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Sharma P, Pandey R, Chauhan NS. Unveiling wheat growth promotion potential of phosphate solubilizing Pantoea agglomerans PS1 and PS2 through genomic, physiological, and metagenomic characterizations. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1467082. [PMID: 39318437 PMCID: PMC11420927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1467082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phosphorus is an abundant element in the earth's crust and is generally found as complex insoluble conjugates. Plants cannot assimilate insoluble phosphorus and require external supplementation as chemical fertilizers to achieve a good yield. Continuous use of fertilizers has impacted soil ecology, and a sustainable solution is needed to meet plant elemental requirements. Phosphate solubilizing microbes could enhance phosphorus bioavailability for better crop production and can be employed to attain sustainable agriculture practices. Methods The current study unveils the biofertilizer potential of wheat rhizospheric bacteria through physiological, taxonomic, genomic, and microbiomics experimentations. Results and Discussion Culture-dependent exploration identified phosphate-solubilizing PS1 and PS2 strains from the wheat rhizosphere. These isolates were rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria, having optimum growth at 37°C and pH 7. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic characterization revealed their taxonomic affiliation as Pantoea agglomerans subspecies PS1 & PS2. Both isolates exhibited good tolerance against saline (>10% NaCl (w/v), >11.0% KCl (w/v), and >6.0% LiCl (w/v)), oxidizing (>5.9% H2O2 (v/v)) conditions. PS1 and PS2 genomes harbor gene clusters for biofertilization features, root colonization, and stress tolerance. PS1 and PS2 showed nitrate reduction, phosphate solubilization, auxin production, and carbohydrate utilization properties. Treatment of seeds with PS1 and PS2 significantly enhanced seed germination percentage (p = 0.028 and p = 0.008, respectively), number of tillers (p = 0.0018), number of leaves (p = 0.0001), number of spikes (p = 0.0001) and grain production (p = 0.0001). Wheat rhizosphere microbiota characterizations indicated stable colonization of PS1 and PS2 strains in treated seeds at different feek stages. Pretreatment of seeds with both strains engineered the wheat rhizosphere microbiota by recruiting plant growth-promoting microbial groups. In vitro, In vivo, and microbiota characterization studies indicated the biofertilizer potential of Pantoea sp. PS1 & PS2 to enhance wheat crop production. The employment of these strains could fulfill plant nutrient requirements and be a substitute for chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nar Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Kalita M, Palusińska-Szysz M, Marek-Kozaczuk M, Sokołowski W, Coutinho TA. Pantoea trifolii sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from Trifolium rubens root nodules. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2698. [PMID: 38302681 PMCID: PMC10834434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterium, designated strain MMK2T, was isolated from a surface-sterilised root nodule of a Trifolium rubens plant growing in south-eastern Poland. Cells were Gram negative, non-spore forming and rod shaped. The strain had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with P. endophytica (99.4%), P. leporis (99.4%) P. rwandensis (98.8%) and P. rodasii (98.45%). Phylogenomic analysis clearly showed that strain MMK2T and an additional strain, MMK3, should reside in the genus Pantoea and that they were most closely related to P. endophytica and P. leporis. Genome comparisons showed that the novel strain shared 82.96-93.50% average nucleotide identity and 26.2-53. 2% digital DNA:DNA hybridization with closely related species. Both strains produced siderophores and were able to solubilise phosphates. The MMK2T strain was also able to produce indole-3-acetic acid. The tested strains differed in their antimicrobial activity, but both were able to inhibit the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 10Ss01. Based on the results of the phenotypic, phylogenomic, genomic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strains MMK2T and MMK3 belong to a novel species in the genus Pantoea for which the name Pantoea trifolii sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain MMK2T (= DSM 115063T = LMG 33049T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wdowiak-Wróbel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Kalita
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Marek-Kozaczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sokołowski
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Teresa A Coutinho
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics/Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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Liu Y, Xu Z, Chen L, Xun W, Shu X, Chen Y, Sun X, Wang Z, Ren Y, Shen Q, Zhang R. Root colonization by beneficial rhizobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuad066. [PMID: 38093453 PMCID: PMC10786197 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microbes play critical roles for plant's growth and health. Among them, the beneficial rhizobacteria have the potential to be developed as the biofertilizer or bioinoculants for sustaining the agricultural development. The efficient rhizosphere colonization of these rhizobacteria is a prerequisite for exerting their plant beneficial functions, but the colonizing process and underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly reviewed, especially for the nonsymbiotic beneficial rhizobacteria. This review systematically analyzed the root colonizing process of the nonsymbiotic rhizobacteria and compared it with that of the symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. This review also highlighted the approaches to improve the root colonization efficiency and proposed to study the rhizobacterial colonization from a holistic perspective of the rhizosphere microbiome under more natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, The Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1 Shuizha West Road, Beijing 102300, P.R. China
| | - Weibing Xun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xia Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, The Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xinli Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqi Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ren
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, The Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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Xiao J, Sun S, Liu Z, Fan C, Zhu B, Zhang D. Analysis of key genes for the survival of Pantoea agglomerans under nutritional stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127059. [PMID: 37769756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The absolute amount of nutrients on plant leaves is usually low, and the growth of epiphytic bacteria is typically limited by nutrient content. Thus, is of great significance to study the survival mechanism of epiphytes under nutritional stress for plant disease control. In this paper, Pantoea agglomerans CHTF15 isolated from walnut leaves was used to detect the key genes for the survival of the bacterium under simulated nutrient stress in artificial medium. Genome sequencing was combined with transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) for the detection technique. A total of 105 essential genes were screened from the whole genome. The genes were mainly related to the nucleotide metabolism, protein metabolism, biological oxidation and the gene repair of bacteria analyzed by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Volcano map analysis demonstrated that the functions of the 15 genes with the most significant differences were generally related to the synthesis of amino acids or proteins, the nucleotide metabolism and homologous recombination and repair. Competitive index analysis revealed that the deletion of the genes dksA and epmA regulating protein synthesis, the gene ribB involved in the nucleotide metabolism and the gene xerD involved in recombination repair induced a significant reduction in the survival ability of the corresponding mutants in the 0.10 % YEP medium and the walnut leaf surface. The results act as a foundation for further in-depth research on the infection process and the mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xiao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Shangyi Sun
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaosha Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Chenxi Fan
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China.
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Schultz CR, Johnson M, Wallace JG. Effects of Inbreeding on Microbial Community Diversity of Zea mays. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040879. [PMID: 37110300 PMCID: PMC10145435 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is the basis of modern maize production. The effect of heterosis on maize phenotypes has been studied for decades, but its effect on the maize-associated microbiome is much less characterized. To determine the effect of heterosis on the maize microbiome, we sequenced and compared the bacterial communities of inbred, open pollinated, and hybrid maize. Samples covered three tissue types (stalk, root, and rhizosphere) in two field experiments and one greenhouse experiment. Bacterial diversity was more affected by location and tissue type than genetic background for both within-sample (alpha) and between-sample (beta) diversity. PERMANOVA analysis similarly showed that tissue type and location had significant effects on the overall community structure, whereas the intraspecies genetic background and individual plant genotypes did not. Differential abundance analysis identified only 25 bacterial ASVs that significantly differed between inbred and hybrid maize. Predicted metagenome content was inferred with Picrust2, and it also showed a significantly larger effect of tissue and location than genetic background. Overall, these results indicate that the bacterial communities of inbred and hybrid maize are often more similar than they are different and that non-genetic effects are generally the largest influences on the maize microbiome.
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Xiao J, Liu Z, Sun S, Fan C, Wang D, Zhang D. Complete Genome Sequence of Pantoea agglomerans CHTF15, a Walnut Pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:134-137. [PMID: 36693088 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0216-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogen Pantoea agglomerans belongs to the Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacterales, Erwiniaceae in species classification. It causes disease symptoms in many plants such as corn, banana, and walnut. This study aimed to report the complete genome of P. agglomerans CHTF15, which represents the first whole-genome sequence of an isolate from diseased walnut leaves. The total length of the assembled genome was 4,820,607 bp, with an average GC content of 55.3%, including a circular chromosome and three circular plasmids, two of which were previously unreported sequences and one was announced previously. The CHTF15 genome helps understand the pathogenic mechanism of this important plant pathogen and provides an important theoretical basis for disease epidemic and field control. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xiao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaosha Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Shangyi Sun
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Chenxi Fan
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, Baoding, China
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Bastías DA, Bustos LB, Jáuregui R, Barrera A, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Molina-Montenegro MA, Gundel PE. Epichloë Fungal Endophytes Influence Seed-Associated Bacterial Communities. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:795354. [PMID: 35058911 PMCID: PMC8764391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeds commonly harbour diverse bacterial communities that can enhance the fitness of future plants. The bacterial microbiota associated with mother plant’s foliar tissues is one of the main sources of bacteria for seeds. Therefore, any ecological factor influencing the mother plant’s microbiota may also affect the diversity of the seed’s bacterial community. Grasses form associations with beneficial vertically transmitted fungal endophytes of genus Epichloë. The interaction of plants with Epichloë endophytes and insect herbivores can influence the plant foliar microbiota. However, it is unknown whether these interactions (alone or in concert) can affect the assembly of bacterial communities in the produced seed. We subjected Lolium multiflorum plants with and without its common endophyte Epichloë occultans (E+, E-, respectively) to an herbivory treatment with Rhopalosiphum padi aphids and assessed the diversity and composition of the bacterial communities in the produced seed. The presence of Epichloë endophytes influenced the seed bacterial microbiota by increasing the diversity and affecting the composition of the communities. The relative abundances of the bacterial taxa were more similarly distributed in communities associated with E+ than E- seeds with the latter being dominated by just a few bacterial groups. Contrary to our expectations, seed bacterial communities were not affected by the aphid herbivory experienced by mother plants. We speculate that the enhanced seed/seedling performance documented for Epichloë-host associations may be explained, at least in part, by the Epichloë-mediated increment in the seed-bacterial diversity, and that this phenomenon may be applicable to other plant-endophyte associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bastías
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ludmila Bubica Bustos
- IFEVA, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruy Jáuregui
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Barrera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ian S Acuña-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Marco A Molina-Montenegro
- Laboratorio de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Pedro E Gundel
- IFEVA, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Comparison of Auxin and Cytokinins Concentrations, and the Structure of Bacterial Community between Host Twigs and Lithosaphonecrus arcoverticus Galls. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110982. [PMID: 34821783 PMCID: PMC8618787 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insect galls are characterized by high concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. We calculated the correlation between the concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA), trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and isopentenyladenine (iP) and the bacterial community structure of Lithosaphonecrus arcoverticus galls. Our results indicated the concentrations of IAA, tZR and iP were positively correlated with the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls. We suggest the high concentrations of IAA, tZR and iP may affect the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls. Abstract Insect galls are the abnormal growth of plant tissues induced by a wide variety of galling insects and characterized by high concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. It remains unclear whether the auxins and cytokinins affect the bacterial community structure of insect galls. We determined the concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA) as an example of auxin, trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and isopentenyladenine (iP) as cytokinins in Lithosaphonecrus arcoverticus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) galls and the galled twigs of Lithocarpus glaber (Fagaceae) using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, for the first time, we compared the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls and galled twigs by high-throughput sequencing, and calculated the Spearman correlation and associated degree of significance between the IAA, tZR and iP concentrations and the bacterial community structure. Our results indicated the concentrations of IAA, tZR and iP were higher in L. arcoverticus galls than in galled twigs, and positively correlated with the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls. We suggest the high concentrations of IAA, tZR and iP may affect the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls.
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