth M Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Michael C Duniway
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, 84532, USA
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28
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Enhanced precipitation variability decreases grass- and increases shrub-productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12735-40. [PMID: 26417095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506433112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although projections of precipitation change indicate increases in variability, most studies of impacts of climate change on ecosystems focused on effects of changes in amount of precipitation, overlooking precipitation variability effects, especially at the interannual scale. Here, we present results from a 6-y field experiment, where we applied sequences of wet and dry years, increasing interannual precipitation coefficient of variation while maintaining a precipitation amount constant. Increased precipitation variability significantly reduced ecosystem primary production. Dominant plant-functional types showed opposite responses: perennial-grass productivity decreased by 81%, whereas shrub productivity increased by 67%. This pattern was explained by different nonlinear responses to precipitation. Grass productivity presented a saturating response to precipitation where dry years had a larger negative effect than the positive effects of wet years. In contrast, shrubs showed an increasing response to precipitation that resulted in an increase in average productivity with increasing precipitation variability. In addition, the effects of precipitation variation increased through time. We argue that the differential responses of grasses and shrubs to precipitation variability and the amplification of this phenomenon through time result from contrasting root distributions of grasses and shrubs and competitive interactions among plant types, confirmed by structural equation analysis. Under drought conditions, grasses reduce their abundance and their ability to absorb water that then is transferred to deep soil layers that are exclusively explored by shrubs. Our work addresses an understudied dimension of climate change that might lead to widespread shrub encroachment reducing the provisioning of ecosystem services to society.
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29
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Ott JP, Hartnett DC. Bud-bank and tiller dynamics of co-occurring C3 caespitose grasses in mixed-grass prairie. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1462-71. [PMID: 26373977 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Tiller recruitment from the belowground bud bank of caespitose grasses influences their ability to monopolize local resources and, hence, their genet fitness. Differences in bud production and outgrowth among tiller types within a genet and among species may explain co-occurrence of caespitose grasses. This study aimed to characterize genet bud-bank and tiller production and dynamics in two co-occurring species and compare their vegetative reproductive strategies. METHODS Bud-bank and tiller dynamics of Hesperostipa comata and Nassella viridula, dominant C3 caespitose grasses in the northern mixed-grass prairie of North America, were assessed throughout an annual cycle. KEY RESULTS The two species showed similar strategies, maintaining polycyclic tillers and thus creating mixed-age genet bud banks comprising multiple bud cohorts produced in different years. Vegetative tillers produced the majority of buds, whereas flowering tillers contributed little to the bud bank. Buds lived for at least 2 yr and were maintained in multiple developmental stages throughout the year. Because bud longevity rarely exceeded tiller longevity, tiller longevity drove turnover within the bud bank. Tiller population dynamics, more than bud production per tiller, determined the differential contribution of tiller types to the bud bank. Nassella viridula had higher bud production per tiller, a consistent annual tiller recruitment density, and greater longevity of buds on senesced and flowering tillers than H. comata. CONCLUSIONS Co-occurring C3 caespitose grasses had similar bud-bank and tiller dynamics contributing to genet persistence but differed in bud characteristics that could affect genet longevity and species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Ott
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 104 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - David C Hartnett
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 104 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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30
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Fay PA, Newingham BA, Polley HW, Morgan JA, LeCain DR, Nowak RS, Smith SD. Dominant plant taxa predict plant productivity responses to CO2 enrichment across precipitation and soil gradients. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv027. [PMID: 25829380 PMCID: PMC4429605 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's atmosphere will continue to be enriched with carbon dioxide (CO2) over the coming century. Carbon dioxide enrichment often reduces leaf transpiration, which in water-limited ecosystems may increase soil water content, change species abundances and increase the productivity of plant communities. The effect of increased soil water on community productivity and community change may be greater in ecosystems with lower precipitation, or on coarser-textured soils, but responses are likely absent in deserts. We tested correlations among yearly increases in soil water content, community change and community plant productivity responses to CO2 enrichment in experiments in a mesic grassland with fine- to coarse-textured soils, a semi-arid grassland and a xeric shrubland. We found no correlation between CO2-caused changes in soil water content and changes in biomass of dominant plant taxa or total community aboveground biomass in either grassland type or on any soil in the mesic grassland (P > 0.60). Instead, increases in dominant taxa biomass explained up to 85 % of the increases in total community biomass under CO2 enrichment. The effect of community change on community productivity was stronger in the semi-arid grassland than in the mesic grassland, where community biomass change on one soil was not correlated with the change in either the soil water content or the dominant taxa. No sustained increases in soil water content or community productivity and no change in dominant plant taxa occurred in the xeric shrubland. Thus, community change was a crucial driver of community productivity responses to CO2 enrichment in the grasslands, but effects of soil water change on productivity were not evident in yearly responses to CO2 enrichment. Future research is necessary to isolate and clarify the mechanisms controlling the temporal and spatial variations in the linkages among soil water, community change and plant productivity responses to CO2 enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Fay
- Grassland, Soil, and Water Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd., Temple, TX 76502, USA
| | - Beth A Newingham
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, PO Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844, USA Present address: Great Basin Rangelands Research, USDA-ARS, 920 Valley Rd., Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - H Wayne Polley
- Grassland, Soil, and Water Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd., Temple, TX 76502, USA
| | - Jack A Morgan
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Daniel R LeCain
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Robert S Nowak
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science/MS 186, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 North Virginia, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Stanley D Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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