1
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Dong X, Pei G, Yang Z, Huang S. Flavonoid chrysin activates both TrkB and FGFR1 receptors while upregulates their endogenous ligands such as brain derived neurotrophic factor to promote human neurogenesis. Cell Prolif 2024:e13732. [PMID: 39331585 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process of generating new neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs) and plays a crucial role in neurological diseases. The process involves a series of steps, including NSC proliferation, migration and differentiation, which are regulated by multiple pathways such as neurotrophic Trk and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) signalling. Despite the discovery of numerous compounds capable of modulating individual stages of neurogenesis, it remains challenging to identify an agent that can regulate multiple cellular processes of neurogenesis. Here, through screening of bioactive compounds in dietary functional foods, we identified a flavonoid chrysin that not only enhanced the human NSCs proliferation but also facilitated neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Further mechanistic study revealed the effect of chrysin was attenuated by inhibition of neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase-B (TrkB) receptor. Consistently, chrysin activated TrkB and downstream ERK1/2 and AKT. Intriguingly, we found that the effect of chrysin was also reduced by FGFR1 blockade. Moreover, extended treatment of chrysin enhanced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, as well as FGF1 and FGF8. Finally, chrysin was found to promote neurogenesis in human cerebral organoids by increasing the organoid expansion and folding, which was also mediated by TrkB and FGFR1 signalling. To conclude, our study indicates that activating both TrkB and FGFR1 signalling could be a promising avenue for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases, and chrysin appears to be a potential candidate for the development of such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Pei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Biomedicine, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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2
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Dejou J, Mandairon N, Didier A. Olfactory neurogenesis plays different parts at successive stages of life, implications for mental health. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1467203. [PMID: 39175668 PMCID: PMC11338910 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1467203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb is a unique site of continuous neurogenesis, primarily generating inhibitory interneurons, a process that begins at birth and extends through infancy and adulthood. This review examines the characteristics of olfactory bulb neurogenesis, focusing on granule cells, the most numerous interneurons, and how their age and maturation affect their function. Adult-born granule cells, while immature, contribute to the experience-dependent plasticity of the olfactory circuit by enabling structural and functional synaptic changes. In contrast, granule cells born early in life form the foundational elements of the olfactory bulb circuit, potentially facilitating innate olfactory information processing. The implications of these neonatal cells on early life olfactory memory and their impact on adult perception, particularly in response to aversive events and susceptibility to emotional disorders, warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Dejou
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Didier
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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3
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Alonso M, Petit AC, Lledo PM. The impact of adult neurogenesis on affective functions: of mice and men. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:2527-2542. [PMID: 38499657 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In most mammals, new neurons are not only produced during embryogenesis but also after birth. Soon after adult neurogenesis was discovered, the influence of recruiting new neurons on cognitive functions, especially on memory, was documented. Likewise, the late process of neuronal production also contributes to affective functions, but this outcome was recognized with more difficulty. This review covers hypes and hopes of discovering the influence of newly-generated neurons on brain circuits devoted to affective functions. If the possibility of integrating new neurons into the adult brain is a commonly accepted faculty in the realm of mammals, the reluctance is strong when it comes to translating this concept to humans. Compiling data suggest now that new neurons are derived not only from stem cells, but also from a population of neuroblasts displaying a protracted maturation and ready to be engaged in adult brain circuits, under specific signals. Here, we discuss the significance of recruiting new neurons in the adult brain circuits, specifically in the context of affective outcomes. We also discuss the fact that adult neurogenesis could be the ultimate cellular process that integrates elements from both the internal and external environment to adjust brain functions. While we must be critical and beware of the unreal promises that Science could generate sometimes, it is important to continue exploring the potential of neural recruitment in adult primates. Reporting adult neurogenesis in humankind contributes to a new vision of humans as mammals whose brain continues to develop throughout life. This peculiar faculty could one day become the target of treatment for mental health, cognitive disorders, and elderly-associated diseases. The vision of an adult brain which never stops integrating new neurons is a real game changer for designing new therapeutic interventions to treat mental disorders associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and social costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alonso
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Petit
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire Psychiatrie Paris 15, GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France.
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4
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Zhao R. Can exercise benefits be harnessed with drugs? A new way to combat neurodegenerative diseases by boosting neurogenesis. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:36. [PMID: 39049102 PMCID: PMC11271207 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is affected by multiple factors, such as enriched environment, exercise, ageing, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegenerative disorders can impair AHN, leading to progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Compelling evidence suggests that individuals engaged in regular exercise exhibit higher production of proteins that are essential for AHN and memory. Interestingly, specific molecules that mediate the effects of exercise have shown effectiveness in promoting AHN and cognition in different transgenic animal models. Despite these advancements, the precise mechanisms by which exercise mimetics induce AHN remain partially understood. Recently, some novel exercise molecules have been tested and the underlying mechanisms have been proposed, involving intercommunications between multiple organs such as muscle-brain crosstalk, liver-brain crosstalk, and gut-brain crosstalk. In this review, we will discuss the current evidence regarding the effects and potential mechanisms of exercise mimetics on AHN and cognition in various neurological disorders. Opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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5
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Xu L, Saeed S, Ma X, Cen X, Sun Y, Tian Y, Zhang X, Zhang D, Tang A, Zhou H, Lai J, Xia H, Hu S. Hippocampal mitophagy contributes to spatial memory via maintaining neurogenesis during the development of mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14800. [PMID: 38887162 PMCID: PMC11183181 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired mitochondrial dynamics have been identified as a significant contributing factor to reduced neurogenesis under pathological conditions. However, the relationship among mitochondrial dynamics, neurogenesis, and spatial memory during normal development remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the role of mitophagy in spatial memory mediated by neurogenesis during development. METHODS Adolescent and adult male mice were used to assess spatial memory performance. Immunofluorescence staining was employed to evaluate levels of neurogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamics were assessed through western blotting and transmission electron microscopy. Pharmacological interventions further validated the causal relationship among mitophagy, neurogenesis, and behavioral performance during development. RESULTS The study revealed differences in spatial memory between adolescent and adult mice. Diminished neurogenesis, accompanied by reduced mitophagy, was observed in the hippocampus of adult mice compared to adolescent subjects. Pharmacological induction of mitophagy in adult mice with UMI-77 resulted in enhanced neurogenesis and prolonged spatial memory retention. Conversely, inhibition of mitophagy with Mdivi-1 in adolescent mice led to reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired spatial memory. CONCLUSION The observed decline in spatial memory in adult mice is associated with decreased mitophagy, which affects neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. This underscores the therapeutic potential of enhancing mitophagy to counteract age- or disease-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Nanhu Brain‐computer Interface InstituteHangzhouChina
- Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Saboor Saeed
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Nanhu Brain‐computer Interface InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Xinxu Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xufeng Cen
- Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yifei Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yanan Tian
- Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of BiochemistryZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Nanhu Brain‐computer Interface InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Anying Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Hetong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- The Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision psychiatryHangzhouChina
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianbo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- The Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision psychiatryHangzhouChina
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital & Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of BiochemistryZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Nanhu Brain‐computer Interface InstituteHangzhouChina
- The Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision psychiatryHangzhouChina
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental HealthHangzhouChina
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Machine IntegrationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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6
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Tiwari S, Phoolmala, Goyal S, Yadav RK, Chaturvedi RK. Bisphenol-F and Bisphenol-S (BPF and BPS) Impair the Stemness of Neural Stem Cells and Neuronal Fate Decision in the Hippocampus Leading to Cognitive Dysfunctions. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04160-1. [PMID: 38635025 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the hippocampus of the brain, and many environmental toxicants inhibit neural stem cell (NSC) function and neuronal generation. Bisphenol-A (BPA), an endocrine disrupter used for surface coating of plastic products causes injury in the developing and adult brain; thus, many countries have banned its usage in plastic consumer products. BPA analogs/alternatives such as bisphenol-F (BPF) and bisphenol-S (BPS) may also cause neurotoxicity; however, their effects on neurogenesis are still not known. We studied the effects of BPF and BPS exposure from gestational day 6 to postnatal day 21 on neurogenesis. We found that exposure to non-cytotoxic concentrations of BPF and BPS significantly decreased the number/size of neurospheres, BrdU+ (proliferating NSC marker) and MAP-2+ (neuronal marker) cells and GFAP+ astrocytes in the hippocampus NSC culture, suggesting reduced NSC stemness and self-renewal and neuronal differentiation and increased gliogenesis. These analogs also reduced the number of BrdU/Sox-2+, BrdU/Dcx+, and BrdU/NeuN+ co-labeled cells in the hippocampus of the rat brain, suggesting decreased NSC proliferation and impaired maturation of newborn neurons. BPF and BPS treatment increases BrdU/cleaved caspase-3+ cells and Bax-2 and cleaved caspase protein levels, leading to increased apoptosis in hippocampal NSCs. Transmission electron microscopy studies suggest that BPF and BPS also caused degeneration of neuronal myelin sheath, altered mitochondrial morphology, and reduced number of synapses in the hippocampus leading to altered cognitive functions. These results suggest that BPF and BPS exposure decreased the NSC pool, inhibited neurogenesis, induced apoptosis of NSCs, caused myelin degeneration/synapse degeneration, and impaired learning and memory in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Tiwari
- Molecular Neurotoxicology and Cell Integrity Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Phoolmala
- Molecular Neurotoxicology and Cell Integrity Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shweta Goyal
- Molecular Neurotoxicology and Cell Integrity Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar Yadav
- Molecular Neurotoxicology and Cell Integrity Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Molecular Neurotoxicology and Cell Integrity Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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7
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Matteini F, Montserrat-Vazquez S, Florian MC. Rejuvenating aged stem cells: therapeutic strategies to extend health and lifespan. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38604982 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a global decline in stem cell function. To date, several strategies have been proposed to rejuvenate aged stem cells: most of these result in functional improvement of the tissue where the stem cells reside, but the impact on the lifespan of the whole organism has been less clearly established. Here, we review some of the most recent work dealing with interventions that improve the regenerative capacity of aged somatic stem cells in mammals and that might have important translational possibilities. Overall, we underscore that somatic stem cell rejuvenation represents a strategy to improve tissue homeostasis upon aging and present some recent approaches with the potential to affect health span and lifespan of the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Matteini
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Program for Advancing the Clinical Translation of Regenerative Medicine of Catalonia (P-CMR[C]), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat-Vazquez
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Program for Advancing the Clinical Translation of Regenerative Medicine of Catalonia (P-CMR[C]), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Carolina Florian
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, The Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Program for Advancing the Clinical Translation of Regenerative Medicine of Catalonia (P-CMR[C]), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- The Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Gurung P, Lim J, Thapa Magar TB, Shrestha R, Kim YW. Euonymus alatus Leaf Extract Attenuates Effects of Aging on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Impairment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:433. [PMID: 38671881 PMCID: PMC11047375 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the impact and mechanism of Euonymus alatus leaf extract on age-dependent oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and progressive memory impairments in aged mice. Twenty-four-month-old mice received EA-L3 (300 mg/kg/day) or the reference drug, donepezil (DPZ, 5 mg/kg/day), for 6 weeks, and learning and memory functions were detected using the Passive Avoidance Test (PAT). As expected, cognitive function deficits were detected in aged mice compared with young mice, and these deficits were significantly mitigated by dietary treatments with EA-L3. In parallel, it upregulated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and subsequently activated the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/cAMP response element-binding (CREB) signaling in the mouse hippocampus and scopolamine-induced B35 and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. EA-L3 showed strong anti-inflammatory effects with decreased NF-κBp65, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), increased interleukin (IL)-10, and doublecortin (DCX) protein expression in the hippocampus of aged mice. Similar results were also confirmed in LPS-induced BV-2 microglia and neuroblastoma cells upon treatment with EA-L3 extract. In addition, EA-L3 notably dose-dependently decreased ROS in BV2 cells after exposure to LPS. Taken together, EA-L3 might be used as a dietary supplement to alleviate oxidative stress, the deterioration of hippocampal-based memory tasks, and neuroinflammation in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong-Wan Kim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (P.G.); (J.L.); (T.B.T.M.); (R.S.)
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9
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Santillán-Morales V, Rodriguez-Espinosa N, Muñoz-Estrada J, Alarcón-Elizalde S, Acebes Á, Benítez-King G. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease: Are Olfactory Neuronal Precursors Useful for Antemortem Biomarker Research? Brain Sci 2024; 14:46. [PMID: 38248261 PMCID: PMC10813897 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the main cause of dementia, affects millions of people around the world, whose diagnosis is based mainly on clinical criteria. Unfortunately, the diagnosis is obtained very late, when the neurodegenerative damage is significant for most patients. Therefore, the exhaustive study of biomarkers is indispensable for diagnostic, prognostic, and even follow-up support. AD is a multifactorial disease, and knowing its underlying pathological mechanisms is crucial to propose new and valuable biomarkers. In this review, we summarize some of the main biomarkers described in AD, which have been evaluated mainly by imaging studies in cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples. Furthermore, we describe and propose neuronal precursors derived from the olfactory neuroepithelium as a potential resource to evaluate some of the widely known biomarkers of AD and to gear toward searching for new biomarkers. These neuronal lineage cells, which can be obtained directly from patients through a non-invasive and outpatient procedure, display several characteristics that validate them as a surrogate model to study the central nervous system, allowing the analysis of AD pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the ease of obtaining and harvesting endows them as an accessible and powerful resource to evaluate biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Santillán-Morales
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (V.S.-M.); (S.A.-E.)
| | - Norberto Rodriguez-Espinosa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Estrada
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90069, USA;
| | - Salvador Alarcón-Elizalde
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (V.S.-M.); (S.A.-E.)
| | - Ángel Acebes
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico; (V.S.-M.); (S.A.-E.)
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10
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Li Y, Bertozzi A, Mann MRW, Kühn B. Interdependent changes of nuclear lamins, nuclear pore complexes, and ploidy regulate cellular regeneration and stress response in the heart. Nucleus 2023; 14:2246310. [PMID: 37606283 PMCID: PMC10446781 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2023.2246310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In adult mammals, many heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) are polyploid, do not proliferate (post-mitotic), and, consequently, cannot contribute to heart regeneration. In contrast, fetal and neonatal heart muscle cells are diploid, proliferate, and contribute to heart regeneration. We have identified interdependent changes of the nuclear lamina, nuclear pore complexes, and DNA-content (ploidy) in heart muscle cell maturation. These results offer new perspectives on how cells alter their nuclear transport and, with that, their gene regulation in response to extracellular signals. We present how changes of the nuclear lamina alter nuclear pore complexes in heart muscle cells. The consequences of these changes for cellular regeneration and stress response in the heart are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alberto Bertozzi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mellissa RW Mann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Alshebib Y, Hori T, Goel A, Fauzi AA, Kashiwagi T. Adult human neurogenesis: A view from two schools of thought. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:342-347. [PMID: 38025659 PMCID: PMC10665662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Are we truly losing neurons as we grow older? If yes, why, and how can the lost neurons be replaced or compensated for? Is so-called adult neurogenesis (ANG) still a controversial process, particularly in the human cerebral cortex? How do adult-born neurons -if proven to exist- contribute to brain functions? Is adult neurogenesis a disease-relevant process, meaning that neural progenitor cells are dormant in adulthood, but they may be reactivated, for example, following stroke? Is the earnest hope to cure neurological diseases justifying the readiness to accept ANG claim uncritically? These are all fundamental issues that have not yet been firmly explained. Although it is completely understandable that some researchers believe that we can add new neurons to our inevitably deteriorating brain, the brain regeneration process still possesses intellectually and experimentally diverting views, as until now, there has been significant confusion about the concept of ANG. This paper is not intended to be an extensively analytical review distilling all findings and conclusions presented in the ANG literature. Instead, it is an attempt to discuss the commonly entertained opinions and then present our reflective insight concerning the current status quo of the field, which might help redirect research questions, avoid marketing an exaggerated hope, and more importantly, save the ever-limited resources, namely, intellectuals' time, facilities, and grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Alshebib
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134–0088, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134–0088, Japan
| | - Atul Goel
- Department of Neurosurgery. K.E.M. Hospital and Seth G.S. Medical College, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asra Al Fauzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 6–8, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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12
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Loef D, Tendolkar I, van Eijndhoven PFP, Hoozemans JJM, Oudega ML, Rozemuller AJM, Lucassen PJ, Dols A, Dijkstra AA. Electroconvulsive therapy is associated with increased immunoreactivity of neuroplasticity markers in the hippocampus of depressed patients. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:355. [PMID: 37981649 PMCID: PMC10658169 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective therapy for depression, but its cellular effects on the human brain remain elusive. In rodents, electroconvulsive shocks increase proliferation and the expression of plasticity markers in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), suggesting increased neurogenesis. Furthermore, MRI studies in depressed patients have demonstrated increases in DG volume after ECT, that were notably paralleled by a decrease in depressive mood scores. Whether ECT also triggers cellular plasticity, inflammation or possibly injury in the human hippocampus, was unknown. We here performed a first explorative, anatomical study on the human post-mortem hippocampus of a unique, well-documented cohort of bipolar or unipolar depressed patients, who had received ECT in the 5 years prior to their death. They were compared to age-matched patients with a depressive disorder who had not received ECT and to matched healthy controls. Upon histopathological examination, no indications were observed for major hippocampal cell loss, overt cytoarchitectural changes or classic neuropathology in these 3 groups, nor were obvious differences present in inflammatory markers for astrocytes or microglia. Whereas the numbers of proliferating cells expressing Ki-67 was not different, we found a significantly higher percentage of cells positive for Doublecortin, a marker commonly used for young neurons and cellular plasticity, in the subgranular zone and CA4 / hilus of the hippocampus of ECT patients. Also, the percentage of positive Stathmin 1 cells was significantly higher in the subgranular zone of ECT patients, indicating neuroplasticity. These first post-mortem observations suggest that ECT has no damaging effects but may rather have induced neuroplasticity in the DG of depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dore Loef
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip F P van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mardien L Oudega
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Dols
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke A Dijkstra
- Molecular Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Lu Z, Zhang M, Lee J, Sziraki A, Anderson S, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Jiang W, Ge S, Nelson PT, Zhou W, Cao J. Tracking cell-type-specific temporal dynamics in human and mouse brains. Cell 2023; 186:4345-4364.e24. [PMID: 37774676 PMCID: PMC10545416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Progenitor cells are critical in preserving organismal homeostasis, yet their diversity and dynamics in the aged brain remain underexplored. We introduced TrackerSci, a single-cell genomic method that combines newborn cell labeling and combinatorial indexing to characterize the transcriptome and chromatin landscape of proliferating progenitor cells in vivo. Using TrackerSci, we investigated the dynamics of newborn cells in mouse brains across various ages and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Our dataset revealed diverse progenitor cell types in the brain and their epigenetic signatures. We further quantified aging-associated shifts in cell-type-specific proliferation and differentiation and deciphered the associated molecular programs. Extending our study to the progenitor cells in the aged human brain, we identified conserved genetic signatures across species and pinpointed region-specific cellular dynamics, such as the reduced oligodendrogenesis in the cerebellum. We anticipate that TrackerSci will be broadly applicable to unveil cell-type-specific temporal dynamics in diverse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Lu
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; The David Rockefeller Graduate Program in Bioscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Zhang
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jasper Lee
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andras Sziraki
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; The David Rockefeller Graduate Program in Bioscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonya Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zehao Zhang
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; The David Rockefeller Graduate Program in Bioscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zihan Xu
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; The David Rockefeller Graduate Program in Bioscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weirong Jiang
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Junyue Cao
- Laboratory of Single Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Park HH, Kim BH, Leem SH, Park YH, Hoe HS, Nam Y, Kim S, Shin SJ, Moon M. Characterization of age- and stage-dependent impaired adult subventricular neurogenesis in 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BMB Rep 2023; 56:520-525. [PMID: 37482752 PMCID: PMC10547970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline. Several recent studies demonstrated that impaired adult neurogenesis could contribute to AD-related cognitive impairment. Adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis, which occurs in the lateral ventricles, plays a crucial role in structural plasticity and neural circuit maintenance. Alterations in adult SVZ neurogenesis are early events in AD, and impaired adult neurogenesis is influenced by the accumulation of intracellular Aβ. Although Aβ-overexpressing transgenic 5XFAD mice are an AD animal model well representative of Aβ-related pathologies in the brain, the characterization of altered adult SVZ neurogenesis following AD progression in 5XFAD mice has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, we validated the characterization of adult SVZ neurogenesis changes with AD progression in 2-, 4-, 8-, and 11-monthold male 5XFAD mice. We first investigated the Aβ accumulation in the SVZ using the 4G8 antibody. We observed intracellular Aβ accumulation in the SVZ of 2-month-old 5XFAD mice. In addition, 5XFAD mice exhibited significantly increased Aβ deposition in the SVZ with age. Next, we performed a histological analysis to investigate changes in various phases of adult neurogenesis, such as quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation, in SVZ. Compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice, quiescent neural stem cells were reduced in 5XFAD mice from 2-11 months of age. Moreover, proliferative neural stem cells were decreased in 5XFAD mice from 2 to 8 months of age. Furthermore, differentiations of neuroblasts were diminished in 5XFAD mice from 2-11 months of age. Intriguingly, we found that adult SVZ neurogenesis was reduced with aging in healthy mice. Taken together, our results revealed that impairment of adult SVZ neurogenesis appears with aging or AD progression. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(9): 520-525].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ha Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Seol Hwa Leem
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
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15
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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16
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Dumontoy S, Ramadan B, Risold PY, Pedron S, Houdayer C, Etiévant A, Cabeza L, Haffen E, Peterschmitt Y, Van Waes V. Repeated Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (RA-tDCS) over the Left Frontal Lobe Increases Bilateral Hippocampal Cell Proliferation in Young Adult but Not Middle-Aged Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108750. [PMID: 37240095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (RA-tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique consisting of stimulating the cerebral cortex with a weak electric anodal current in a non-invasive manner. RA-tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has antidepressant-like properties and improves memory both in humans and laboratory animals. However, the mechanisms of action of RA-tDCS remain poorly understood. Since adult hippocampal neurogenesis is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression and memory functioning, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of RA-tDCS on hippocampal neurogenesis levels in mice. RA-tDCS was applied for 20 min per day for five consecutive days over the left frontal cortex of young adult (2-month-old, high basal level of neurogenesis) and middle-aged (10-month-old, low basal level of neurogenesis) female mice. Mice received three intraperitoneal injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on the final day of RA-tDCS. The brains were collected either 1 day or 3 weeks after the BrdU injections to quantify cell proliferation and cell survival, respectively. RA-tDCS increased hippocampal cell proliferation in young adult female mice, preferentially (but not exclusively) in the dorsal part of the dentate gyrus. However, the number of cells that survived after 3 weeks was the same in both the Sham and the tDCS groups. This was due to a lower survival rate in the tDCS group, which suppressed the beneficial effects of tDCS on cell proliferation. No modulation of cell proliferation or survival was observed in middle-aged animals. Our RA-tDCS protocol may, therefore, influence the behavior of naïve female mice, as we previously described, but its effect on the hippocampus is only transient in young adult animals. Future studies using animal models for depression in male and female mice should provide further insights into RA-tDCS detailed age- and sex-dependent effects on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dumontoy
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Bahrie Ramadan
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - Christophe Houdayer
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Adeline Etiévant
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Lidia Cabeza
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Yvan Peterschmitt
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Van Waes
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
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17
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Terreros-Roncal J, Flor-García M, Moreno-Jiménez EP, Rodríguez-Moreno CB, Márquez-Valadez B, Gallardo-Caballero M, Rábano A, Llorens-Martín M. Methods to study adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans and across the phylogeny. Hippocampus 2023; 33:271-306. [PMID: 36259116 PMCID: PMC7614361 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus hosts the continuous addition of new neurons throughout life-a phenomenon named adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Here we revisit the occurrence of AHN in more than 110 mammalian species, including humans, and discuss the further validation of these data by single-cell RNAseq and other alternative techniques. In this regard, our recent studies have addressed the long-standing controversy in the field, namely whether cells positive for AHN markers are present in the adult human dentate gyrus (DG). Here we review how we developed a tightly controlled methodology, based on the use of high-quality brain samples (characterized by short postmortem delays and ≤24 h of fixation in freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde), to address human AHN. We review that the detection of AHN markers in samples fixed for 24 h required mild antigen retrieval and chemical elimination of autofluorescence. However, these steps were not necessary for samples subjected to shorter fixation periods. Moreover, the detection of labile epitopes (such as Nestin) in the human hippocampus required the use of mild detergents. The application of this strictly controlled methodology allowed reconstruction of the entire AHN process, thus revealing the presence of neural stem cells, proliferative progenitors, neuroblasts, and immature neurons at distinct stages of differentiation in the human DG. The data reviewed here demonstrate that methodology is of utmost importance when studying AHN by means of distinct techniques across the phylogenetic scale. In this regard, we summarize the major findings made by our group that emphasize that overlooking fundamental technical principles might have consequences for any given research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Terreros-Roncal
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Flor-García
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena P Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla B Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Berenice Márquez-Valadez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gallardo-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Neuropathology Department, CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Sarubbo F, Moranta D, Tejada S, Jiménez M, Esteban S. Impact of Gut Microbiota in Brain Ageing: Polyphenols as Beneficial Modulators. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040812. [PMID: 37107187 PMCID: PMC10134998 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain ageing is a complex physiological process that includes several mechanisms. It is characterized by neuronal/glial dysfunction, alterations in brain vasculature and barriers, and the decline in brain repair systems. These disorders are triggered by an increase in oxidative stress and a proinflammatory state, without adequate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory systems, as it occurs in young life stages. This state is known as inflammaging. Gut microbiota and the gut–brain axis (GBA) have been associated with brain function, in a bidirectional communication that can cause loss or gain of the brain’s functionality. There are also intrinsic and extrinsic factors with the ability to modulate this connection. Among the extrinsic factors, the components of diet, principally natural components such as polyphenols, are the most reported. The beneficial effects of polyphenols in brain ageing have been described, mainly due to their antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, including the modulation of gut microbiota and the GBA. The aim of this review was, by following the canonical methodology for a state-of-the-art review, to compose the existing evidenced picture of the impact of the gut microbiota on ageing and their modulation by polyphenols as beneficial molecules against brain ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Sarubbo
- Neurophysiology Lab, Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Crta. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Research Unit, Son Llàtzer University Hospital (HUSLL), Crta. Manacor km 4, 07198 Palma, Spain
- Group of Neurophysiology, Behavioral Studies and Biomarkers, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07198 Palma, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-871202022
| | - David Moranta
- Neurophysiology Lab, Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Crta. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Group of Neurophysiology, Behavioral Studies and Biomarkers, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Neurophysiology Lab, Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Crta. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Group of Neurophysiology, Behavioral Studies and Biomarkers, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07198 Palma, Spain
- CIBERON (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez
- Neurophysiology Lab, Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Crta. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Group of Neurophysiology, Behavioral Studies and Biomarkers, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - Susana Esteban
- Neurophysiology Lab, Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Crta. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Group of Neurophysiology, Behavioral Studies and Biomarkers, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07198 Palma, Spain
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19
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The times they are a-changin': a proposal on how brain flexibility goes beyond the obvious to include the concepts of "upward" and "downward" to neuroplasticity. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:977-992. [PMID: 36575306 PMCID: PMC10005965 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the brain was found to be somehow flexible, plastic, researchers worldwide have been trying to comprehend its fundamentals to better understand the brain itself, make predictions, disentangle the neurobiology of brain diseases, and finally propose up-to-date treatments. Neuroplasticity is simple as a concept, but extremely complex when it comes to its mechanisms. This review aims to bring to light an aspect about neuroplasticity that is often not given enough attention as it should, the fact that the brain's ability to change would include its ability to disconnect synapses. So, neuronal shrinkage, decrease in spine density or dendritic complexity should be included within the concept of neuroplasticity as part of its mechanisms, not as an impairment of it. To that end, we extensively describe a variety of studies involving topics such as neurodevelopment, aging, stress, memory and homeostatic plasticity to highlight how the weakening and disconnection of synapses organically permeate the brain in so many ways as a good practice of its intrinsic physiology. Therefore, we propose to break down neuroplasticity into two sub-concepts, "upward neuroplasticity" for changes related to synaptic construction and "downward neuroplasticity" for changes related to synaptic deconstruction. With these sub-concepts, neuroplasticity could be better understood from a bigger landscape as a vector in which both directions could be taken for the brain to flexibly adapt to certain demands. Such a paradigm shift would allow a better understanding of the concept of neuroplasticity to avoid any data interpretation bias, once it makes clear that there is no morality with regard to the organic and physiological changes that involve dynamic biological systems as seen in the brain.
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20
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Rigby Dames BA, Kilili H, Charvet CJ, Díaz-Barba K, Proulx MJ, de Sousa AA, Urrutia AO. Evolutionary and genomic perspectives of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 275:165-215. [PMID: 36841568 PMCID: PMC11191546 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter utilizes genomic concepts and evolutionary perspectives to further understand the possible links between typical brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the two most prevalent of these: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Aging is the major risk factor for these neurodegenerative diseases. Researching the evolutionary and molecular underpinnings of aging helps to reveal elements of the typical aging process that leave individuals more vulnerable to neurodegenerative pathologies. Very little is known about the prevalence and susceptibility of neurodegenerative diseases in nonhuman species, as only a few individuals have been observed with these neuropathologies. However, several studies have investigated the evolution of lifespan, which is closely connected with brain size in mammals, and insights can be drawn from these to enrich our understanding of neurodegeneration. This chapter explores the relationship between the typical aging process and the events in neurodegeneration. First, we examined how age-related processes can increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Second, we assessed to what extent neurodegeneration is an accelerated form of aging. We found that while at the phenotypic level both neurodegenerative diseases and the typical aging process share some characteristics, at the molecular level they show some distinctions in their profiles, such as variation in genes and gene expression. Furthermore, neurodegeneration of the brain is associated with an earlier onset of cellular, molecular, and structural age-related changes. In conclusion, a more integrative view of the aging process, both from a molecular and an evolutionary perspective, may increase our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brier A Rigby Dames
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Huseyin Kilili
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Christine J Charvet
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Karina Díaz-Barba
- Licenciatura en Ciencias Genómicas, UNAM, CP62210, Cuernavaca, México; Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, CP04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Michael J Proulx
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Araxi O Urrutia
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Licenciatura en Ciencias Genómicas, UNAM, CP62210, Cuernavaca, México; Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, CP04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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21
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Ackerman HD, Gerhard GS. Bile Acids Induce Neurite Outgrowth in Nsc-34 Cells via TGR5 and a Distinct Transcriptional Profile. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:174. [PMID: 37259326 PMCID: PMC9963315 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a neuroprotective role for bile acids in major neurodegenerative disorders. We studied major human bile acids as signaling molecules for their two cellular receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR or NR1H4) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or TGR5), as potential neurotrophic agents. Using quantitative image analysis, we found that 20 μM deoxycholic acid (DCA) could induce neurite outgrowth in NSC-34 cells that was comparable to the neurotrophic effects of the culture control 1 μM retinoic acid (RA), with lesser effects observed for chenodexoycholic acid (CDCA) at 20 μM, and similar though less robust neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. Using chemical agonists and antagonists of FXR, LXR, and TGR5, we found that TGR5 agonism was comparable to DCA stimulation and stronger than RA, and that neither FXR nor liver X receptor (LXR) inhibition could block bile acid-induced neurite growth. RNA sequencing identified a core set of genes whose expression was regulated by DCA, CDCA, and RA. Our data suggest that bile acid signaling through TGR5 may be a targetable pathway to stimulate neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Ackerman
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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22
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Song Q, Hou Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Fu J, Zhang C, Cao M, Cui Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wang P. Integrated multi-omics approach revealed cellular senescence landscape. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10947-10963. [PMID: 36243980 PMCID: PMC9638896 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a complex multifactorial biological phenomenon that plays essential roles in aging, and aging-related diseases. During this process, the senescent cells undergo gene expression altering and chromatin structure remodeling. However, studies on the epigenetic landscape of senescence using integrated multi-omics approaches are limited. In this research, we performed ATAC-seq, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq on different senescent types to reveal the landscape of senescence and identify the prime regulatory elements. We also obtained 34 key genes and deduced that NAT1, PBX1 and RRM2, which interacted with each other, could be the potential markers of aging and aging-related diseases. In summary, our work provides the landscape to study accessibility dynamics and transcriptional regulations in cellular senescence. The application of this technique in different types of senescence allows us to identify the regulatory elements responsible for the substantial regulation of transcription, providing the insights into molecular mechanisms of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Song
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yuli Hou
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yiyin Zhang
- Shanghai Jiayin Biotechnology, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jingxuan Fu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Huairou Hospital, Beijing 101400, PR China
| | - Yuting Cui
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yingzhen Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Peichang Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
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23
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Kot M, Neglur PK, Pietraszewska A, Buzanska L. Boosting Neurogenesis in the Adult Hippocampus Using Antidepressants and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203234. [PMID: 36291101 PMCID: PMC9600461 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the few privileged regions (neural stem cell niche) of the brain, where neural stem cells differentiate into new neurons throughout adulthood. However, dysregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis with aging, injury, depression and neurodegenerative disease leads to debilitating cognitive impacts. These debilitating symptoms deteriorate the quality of life in the afflicted individuals. Impaired hippocampal neurogenesis is especially difficult to rescue with increasing age and neurodegeneration. However, the potential to boost endogenous Wnt signaling by influencing pathway modulators such as receptors, agonists, and antagonists through drug and cell therapy-based interventions offers hope. Restoration and augmentation of hampered Wnt signaling to facilitate increased hippocampal neurogenesis would serve as an endogenous repair mechanism and contribute to hippocampal structural and functional plasticity. This review focuses on the possible interaction between neurogenesis and Wnt signaling under the control of antidepressants and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to overcome debilitating symptoms caused by age, diseases, or environmental factors such as stress. It will also address some current limitations hindering the direct extrapolation of research from animal models to human application, and the technical challenges associated with the MSCs and their cellular products as potential therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kot
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-60-86-563
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24
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Kumaria A, Noah A, Kirkman MA. Does covid-19 impair endogenous neurogenesis? J Clin Neurosci 2022; 105:79-85. [PMID: 36113246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem cells are thought to continue to generate new neurons throughout life in the human brain. Endogenous neurogenesis has been proposed to contribute to physiological roles in maintaining and regenerating olfaction, as well as promoting normal cognition, learning and memory. Specific impairments in these processes in COVID-19 - impaired olfaction and cognition - may implicate the SARS-CoV-2 virus in attenuating neurogenesis. Furthermore, neurogenesis has been linked with neuroregeneration; and impaired neuroregeneration has previously been linked with neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence supports an association between COVID-19 infection and accelerated neurodegeneration. Also, structural changes indicating global reduction in brain size and specific reduction in the size of limbic structures - including orbitofrontal cortex, olfactory cortex and parahippocampal gyrus - as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been demonstrated. This paper proposes the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection may impair endogenous neural stem cell activity. An attenuation of neurogenesis may contribute to reduction in brain size and/or neurodegenerative processes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, as neural stem cells are thought to be the cell of origin in glioma, better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with tumorigenic stem cells is indicated, with a view to informing therapeutic modulation. The subacute and chronic implications of attenuated endogenous neurogenesis are explored in the context of long COVID. Modulating endogenous neurogenesis may be a novel therapeutic strategy to address specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and potential applicability in tumour virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abiodun Noah
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Academic Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matthew A Kirkman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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25
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August I, Semendeferi K, Marchetto MC. Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and the role of stem cells in primate comparative studies. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2940-2953. [PMID: 35929189 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is ultimately fatal. Currently, millions of Americans are living with AD, and this number is predicted to grow with increases in the aging population. Interestingly, despite the prevalence of AD in human populations, the full AD phenotype has not been observed in any nonhuman primate (NHP) species, and it has been suggested that NHPs are immune to neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Here, we review the typical age-related changes and pathologies in humans along with the neuropathologic changes associated with AD, and we place this information in the context of the comparative neuropathology of NHPs. We further propose the use of induced pluripotent stem cell technology as a way of addressing initial molecular processes and changes that occur in neurons and glia (in both humans and NHPs) when exposed to AD-inducing pathology prior to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel August
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Katerina Semendeferi
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Maria Carolina Marchetto
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), San Diego, California, USA
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26
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Barbaro V, Orvieto A, Alvisi G, Bertolin M, Bonelli F, Liehr T, Harutyunyan T, Kankel S, Joksic G, Ferrari S, Daniele E, Ponzin D, Bettio D, Salviati L, Di Iorio E. Analysis and pharmacological modulation of senescence in human epithelial stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3977-3994. [PMID: 35706382 PMCID: PMC9279594 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epithelial stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by long‐term regenerative properties, much dependent on the tissue of origin and varying during their lifespan. We analysed such variables in cultures of ESCs isolated from the skin, conjunctiva, limbus and oral mucosa of healthy donors and patients affected by ectrodactyly‐ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting syndrome, a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the p63 gene. We cultured cells until exhaustion in the presence or in the absence of DAPT (γ‐secretase inhibitor; N‐[N‐(3, 5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐L‐alanyl]‐S‐phenylglycine T‐butyl ester). All cells were able to differentiate in vitro but exhibited variable self‐renewal potential. In particular, cells carrying p63 mutations stopped prematurely, compared with controls. Importantly, administration of DAPT significantly extended the replicative properties of all stem cells under examination. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that distinct sets of genes were up‐ or down‐regulated during their lifetime, thus allowing to identify druggable gene networks and off‐the‐shelf compounds potentially dealing with epithelial stem cell senescence. These data will expand our knowledge on the genetic bases of senescence and potentially pave the way to the pharmacological modulation of ageing in epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Orvieto
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Tigran Harutyunyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Stefanie Kankel
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Gordana Joksic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institue of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Vinča, Serbia
| | | | - Elena Daniele
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | - Diego Ponzin
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | - Daniela Bettio
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Iorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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27
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The neural stem cell secretome across neurodevelopment. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114142. [PMID: 35709983 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) based therapies are at the forefront of regenerative medicine strategies to combat illness and injury of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to their ability to produce new cells, NSCs secrete a variety of products, known collectively as the NSC secretome, that have been shown to ameliorate CNS disease pathology and promote recovery. As pre-clinical and clinical research to harness the NSC secretome for therapeutic purposes advances, a more thorough understanding of the endogenous NSC secretome can provide useful insight into the functional capabilities of NSCs. In this review, we focus on research investigating the autocrine and paracrine functions of the endogenous NSC secretome across life. Throughout development and adulthood, we find evidence that the NSC secretome is a critical component of how endogenous NSCs regulate themselves and their niche. We also find gaps in current literature, most notably in the clinically-relevant domain of endogenous NSC paracrine function in the injured CNS. Future investigations to further define the endogenous NSC secretome and its role in CNS tissue regulation are necessary to bolster our understanding of NSC-niche interactions and to aid in the generation of safe and effective NSC-based therapies.
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28
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Rana T, Behl T, Shamsuzzaman M, Singh S, Sharma N, Sehgal A, Alshahrani AM, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Dailah HG, Bhatia S, Bungau S. Exploring the role of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in depression. Cell Signal 2022; 96:110359. [PMID: 35597427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the water regulating channel found in the terminal processes of astrocytes in the brain and is implicated in regulating the astrocyte functions, whereas in neuropathologies, AQP4 performs an important role in astrocytosis and release of proinflammatory cytokines. However, several findings have revealed the modulation of the AQP4 water channel in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases. In the current article, we have summarized the recent studies and highlighted the implication of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorder. Most of the studies have measured the AQP4 gene or protein expression in the brain regions, particularly the locus coeruleus, choroid plexus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, and found that in these brain regions, AQP4 gene expression decreased on exposure to chronic mild stress. Few studies also measured the peripheral AQP4 mRNA expression in the blood and AQP4 autoantibodies in the blood serum and revealed no change in the depressed patients in comparison with normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Md Shamsuzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Asma M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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29
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Kim TA, Syty MD, Wu K, Ge S. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Zool Res 2022; 43:481-496. [PMID: 35503338 PMCID: PMC9113964 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is the creation of new neurons which integrate into the existing neural circuit of the adult brain. Recent evidence suggests that adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) persists throughout life in mammals, including humans. These newborn neurons have been implicated to have a crucial role in brain functions such as learning and memory. Importantly, studies have also found that hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia affecting millions of people. Cognitive dysfunction is a common symptom of AD patients and progressive memory loss has been attributed to the degeneration of the hippocampus. Therefore, there has been growing interest in identifying how hippocampal neurogenesis is affected in AD. However, the link between cognitive decline and changes in hippocampal neurogenesis in AD is poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the recent literature on AHN and its impairments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kim
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Renaissance School of Medicine at SUNY, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michelle D Syty
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Wu
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. E-mail:
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30
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Xie WS, Shehzadi K, Ma HL, Liang JH. A Potential Strategy for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders by Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Human Brain. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5315-5347. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220509114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a multistage mechanism that continues throughout the lifespan of human and non-human mammals. These adult-born neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) play a significant role in various hippocampus-dependent processes, including learning, mood regulation, pattern recognition, etc. Reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, caused by multiple factors such as neurological disorders and aging, would impair neuronal proliferation and differentiation and result in memory loss. Accumulating studies have indicated that functional neuron impairment could be restored by promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this review, we summarized the small molecules that could efficiently promote the process of adult neurogenesis, particularly the agents that have the capacity of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and showed in vivo efficacy in mammalian brains. This may pave the way for the rational design of drugs to treat humnan neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Song Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Kiran Shehzadi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hong-Le Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
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31
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Zheng J. Hippocampal neurogenesis and pro-neurogenic therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:3-14. [PMID: 35229998 PMCID: PMC8879631 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) facilitates hippocampal circuits plasticity and regulates hippocampus-dependent cognition and emotion. However, AHN malfunction has been widely reported in both human and animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Pro-neurogenic therapies including rescuing innate AHN, cell engraftment and glia-neuron reprogramming hold great potential for compensating the neuronal loss and rewiring the degenerated neuronal network in AD, but there are still great challenges to be overcome. This review covers recent advances in unraveling the involvement of AHN in AD and highlights the prospect of emerging pro-neurogenic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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32
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The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Neurogenesis: Evidence and Hopes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030382. [PMID: 35159192 PMCID: PMC8834402 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis (i.e., the life-long generation of new neurons from undifferentiated neuronal precursors in the adult brain) may contribute to brain repair after damage, and participates in plasticity-related processes including memory, cognition, mood and sensory functions. Among the many intrinsic (oxidative stress, inflammation, and ageing), and extrinsic (environmental pollution, lifestyle, and diet) factors deemed to impact neurogenesis, significant attention has been recently attracted by the myriad of saprophytic microorganismal communities inhabiting the intestinal ecosystem and collectively referred to as the gut microbiota. A growing body of evidence, mainly from animal studies, reveal the influence of microbiota and its disease-associated imbalances on neural stem cell proliferative and differentiative activities in brain neurogenic niches. On the other hand, the long-claimed pro-neurogenic activity of natural dietary compounds endowed with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties (such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, or pro/prebiotics) may be mediated, at least in part, by their action on the intestinal microflora. The purpose of this review is to summarise the available information regarding the influence of the gut microbiota on neurogenesis, analyse the possible underlying mechanisms, and discuss the potential implications of this emerging knowledge for the fight against neurodegeneration and brain ageing.
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An assessment of the existence of adult neurogenesis in humans and value of its rodent models for neuropsychiatric diseases. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:377-382. [PMID: 34667259 PMCID: PMC8967762 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In sub-mammalian vertebrates like fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, new neurons are produced during the entire lifespan. This capacity diminishes considerably in birds and even more in mammals where it persists only in the olfactory system and hippocampal dentate gyrus. Adult neurogenesis declines even more drastically in nonhuman primates and recent evidence shows that this is basically extinct in humans. Why should such seemingly useful capacity diminish during primate evolution? It has been proposed that this occurs because of the need to retain acquired complex knowledge in stable populations of neurons and their synaptic connections during many decades of human life. In this review, we will assess critically the claim of significant adult neurogenesis in humans and show how current evidence strongly indicates that humans lack this trait. In addition, we will discuss the allegation of many rodent studies that adult neurogenesis is involved in psychiatric diseases and that it is a potential mechanism for human neuron replacement and regeneration. We argue that these reports, which usually neglect significant structural and functional species-specific differences, mislead the general population into believing that there might be a cure for a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases as well as stroke and brain trauma by genesis of new neurons and their incorporation into existing synaptic circuitry.
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Santos SS, Moreira JB, Costa M, Rodrigues RS, Sebastião AM, Xapelli S, Solá S. The Mitochondrial Antioxidant Sirtuin3 Cooperates with Lipid Metabolism to Safeguard Neurogenesis in Aging and Depression. Cells 2021; 11:90. [PMID: 35011652 PMCID: PMC8750385 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs), crucial for memory in the adult brain, are also pivotal to buffer depressive behavior. However, the mechanisms underlying the boost in NSC activity throughout life are still largely undiscovered. Here, we aimed to explore the role of deacetylase Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a central player in mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative protection, in the fate of NSC under aging and depression-like contexts. We showed that chronic treatment with tert-butyl hydroperoxide induces NSC aging, markedly reducing SIRT3 protein. SIRT3 overexpression, in turn, restored mitochondrial oxidative stress and the differentiation potential of aged NSCs. Notably, SIRT3 was also shown to physically interact with the long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) in NSCs and to require its activation to prevent age-impaired neurogenesis. Finally, the SIRT3 regulatory network was investigated in vivo using the unpredictable chronic mild stress (uCMS) paradigm to mimic depressive-like behavior in mice. Interestingly, uCMS mice presented lower levels of neurogenesis and LCAD expression in the same neurogenic niches, being significantly rescued by physical exercise, a well-known upregulator of SIRT3 and lipid metabolism. Our results suggest that targeting NSC metabolism, namely through SIRT3, might be a suitable promising strategy to delay NSC aging and confer stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Sá Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.M.); (M.C.)
| | - João B. Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.M.); (M.C.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM) João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (R.S.R.); (A.M.S.); (S.X.)
| | - Márcia Costa
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.M.); (M.C.)
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rui S. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM) João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (R.S.R.); (A.M.S.); (S.X.)
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM) João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (R.S.R.); (A.M.S.); (S.X.)
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM) João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (R.S.R.); (A.M.S.); (S.X.)
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Solá
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.M.); (M.C.)
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Blankers SA, Galea LA. Androgens and Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus. ANDROGENS: CLINICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTICS 2021; 2:203-215. [PMID: 35024692 PMCID: PMC8744005 DOI: 10.1089/andro.2021.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is modulated by steroid hormones, including androgens, in male rodents. In this review, we summarize research showing that chronic exposure to androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, enhances the survival of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of male, but not female, rodents, via the androgen receptor. However, the neurogenesis promoting the effect of androgens in the dentate gyrus may be limited to younger adulthood as it is not evident in middle-aged male rodents. Although direct exposure to androgens in adult or middle age does not significantly influence neurogenesis in female rodents, the aromatase inhibitor letrozole enhances neurogenesis in the hippocampus of middle-aged female mice. Unlike other androgens, androgenic anabolic steroids reduce neurogenesis in the hippocampus of male rodents. Collectively, the research indicates that the ability of androgens to enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rodents is dependent on dose, androgen type, sex, duration, and age. We discuss these findings and how androgens may be influencing neuroprotection, via neurogenesis in the hippocampus, in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Blankers
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liisa A.M. Galea
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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de Lucia C, Murphy T, Maruszak A, Wright P, Powell TR, Hartopp N, de Jong S, O'Sullivan MJ, Breen G, Price J, Lovestone S, Thuret S. Serum from Older Adults Increases Apoptosis and Molecular Aging Markers in Human Hippocampal Progenitor Cells. Aging Dis 2021; 12:2151-2172. [PMID: 34881092 PMCID: PMC8612606 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related alteration in neural stem cell function is linked to neurodegenerative conditions and cognitive decline. In rodents, this can be reversed by exposure to a young systemic milieu and conversely, the old milieu can inhibit stem cell function in young rodents. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effect of the human systemic milieu on human hippocampal progenitor cells (HPCs) using human serum from early adulthood, mid-life and older age. We showed that neuroblast number following serum treatment is predictive of larger dentate gyrus, CA3, CA4 and whole hippocampus volumes and that allogeneic human serum from asymptomatic older individuals induced a two-fold increase in apoptotic cell death of HPCs compared with serum from young adults. General linear models revealed that variability in markers of proliferation and differentiation was partly attributable to use of antihypertensive medication and very mild cognitive decline among older subjects. Finally, using an endophenotype approach and whole-genome expression arrays, we showed upregulation of established and novel ageing molecular hallmarks in response to old serum. Serum from older subjects induced a wide range of cellular and molecular phenotypes, likely reflecting a lifetime of environmental exposures. Our findings support a role for the systemic enviroment in neural stem cell maintenance and are in line with others highlighting a distinction between neurobiological and chronological ageing. Finally, the herein described serum assay can be used by future studies to further analyse the effect of environmental exposures as well as to determine the role of the systemic environment in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara de Lucia
- 1Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tytus Murphy
- 1Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aleksandra Maruszak
- 1Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Wright
- 1Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Powell
- 2Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Naomi Hartopp
- 1Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simone de Jong
- 2Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J O'Sullivan
- 1Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- 3UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerome Breen
- 2Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Price
- 1Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sandrine Thuret
- 1Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Freire-Cobo C, Edler MK, Varghese M, Munger E, Laffey J, Raia S, In SS, Wicinski B, Medalla M, Perez SE, Mufson EJ, Erwin JM, Guevara EE, Sherwood CC, Luebke JI, Lacreuse A, Raghanti MA, Hof PR. Comparative neuropathology in aging primates: A perspective. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23299. [PMID: 34255875 PMCID: PMC8551009 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While humans exhibit a significant degree of neuropathological changes associated with deficits in cognitive and memory functions during aging, non-human primates (NHP) present with more variable expressions of pathological alterations among individuals and species. As such, NHP with long life expectancy in captivity offer an opportunity to study brain senescence in the absence of the typical cellular pathology caused by age-related neurodegenerative illnesses commonly seen in humans. Age-related changes at neuronal population, single cell, and synaptic levels have been well documented in macaques and marmosets, while age-related and Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology has been characterized in additional species including lemurs as well as great apes. We present a comparative overview of existing neuropathologic observations across the primate order, including classic age-related changes such as cell loss, amyloid deposition, amyloid angiopathy, and tau accumulation. We also review existing cellular and ultrastructural data on neuronal changes, such as dendritic attrition and spine alterations, synaptic loss and pathology, and axonal and myelin pathology, and discuss their repercussions on cellular and systems function and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Freire-Cobo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa K Edler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily Munger
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessie Laffey
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sophia Raia
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Selena S In
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Joseph M Erwin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Elaine E Guevara
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jennifer I Luebke
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Agnès Lacreuse
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary A Raghanti
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Gillotin S, Sahni V, Lepko T, Hanspal MA, Swartz JE, Alexopoulou Z, Marshall FH. Targeting impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis in ageing by leveraging intrinsic mechanisms regulating Neural Stem Cell activity. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101447. [PMID: 34403830 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in adult neurogenesis may contribute to the aetiology of many neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic ablation of neurogenesis provides proof of concept that adult neurogenesis is required to sustain complex and dynamic cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, mostly by providing a high degree of plasticity to neuronal circuits. In addition, adult neurogenesis is reactive to external stimuli and the environment making it particularly susceptible to impairment and consequently contributing to comorbidity. In the human brain, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is the main active source of neural stem cells that generate granule neurons throughout life. The regulation and preservation of the pool of neural stem cells is central to ensure continuous and healthy adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Recent advances in genetic and metabolic profiling alongside development of more predictive animal models have contributed to the development of new concepts and the emergence of molecular mechanisms that could pave the way to the implementation of new therapeutic strategies to treat neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss emerging molecular mechanisms underlying AHN that could be embraced in drug discovery to generate novel concepts and targets to treat diseases of ageing including neurodegeneration. To support this, we review cellular and molecular mechanisms that have recently been identified to assess how AHN is sustained throughout life and how AHN is associated with diseases. We also provide an outlook on strategies for developing correlated biomarkers that may accelerate the translation of pre-clinical and clinical data and review clinical trials for which modulation of AHN is part of the therapeutic strategy.
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Mendez-David I, Schofield R, Tritschler L, Colle R, Guilloux JP, Gardier AM, Corruble E, Hen R, David DJ. Reviving through human hippocampal newborn neurons. Encephale 2021; 48:179-187. [PMID: 34649711 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent contradictory data has renewed discussion regarding the existence of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in humans, i.e., the continued production of new neurons in the brain after birth. The present review revisits the debate of AHN in humans from a historical point of view in the face of contradictory evidence, analyzing the methods employed to investigate this phenomenon. Thus, to date, of the 57 studies performed in humans that we reviewed, 84% (48) concluded in favor of the presence of newborn neurons in the human adult hippocampus. Besides quality of the tissue (such as postmortem intervals below 26hours as well as tissue conservation and fixation), considerations for assessing and quantify AHN in the human brain require the use of stereology and toxicological analyses of clinical data of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mendez-David
- CESP, MOODS Team, Inserm, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - R Schofield
- CESP, MOODS Team, Inserm, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - L Tritschler
- CESP, MOODS Team, Inserm, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - R Colle
- CESP, MOODS Team, Inserm, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie de Bicêtre, hôpital de Bicêtre, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J-P Guilloux
- CESP, MOODS Team, Inserm, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - A M Gardier
- CESP, MOODS Team, Inserm, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - E Corruble
- CESP, MOODS Team, Inserm, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie de Bicêtre, hôpital de Bicêtre, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - R Hen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc (RFMH)/New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - D J David
- CESP, MOODS Team, Inserm, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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de Oliveira J, Engel DF, de Paula GC, Dos Santos DB, Lopes JB, Farina M, Moreira ELG, de Bem AF. High Cholesterol Diet Exacerbates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in LDLr-/- Mice: Impact on Cognitive Function. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:97-115. [PMID: 32925052 PMCID: PMC7683087 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Evidence has revealed an association between familial hypercholesterolemia and cognitive impairment. In this regard, a connection between cognitive deficits and hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was found in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice (LDLr–/–), a mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia. Objective: Herein we investigated the impact of a hypercholesterolemic diet on cognition and BBB function in C57BL/6 wild-type and LDLr–/–mice. Methods: Animals were fed with normal or high cholesterol diets for 30 days. Thus, wild-type and LDLr–/–mice were submitted to memory paradigms. Additionally, BBB integrity was evaluated in the mice’s prefrontal cortices and hippocampi. Results: A tenfold elevation in plasma cholesterol levels of LDLr–/–mice was observed after a hypercholesterolemic diet, while in wild-type mice, the hypercholesterolemic diet exposure increased plasma cholesterol levels only moderately and did not induce cognitive impairment. LDLr–/–mice presented memory impairment regardless of the diet. We observed BBB disruption as an increased permeability to sodium fluorescein in the prefrontal cortices and hippocampi and a decrease on hippocampal claudin-5 and occludin mRNA levels in both wild-type and LDLr–/–mice treated with a hypercholesterolemic diet. The LDLr–/–mice fed with a regular diet already presented BBB dysfunction. The BBB-increased leakage in the hippocampi of LDLr–/–mice was related to high microvessel content and intense astrogliosis, which did not occur in the control mice. Conclusion: Therefore, LDLr–/–mice seem to be more susceptible to cognitive impairments and BBB damage induced by exposure to a high cholesterol diet. Finally, BBB disruption appears to be a relevant event in hypercholesterolemia-induced brain alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)M, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daiane F Engel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danúbia B Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jadna B Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L G Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Andreza F de Bem
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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41
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Bicker F, Nardi L, Maier J, Vasic V, Schmeisser MJ. Criss-crossing autism spectrum disorder and adult neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2021; 159:452-478. [PMID: 34478569 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders primarily characterized by deficits in social interaction and repetitive behavior. Although the onset is typically in early childhood, ASD poses a lifelong challenge for both patients and caretakers. Adult neurogenesis (AN) is the process by which new functional neurons are created from neural stem cells existing in the post-natal brain. The entire event is based on a sequence of cellular processes, such as proliferation, specification of cell fate, maturation, and ultimately, synaptic integration into the existing neural circuits. Hence, AN is implicated in structural and functional brain plasticity throughout life. Accumulating evidence shows that impaired AN may underlie some of the abnormal behavioral phenotypes seen in ASD. In this review, we approach the interconnections between the molecular pathways related to AN and ASD. We also discuss existing therapeutic approaches targeting such pathways both in preclinical and clinical studies. A deeper understanding of how ASD and AN reciprocally affect one another could reveal important converging pathways leading to the emergence of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bicker
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leonardo Nardi
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jannik Maier
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verica Vasic
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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42
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Evidences for Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Humans. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2541-2553. [PMID: 33762406 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0675-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent hippocampus generates new neurons throughout life. This process, named adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), is a striking form of neural plasticity that occurs in the brains of numerous mammalian species. Direct evidence of adult neurogenesis in humans has remained elusive, although the occurrence of this phenomenon in the human dentate gyrus has been demonstrated in seminal studies and recent research that have applied distinct approaches to birthdate newly generated neurons and to validate markers of adult-born neurons. Our data point to the persistence of AHN until the 10th decade of human life, as well as to marked impairments in this process in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, our work demonstrates that the methods used to process and analyze postmortem human brain samples can limit the detection of various markers of AHN to the point of making them undetectable. In this Dual Perspectives article, we highlight the critical methodological aspects that should be strictly controlled in human studies and the robust evidence that supports the occurrence of AHN in humans. We also put forward reasons that may account for current discrepancies on this topic. Finally, the unresolved questions and future challenges awaiting the field are highlighted.
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43
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Constitutive Neurogenesis in the Brain of Different Vertebrate Groups. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-021-09904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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Bayat M, Kohlmeier KA, Haghani M, Haghighi AB, Khalili A, Bayat G, Hooshmandi E, Shabani M. Co-treatment of vitamin D supplementation with enriched environment improves synaptic plasticity and spatial learning and memory in aged rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2297-2312. [PMID: 33991198 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown in old rats to improve learning and memory. Vitamin D (VitD) has also been shown to modulate age-related, cognitive dysfunction. As both EE and VitD could work to improve cognition via enhancement of neurotrophic factors, their effects might occlude one another. Therefore, a clinically relevant question is whether noted cognition-promoting effects of EE and VitD can co-occur. METHODS Aged rats were housed for 6 weeks in one of three housing conditions: environmentally enriched (EE), socially enriched (SE), or standard condition (SC). Further, a 4th group was co-treated with VitD supplementation (400 IU kg-1 daily, 6 weeks) under EE conditions (EE + VitD). RESULTS Treatment with VitD and EE housing were associated with higher score on measures of learning and memory and exhibited lower anxiety scores compared to EE alone, SE or SC as assayed in the elevated plus maze, Morris water maze, passive avoidance, and open field tasks. Additionally, in the EE + VitD group, mRNA expression levels of NGF, TrkA, BDNF, Nrf2, and IGF-1 were significantly higher compared to expression seen in the EE group. Furthermore, field potential recordings showed that EE + VitD resulted in a greater enhancement of hippocampal LTP and neuronal excitability when compared to EE alone. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that in aged rats exposure to EE and VitD results in effects on hippocampal cognitive dysfunction and molecular mechanisms which are greater than effects of EE alone, suggesting potential for synergistic therapeutic effects for management of age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Masoud Haghani
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Azadeh Khalili
- Evidence-Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bayat
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Kostin A, Alam MA, McGinty D, Alam MN. Adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and sleep-wake dysfunction in aging. Sleep 2021; 44:5986548. [PMID: 33202015 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in the hippocampal sub-granular zone and the sub-ventricular zone of the anterolateral ventricles. However, growing evidence suggests that new cells are not only "born" constitutively in the adult hypothalamus, but many of these cells also differentiate into neurons and glia and serve specific functions. The preoptic-hypothalamic area plays a central role in the regulation of many critical functions, including sleep-wakefulness and circadian rhythms. While a role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in regulating hippocampus-dependent functions, including cognition, has been extensively studied, adult hypothalamic neurogenic process and its contributions to various hypothalamic functions, including sleep-wake regulation are just beginning to unravel. This review is aimed at providing the current understanding of the hypothalamic adult neurogenic processes and the extent to which it affects hypothalamic functions, including sleep-wake regulation. We propose that hypothalamic neurogenic processes are vital for maintaining the proper functioning of the hypothalamic sleep-wake and circadian systems in the face of regulatory challenges. Sleep-wake disturbance is a frequent and challenging problem of aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Aging is also associated with a decline in the neurogenic process. We discuss a hypothesis that a decrease in the hypothalamic neurogenic process underlies the aging of its sleep-wake and circadian systems and associated sleep-wake disturbance. We further discuss whether neuro-regenerative approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological stimulation of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells in hypothalamic neurogenic niches, can be used for mitigating sleep-wake and other hypothalamic dysfunctions in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kostin
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dennis McGinty
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Md Noor Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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46
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Carreno G, Guiho R, Martinez‐Barbera JP. Cell senescence in neuropathology: A focus on neurodegeneration and tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:359-378. [PMID: 33378554 PMCID: PMC8603933 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The study of cell senescence is a burgeoning field. Senescent cells can modify the cellular microenvironment through the secretion of a plethora of biologically active products referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The consequences of these paracrine signals can be either beneficial for tissue homeostasis, if senescent cells are properly cleared and SASP activation is transient, or result in organ dysfunction, when senescent cells accumulate within the tissues and SASP activation is persistent. Several studies have provided evidence for the role of senescence and SASP in promoting age-related diseases or driving organismal ageing. The hype about senescence has been further amplified by the fact that a group of drugs, named senolytics, have been used to successfully ameliorate the burden of age-related diseases and increase health and life span in mice. Ablation of senescent cells in the brain prevents disease progression and improves cognition in murine models of neurodegenerative conditions. The role of senescence in cancer has been more thoroughly investigated, and it is now accepted that senescence is a double-edged sword that can paradoxically prevent or promote tumourigenesis in a context-dependent manner. In addition, senescence induction followed by senolytic treatment is starting to emerge as a novel therapeutic avenue that could improve current anti-cancer therapies and reduce tumour recurrence. In this review, we discuss recent findings supporting the role of cell senescence in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and in brain tumours. A better understanding of senescence is likely to result in the development of novel and efficacious anti-senescence therapies against these brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carreno
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeBirth Defects Research CentreInstitute of Child Health Great Ormond Street HospitalUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
| | - Romain Guiho
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeBirth Defects Research CentreInstitute of Child Health Great Ormond Street HospitalUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez‐Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeBirth Defects Research CentreInstitute of Child Health Great Ormond Street HospitalUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
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47
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Li YQ, Wong CS. Metabolic Regulation of Hippocampal Neuronal Development and Its Inhibition After Irradiation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:467-475. [PMID: 33706379 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
5'-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, plays a role in cell fate determination. Whether AMPK regulates hippocampal neuronal development remains unclear. Hippocampal neurogenesis is abrogated after DNA damage. Here, we asked whether AMPK regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its inhibition following irradiation. Adult Cre-lox mice deficient in AMPK in brain, and wild-type mice were used in a birth-dating study using bromodeoxyuridine to evaluate hippocampal neurogenesis. There was no evidence of AMPK or phospho-AMPK immunoreactivity in hippocampus. Increase in p-AMPK but not AMPK expression was observed in granule neurons and subgranular neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) in the dentate gyrus within 24 hours and persisted up to 9 weeks after irradiation. AMPK deficiency in Cre-lox mice did not alter neuroblast and newborn neuron numbers but resulted in decreased newborn and proliferating NPCs. Inhibition of neurogenesis was observed after irradiation regardless of genotypes. In Cre-lox mice, there was further loss of newborn early NPCs and neuroblasts but not newborn neurons after irradiation compared with wild-type mice. These results are consistent with differential negative effect of AMPK on hippocampal neuronal development and its inhibition after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Li
- From the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Shun Wong
- From the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gillispie GJ, Sah E, Krishnamurthy S, Ahmidouch MY, Zhang B, Orr ME. Evidence of the Cellular Senescence Stress Response in Mitotically Active Brain Cells-Implications for Cancer and Neurodegeneration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:153. [PMID: 33671362 PMCID: PMC7922097 DOI: 10.3390/life11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress responses influence cell fate decisions. Apoptosis and proliferation represent opposing reactions to cellular stress or damage and may influence distinct health outcomes. Clinical and epidemiological studies consistently report inverse comorbidities between age-associated neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review discusses how one particular stress response, cellular senescence, may contribute to this inverse correlation. In mitotically competent cells, senescence is favorable over uncontrolled proliferation, i.e., cancer. However, senescent cells notoriously secrete deleterious molecules that drive disease, dysfunction and degeneration in surrounding tissue. In recent years, senescent cells have emerged as unexpected mediators of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review uses pre-defined criteria to evaluate evidence of cellular senescence in mitotically competent brain cells, highlights the discovery of novel molecular regulators and discusses how this single cell fate decision impacts cancer and degeneration in the brain. We also underscore methodological considerations required to appropriately evaluate the cellular senescence stress response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Gillispie
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Eric Sah
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Sudarshan Krishnamurthy
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Mohamed Y. Ahmidouch
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Miranda E. Orr
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (G.J.G.); (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.)
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 28144, USA
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49
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Li Puma DD, Piacentini R, Grassi C. Does Impairment of Adult Neurogenesis Contribute to Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease? A Still Open Question. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:578211. [PMID: 33551741 PMCID: PMC7862134 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.578211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a physiological mechanism contributing to hippocampal memory formation. Several studies associated altered hippocampal neurogenesis with aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether amyloid-β protein (Aβ)/tau accumulation impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and, consequently, the hippocampal circuitry, involved in memory formation, or altered neurogenesis is an epiphenomenon of AD neuropathology contributing negligibly to the AD phenotype, is, especially in humans, still debated. The detrimental effects of Aβ/tau on synaptic function and neuronal viability have been clearly addressed both in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Until some years ago, studies carried out on in vitro models investigating the action of Aβ/tau on proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells led to contrasting results, mainly due to discrepancies arising from different experimental conditions (e.g., different cellular/animal models, different Aβ and/or tau isoforms, concentrations, and/or aggregation profiles). To date, studies investigating in situ adult hippocampal neurogenesis indicate severe impairment in most of transgenic AD mice; this impairment precedes by several months cognitive dysfunction. Using experimental tools, which only became available in the last few years, research in humans indicated that hippocampal neurogenesis is altered in cognitive declined individuals affected by either mild cognitive impairment or AD as well as in normal cognitive elderly with a significant inverse relationship between the number of newly formed neurons and cognitive impairment. However, despite that such information is available, the question whether impaired neurogenesis contributes to AD pathogenesis or is a mere consequence of Aβ/pTau accumulation is not definitively answered. Herein, we attempted to shed light on this complex and very intriguing topic by reviewing relevant literature on impairment of adult neurogenesis in mouse models of AD and in AD patients analyzing the temporal relationship between the occurrence of altered neurogenesis and the appearance of AD hallmarks and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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50
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Sumien N, Wells MS, Sidhu A, Wong JM, Forster MJ, Zheng QX, Kelleher-Andersson JA. Novel pharmacotherapy: NNI-362, an allosteric p70S6 kinase stimulator, reverses cognitive and neural regenerative deficits in models of aging and disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:59. [PMID: 33436007 PMCID: PMC7805132 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is known to slow the neurogenic capacity of the hippocampus, one of only two mammalian adult neurogenic niches. The reduction of adult-born neurons with age may initiate cognitive decline progression which is exacerbated in chronic neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Alzheimer's disease (AD). With physiologic neurogenesis diminished, but still viable in aging, non-invasive therapeutic modulation of this neuron regeneration process remains possible. The discovery of truly novel neuron regenerative therapies could be identified through phenotypic screening of small molecules that promote adult-born neurons from human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). By identifying neuron-generating therapeutics and potentially novel mechanism of actions, therapeutic benefit could be confirmed through in vivo proof-of-concept studies. The key aging and longevity mTOR/p70S6 kinase axis, a commonly targeted pathway, is substrate for potential selective kinase modulators to promote new hippocampal neurons from NPCs. The highly regulated downstream substrate of mTOR, p70S6 kinase, directly controls pleiotropic cellular activities, including translation and cell growth. Stimulating this kinase, selectively in an adult neurogenic niche, should promote NPC proliferation, and cell growth and survival in the hippocampus. Studies of kinase profiling and immunocytochemistry of human progenitor neurogenesis suggest that the novel small molecule NNI-362 stimulates p70S6 kinase phosphorylation, which, in turn, promotes proliferation and differentiation of NPCs to neurons. NNI-362 promoted the associative reversal of age- and disease-related cognitive deficits in aged mice and Down syndrome-modeled mice. This oral, allosteric modulator may ultimately be beneficial for age-related neurodegenerative disorders involving hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment, specifically AD, by promoting endogenous hippocampal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Matthew S Wells
- Neuronascent, Inc., 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
- Novavax, 21 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Akram Sidhu
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jessica M Wong
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Forster
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Qiao-Xi Zheng
- Neuronascent, Inc., 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
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