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Liu F, Tang SJ, Li ZW, Liu XR, Lv Q, Zhang W, Peng D. Poor oral health was associated with higher risk of gastric cancer: Evidence from 1431677 participants. World J Gastrointest Surg 2024; 16:585-595. [PMID: 38463366 PMCID: PMC10921211 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i2.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the association between oral health and the risk of gastric cancer (GC) has gradually attracted increased interest. However, in terms of GC incidence, the association between oral health and GC incidence remains controversial. Periodontitis is reported to increase the risk of GC. However, some studies have shown that periodontitis has no effect on the risk of GC. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess whether there is a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC. AIM To assess whether there was a relationship between oral health and the risk of GC. METHODS Five databases were searched to find eligible studies from inception to April 10, 2023. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score was used to assess the quality of included studies. The quality of cohort studies and case-control studies were evaluated separately in this study. Incidence of GC were described by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Funnel plot was used to represent the publication bias of included studies. We performed the data analysis by StataSE 16. RESULTS A total of 1431677 patients from twelve included studies were enrolled for data analysis in this study. According to our analysis, we found that the poor oral health was associated with higher risk of GC (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.02-1.29; I2 = 59.47%, P = 0.00 < 0.01). Moreover, after subgroup analysis, the outcomes showed that whether tooth loss (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 0.94-1.29; I2 = 6.01%, P > 0.01), gingivitis (OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 0.71-1.67; I2 = 0.00%, P > 0.01), dentures (OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 0.63-1.19; I2 = 68.79%, P > 0.01), or tooth brushing (OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.78-1.71; I2 = 88.87%, P > 0.01) had no influence on the risk of GC. However, patients with periodontitis (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.04-1.23; I2 = 0.00%, P < 0.01) had a higher risk of GC. CONCLUSION Patients with poor oral health, especially periodontitis, had a higher risk of GC. Patients should be concerned about their oral health. Improving oral health might reduce the risk of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shi-Jun Tang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zi-Wei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xu-Rui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Quan Lv
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Win Myint TT, McIvor N, Douglas R, Tin Tin S, Elwood M. Incidence, trends, and survival of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2006-2020. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 85:102393. [PMID: 37267678 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing trend of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) has been reported in several countries with different demographic characteristics, and often attributed to increases in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The survival of patients with OPC has steadily improved, especially for those with positive HPV status. This study assessed the incidence, trends, and survival of OPC in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) by age at diagnosis, sex and ethnicity. METHODS The study included all 2109 patients resident in NZ with a primary diagnosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma from 2006 to 2020, identified from the National Cancer Registry. We assessed age-standardised incidence rate (ASR), annual percent change (APC) and overall and relative survival rates. RESULTS The average annual incidence of OPC was 2.2 per 100,000 population. There was a steady increase of 4.9% per year over 15 years. Although the incidence rates were higher in males over the study period, the overall rate of increase was similar in males (4.9%) and in females (4.3%). The incidence was highest in the 50-69-year group (8.8/100,000 population). This age group had an incidence that increased by 7.5% per year to 2018, and then declined. The main increase in rates was seen between the birth cohort of 1946-50 and that of 1956-60. The increase in incidence was seen in Māori and Pākehā/European populations, but no increase was seen in Pacific or Asian populations. The 5-year overall relative survival rate improved from 69% in 2006-13 to 78% in 2014-20. Survival rates were lower in older patients, females, and Māori patients. CONCLUSION This study confirmed a substantial increase in OPC incidence in NZ, with some evidence to suggest a recent slowing in this increase. Māori and Pākehā/European had the highest incidence, while Pacific and Asian populations showed the lowest rates and no increase over the study period. Survival rates have improved over time, but remained lower in some demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thu Win Myint
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Nick McIvor
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Te Toka Tumai Auckland, Te Whatu Ora - Health, New Zealand
| | - Richard Douglas
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Te Toka Tumai Auckland, Te Whatu Ora - Health, New Zealand
| | - Sandar Tin Tin
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Elwood
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Akhiwu BI, Akhiwu HO, Afolaranmi T, Chuwang N, Elugbe A, Shedrach A, Luka P, Odumosu P, Olorunfemi PO, Adoga SA, Silas O, Ugwu BT, Ladeinde A, Imade GE, Sagay AS. Characterization of high risk human papilloma virus genotypes associated with oropharyngeal cancers in a Nigerian population. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:40. [PMID: 33777308 PMCID: PMC7955602 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.40.27309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction head and neck cancers have essentially been a disease of the elderly but recent studies are beginning to demonstrate their increasing incidence in young people with infections such as human papilloma virus (HPV). This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of high risk Human papilloma virus (hrHPV) related oropharyngeal carcinoma and its prevalent genotypes as well as their strength of association with HIV in adult Nigerian subjects. Methods this was a cross-sectional study of 41 patients with oropharyngeal carcinomas seen over a 2-year period. Patients had incisional and/or excisional biopsy done under anesthesia. A portion of the specimen from which the DNA was extracted was placed in Digene HC2 DNA collection device while the 2nd portion for histopathological analysis was fixed using 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF) and embedded in paraffin blocks. Oropharyngeal cancer HPV genotyping was done using HPV genotypes 14 real-tm quant kit (SACACE, Italy). The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results prevalence of HPV was 17.1% with a male to female ratio of 2.7: 1. The identified genotypes were 16, 33, 35 and 52 with 28.6% of patients having more than one genotype. Most of the age groups studied were affected. Squamous cell carcinoma and ameloblastic carcinoma were the cancers associated with HPV. HPV was not identified in the HIV positive patients. Conclusion high-risk human papilloma virus genotypes 16, 33, 35 and 52 are associated with oropharyngeal carcinoma in Nigeria but were not found in HIV patients. This finding provides a strong evidence for the use of the 9-valent prophylactic vaccine for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer in Nigeria. Public awareness and HPV prevention strategies should reduce significantly the incidence of oropharyngeal carcinomas in our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Idemudia Akhiwu
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Lamingo Permanent Site, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Helen Oluwadamilola Akhiwu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Lamingo Permanent Site, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Afolaranmi
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Nyam Chuwang
- STAMINA Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Ambrose Elugbe
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Acheng Shedrach
- Genomics and Postgraduate Research Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Pam Luka
- Biotechnology Center, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Patricia Odumosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Samuel Agida Adoga
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat surgery, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Lamingo Permanent Site, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga Silas
- Department of Pathology, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Lamingo Permanent Site, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Tagbo Ugwu
- Department of Surgery, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Lamingo Permanent Site, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Akinola Ladeinde
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Eremwan Imade
- Department of OBGYN, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Atiene Solomon Sagay
- Department of OBGYN, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Ju X, Canfell K, Smith M, Sethi S, Garvey G, Hedges J, Logan RM, Antonsson A, Jamieson LM. High-Risk Human Papillomavirus-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among Non-Indigenous and Indigenous Populations: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 165:23-32. [PMID: 33228443 DOI: 10.1177/0194599820975042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of oral high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) infection and the proportion of hr-HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. DATA SOURCE Electronic database searches of PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, MEDLINE, Scope, and Google Scholar were conducted for articles published from January 2000 until November 2019. REVIEW METHODS Studies were included with a minimum of 100 cases assessing hr-HPV infection in either population samples or oropharyngeal cancer tumor series. The objective was to conduct meta-analyses to calculate the pooled prevalence of oral hr-HPV infection by adjusting for age group or sex in primary studies, the incidence of OPSCC, and the proportion of hr-HPV-related OPSCC in Indigenous people and non-Indigenous/general populations. RESULTS We identified 47 eligible studies from 157 articles for meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of oral hr-HPV infection was 7.494% (95% CI, 5.699%-9.289%) in a general population, with a higher prevalence among men (10.651%) than women (5.176%). The pooled incidence rate was 13.395 (95% CI, 9.315-17.475) and 7.206 (95% CI, 4.961-9.450) per 100,000 person-years in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, respectively. The overall pooled proportion of hr-HPV-related OPSCC was 50.812% (95 CI, 41.656%-59.969%). The highest proportion was in North America (60.221%), while the lowest proportion was in the Asia-Pacific (34.246%). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that in the general population, the prevalence of oral hr-HPV infection is lower among females and those in younger age groups. The incidence of OPSCC was higher among Indigenous than non-Indigenous populations, with the proportion being highest in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Ju
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen Canfell
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Megan Smith
- Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sneha Sethi
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gail Garvey
- Menzies School of Health Research, Spring Hill, Australia
| | - Joanne Hedges
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard M Logan
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Annika Antonsson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa M Jamieson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Tang JA, Lango MN. Diverging incidence trends for larynx and tonsil cancer in low socioeconomic regions of the US. Oral Oncol 2019; 91:65-68. [PMID: 30926064 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oropharynx cancer incidence trends in low socioeconomic (SES) regions of the United States (US) have not been well described. Our objective was to describe tonsil cancer incidence trends in low SES regions, and compare observed trends with those for larynx cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Age-adjusted incidence rates and trends for tonsil and larynx squamous cell carcinomas (2000-14) from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER 18) were evaluated using SEER*Stat and Joinpoint 4.5.0.1. Annual percentage changes (APCs) were compared between low and high SES counties. The laryngeal cancer cohort was included as a comparator reflecting a tobacco-related malignancy. RESULTS Tonsil cancer incidence trends increased at least as much in low SES as in high SES counties (APC/AAPC 4.4, 95%CI 2.4-6.4 versus APC/AAPC 2.9, 95%CI 2.4-3.3). Pairwise comparison confirmed no differences between incidence trends across SES quintiles for tonsil cancer incidence rates. In contrast, age-adjusted incidence rates of larynx cancer decreased in high SES counties (APC/AAPC -2.4, 95%CI -2.4 to -2.0, p < 0.001) and were stable in low SES counties (APC/AAPC -0.9, 95%CI -1.9 to 0.2, p = 0.10). Compared with larynx cancer patients, tonsil cancer patients in low SES regions were significantly more likely to be younger and white. CONCLUSION In low SES US counties, tonsil cancer incidence rates increased from 2000 to 2014, while larynx cancer rates did not change, reflecting diverging trends for larynx and tonsil cancers. Tonsil cancer incidence rates are increasing in most US regions regardless of regional socioeconomic status. Prevention efforts should take these findings into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Miriam N Lango
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Mirza AH, Aylin P, Middleton S, King EV, Nouraei RAR, Repanos C. Impact of social deprivation on the outcome of major head and neck cancer surgery in England: A national analysis. Head Neck 2018; 41:692-700. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adal H. Mirza
- University Hospital Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Paul Aylin
- Dr Foster Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health; Imperial College; London United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma V. King
- University Hospital Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Reza A. R. Nouraei
- Centre for Airway, Voice and Swallowing, Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery; Poole Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust; Poole United Kingdom
| | - Costa Repanos
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; Queen Alexandra Hospital; Portsmouth United Kingdom
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7
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Yakin M, Seo B, Hussaini H, Rich A, Hunter K. Human papillomavirus and oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: the essentials. Aust Dent J 2018; 64:11-18. [PMID: 30238467 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a global increase in the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) in Australia and New Zealand. Risk factors for HPV-positive OPSCC are male gender, white race, age older than 40 but younger than 59 years old, having multiple lifetime sex partners, having oro-genital and oro-anal sex. High-risk HPV subtypes play a major role in the pathogenesis of OPSCC, however, they play a much lesser role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Among the laboratory tests used to detect oncogenic HPV infection, polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive method but does not reflect the role of HPV in oncogenesis. While widely used, p16 immunohistochemistry is both a sensitive and a specific surrogate marker for oncogenic HPV infection in OPSCC, but not in OSCC. However, it is a useful prognostic marker in OPSCC. The current gold standard to accurately detect oncogenic HPV infection is E6/E7 mRNAin situ hybridization. Because both HPV-positive and p16-positive OPSCC have better short-term prognoses there is current debate and trials on treatment de-escalation in HPV-positive OPSCC. Dental practitioners can play an important role in early diagnosis of HPV-positive OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yakin
- School of Dentistry & Health Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B Seo
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H Hussaini
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A Rich
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - K Hunter
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, UK
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Pollaers K, Kujan O, Johnson NW, Farah CS. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Oceania. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ORAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2057178x17726455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Pollaers
- UWA Dental School, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Newell W Johnson
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Camile S Farah
- UWA Dental School, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research and Education, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Cheraghlou S, Kuo P, Mehra S, Yarbrough WG, Judson BL. Untreated oral cavity cancer: Long-term survival and factors associated with treatment refusal. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:664-669. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Cheraghlou
- Division of Otolaryngology; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut U.S.A
| | - Phoebe Kuo
- Division of Otolaryngology; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut U.S.A
| | - Saral Mehra
- Division of Otolaryngology; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut U.S.A
- Yale Cancer Center; New Haven Connecticut U.S.A
| | - Wendell G. Yarbrough
- Division of Otolaryngology; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut U.S.A
- Department of Pathology; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven CT U.S.A
- Yale Cancer Center; New Haven Connecticut U.S.A
| | - Benjamin L. Judson
- Division of Otolaryngology; Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut U.S.A
- Yale Cancer Center; New Haven Connecticut U.S.A
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Kwon H, Brasch H, Benison S, Marsh R, Itinteang T, Titchener G, Evans J, Tan S. Changing prevalence and treatment outcomes of patients with p16 human papillomavirus related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in New Zealand. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 54:898-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ou P, Gear K, Rahnama F, Thomas S, Nagappan R, Kee D, Waldvogel-Thurlow S, Jain R, McIvor N, Izzard M, Douglas R. Human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a New Zealand cohort study. ANZ J Surg 2016; 88:E278-E283. [DOI: 10.1111/ans.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ou
- Department of Surgery; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Kim Gear
- Department of Oto-rhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Fahimeh Rahnama
- Department of Virology and Anatomical Pathology; LabPLUS, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Stephen Thomas
- Department of Virology and Anatomical Pathology; LabPLUS, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Radhika Nagappan
- Department of Virology and Anatomical Pathology; LabPLUS, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Dennis Kee
- Department of Virology and Anatomical Pathology; LabPLUS, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Ravi Jain
- Department of Surgery; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Nick McIvor
- Department of Oto-rhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Mark Izzard
- Department of Oto-rhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Richard Douglas
- Department of Surgery; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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