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Li Z, Guo L, Zhang P, Wang J, Wang X, Yao W. A Systematic Review of Perioperative Complications in en Bloc Resection for Spinal Tumors. Global Spine J 2023; 13:812-822. [PMID: 36000332 DOI: 10.1177/21925682221120644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVE En bloc resection is a major, invasive surgical procedure designed to completely resect a vertebral tumor with a sufficient margin. It is technically demanding and potentially poses risks of perioperative complications. In this systematic review, we investigated the incidence of complications after en bloc resection for spinal tumors. METHODS We screened PubMed and Embase databases for relevant English publications, from 1980 to 2020, using the following terms: spine OR spinal AND en bloc AND tumor. Using a standard PRISMA template, after the initial screening, full-text articles of interest were evaluated. RESULTS Thirty-six studies with 961 patients were included. The overall mean age of patients was 49.6 years, and the mean follow-up time was 33.5 months. There were 560 complications, and an overall complication rate of 58.3% (560/961). The 5 most frequent complications were neurological damage (12.7%), hardware failure (12.1%), dural tear and cerebrospinal fluid leakage (10.6%), wound-related complications (7.6%) and vascular injury and bleeding (7.3%). The complication-related revision rate was 10.7% (103/961). The average incidence of complication-related death was 1.2% (12/961). CONCLUSIONS En bloc resection is a surgical procedure that is very invasive and technically challenging, and the possible risks of perioperative complications should not be neglected. The overall complication rate is high. However, complication-related death was rare. The advantages of surgery should be weighed against the serious perioperative morbidity associated with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehuang Li
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 377327Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangyu Guo
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 377327Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 377327Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 377327Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 377327Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weitao Yao
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 377327Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Park S. Biochemical, structural and physical changes in aging human skin, and their relationship. Biogerontology 2022; 23:275-288. [PMID: 35292918 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, having the purpose of regulating temperature, protecting us from microbes or mechanical shocks, and allowing the sensations from touch. It is generally accepted that aging induces profound changes in the skin's biochemical, structural and physical properties, which can lead to impaired biological functions and/or diverse diseases. So far, the effects of aging on these skin properties have been well documented. However, very few studies have focused exclusively on the relationship among these critical properties in the aging process, which is this review's primary focus. Many in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro techniques have been previously used to characterize these properties of the skin. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the effects of aging on the changes in biochemical, structural, and physical properties, and explore the potential mechanisms of skin with the relation between these properties. First, we review different or contradictory results of aging-related changes in representative parameters of each property, including the interpretations of the findings. Next, we discuss the need for a standardized method to characterize aging-related changes in these properties, to improve the way of defining age-property relationship. Moreover, potential mechanisms based on the previous results are explored by linking the biochemical, structural, and physical properties. Finally, the need to study changes of various functional properties in the separate skin layers is addressed. This review can help understand the underlying mechanism of aging-related alterations, to improve the evaluation of the aging process and guide effective treatment strategies for aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungman Park
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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Goldie K, Kerscher M, Fabi SG, Hirano C, Landau M, Lim TS, Woolery-Lloyd H, Mariwalla K, Park JY, Yutskovskaya Y. Skin Quality - A Holistic 360° View: Consensus Results. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:643-654. [PMID: 34163203 PMCID: PMC8214518 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s309374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Skin quality is an important component of human attractiveness. To date, there are no standardized criteria for good skin quality. To establish a consensus for good skin quality parameters and measurement and treatment options, a virtual skin quality advisory board consisting of a global panel of highly experienced aesthetic dermatologists/aesthetic physicians was convened. Methods A total of 10 dermatologists/aesthetic physicians served on the advisory board. A modified version of the Delphi method was used to arrive at consensus. Members accessed an online platform to review statements on skin quality criteria from their peers, including treatment and measurement options, and voted to indicate whether they agreed or disagreed. Statements that did not have agreement were modified and the members voted again. Consensus was defined as: strong consensus = greater than 95% agreement; consensus = 75% to 95% agreement; majority consent = 50% to 75% agreement; no consensus = less than 50% agreement. Results There was strong consensus that good skin quality is defined as healthy, youthful in appearance (appearing younger than a person's chronological age), undamaged skin and that skin quality can be described across all ethnicities by four emergent perceptual categories (EPCs): skin tone evenness, skin surface evenness, skin firmness, and skin glow. The EPCs can be affected by multiple tissue layers (ie, skin surface quality can stem from and be impacted by deep structures or tissues). This means that topical approaches may not be sufficient. Instead, improving skin quality EPCs can require a multilayer treatment strategy. Conclusion This global advisory board established strong consensus that skin quality can be described by four EPCs, which can help clinicians determine the appropriate treatment option(s) and the tissue or skin layer(s) to address. Skin quality is important to human health and wellbeing and patients' perception for the need for aesthetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Kerscher
- Division of Cosmetic Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Cyro Hirano
- Division of Dermatology General Polyclinic of Rio de Janeiro, Private Practice, CD Clinica Dermatologica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Landau
- Dermatology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | | | - Heather Woolery-Lloyd
- Department of Ethnic Skin Care, University of Miami Cosmetic Medicine and Research Institute, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Je-Young Park
- Apkoo-Jung Department, Oracle Dermatology Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yana Yutskovskaya
- Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology Department, Pacific State Medical University of Health, Moscow, Russia
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Kourbaj G, Bielfeldt S, Seise M, Wilhelm KP. Measurement of dermal water content by confocal RAMAN spectroscopy to investigate intrinsic aging and photoaging of human skin in vivo. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:404-413. [PMID: 33098353 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) revealed a clear correlation of age and dermal water content, indicating increasing water content of the dermis with increasing age. This enhancement of water has been interpreted as an age-dependent depletion, of proteins, mainly of collagen. Chronical sun exposure is known to destroy the collagen network of the skin, which leads to the signs of photoaging as the formation of wrinkles. Noninvasive in vivo measuring techniques for photoaging are limited. Therefore, sensitive techniques to quantify even mild degrees of photoaging in a clinical setting are of high interest. We used CRS to measure the water content in human dermis in vivo, assuming that additionally to the increase of water content in intrinsic aging, photoaging would lead to further collagen depletion and an additional increase in water content of the dermis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A panel of 24 female subjects of different age-groups and scores of photoaging was recruited. A ranking of high resolution dorsal forearm photographs was used to classify the degree of photoaging with high precision. After that, CRS water content and collagen measurements were performed in the photoexposed dorsal as well as the photoprotected volar dermis of the subjects. RESULTS A positive correlation of water content in the dermis with age could be confirmed (r = .550). Further, a positive correlation between water content of dorsal dermis and photoaging ranks was observed (Pearson's r = .417). CONCLUSION Assessment of water content in the dermis with confocal Raman spectroscopy was found to be a promising method to measure the degree of photoaging in human subjects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Kourbaj
- proDERM Institute of Applied Dermatological Research GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Bielfeldt
- proDERM Institute of Applied Dermatological Research GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Seise
- proDERM Institute of Applied Dermatological Research GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
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Jayabal H, Dingari NN, Rai B. A linear viscoelastic model to understand skin mechanical behaviour and for cosmetic formulation design. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:292-299. [PMID: 31032974 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin is arguably one of the most important organs that plays an active role in our everyday biological functions after brain. Owing to the wide range of applications in medicine, cosmetics industry and more recently robotics, skin research has gained tremendous attention with respect to its mechanical behaviour. Various macro modelling approaches are available for modelling skin's mechanical behaviour. The objective of this paper is to study skin's mechanical property change with age and demonstrate anti-ageing effects of cosmetic formulations from skin mechanical property change perspective. METHODS In this study, skin's mechanical behaviour was modelled using a 1D linear viscoelastic phenomenological model and the model was validated using two sets of experimentally observed skin data (strain, stress relaxation and cyclical loading). The model was further modified to study the effect of the presence of a thin layer of cosmetic polymer and to demonstrate anti-ageing effects of the cosmetic polymer from the perspective of change in the mechanical behaviour of skin with cosmetic layer. RESULTS The estimated values of skin mechanical properties from the model agree with those in literature. The extracted model features show good correlation with skin age (viscosity and time constant). The results from our model indicate that the cosmetic polymers enhance the mechanical properties of skin significantly. CONCLUSIONS This work will find its applications in designing and testing anti-ageing formulations. This model can be used to filter various combinations of cosmetic formulations by knowing the mechanical response of polymer on skin, thereby accelerating the product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jayabal
- Physical Science Research Area, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune, 411013, India
| | - N N Dingari
- Physical Science Research Area, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune, 411013, India
| | - B Rai
- Physical Science Research Area, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune, 411013, India
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Yokogawa N, Murakami H, Demura S, Kato S, Yoshioka K, Tsuchiya H. Incidental durotomy during total en bloc spondylectomy. Spine J 2018; 18:381-386. [PMID: 28735765 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The incidence of incidental durotomy (ID) during total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) tends to be higher than that during other spinal surgeries because of the peculiarities of TES, including its highly invasive nature, epidural tumor extension, and use in patients who often have complicated medical backgrounds. However, there have been no detailed reports on ID associated with TES. PURPOSE The study aimed to investigate ID during TES in detail. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. PATIENT SAMPLE The study included 105 consecutive patients with spinal tumor who underwent TES between May 2010 and February 2015 (59 men, 46 women; mean age, 54.0 years [range, 14-75 years] at the time of surgery). OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures included the incidence, risk factors, anatomical location, intraoperative maneuvers, and postoperative course of ID associated with TES. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical and operative records and imaging findings were reviewed. Univariate analysis and multivariable stepwise logistic regression models were used to identify independent risk factors for ID. RESULTS Incidental durotomy occurred in 18 (17.1%) of the 105 patients. The univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-31.76; p=.03), radiotherapy (RT) history (aOR, 5.31; 95% CI, 1.46-19.49; p=.01), and revision surgery (aOR, 19.42; 95% CI, 3.46-109.14; p<.01) were independent risk factors for ID. Incidental durotomy was more likely to occur during dissection of tumor tissues in proximity to the nerve root. Although all of the ID cases were primarily sutured and covered with polyglycolic acid mesh and fibrin glue spray, eight cases required additional intervention because of intractable postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Six of these eight had a history of RT. CONCLUSIONS Our results may help better identify high-risk patients for ID during TES, which may aid surgeons with optimal surgical decision making and in counseling patients on perioperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Yokogawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Satoru Demura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Yoshioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
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Blume-Peytavi U, Kottner J, Sterry W, Hodin MW, Griffiths TW, Watson REB, Hay RJ, Griffiths CEM. Age-Associated Skin Conditions and Diseases: Current Perspectives and Future Options. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2017; 56 Suppl 2:S230-42. [PMID: 26994263 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The International League of Dermatological Societies (ILDS), a global, not-for-profit organization representing 157 dermatological societies worldwide, has identified the consequences of skin aging as one of the most important grand challenges in global skin health. Reduced functional capacity and increased susceptibility of the skin with development of dermatoses such as dry skin, itching, ulcers, dyspigmentation, wrinkles, fungal infections, as well as benign and malignant tumors are the most common skin conditions in aged populations worldwide. Environmental (e.g., pollution) and lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, sunbed use) negatively affect skin health. In turn altered appearance, dry skin, chronic wounds, and other conditions decrease general health and reduce the likelihood for healthy and active aging. Preventive skin care includes primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions. Continuous sun protection from early childhood onward is most important, to avoid extrinsic skin damage and skin cancer. Exposure to irritants, allergens, or other molecules damaging the skin must be avoided or reduced to a minimum. Public health approaches are needed to implement preventive and basic skin care worldwide to reach high numbers of dermatological patients and care receivers. Education of primary caregivers and implementation of community dermatology are successful strategies in resource-poor countries. Besides specialist physicians, nurses and other health care professionals play important roles in preventing and managing age-related skin conditions in developing as well as in developed countries. Healthy skin across the life course leads to better mental and emotional health, positive impact on social engagement, and healthier, more active, and productive lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Kottner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sterry
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. The International League of Dermatological Societies, London, UK
| | | | - Tamara W Griffiths
- The Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Rachel E B Watson
- The Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | | | - Christopher E M Griffiths
- The Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Academic Health Science Centre, UK. The International League of Dermatological Societies, London, UK
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Mustafa FH, Jones PW, McEwan AL. Near infrared spectroscopy for body fat sensing in neonates: quantitative analysis by GAMOS simulations. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:14. [PMID: 28086963 PMCID: PMC5234151 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under-nutrition in neonates is closely linked to low body fat percentage. Undernourished neonates are exposed to immediate mortality as well as unwanted health impacts in their later life including obesity and hypertension. One potential low cost approach for obtaining direct measurements of body fat is near-infrared (NIR) interactance. The aims of this study were to model the effect of varying volume fractions of melanin and water in skin over NIR spectra, and to define sensitivity of NIR reflection on changes of thickness of subcutaneous fat. GAMOS simulations were used to develop two single fat layer models and four complete skin models over a range of skin colour (only for four skin models) and hydration within a spectrum of 800-1100 nm. The thickness of the subcutaneous fat was set from 1 to 15 mm in 1 mm intervals in each model. RESULTS Varying volume fractions of water in skin resulted minimal changes of NIR intensity at ranges of wavelengths from 890 to 940 nm and from 1010 to 1100 nm. Variation of the melanin volume in skin meanwhile was found to strongly influence the NIR intensity and sensitivity. The NIR sensitivities and NIR intensity over thickness of fat decreased from the Caucasian skin to African skin throughout the range of wavelengths. For the relationship between the NIR reflection and the thickness of subcutaneous fat, logarithmic relationship was obtained. CONCLUSIONS The minimal changes of NIR intensity values at wavelengths within the ranges from 890 to 940 nm and from 1010 to 1100 nm to variation of volume fractions of water suggests that wavelengths within those two ranges are considered for use in measurement of body fat to solve the variation of hydration in neonates. The stronger influence of skin colour on NIR shows that the melanin effect needs to be corrected by an independent measurement or by a modeling approach. The logarithmic response obtained with higher sensitivity at the lower range of thickness of fat suggests that implementation of NIRS may be suited for detecting under-nutrition and monitoring nutritional interventions for malnutrition in neonates in resource-constrained communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Hamimi Mustafa
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter W. Jones
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alistair L. McEwan
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Yokogawa N, Murakami H, Demura S, Kato S, Yoshioka K, Hayashi H, Ishii T, Igarashi T, Fang X, Tsuchiya H. Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage Associated With Total En Bloc Spondylectomy. Orthopedics 2015; 38:e561-6. [PMID: 26186316 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20150701-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a serious postoperative complication associated with total en bloc spondylectomy. The authors examined the risk factors for CSF leakage after this procedure. A total of 72 patients underwent total en bloc spondylectomy at the authors' institution between May 2010 and April 2013. Postoperative CSF leakage was observed in 17 of the 72 patients (23.6%). The results of univariate analysis suggested that age 54 years or older, preoperative surgical site irradiation, resection of 3 or more vertebral bodies, and dural injury were significant risk factors for postoperative CSF leakage after total en bloc spondylectomy. Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative surgical site irradiation was the only significant risk factor for postoperative CSF leakage (adjusted odds ratio, 5.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-26.45, P=.046). The authors also assessed the course of treatment for postoperative CSF leakage in each patient. Of 17 patients with postoperative CSF leakage, 13 recovered without further complications, but 4 required reoperation (2 for wound dehiscence, 1 for surgical site infection, and 1 for severe intracranial hypotension). All 4 patients who required reoperation had a history of surgical site irradiation. Thus, this study suggests that careful consideration should be given to postoperative CSF leakage in patients with a history of surgical site irradiation. These findings may contribute to the management of postoperative CSF leakage associated with total en bloc spondylectomy and supplement the information given to the patient in the process of obtaining informed consent.
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Sell DR, Monnier VM. Aging of Long‐Lived Proteins: Extracellular Matrix (Collagens, Elastins, Proteoglycans) and Lens Crystallins. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Nakagawa N, Matsumoto M, Sakai S. In vivomeasurement of the water content in the dermis by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Skin Res Technol 2010; 16:137-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Mayrovitz HN. Local tissue water assessed by measuring forearm skin dielectric constant: dependence on measurement depth, age and body mass index. Skin Res Technol 2010; 16:16-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bhatt VD, Soman RS, Miller MA, Kasting GB. Permeation of tecnazene through human skin in vitro as assessed by HS-SPME and GC-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:6587-6592. [PMID: 18800534 DOI: 10.1021/es800107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Permeation of tecnazene into and through human cadaver skin in vitro was assessed using a CC-MS method employing HS-SPME for receptor solution analyses. Two doses of tecnazene dissolved in acetone, corresponding to 103 and 864 microg/cm2 of tecnazene, were applied to skin mounted on Franz diffusion cells and placed in a fume hood. Cells were either occluded with aluminum foil or left unoccluded. Total absorption of tecnazene (dermis + receptor fluid) after 48 h was 2.2-6.1% of the applied dose for the unoccluded treatments and 22-33% for the occluded treatments. Potentially absorbed dose including all tecnazene that may have eventually permeated the skin ranged from 10% unoccluded to 42-53% occluded. Accumulation in the receptor solutions was satisfactorily described by a working diffusion model after upward adjustment of the partition coefficient for tecnazene in all skin layers by a factor of 5-16 versus a priori values. However, residual amounts of tecnazene in both the epidermis and dermis were higher than those estimated from the model, suggesting the existence of tissue binding not accounted for in the calculation. The results indicate that the diffusion model as presently calibrated may significantly underestimate both systemic absorption and skin concentrations of highly lipophilic compounds, as predicted from data generated from in vitro skin permeation assays. Model predictions could be improved by better accounting for partitioning into the epidermis and dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha D Bhatt
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, P.O. Box 670004, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0004, USA
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SOSNDERGAARD K, HEICKENDORFF L, RISTELI L, RISTELLI J, ZACHARIAE H, STENGAARD-PEDERSHN K, DELEURAN B. Increased levels of type I and III collagen and hyaluronan in scleroderma skin. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.d01-1141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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GNIADECKA M, QUISTORFF B. Assessment of dermal water by high-frequency ultrasound: comparative studies with nuclear magnetic resonance. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The effects of chronic sun exposure on skin are readily apparent when skin not typically exposed to the sun and skin regularly exposed to the sun are compared. While the sun is not the only aetiological factor in the dynamic process of skin ageing, it is the primary exogenous cause among several internal and environmental elements. Thus, photo-ageing, the main focus of this article, is a subset of extrinsic skin ageing. The influence of the sun in extrinsic skin ageing, as well as its role in potentially altering the normal course of intrinsic (also known as natural or cellular) ageing, is discussed. Telomeres, the specialized structures found at the ends of chromosomes, are believed to be integral to cellular ageing as well as in the development of cancer. The ageing process, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is also believed to be influenced by the formation of free radicals, also known as reactive oxygen species. The loss of collagen is considered the characteristic histological finding in aged skin. Wrinkling and pigmentary changes are directly associated with photo-ageing and are considered its most salient cutaneous manifestations. Such photodamage represents the cutaneous signs of premature ageing. In addition, deleterious consequences of chronic sun exposure, specifically various forms of photo-induced skin cancer, are also linked to acute and chronic sun exposure. The only known strategies aimed at preventing photo-ageing include sun avoidance, using sunscreens to block or reduce skin exposure to UV radiation, using retinoids to inhibit collagenase synthesis and to promote collagen production, and using anti-oxidants, particularly in combination, to reduce and neutralize free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baumann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Miami, Miami Beach, FL, USA.
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Yamamoto N, Takahashi Y, Yoshinaga J, Tanaka A, Shibata Y. Size distributions of soil particles adhered to children's hands. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 51:157-63. [PMID: 16583253 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-005-7012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The size distributions of the soil particles adhered to children's hands were preliminarily investigated and compared with a cutoff soil particle size recently specified in the official analytical method in Japan. To facilitate fieldworks involving child participants, we tested a methodology using a laser scattering particle size distribution analyzer and validated it for field applications. The laboratory experiments using this method showed finer soil particles tended to be adhered more efficiently to human hands. Meanwhile, our preliminary field survey revealed large variations in mass (mean 26.2 mg/hand, median 15.2 mg/hand, max 162.5 mg/hand) and size distributions (particle mode diameter of 39 +/- 26 microm) of the particles adhered to children's hands after various playing activities. Even though the ways the particles adhered were noticeably varied under actual playing situations, the adhered particles were consistently and considerably smaller than the 2-mm cutoff diameter defined by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Since soil contaminant concentrations are generally higher for finer soil particles, measurement of contaminant concentrations for the soil fraction including the non-adherent millimeter particles may underestimate the risk of direct soil contaminant intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental System, Institute of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan,
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18
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Martanto W, Moore JS, Couse T, Prausnitz MR. Mechanism of fluid infusion during microneedle insertion and retraction. J Control Release 2006; 112:357-61. [PMID: 16626836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that infusion flow rates can be increased by an order of magnitude by partially retracting microneedles after insertion into the skin. This study sought to determine the mechanism by which retraction increases fluid infusion by piercing human cadaver skin with single microneedles, fixing the skin after retracting microneedles to different distances, and examining skin microstructure by histology. We found that microneedle insertion to 1080 microm from the skin surface resulted primarily in skin indentation and only 100-300 microm penetration into the skin. This caused significant compaction of the skin, which probably pressed out most water and thereby dramatically lowered the flow conductivity of skin beneath the needle tip. Retraction of the microneedle allowed the skin to recoil back toward its original position, which relieved the skin compaction and increased local flow conductivity. Altogether, these results suggest that microneedle insertion to penetrate into the skin followed by microneedle retraction to relieve skin compaction is an effective approach to infuse fluid into the skin in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijaya Martanto
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
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19
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Rijken F, Kiekens RCM, van den Worm E, Lee PL, van Weelden H, Bruijnzeel PLB. Pathophysiology of photoaging of human skin: focus on neutrophils. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:184-9. [PMID: 16465304 DOI: 10.1039/b502522b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UV-induced skin damage is the result of a complex cascade of events. Many studies have focused on the skin effects induced by UV-B or UV-A separately. Recently a UV-source that emits UV-B and UV-A together in a ratio comparable to daily sunlight has been introduced: i.e. solar simulated radiation (SSR). By exposing human skin type I-III to erythematogenic doses of UV (> or =1 MED) emitted by a SSR source we have noticed that: (a) neutrophils are initially the main infiltrating cell type in the dermis and (b) these infiltrating cells are the a key source of in vivo enzymatically [corrected] active enzymes such as elastase, [corrected] matrix metallo proteinases-1 and -9 (MMPs-1 and -9). These enzymes are relevant to the process of photoaging, as they break down the extracellular matrix. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts also produce matrix degrading enzymes, but to a lesser extent. Our results indicate a primary role for infiltrating neutrophils in the initial steps of photoaging. This is further supported by the observation that after exposure of skin type VI to physical doses of SSR, equivalent to those used for skin types I-III, no neutrophils and neutrophil-derived enzymatic activity were observed, explaining why skin type VI is [corrected] less susceptible to photoaging than skin types [corrected] I-III. Statement: Although most of the data, referred to, have been published, the current perspective in which they are put together is completely novel and has not been published elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiko Rijken
- Department of Dermatology, G.02.124, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Rohrscheib M, Robinson R, Eaton RP. Non-invasive glucose sensors and improved informatics--the future of diabetes management. Diabetes Obes Metab 2003; 5:280-4. [PMID: 12940864 DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-1326.2003.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Carrino DA, Onnerfjord P, Sandy JD, Cs-Szabo G, Scott PG, Sorrell JM, Heinegård D, Caplan AI. Age-related changes in the proteoglycans of human skin. Specific cleavage of decorin to yield a major catabolic fragment in adult skin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:17566-72. [PMID: 12621051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic changes occur in skin as a function of age, including changes in morphology, physiology, and mechanical properties. Changes in extracellular matrix molecules also occur, and these changes likely contribute to the overall age-related changes in the physical properties of skin. The major proteoglycans detected in extracts of human skin are decorin and versican. In addition, adult human skin contains a truncated form of decorin, whereas fetal skin contains virtually undetectable levels of this truncated decorin. Analysis of this molecule, herein referred to as decorunt, indicates that it is a catabolic fragment of decorin rather than a splice variant. With antibody probes to the core protein, decorunt is found to lack the carboxyl-terminal portion of decorin. Further analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry shows that the carboxyl terminus of decorunt is at Phe(170) of decorin. This result indicates that decorunt represents the amino-terminal 43% of the mature decorin molecule. Such a structure is inconsistent with alternative splicing of decorin and suggests that decorunt is a catabolic fragment of decorin. A neoepitope antiserum, anti-VRKVTF, was generated against the carboxyl terminus of decorunt. This antiserum does not recognize intact decorin in any skin proteoglycan sample tested on immunoblots but recognizes every sample of decorunt tested. The results with anti-VRKVTF confirm the identification of the carboxyl terminus of decorunt. Analysis of collagen binding by surface plasmon resonance indicates that the affinity of decorunt for type I collagen is 100-fold less than that of decorin. This observation correlates with the structural analysis of decorunt, in that it lacks regions of decorin previously shown to be important for interaction with type I collagen. The detection of a catabolic fragment of decorin suggests the existence of a specific catabolic pathway for this proteoglycan. Because of the capacity of decorin to influence collagen fibrillogenesis, catabolism of decorin may have important functional implications with respect to the dermal collagen network.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Carrino
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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22
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Tahara S, Matsuo M, Kaneko T. Age-related changes in oxidative damage to lipids and DNA in rat skin. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:415-26. [PMID: 11240163 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin is a tissue exposed most frequently to oxidative stress from the environment in daily life. Age-related changes of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activity in the skin were examined in male Fischer 344 rats aged 6 to 30 months. The contents of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) increased linearly with age. The content of cholesterol hydroperoxide increased until 24 months of age and then decreased. The content of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) increased gradually with age, and was significantly higher at 30 months of age than at 6 months of age. Superoxide dismutase activity tended to decrease with age. The activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase showed no changes with age. We examined the effect of dietary restriction on the accumulation of oxidative damage in rat skin. The increase in PCOOH content in the skin of dietary-restricted rats was suppressed until 30 months of age. The TBARS and cholesterol hydroperoxide contents in the skin of dietary-restricted rats were significantly lower than in the skin of ad libitum-fed rats, while the 8-oxodG content was somewhat lower in the dietary-restricted rats than the ad libitum-fed rats. These results indicate that oxidative damage to the lipids and DNA in rat skin increases with age and that dietary restriction delays the accumulation of oxidative damage in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tahara
- Department of Ultrastructure and Research Facilities, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Longitudinal forearm stability is maintained through the interaction of several anatomic structures. One such structure, the interosseous membrane, is a fibrous tissue with an oblique orientation from the radius to the ulna. The membrane maintains the interosseous space between the radius and ulna through forearm rotation and actively transfers forces from the radius to the ulna. The interosseous membrane's unique functional capabilities result from its anatomic and histologic organization, which produces a stiff structure with elastic properties capable of maintaining large loads. The interosseous membrane's load transferring ability reduces the forces placed on the radiocapitellar articulation, thereby protecting this joint. However, large chronic loading results in attenuation of the membrane fibers, thereby reducing longitudinal stability. Large sustained loads occur after radial head resection with concurrent interosseous membrane tears, resulting in the proximal migration of the radius and disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. Ultimately, the treatment option for severe membrane disruption combined with proximal migration of the radius is the creation of a single bone forearm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C McGinley
- Temple University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Pelvic organ prolapse is a common worldwide problem. Recent advances in our understanding of its pathophysiology, along with progress made in the evaluation and treatment of pelvic support defects, are discussed. Although the pathophysiology of this condition is still not completely understood, genetic factors and environmental factors are involved. Understanding these factors better will help us to approach treatment of pelvic organ prolapse in a more logical manner. Multiple surgical techniques are available for pelvic relaxation, with a wide range of success rates ranging from 77 to 97% for various procedures. New techniques need to be studied further before being incorporated into routine practice. Better standardization of evaluation methods can help in such clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koduri
- Evanston Continence Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Illinois 60201, USA.
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25
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Urbán Z, Peyrol S, Plauchu H, Zabot MT, Lebwohl M, Schilling K, Green M, Boyd CD, Csiszár K. Elastin gene deletions in Williams syndrome patients result in altered deposition of elastic fibers in skin and a subclinical dermal phenotype. Pediatr Dermatol 2000; 17:12-20. [PMID: 10720981 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2000.01703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a complex developmental disorder with multisystem involvement known to be the result of a microdeletion in the q11.23 region of chromosome 7. This deletion involves several genes, including the elastin gene. Although elastic fibers are important constituents of skin, little is known about the skin phenotype in WS patients. We have therefore studied the skin of four WS patients in which we've shown the deletion of one copy of the elastin gene. Physical examination and indirect immunofluorescent microscopy of elastin did not detect any major phenotypic or morphologic changes in the skin. We were able, however, to show subtle textural changes in skin and, by electron microscopy, that the amorphous component of elastic fibers in WS patients was consistently reduced when compared to normal controls. These findings indicate that deletion of one copy of the elastin gene results in reduced deposition of elastin in dermal elastic fibers, an altered elastic fiber ultrastructure, and a subclinical dermal phenotype in the children and young adult patients analyzed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Urbán
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822, USA
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26
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Connolly AM, Thorp JM. Childbirth-related perineal trauma: clinical significance and prevention. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1999; 42:820-35. [PMID: 10572696 DOI: 10.1097/00003081-199912000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Connolly
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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27
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Gniadecka M, Nielsen OF, Wessel S, Heidenheim M, Christensen DH, Wulf HC. Water and protein structure in photoaged and chronically aged skin. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:1129-33. [PMID: 9856828 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the structural proteins and hydration during aging is responsible for altered skin morphologic and mechanical properties manifested as wrinkling, sagging, loss of elasticity, or apparent dryness. To gain insight into the age-related alterations in protein conformation and water structure, we obtained Raman spectra from the sun-protected buttock skin representing chronologic aging and the sun-exposed forearm skin representing combined effects of photoaging and chronologic aging. Ten aged individuals (five men, five women; age range 74-87) and 10 control young individuals (five men, five women; age range 22-29) entered the study. In the photoaged forearm skin the positions of protein-specific amide I, amide III, and CH stretching bands were shifted, suggesting increased protein folding. In contrast, major changes were seen only in the amide I peak in chronologically aged skin. The intensity of the 3250 cm(-1) OH stretching band was increased in photoaged skin (but not in chronologically aged skin) indicating an increased water content. R(v) representation of the low-frequency region of Raman spectra was applied to determine water structure. In the young skin and chronologically aged skin water was mostly present in the bound form. In the photoaged skin, however, an increase in intensity at 180 cm(-1) was noted, which reflects an increase in the not-protein bound water (tetrahedron water clusters). In conclusion, it seems that proteins in the photoaged skin are more compact and interact with water to limited degree. Impairment in protein hydration may add to the understanding of ultrastructural, mechanical, and biochemical changes in structural proteins in the aged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gniadecka
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Wright AC, Bohning DE, Pecheny AP, Spicer KM. Magnetic resonance chemical shift microimaging of aging human skin in vivo: initial findings. Skin Res Technol 1998; 4:55-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.1998.tb00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Connective tissue microfibrils are key structural elements of the dermal matrix which play major roles in establishing and maintaining the structural and mechanical integrity of this complex tissue. Type VI collagen microfibrils form extensive microfibrillar networks which intercalate between the major collagen fibrils and are juxtaposed to cellular basement membranes, blood vessels and other interstitial structures. Fibrillin microfibrils define the continuous elastic network of skin, and are present in dermis as microfibril bundles devoid of measureable elastin extending from the dermal-epithelial junction and as components of the thick elastic fibres present in the deep reticular dermis. Electron microscopic analyses have revealed both classes of microfibrils to have complex ultrastructures. The ability to isolate intact native microfibrils from skin has enabled a combination of high resolution and biochemical techniques to be applied to elucidate their structure:function relationships. These approaches have generated new information about their molecular organisation and physiological interactions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kielty
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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30
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Abstract
The requirements for imaging the skin are dictated by the organ's layered structure, which extends only a few millimeters from the surface and thus demands extremely high resolution in this direction. While less critical, resolution in the remaining two dimensions determines whether the skin's accessory structures can be resolved. The problem is compounded by short transverse relaxation times, in particular of the dermis, the structure of most clinical interest. In this work images of the normal human skin were obtained in vivo at voxel sizes as small as 19 x 78 x 800 microm3, by means of customized 3D gradient and partial flip-angle spin-echo pulse sequences and very small transmit/receive coils on a 1.5T clinical imager equipped with high-power whole-body gradients. Structures resolved include hair follicles and the sublayers of the dermis. The very short time constant for the major component (91%) for transverse relaxation in the dermis (T2* approximately 10 ms) suggests the potential of substantial gains in achievable signal-to-noise ratio by shortening the echo time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Song
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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31
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Abstract
The water content of the skin is greatly influenced by ground substances, which may be responsible for wrinkling and laxity of the skin accompanying the cutaneous aging. Therefore, water content in the skin is presumed to be a critical determinant in cutaneous aging. This study was aimed at clarifying the change in water content and the content of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) of rat skin in relation to aging. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old groups. Two-to-three grams of skin tissue samples were taken from the back, and a half of sample was dried at 160 degrees C for 30 min with electronic moisture balance, and water content was assessed as decreased weight by heating. To measure change of GAG of the rat skin, another half of samples were extracted with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4 NaPB) and 2 M guanidine-HCl/Tris buffer (pH 7.4). The resultant insoluble pellet was dried at 50 degrees C in a drying over for 72 h after two washings and the dry weight was recorded. The amount of sulfated GAG in the skin extracts was measured by alcian blue precipitation assay, and the amount of uronic acid (UA) was assayed in the skin tissue extracts and the dried skin using the carbazole reaction. The water content of the rat skin decreased with age, and a similar decreasing pattern in the amount of sulfated GAG and UA of the rat skin tissue was observed with aging. One hundred times of UA was obtained in dry rat skin tissue, as compared with that of the skin extracts. In conclusion, there occurs a significant decrease of water content in the aged rat skin, which may be related to the change of GAG with intrinsic aging of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam University Medical School, Dong-ku, Kwangju, South Korea
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32
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SOSNDERGAARD K, HEICKENDORFF L, RISTELI L, RISTELLI J, ZACHARIAE H, STENGAARD-PEDERSHN K, DELEURAN B. Increased levels of type I and III collagen and hyaluronan in scleroderma skin. Br J Dermatol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb08745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Giacomoni PU, D'Alessio P. Open questions in photobiology. IV. Photoaging of the skin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1996; 33:267-72. [PMID: 8683401 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P U Giacomoni
- Laboratoires de Recherche de l'Oréal, Chevilly-Larue, France
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34
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Moghimi SM, Rajabi-Siahboomi R. Advanced colloid-based systems for efficient delivery of drugs and diagnostic agents to the lymphatic tissues. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 65:221-49. [PMID: 9062433 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(96)00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Moghimi
- Micro-Tek Systems (Consultancy Services in Drug Delivery Systems), Nottingham, UK
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35
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Reihsner R, Balogh B, Menzel EJ. Two-dimensional elastic properties of human skin in terms of an incremental model at the in vivo configuration. Med Eng Phys 1995; 17:304-13. [PMID: 7633759 DOI: 10.1016/1350-4533(95)90856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The two-dimensional biomechanical behaviour and the collagen content of human skin samples from different anatomical sites was examined. The axes of minimum and maximum shrinkage after excision were determined and correlated with the 'Langer' cleavage lines. Test equipment was developed to restore the original geometry and to measure the loads acting perpendicular to the circumference of the skin specimens. These loads were normalized with respect to the thickness and collagen content and considered as the in vivo tension generated by the surrounding skin area. Using the in vivo geometry of the specimen as reference a set of incremental strains was applied. After stress relaxation was completed the final values of stresses were recorded and related to the incremental strains. The two-dimensional stress-strain relationship was the basis for the evaluation of the incremental elastic moduli. Orthotropic mechanical behaviour was found mainly in regions of reduced in vivo tension. The relationship between the degree of anisotropy at the in vivo configuration and the morphological structure is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reihsner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Vienna, Austria
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36
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Gniadecka M. Non-invasive methods for determination of oedema and water behaviour in the skin. Skin Res Technol 1995; 1:55-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.1995.tb00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Dumas M, Chaudagne C, Bonté F, Meybeck A. In vitro biosynthesis of type I and III collagens by human dermal fibroblasts from donors of increasing age. Mech Ageing Dev 1994; 73:179-87. [PMID: 8057688 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(94)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative study of type I and type III collagen production was carried out on primary cultures of human dermal fibroblasts. Cultures were initiated from facial and mammary skin of 29 women aged between 19 and 68 years. Secreted and cell-associated collagen levels were determined by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that the secretion of type I and type III collagen decreased linearly with age (r = 0.432; P = 0.0193 and r = 0.502; P = 0.0147, respectively). There was a 29% loss in secretion ability for type I and type III collagen over the 49-year period studied. Furthermore, no significant linear age-related decrease was observed for type I and type III collagen associated with the cellular fraction. The influence of body site was also analysed. We observed a significant linear age-related decrease in type I collagen secretion by mammary skin cells (P = 0.0183 and r = 0.618) as well as facial skin cells (P = 0.0037 and r = 0.699). Furthermore, only mammary skin fibroblasts showed a significant linear age-related decrease in secreted type III collagen (P = 0.106 and r = 0.513). No age-related variations in cell-associated collagen were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dumas
- LVMH Recherche, Colombes, France
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38
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Tammi R, Agren UM, Tuhkanen AL, Tammi M. Hyaluronan metabolism in skin. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1994; 29:1-81. [PMID: 7892506 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(11)80023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Finland
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39
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Richard S, Querleux B, Bittoun J, Jolivet O, Idy-Peretti I, de Lacharriere O, Leveque JL. Characterization of the skin in vivo by high resolution magnetic resonance imaging: water behavior and age-related effects. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100:705-9. [PMID: 8388010 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12472356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The age-related modifications of magnetic resonance imaging parameters in the skin have been studied in vivo. Modification of these parameters should provide important information about alterations in water structure and content in aged skin. Relaxation times, T1 and T2, and relative proton density, which corresponds to the mobile water proton fraction of tissues, have been measured on people under age 40 and over 70 on a sun-protected area. Results have confirmed in vivo skin layer differentiation through relaxation times performed in a previous study. Moreover, relative proton density quantification has shown that epidermal mobile water is at least twice as abundant as dermal mobile water. No significant age-related T1 and T2 modification could be established, basically because of a large dispersion of values. The main result concerns the upper part of dermis (about 200 microns in thickness) which contains significantly more mobile water protons in chronologic aged skin than in young adult skin. This increase has been related both to an increase of total water content in dermis with age and to an apparent decrease of collagen and proteoglycan content. Associated with alterations of their structure, this decrease reduces macromolecular-water interaction sites. This finding has to be compared with ultrasound evaluation of aged skin, which is characterized by modifications of the echogenicity, related to collagen bundles size and density, in the outer part of dermis, too. Both of the imaging techniques tend to consider the outer part of dermis as one of the privileged sites of skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Richard
- Laboratoires de Recherche de L'OREAL, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
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40
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Boyer B, Fourtanier A, Kern P, Labat-Robert J. UVA- and UVB-induced changes in collagen and fibronectin biosynthesis in the skin of hairless mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1992; 14:247-59. [PMID: 1432393 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The modifications induced in hairless mouse skin by chronic UV irradiation were investigated. Skin explant cultures were used to study UVA- and UVB-induced changes occurring in interstitial collagen (type I and type III) and fibronectin biosynthesis. To study the long-term effects, albino hairless mice were irradiated with UVA radiation alone from two sources with different spectral qualities or with UVB. UVA and UVB radiation produced a significant increase in the ratio of type III to type I collagen (more than 100% for UVA-irradiated skin and about 60% for UVB-irradiated skin) accompanied by a significantly increased fibronectin biosynthesis (50% or more in all irradiated groups). Irradiation with either UVA or UVB alone had no significant effect on the total collagen synthesis and resulted in only a slight decrease in the total collagen content of the skin determined as hydroxyproline. This decrease was significant only in the case of the group irradiated with UVA (xenon) (decrease of 25%, expressed as micrograms of hydroxyproline per milligram wet weight). A significant decrease in collagen hydroxylation (expressed as radioactive hydroxyproline/radioactive hydroxyproline plus proline in neosynthesized collagen) was observed of about 50% in skin irradiated with UVA (xenon) but not in UVB-treated skin. Several of the above modifications (increased fibronectin biosynthesis, increased collagen type III to type I ratio) correspond to the modifications observed during the aging of non-irradiated hairless mice. Therefore it appears that UV irradiation accelerates the modifications of extracellular matrix biosynthesis observed during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Boyer
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Conjonctif, UA CNRS 1460, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, Créteil, France
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Richard S, Querleux B, Bittoun J, Idy-Peretti I, Jolivet O, Cermakova E, Lévêque JL. In vivo proton relaxation times analysis of the skin layers by magnetic resonance imaging. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 97:120-5. [PMID: 2056181 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12478540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
If in vivo magnetic resonance imaging is nowadays a powerful non-invasive method in medical diagnosis, its application in order to study the skin in vivo is not yet in common use because skin imaging requires a high resolution, at least in the direction perpendicular to the skin surface. We have therefore designed a specific imaging module, which, connected to a standard whole-body imager at 1.5 Tesla, allows us to obtain in vivo magnetic resonance images of skin on most parts of the body. With a depth resolution of about 70 microns, we are able to differentiate the skin layers: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, and even a thickened stratum corneum on palm as well as on heel. This paper reports the T1 and T2 water proton relaxation times of the different skin layers, in vivo, which are magnetic resonance parameters extracted from the images. Results show that skin layers are characterized by shorter T2 relaxation times than other biologic soft tissues. On the contrary, the measured T1 values are in the same range as in other tissues. These short T2 values may be assigned to the fibrous protein content of the skin and particularly of the dermis. This study on normal skin is the precursor of further works such as the influence of aging. As regards skin pathologies, it will be a powerful tool to follow the evolution of skin diseases under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Richard
- Laboratoires de Recherche de L'OREAL, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
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42
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Uitto J, Olsen DR, Fazio MJ. Extracellular Matrix of the Skin: 50 Years of Progress. J Invest Dermatol 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1989.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The extracellular connective tissue matrix of the skin is a complex aggregate of distinct collagenous and non-collagenous components. Optimal quantities and delicate interactions of these components are necessary to maintain normal physiologic properties of skin. This overview summarizes the progress made in understanding the normal biology and biochemistry of the extracellular matrix, and will highlight cutaneous diseases with underlying molecular defects in the structure and expression of extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uitto
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Uitto J. Connective Tissue Biochemistry of the Aging Dermis: Age-Associated Alterations in Collagen and Elastin. Clin Geriatr Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Lowe
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology, UCLA School of Medicine
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Sephel GC, Sturrock A, Giro MG, Davidson JM. Increased elastin production by progeria skin fibroblasts is controlled by the steady-state levels of elastin mRNA. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90:643-7. [PMID: 3361140 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12560800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is a unique, rare disease with markedly accelerated aging. The average lifespan of affected individuals is 12 years. Although the biochemical basis of the syndrome is unknown, its influence appears to be primarily upon mesodermal tissues. Characteristics such as the altered appearance of the skin and the extensive and fatal involvement of the cardiovascular system led us to study elastin production in cultured skin fibroblasts from three progeroid individuals. We found tropoelastin production by progeroid cells was elevated six- to nine-fold at the protein and mRNA levels, while relative collagen synthesis was similar to control strains. There was little difference between progeroid and normal cells in expression of total protein or in total cellular mRNA content. Western blot analysis of tropoelastin from progeroid fibroblasts confirmed increased production of elastin but revealed no gross changes in the molecular mass. The significant increase in tropoelastin expression lends support to the concept that progeria results from a mesenchymal dysplasia, and offers a possible biochemical marker for the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Sephel
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Abstract
This report represents a clear demonstration of a cross-link in collagen whose abundance is related to chronological aging of an organism. Recently its structure was identified as histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine. Quantification of the cross-link in various aged samples of bovine and human skin indicate that it rapidly increases from birth through maturation. Subsequently, a steady increase occurs with aging, approaching 1 mole/mole of collagen. This compound seems to be related to the relative proportions of soluble to insoluble collagen from skin in neutral salt, dilute acid, and denaturing aqueous solvents (higher concentration in the insoluble portion). It is absent from other major collagenous tissues such as dentin, bone and tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamauchi
- Dental Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514-7455
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Niedermüller H, Petersen RD. The influence of age, proteoglycans and UV-irradiation on biochemical and rheological parameters of rat's skin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 231:641-9. [PMID: 3414447 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9042-8_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Niedermüller
- Dept. of Gerontology, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine, Wien, Austria
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Lundin A, Engström-Laurent A, Michaëlsson G, Tengblad A. High levels of hyaluronate in suction blister fluid from active psoriatic lesions. Br J Dermatol 1987; 116:335-40. [PMID: 3567072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronate concentrations were measured in suction blister fluid from blisters raised on the abdominal skin of 12 healthy control subjects, on unaffected skin of 14 patients with psoriasis, and on lesional skin from 12 of these patients. The concentrations of hyaluronate in blister fluid from the controls and from the uninvolved skin of patients with psoriasis were within the same range (2.9-10.5 and 2.4-7.8 mg/l, respectively). Six of the patients had active, widespread, untreated psoriasis and in these cases the hyaluronate concentration in blister fluid from lesional skin was greatly increased (24-30 mg/l). Patients with stable or regressing psoriasis had no significant increase in hyaluronate levels in the blister fluid from lesional skin compared with the controls (range 4.6-12.4 mg/l). Patients with active psoriasis had significantly higher serum hyaluronate concentrations than the controls and those with inactive psoriasis.
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Abstract
Solar-induced cutaneous changes are more prevalent and profound in older persons and, thus, are often inappropriately attributed to the aging process, per se. Structural and functional alterations caused by intrinsic aging and independent of environmental insults are now recognized in the skin of elderly individuals. Structurally the aged epidermis likely becomes thinner, the corneocytes become less adherent to one another, and there is flattening of the dermoepidermal interface. The number of melanocytes and Langerhans cells is decreased. The dermis becomes atrophic and it is relatively acellular and avascular. Dermal collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans are altered. The subcutaneous tissue is diminished in some areas, especially the face, shins, hands, and feet, while in others, particularly the abdomen in men and the thighs in women, it is increased. The number of eccrine glands is reduced and both the eccrine and apocrine glands undergo attenuation. Sebaceous glands tend to increase in size but paradoxically their secretory output is lessened. The nail plate is generally thinned, the surface ridged and lusterless, and the lunula decreased in size. There is a progressive reduction in the density of hair follicles per unit area on the face and scalp, independent of male-pattern alopecia. The hair shaft diameter is generally reduced but in some areas, especially the ears, nose, and eyebrows of men and the upper lip and chin in women, it is increased as vellus hairs convert to cosmetically compromising terminal hairs. Functional alterations noted in the skin of elderly persons include a decreased growth rate of the epidermis, hair, and nails, delayed wound healing, reduced dermal clearance of fluids and foreign materials, and compromised vascular responsiveness. Eccrine and apocrine secretions are diminished. The cutaneous immune and inflammatory responses are impaired, particularly cell-mediated immunity. Clinical correlates of these intrinsic aging changes of the skin include alopecia, pallor, xerosis, an increased number of benign and malignant epidermal neoplasms, increased susceptibility to blister formation, predisposition to injury of the dermis and underlying tissues, delayed onset and resolution of blisters and wheals, persistent contact dermatitis, impaired tanning response to ultraviolet light, increased risk for wound infections, prolongation of therapy necessary for onychomycosis, and thermoregulatory disturbances.
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