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Courtney KE, Liu W, Andrade G, Schulze J, Doran N. Attentional Bias, Pupillometry, and Spontaneous Blink Rate: Eye Characteristic Assessment Within a Translatable Nicotine Cue Virtual Reality Paradigm. JMIR Serious Games 2024; 12:e54220. [PMID: 38952012 PMCID: PMC11220568 DOI: 10.2196/54220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Incentive salience processes are important for the development and maintenance of addiction. Eye characteristics such as gaze fixation time, pupil diameter, and spontaneous eyeblink rate (EBR) are theorized to reflect incentive salience and may serve as useful biomarkers. However, conventional cue exposure paradigms have limitations that may impede accurate assessment of these markers. Objective This study sought to evaluate the validity of these eye-tracking metrics as indicators of incentive salience within a virtual reality (VR) environment replicating real-world situations of nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) use. Methods NTP users from the community were recruited and grouped by NTP use patterns: nondaily (n=33) and daily (n=75) use. Participants underwent the NTP cue VR paradigm and completed measures of nicotine craving, NTP use history, and VR-related assessments. Eye-gaze fixation time (attentional bias) and pupillometry in response to NTP versus control cues and EBR during the active and neutral VR scenes were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and analysis of covariance models. Results Greater subjective craving, as measured by the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire-Short Form, following active versus neutral scenes was observed (F1,106=47.95; P<.001). Greater mean eye-gaze fixation time (F1,106=48.34; P<.001) and pupil diameter (F1,102=5.99; P=.02) in response to NTP versus control cues were also detected. Evidence of NTP use group effects was observed in fixation time and pupillometry analyses, as well as correlations between these metrics, NTP use history, and nicotine craving. No significant associations were observed with EBR. Conclusions This study provides additional evidence for attentional bias, as measured via eye-gaze fixation time, and pupillometry as useful biomarkers of incentive salience, and partially supports theories suggesting that incentive salience diminishes as nicotine dependence severity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weichen Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gianna Andrade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jurgen Schulze
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
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2
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Martino M, Magioncalda P. A three-dimensional model of neural activity and phenomenal-behavioral patterns. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:639-652. [PMID: 38114633 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
How phenomenal experience and behavior are related to neural activity in physiology and psychopathology represents a fundamental question in neuroscience and psychiatry. The phenomenal-behavior patterns may be deconstructed into basic dimensions, i.e., psychomotricity, affectivity, and thought, which might have distinct neural correlates. This work provides a data overview on the relationship of these phenomenal-behavioral dimensions with brain activity across physiological and pathological conditions (including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, addictive disorders, Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and frontotemporal dementia). Accordingly, we propose a three-dimensional model of neural activity and phenomenal-behavioral patterns. In this model, neural activity is organized into distinct units in accordance with connectivity patterns and related input/output processing, manifesting in the different phenomenal-behavioral dimensions. (1) An external neural unit, which involves the sensorimotor circuit/brain's sensorimotor network and is connected with the external environment, processes external inputs/outputs, manifesting in the psychomotor dimension (processing of exteroception/somatomotor activity). External unit hyperactivity manifests in psychomotor excitation (hyperactivity/hyperkinesia/catatonia), while external unit hypoactivity manifests in psychomotor inhibition (retardation/hypokinesia/catatonia). (2) An internal neural unit, which involves the interoceptive-autonomic circuit/brain's salience network and is connected with the internal/body environment, processes internal inputs/outputs, manifesting in the affective dimension (processing of interoception/autonomic activity). Internal unit hyperactivity manifests in affective excitation (anxiety/dysphoria-euphoria/panic), while internal unit hypoactivity manifests in affective inhibition (anhedonia/apathy/depersonalization). (3) An associative neural unit, which involves the brain's associative areas/default-mode network and is connected with the external/internal units (but not with the environment), processes associative inputs/outputs, manifesting in the thought dimension (processing of ideas). Associative unit hyperactivity manifests in thought excitation (mind-wandering/repetitive thinking/psychosis), while associative unit hypoactivity manifests in thought inhibition (inattention/cognitive deficit/consciousness loss). Finally, these neural units interplay and dynamically combine into various neural states, resulting in the complex phenomenal experience and behavior across physiology and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martino
- Graduate Institute of Mind Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Paola Magioncalda
- Graduate Institute of Mind Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- International Master/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Montoya ID, Volkow ND. IUPHAR Review: New strategies for medications to treat substance use disorders. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107078. [PMID: 38246477 PMCID: PMC10922847 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) and drug overdose are a public health emergency and safe and effective treatments are urgently needed. Developing new medications to treat them is expensive, time-consuming, and the probability of a compound progressing to clinical trials and obtaining FDA-approval is low. The small number of FDA-approved medications for SUDs reflects the low interest of pharmaceutical companies to invest in this area due to market forces, characteristics of the population (e.g., stigma, and socio-economic and legal disadvantages), and the high bar regulatory agencies set for new medication approval. In consequence, most research on medications is funded by government agencies, such as the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Multiple scientific opportunities are emerging that can accelerate the discovery and development of new medications for SUDs. These include fast and efficient tools to screen new molecules, discover new medication targets, use of big data to explore large clinical data sets and artificial intelligence (AI) applications to make predictions, and precision medicine tools to individualize and optimize treatments. This review provides a general description of these new research strategies for the development of medications to treat SUDs with emphasis on the gaps and scientific opportunities. It includes a brief overview of the rising public health toll of SUDs; the justification, challenges, and opportunities to develop new medications; and a discussion of medications and treatment endpoints that are being evaluated with support from NIDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Montoya
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 3 White Flint North, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 3 White Flint North, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States
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Courtney KE, Baca R, Thompson C, Andrade G, Doran N, Jacobson A, Liu TT, Jacobus J. The effects of nicotine use during adolescence and young adulthood on gray matter cerebral blood flow estimates. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:34-43. [PMID: 37851272 PMCID: PMC10844445 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) use remains prevalent in adolescence/young adulthood. The effects of NTPs on markers of brain health during this vulnerable neurodevelopmental period remain largely unknown. This report investigates associations between NTP use and gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBF) in adolescents/young adults. Adolescent/young adult (16-22 years-old) nicotine users (NTP; N = 99; 40 women) and non-users (non-NTP; N = 95; 56 women) underwent neuroimaging sessions including anatomical and optimized pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling scans. Groups were compared on whole-brain gray matter CBF estimates and their relation to age and sex at birth. Follow-up analyses assessed correlations between identified CBF clusters and NTP recency and dependence measures. Controlling for age and sex, the NTP vs. non-NTP contrast revealed a single cluster that survived thresholding which included portions of bilateral precuneus (voxel-wise alpha < 0.001, cluster-wise alpha < 0.05; ≥7 contiguous voxels). An interaction between NTP group contrast and age was observed in two clusters including regions of the left posterior cingulate (PCC)/lingual gyrus and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC): non-NTP exhibited positive correlations between CBF and age in these clusters, whereas NTP exhibited negative correlations between CBF and age. Lower CBF from these three clusters correlated with urine cotinine (rs=-0.21 - - 0.16; ps < 0.04) and nicotine dependence severity (rs=-0.16 - - 0.13; ps < 0.07). This is the first investigation of gray matter CBF in adolescent/young adult users of NTPs. The results are consistent with literature on adults showing age- and nicotine-related declines in CBF and identify the precuneus/PCC and ACC as potential key regions subserving the development of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rachel Baca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Courtney Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gianna Andrade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas T Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Versace F, Robinson JD, Cinciripini PM. Towards neuromarkers for tailored smoking cessation treatments. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 6:100075. [PMID: 37034180 PMCID: PMC10081511 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to compulsive drug use stems from dysregulated activity within the neural networks that underlie reward and executive functions. Empirical evidence suggests that a) attributing high motivational salience to drug-related stimuli leads to compulsive drug seeking and b) cognitive control deficits lead to compulsive drug taking. Noninvasive neuroimaging techniques enable brain activity monitoring during affective and cognitive processing and are paving the way to precision medicine for substance use disorders. Identifying robust neuromarkers of affective and cognitive dysregulation would allow clinicians to personalize treatments by targeting individual psychophysiological vulnerabilities. However, methodological choices have biased the field toward experimental paradigms that cannot optimally assess individual differences in the motivational salience of drug-related cues and in the ability to control drug-related decisions, choices which have hindered the identification of clinically relevant neuromarkers. Here, we show that once these shortcomings are amended, replicable neuromarkers of the tendency to attribute motivational salience to drug-related cues and the ability to control drug-related decisions emerge. While we use tobacco use disorder as a model, we also show that the methodological issues highlighted here are relevant to other disorders characterized by maladaptive appetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Versace
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason D. Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul M. Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Taylor AH, Thompson TP, Streeter A, Chynoweth J, Snowsill T, Ingram W, Ussher M, Aveyard P, Murray RL, Harris T, Callaghan L, Green C, Greaves CJ, Price L, Creanor S. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of behavioural support for prolonged abstinence for smokers wishing to reduce but not quit: Randomised controlled trial of physical activity assisted reduction of smoking (TARS). Addiction 2023; 118:1140-1152. [PMID: 36871577 DOI: 10.1111/add.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS For smokers unmotivated to quit, we assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of behavioural support to reduce smoking and increase physical activity on prolonged abstinence and related outcomes. DESIGN A multi-centred pragmatic two-arm parallel randomised controlled trial. SETTING Primary care and the community across four United Kingdom sites. PARTICIPANTS Nine hundred and fifteen adult smokers (55% female, 85% White), recruited via primary and secondary care and the community, who wished to reduce their smoking but not quit. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomised to support as usual (SAU) (n = 458) versus multi-component community-based behavioural support (n = 457), involving up to eight weekly person-centred face-to-face or phone sessions with additional 6-week support for those wishing to quit. MEASUREMENTS Ideally, cessation follows smoking reduction so the primary pre-defined outcome was biochemically verified 6-month prolonged abstinence (from 3-9 months, with a secondary endpoint also considering abstinence between 9 and 15 months). Secondary outcomes included biochemically verified 12-month prolonged abstinence and point prevalent biochemically verified and self-reported abstinence, quit attempts, number of cigarettes smoked, pharmacological aids used, SF12, EQ-5D and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at 3 and 9 months. Intervention costs were assessed for a cost-effectiveness analysis. FINDINGS Assuming missing data at follow-up implied continued smoking, nine (2.0%) intervention participants and four (0.9%) SAU participants achieved the primary outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70-7.56, P = 0.169). At 3 and 9 months, the proportions self-reporting reducing cigarettes smoked from baseline by ≥50%, for intervention versus SAU, were 18.9% versus 10.5% (P = 0.009) and 14.4% versus 10% (P = 0.044), respectively. Mean difference in weekly MVPA at 3 months was 81.6 minutes in favour of the intervention group (95% CI = 28.75, 134.47: P = 0.003), but there was no significant difference at 9 months (23.70, 95% CI = -33.07, 80.47: P = 0.143). Changes in MVPA did not mediate changes in smoking outcomes. The intervention cost was £239.18 per person, with no evidence of cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS For United Kingdom smokers wanting to reduce but not quit smoking, behavioural support to reduce smoking and increase physical activity improved some short-term smoking cessation and reduction outcomes and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but had no long-term effects on smoking cessation or physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Streeter
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.,Institut für Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | | | - Tristan Snowsill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Wendy Ingram
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michael Ussher
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.,Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Paul Aveyard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachael L Murray
- Lifespan and Population Health, Clinical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tess Harris
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Colin Green
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Colin J Greaves
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa Price
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Siobhan Creanor
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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7
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Månsson J, Ekendahl M, Karlsson P, Heimdahl Vepsä K. Atmospheres of craving: a relational understanding of the desire to use drugs. DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2022.2142092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Månsson
- Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Ekendahl
- Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Karlsson
- Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gibson BC, Claus ED, Sanguinetti J, Witkiewitz K, Clark VP. A review of functional brain differences predicting relapse in substance use disorder: Actionable targets for new methods of noninvasive brain stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104821. [PMID: 35970417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have identified a variety of brain regions whose activity predicts substance use (i.e., relapse) in patients with substance use disorder (SUD), suggesting that malfunctioning brain networks may exacerbate relapse. However, this knowledge has not yet led to a marked improvement in treatment outcomes. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has shown some potential for treating SUDs, and a new generation of NIBS technologies offers the possibility of selectively altering activity in both superficial and deep brain structures implicated in SUDs. The goal of the current review was to identify deeper brain structures involved in relapse to SUD and give an account of innovative methods of NIBS that might be used to target them. Included studies measured fMRI in currently abstinent SUD patients and tracked treatment outcomes, and fMRI results were organized with the framework of the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA). Four brain structures were consistently implicated: the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, ventral striatum and insula. These four deeper brain structures may be appropriate future targets for the treatment of SUD using these innovative NIBS technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Gibson
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Eric D Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jay Sanguinetti
- The Center for Consciousness Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
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Kang T, Ding X, Zhao J, Li X, Xie R, Jiang H, He L, Hu Y, Liang J, Zhou G, Huo X. Influence of improved behavioral inhibition on decreased cue-induced craving in heroin use disorder: A preliminary intermittent theta burst stimulation study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:375-383. [PMID: 35797913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired behavioral inhibition is a critical factor in drug addiction and relapse. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) reduces the craving of heroin-addicted individuals for drug-related cues. However, it is unclear whether this technique also improves impaired behavioral inhibition and how improved behavioral inhibition affects craving. OBJECTIVE The intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) has been recently shown to be non-inferior relative to rTMS for depression. Here, we aim to investigate the effect of iTBS on heroin-addicted individuals' behavioral inhibition and cue-induced craving and the relationship between the alteration of behavioral inhibition and craving. METHOD 42 of 56 initially recruited individuals with the heroin-use disorder in the abstinent-course treatment were randomized to undergo active or sham iTBS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and received three daily iTBS treatments for 10 consecutive days. We measured participants' performance during a two-choice oddball task (80% standard and 20% deviant trials) and heroin-related cue-induced craving before and immediately after treatment. RESULTS The group that received active iTBS showed significantly improved two-choice oddball task performance after 10 days of intervention compared to both pre-intervention and the group who received sham iTBS. Similarly, a significant reduction in cue-induced craving was observed after following the intervention in the active iTBS group but not the sham iTBS group. The moderation model indicated that iTBS categories play a significant moderating role in the relationship between accuracy cost changing and altered cue-induced craving. CONCLUSIONS The iTBS treatment protocol positively affects behavioral inhibition in patients with heroin addiction. Improvements in behavioral inhibition can substantially reduce craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Kang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Xiaobin Ding
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Renqian Xie
- Lanzhou Hospital of Addiction Rehabilitation, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liang He
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yajuan Hu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guifen Zhou
- Lanzhou Hospital of Addiction Rehabilitation, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao Huo
- Lanzhou Hospital of Addiction Rehabilitation, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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10
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Wilson SJ. Constructing Craving: Applying the Theory of Constructed Emotion to Urge States. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 31:347-354. [DOI: 10.1177/09637214221098055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Craving (a strong desire to ingest a substance or engage in an activity) is an important topic of study in the field of psychology. Along with being a key symptom of addiction, craving is a potent source of motivation for a wide range of appetitive behaviors. In this article, I offer a perspective regarding the nature of craving that is rooted in the theory of constructed emotion, a contemporary model of how emotions are created by the brain. According to this perspective, a state of craving emerges when the brain makes predictions that categorize sensory inputs as an instance of craving on the basis of prior experience and the context in which the inputs occur. Using the theory of constructed emotion as a guiding framework, I review various lines of evidence that provide support for this idea. In addition, I offer recommendations for future research that stem from the hypothesis that instances of craving are constructed by the brain in an experience-dependent and situation-specific manner.
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11
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Ekhtiari H, Zare-Bidoky M, Sangchooli A, Janes AC, Kaufman MJ, Oliver JA, Prisciandaro JJ, Wüstenberg T, Anton RF, Bach P, Baldacchino A, Beck A, Bjork JM, Brewer J, Childress AR, Claus ED, Courtney KE, Ebrahimi M, Filbey FM, Ghahremani DG, Azbari PG, Goldstein RZ, Goudriaan AE, Grodin EN, Hamilton JP, Hanlon CA, Hassani-Abharian P, Heinz A, Joseph JE, Kiefer F, Zonoozi AK, Kober H, Kuplicki R, Li Q, London ED, McClernon J, Noori HR, Owens MM, Paulus MP, Perini I, Potenza M, Potvin S, Ray L, Schacht JP, Seo D, Sinha R, Smolka MN, Spanagel R, Steele VR, Stein EA, Steins-Loeber S, Tapert SF, Verdejo-Garcia A, Vollstädt-Klein S, Wetherill RR, Wilson SJ, Witkiewitz K, Yuan K, Zhang X, Zilverstand A. A methodological checklist for fMRI drug cue reactivity studies: development and expert consensus. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:567-595. [PMID: 35121856 PMCID: PMC9063851 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cue reactivity is one of the most frequently used paradigms in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of substance use disorders (SUDs). Although there have been promising results elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms of SUDs and SUD treatments, the interpretability and reproducibility of these studies is limited by incomplete reporting of participants' characteristics, task design, craving assessment, scanning preparation and analysis decisions in fMRI drug cue reactivity (FDCR) experiments. This hampers clinical translation, not least because systematic review and meta-analysis of published work are difficult. This consensus paper and Delphi study aims to outline the important methodological aspects of FDCR research, present structured recommendations for more comprehensive methods reporting and review the FDCR literature to assess the reporting of items that are deemed important. Forty-five FDCR scientists from around the world participated in this study. First, an initial checklist of items deemed important in FDCR studies was developed by several members of the Enhanced NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analyses (ENIGMA) Addiction working group on the basis of a systematic review. Using a modified Delphi consensus method, all experts were asked to comment on, revise or add items to the initial checklist, and then to rate the importance of each item in subsequent rounds. The reporting status of the items in the final checklist was investigated in 108 recently published FDCR studies identified through a systematic review. By the final round, 38 items reached the consensus threshold and were classified under seven major categories: 'Participants' Characteristics', 'General fMRI Information', 'General Task Information', 'Cue Information', 'Craving Assessment Inside Scanner', 'Craving Assessment Outside Scanner' and 'Pre- and Post-Scanning Considerations'. The review of the 108 FDCR papers revealed significant gaps in the reporting of the items considered important by the experts. For instance, whereas items in the 'General fMRI Information' category were reported in 90.5% of the reviewed papers, items in the 'Pre- and Post-Scanning Considerations' category were reported by only 44.7% of reviewed FDCR studies. Considering the notable and sometimes unexpected gaps in the reporting of items deemed to be important by experts in any FDCR study, the protocols could benefit from the adoption of reporting standards. This checklist, a living document to be updated as the field and its methods advance, can help improve experimental design, reporting and the widespread understanding of the FDCR protocols. This checklist can also provide a sample for developing consensus statements for protocols in other areas of task-based fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ekhtiari
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Mehran Zare-Bidoky
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Shahid-Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Arshiya Sangchooli
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amy C Janes
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - James J Prisciandaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond F Anton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alex Baldacchino
- Division of Population Studies and Behavioural Sciences, St Andrews University Medical School, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University, Campus Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - James M Bjork
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Judson Brewer
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric D Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohsen Ebrahimi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peyman Ghobadi Azbari
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Paul Hamilton
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane E Joseph
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arash Khojasteh Zonoozi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hamid R Noori
- International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT)/Institute of Neuroscience (ION), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Max M Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Irene Perini
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marc Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Study Center and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lara Ray
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale and School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Liu W, Andrade G, Schulze J, Doran N, Courtney KE. Using Virtual Reality to Induce and Assess Objective Correlates of Nicotine Craving: Paradigm Development Study. JMIR Serious Games 2022; 10:e32243. [PMID: 35166685 PMCID: PMC8889474 DOI: 10.2196/32243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craving is a clinically important phenotype for the development and maintenance of nicotine addiction. Virtual reality (VR) paradigms are successful in eliciting cue-induced subjective craving and may even elicit stronger craving than traditional picture-cue methods. However, few studies have leveraged the advances of this technology to improve the assessment of craving. OBJECTIVE This report details the development of a novel, translatable VR paradigm designed to both elicit nicotine craving and assess multiple eye-related characteristics as potential objective correlates of craving. METHODS A VR paradigm was developed, which includes three Active scenes with nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) cues present, and three Neutral scenes devoid of NTP cues. A pilot sample (N=31) of NTP users underwent the paradigm and completed subjective measures of nicotine craving, sense of presence in the VR paradigm, and VR-related sickness. Eye-gaze fixation time ("attentional bias") and pupil diameter toward Active versus Neutral cues, as well as spontaneous blink rate during the Active and Neutral scenes, were recorded. RESULTS The NTP Cue VR paradigm was found to elicit a moderate sense of presence (mean Igroup Presence Questionnaire score 60.05, SD 9.66) and low VR-related sickness (mean Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire score 16.25, SD 13.94). Scene-specific effects on attentional bias and pupil diameter were observed, with two of the three Active scenes eliciting greater NTP versus control cue attentional bias and pupil diameter (Cohen d=0.30-0.92). The spontaneous blink rate metrics did not differ across Active and Neutral scenes. CONCLUSIONS This report outlines the development of the NTP Cue VR paradigm. Our results support the potential of this paradigm as an effective laboratory-based cue-exposure task and provide early evidence of the utility of attentional bias and pupillometry, as measured during VR, as useful markers for nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gianna Andrade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jurgen Schulze
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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13
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Tong TT, Vaidya JG, Kramer JR, Kuperman S, Langbehn DR, O’Leary DS. Impact of binge drinking during college on resting state functional connectivity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:108935. [PMID: 34388578 PMCID: PMC8464531 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The current study examined the longitudinal effects of standard binge drinking (4+/5+ drinks for females/males in 2 hours) and extreme binge drinking (8+/10+ drinks for females/males in 2 hours) on resting-state functional connectivity. METHOD 119 college students (61 males) were recruited in groups of distinct bingeing patterns at baseline: non-bingeing controls, standard and extreme bingers. Resting-state scans were first obtained when participants were freshmen/sophomores and again approximately two years later. Associations between longitudinal bingeing (reported during this two-year gap) and network connectivity were examined. Network connectivity was calculated by aggregating all edges affiliated with the same network (an edge is a functional connection between two brain regions). The relationship between longitudinal bingeing and connectivity edges was also studied using connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM). RESULTS Greater standard bingeing was negatively associated with change in connectivity between Default Mode Network and Ventral Attention Network (DMN-VAN; False Discovery Rate corrected), controlling for initial binge groups, longitudinal network changes, motions, scanner, SES, sex, and age. The correlations between change in DMN-VAN connectivity and change in cognitive performance (Stroop, Digit Span, Letter Fluency, and Trail Making) were also tested, but the results were not significant. Lastly, CPM failed to identify a generalizable predictive model of longitudinal bingeing from change in connectivity edges. CONCLUSIONS Binge drinking is associated with abnormality in networks implicated in attention and self-focused processes, which, in turn, have been implicated in rumination, craving, and relapse. More extensive alterations in functional connectivity might be observed with heavier or longer binge drinking pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien T. Tong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1399 Park Ave., New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jatin G. Vaidya
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John R. Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Douglas R. Langbehn
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel S. O’Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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14
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Oliver JA, Sweitzer MM, Engelhard MM, Hallyburton MB, Ribisl KM, McClernon FJ. Identifying neural signatures of tobacco retail outlet exposure: Preliminary validation of a "community neuroscience" paradigm. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13029. [PMID: 33663023 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An extensive epidemiological literature indicates that increased exposure to tobacco retail outlets (TROs) places never smokers at greater risk for smoking uptake and current smokers at greater risk for increased consumption and smoking relapse. Yet research into the mechanisms underlying this effect has been limited. This preliminary study represents the first effort to examine the neurobiological consequences of exposure to personally relevant TROs among both smokers (n = 17) and nonsmokers (n = 17). Individuals carried a global positioning system (GPS) tracker for 2 weeks. Traces were used to identify TROs and control outlets that fell inside and outside their ideographically defined activity space. Participants underwent functional MRI (fMRI) scanning during which they were presented with images of these storefronts, along with similar store images from a different county and rated their familiarity with these stores. The main effect of activity space was additive with a Smoking status × Store type interaction, resulting in smokers exhibiting greater neural activation to TROs falling inside activity space within the parahippocampus, precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal anterior insula. A similar pattern was observed for familiarity ratings. Together, these preliminary findings suggest that the otherwise distinct neural systems involved in self-orientation/self-relevance and smoking motivation may act in concert and underlie TRO influence on smoking behavior. This study also offers a novel methodological framework for evaluating the influence of community features on neural activity that can be readily adapted to study other health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program Duke Cancer Institute Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Maggie M. Sweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Matthew M. Engelhard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Matthew B. Hallyburton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Kurt M. Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Francis Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program Duke Cancer Institute Durham North Carolina USA
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15
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Kim BM, Lee J, Choi AR, Chung SJ, Park M, Koo JW, Kang UG, Choi JS. Event-related brain response to visual cues in individuals with Internet gaming disorder: relevance to attentional bias and decision-making. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:258. [PMID: 33934100 PMCID: PMC8088436 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated attentional bias toward game-related cues in Internet gaming disorder (IGD) using electrophysiological markers of late positive potential (LPP) and identifying the sources of LPP. In addition, the association between LPP and decision-making ability was investigated. The IGD (n = 40) and healthy control (HC; n = 39) participants viewed a series of game-related and neutral pictures, while their event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. LPPs were calculated as the mean amplitudes between 400 and 700 ms at the centro-parietal (CP3, CP1, Cpz, CP2, and CP4) and parietal (P3, P1, Pz, P2, and P4) electrode sites. The source activations of LPP were estimated using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). In addition, decision-making ability was evaluated by the Cambridge Gambling Task. Higher LPP amplitudes were found for game-related cues in the IGD group than in the HC group. sLORETA showed that the IGD group was more active in the superior and middle temporal gyri, which are involved in social perception, than in the HC group, whereas it was less active in the frontal area. Individuals with IGD have deficits in decision-making ability. In addition, in the HC group, the lower the LPP when looking at the game-related stimuli, the better the quality of decision-making, but not in the IGD group. Enhanced LPP amplitudes are associated with emotional arousal to gaming cues and decision-making deficits in IGD. In addition, source activities suggest that patients with IGD perceive game-related cues as social stimuli. LPP can be used as a neurophysiological marker of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Kim
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Lee
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - A. Ruem Choi
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- grid.452628.f0000 0004 5905 0571Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea ,grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Gu Kang
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Ho SS, Nakamura Y, Swain JE. Compassion As an Intervention to Attune to Universal Suffering of Self and Others in Conflicts: A Translational Framework. Front Psychol 2021; 11:603385. [PMID: 33505336 PMCID: PMC7829669 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As interpersonal, racial, social, and international conflicts intensify in the world, it is important to safeguard the mental health of individuals affected by them. According to a Buddhist notion "if you want others to be happy, practice compassion; if you want to be happy, practice compassion," compassion practice is an intervention to cultivate conflict-proof well-being. Here, compassion practice refers to a form of concentrated meditation wherein a practitioner attunes to friend, enemy, and someone in between, thinking, "I'm going to help them (equally)." The compassion meditation is based on Buddhist philosophy that mental suffering is rooted in conceptual thoughts that give rise to generic mental images of self and others and subsequent biases to preserve one's egoism, blocking the ultimate nature of mind. To contextualize compassion meditation scientifically, we adopted a Bayesian active inference framework to incorporate relevant Buddhist concepts, including mind (buddhi), compassion (karuna), aggregates (skandhas), suffering (duhkha), reification (samaropa), conceptual thoughts (vikalpa), and superimposition (prapañca). In this framework, a person is considered a Bayesian Engine that actively constructs phenomena based on the aggregates of forms, sensations, discriminations, actions, and consciousness. When the person embodies rigid beliefs about self and others' identities (identity-grasping beliefs) and the resulting ego-preserving bias, the person's Bayesian Engine malfunctions, failing to use prediction errors to update prior beliefs. To counter this problem, after recognizing the causes of sufferings, a practitioner of the compassion meditation aims to attune to all others equally, friends and enemies alike, suspend identity-based conceptual thoughts, and eventually let go of any identity-grasping belief and ego-preserving bias that obscure reality. We present a brain model for the Bayesian Engine of three components: (a) Relation-Modeling, (b) Reality-Checking, and (c) Conflict-Alarming, which are subserved by (a) the Default-Mode Network (DMN), (b) Frontoparietal Network (FPN) and Ventral Attention Network (VAN), and (c) Salience Network (SN), respectively. Upon perceiving conflicts, the strengthening or weakening of ego-preserving bias will critically depend on whether the SN up-regulates the DMN or FPN/VAN, respectively. We propose that compassion meditation can strengthen brain regions that are conducive for suspending prior beliefs and enhancing the attunements to the counterparts in conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Shaun Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Yoshio Nakamura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, Pain Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - James E. Swain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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17
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Tan Q, Li S, Niu J, Liu S, Li Y, Lu Y, Wang Z, Xu W, Wei Y, Guo Z. Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Overactivation of the Habitual Control Brain System in Tobacco Dependence. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:3753-3768. [PMID: 34984003 PMCID: PMC8703225 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s334403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We studied the regulatory mechanism of the habitual brain network in tobacco dependence to provide a theoretical basis for the regulation and cessation of tobacco dependence. METHODS We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to explore the Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and functional connectivity (FC) of the habitual brain network in tobacco-dependent subjects and to evaluate the relationship between the FC level and tobacco selection preference behavior. In total, 29 male tobacco-dependent participants and 28 male nonsmoking participants were recruited. rs-fMRI was used to collect blood oxygen level-dependent signals of the participants in the resting and awake states. After rs-fMRI, all subjects completed cigarette/coin selection tasks (task 1 and task 2). RESULTS Compared with the control group, the tobacco dependence group showed increased fractional amplitude values of fALFF in the left posterior cingulate cortex and right parahippocampus. FC in the tobacco-dependent group was increased in the right inferior temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, left cingulated gyrus, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus, compared with that in the control group. Moreover, the preference selection behavior was associated with the enhancement of FC about parts of the brain regions in the habitual brain network of the tobacco-dependent participants. Thus, habitual network activity was significantly enhanced in tobacco-dependent participants in the resting state. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the cigarette selection preference of the smokers and certain brain regions related to the habitual network. DISCUSSION This suggests that increased activity of the habitual brain network may be essential in the development of tobacco-dependent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaowen Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoke Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Niu
- Clinical Psychology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shien Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqun Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalin Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongjun Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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18
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Grodin EN, Courtney KE, Ray LA. Drug-Induced Craving for Methamphetamine Is Associated With Neural Methamphetamine Cue Reactivity. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020. [PMID: 31014470 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug craving serves as the major motivator to propagate drug use and is thought to elicit relapse in abstinent individuals. Although craving for methamphetamine has been investigated using both laboratory and neuroimaging methodologies, the relationship between drug-induced craving and neural responses to methamphetamine cues has yet to be explored. Therefore, the present study investigated whether methamphetamine-induced craving responses in the laboratory were associated with neural response to methamphetamine cues. METHOD Non-treatment-seeking individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (n = 15) completed two sessions, one in the laboratory where they underwent a methamphetamine infusion, and one in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner where they viewed methamphetamine cues. Participants reported their craving for methamphetamine over the course of the laboratory session. Analyses examined the association between peak ratings of methamphetamine-induced craving and neural activation to methamphetamine cues. RESULTS In individuals with a methamphetamine use disorder, methamphetamine-induced craving was positively associated with neural methamphetamine cue reactivity in the precuneus, putamen, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Z > 2.3, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS There is a shared neurobiology underlying cue- and drug-induced craving in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. Treatments that disrupt this circuitry may decrease craving and help prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
Mixed affective states occur in approximately 40% of patients with mood disorders and are burdened with a significant rate of comorbidities, including addictive disorders (AD). The co-occurrence of mixed features and AD represents a challenge for clinicians because the reciprocal, negative influence of these conditions leads to a worse course of illness, treatment resistance, unfavorable outcome, and higher suicide risk. This article discusses clinical presentation, possible common pathogenetic pathways, and treatment options. Further investigations are required to clarify the determinants and the implications of this co-occurrence, and to detect suitable approaches in clinical management.
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20
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Allenby C, Falcone M, Wileyto EP, Cao W, Bernardo L, Ashare RL, Janes A, Loughead J, Lerman C. Neural cue reactivity during acute abstinence predicts short-term smoking relapse. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12733. [PMID: 30806013 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In smokers, neural responses to smoking cues can be sensitive to acute abstinence, but the degree to which abstinence-related cue reactivity contributes to relapse is not fully understood. This study addressed this question in a sample of 75 smokers who were motivated to quit smoking. Participants underwent blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during presentation of visual smoking cues and neutral stimuli on two occasions: once during smoking satiety and once following 24-hour abstinence (order counterbalanced). Following the imaging sessions, participants received brief smoking cessation counseling prior to a short-term (7-day) quit attempt. The primary smoking cessation outcome was biochemically confirmed 7-day relapse. The secondary smoking cessation outcome measure was total number of self-reported days of abstinence. During abstinence (vs satiety), smoking cue reactivity was significantly increased only in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); other regions showing a cue (vs neutral) response did not exhibit an abstinence effect in the stringent whole-brain analysis. Participants who showed greater smoking cue reactivity in the ACC during acute abstinence (compared with smoking satiety) were more likely to relapse (OR = 2.10 per standard deviation increase in percent signal change [abstinence minus smoking satiety], 95% CI: 1.05 to 4.20, P = 0.036). Greater abstinence-induced change in ACC activation also predicted fewer total days abstinent (β = -0.63, 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.66, P < 0.0001). This study provides the first evidence that changes in smoking cue reactivity in the ACC during acute abstinence predict smoking relapse, thereby improving our understanding of the neurobiology of smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Allenby
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Mary Falcone
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - E. Paul Wileyto
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and InformaticsUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Wen Cao
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Leah Bernardo
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Rebecca L. Ashare
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Amy Janes
- McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical SchoolMcLean Imaging Center Belmont MA USA
| | - James Loughead
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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21
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Ho MC, Huang GJ, Tyan YS, Tseng HC, Weng JC. Neural response to betel quid cues in chewers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 13:1135-1145. [PMID: 30051327 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization regards betel quid (BQ) as a human carcinogen. The current study analyzes whether the BQ cues can elicit activity in the chewers' craving-related brain areas. We adopted a cue-reactivity paradigm to examine the changes in the brain activities. The urge intensity was also included to examine whether it can moderate the brain areas stimulated by BQ cues. Sixteen male BQ chewers and 16 healthy male controls were recruited and analyzed. Four types of cues were adopted: BQ cues, matched food cues, visual control cues, and resting crosshair cued. The most direct and important comparison was between the brain activities elicited by the BQ cues versus those by the food cues. Furthermore, to test the current urge intensity effect, we compared BQ chewers with a strong urge versus those with a weak urge. All of the three-dimension anatomical and multi-slice task-based functional images were acquired using 3 T MRI. We found that (1) the BQ chewers and the healthy controls had similar brain activation patterns when comparing any two cue types, (2) the high-urge (not the low-urge) chewers showed craving-related activations (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, medial orbitofrontal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus) in the critical BQ cues vs. the food cue comparisons. (3) The high-urge chewers had larger contrast activations (BQ - Food) in many craving-related brain areas than low-urge chewers did (e.g., frontal gyrus). The urge states endorsed by the chewers can moderate the neural responses to BQ cues. Multisensory cues should be considered to elicit more intense and consistent cravings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chou Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Psychological Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Joe Huang
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Sheng Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chun Tseng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Cheng Weng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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22
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Li X, Su H, Zhong N, Chen T, Du J, Xiao K, Xu D, Song W, Jiang H, Zhao M. Aberrant Resting-State Cerebellar-Cerebral Functional Connectivity in Methamphetamine-Dependent Individuals After Six Months Abstinence. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:191. [PMID: 32296352 PMCID: PMC7137100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural and functional alterations in the cerebellum have been consistently reported in addiction literatures. However, evidence implicating the resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in methamphetamine (MA) use disorder still remains limited. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were obtained from 34 MA dependent individuals with about six months abstinence and 31 healthy controls (well matched for age, gender and education) in this study. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis was employed to investigate the differences in cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity between two groups. The correlations between significant functional connectivity and each clinical characteristic were also explored. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, MA dependent individuals showed disrupted functional connectivity between the cerebellum and several cerebral functional networks, including the default-mode, affective-limbic, and sensorimotor networks. Within the MA group, functional connectivity of the right cerebellar lobule VI-precuneus coupling was negatively correlated with addiction severity. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that cerebellar dysfunction, in particular aberrant cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity, might involve in neurobiological mechanism of MA dependence, which supply a potential target for therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhong
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzhen Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Physiological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Drug Rehabilitation Administration Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Physiological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Drug Rehabilitation Administration Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Song
- Department of Physiological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Drug Rehabilitation Administration Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychological and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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23
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Janes AC, Krantz NL, Nickerson LD, Frederick BB, Lukas SE. Craving and Cue Reactivity in Nicotine-Dependent Tobacco Smokers Is Associated With Different Insula Networks. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:76-83. [PMID: 31706906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insula has a well-established role in nicotine dependence and is a node of the salience network, which integrates internal and external information to guide behavior. Recent findings reveal that internal and external processing occurs in the ventral anterior insula (vAI) and dorsal anterior insula (dAI), respectively. Whether vAI/dAI network connectivity differentially reflects internally generated craving and externally triggered smoking cue reactivity was tested. METHODS Thirty-six male and female nicotine-dependent individuals smoked 1 hour before functional magnetic resonance imaging. Baseline craving was measured, followed by resting-state and smoking cue reactivity scans and then another assessment of craving. Craving and cue reactivity interactions were measured by focusing on specific nodes of the salience network: the vAI/dAI and anterior cingulate cortex. RESULTS Resting-state vAI/dAI networks overlapped with the prototypical salience network, yet they possessed distinct patterns, linking the vAI with nodes of the internally focused default mode network and the dAI with nodes of the external, goal-related frontoparietal network. Internally generated baseline craving was associated with enhanced vAI connectivity, whereas rostral anterior cingulate cortex reactivity to external smoking cues was associated with greater dAI connectivity. We also found that cue reactivity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex was associated with a rise in subjective cue-induced craving, whereas baseline subjective craving did not influence brain cue reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These data show that brain reactivity to smoking cues is associated with a subsequent increase in craving. In addition, separate insula networks have a role in an individual's vulnerability to internally related craving and externally triggered cue reactivity, which could guide the development of new, neurobiologically targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Nathan L Krantz
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa D Nickerson
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Blaise B Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott E Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Zilverstand A, Huang AS, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ. Neuroimaging Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution in Human Drug Addiction: A Systematic Review. Neuron 2019; 98:886-903. [PMID: 29879391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The impaired response inhibition and salience attribution (iRISA) model proposes that impaired response inhibition and salience attribution underlie drug seeking and taking. To update this model, we systematically reviewed 105 task-related neuroimaging studies (n > 15/group) published since 2010. Results demonstrate specific impairments within six large-scale brain networks (reward, habit, salience, executive, memory, and self-directed networks) during drug cue exposure, decision making, inhibitory control, and social-emotional processing. Addicted individuals demonstrated increased recruitment of these networks during drug-related processing but a blunted response during non-drug-related processing, with the same networks also being implicated during resting state. Associations with real-life drug use, relapse, therapeutic interventions, and the relevance to initiation of drug use during adolescence support the clinical relevance of the results. Whereas the salience and executive networks showed impairments throughout the addiction cycle, the reward network was dysregulated at later stages of abuse. Effects were similar in alcohol, cannabis, and stimulant addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna S Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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25
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Gaming Disorder Is a Disorder due to Addictive Behaviors: Evidence from Behavioral and Neuroscientific Studies Addressing Cue Reactivity and Craving, Executive Functions, and Decision-Making. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Zehra A, Burns J, Liu CK, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Cannabis Addiction and the Brain: a Review. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2019; 17:169-182. [PMID: 32021587 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.17204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
(©Zehra A, Liuck, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND Wergh J, 2018. Reprinted with permission from Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology (2018) 13:438-452).
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27
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Karch S, Paolini M, Gschwendtner S, Jeanty H, Reckenfelderbäumer A, Yaseen O, Maywald M, Fuchs C, Rauchmann BS, Chrobok A, Rabenstein A, Ertl-Wagner B, Pogarell O, Keeser D, Rüther T. Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback in Patients With Tobacco Use Disorder During Smoking Cessation: Functional Differences and Implications of the First Training Session in Regard to Future Abstinence or Relapse. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:65. [PMID: 30886575 PMCID: PMC6409331 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most prominent symptoms in addiction disorders is the strong desire to consume a particular substance or to show a certain behavior (craving). The strong association between craving and the probability of relapse emphasizes the importance of craving in the therapeutic process. Former studies have demonstrated that neuromodulation using real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback (NF) can be used as a treatment modality in patients with tobacco use disorder. The aim of the present project was to determine whether it is possible to predict the outcome of NF training plus group psychotherapy at the beginning of the treatment. For that purpose, neuronal responses during the first rtfMRI NF session of patients who remained abstinent for at least 3 months were compared to those of patients with relapse. All patients were included in a certified smoke-free course and took part in three NF sessions. During the rtfMRI NF sessions tobacco-associated and neutral pictures were presented. Subjects were instructed to reduce their neuronal responses during the presentation of smoking cues in an individualized region of interest for craving [anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]. Patients were stratified to different groups [abstinence (N = 10) vs. relapse (N = 12)] according to their individual smoking status 3 months after the rtfMRI NF training. A direct comparison of BOLD responses during the first NF-session of patients who had remained abstinent over 3 months after the NF training and patients who had relapsed after 3 months showed that patients of the relapse group demonstrated enhanced BOLD responses, especially in the ACC, the supplementary motor area as well as dorsolateral prefrontal areas, compared to abstinent patients. These results suggest that there is a probability of estimating a successful withdrawal in patients with tobacco use disorder by analyzing the first rtfMRI NF session: a pronounced reduction of frontal responses during NF training in patients might be the functional correlate of better therapeutic success. The results of the first NF sessions could be useful as predictor whether a patient will be able to achieve success after the behavioral group therapy and NF training in quitting smoking or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Karch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Paolini
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Gschwendtner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Jeanty
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Reckenfelderbäumer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Omar Yaseen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Maywald
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Fuchs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris-Stephan Rauchmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Chrobok
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Rabenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Pogarell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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28
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Grodin EN, Courtney KE, Ray LA. Drug-Induced Craving for Methamphetamine Is Associated With Neural Methamphetamine Cue Reactivity. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:245-251. [PMID: 31014470 PMCID: PMC6489542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug craving serves as the major motivator to propagate drug use and is thought to elicit relapse in abstinent individuals. Although craving for methamphetamine has been investigated using both laboratory and neuroimaging methodologies, the relationship between drug-induced craving and neural responses to methamphetamine cues has yet to be explored. Therefore, the present study investigated whether methamphetamine-induced craving responses in the laboratory were associated with neural response to methamphetamine cues. METHOD Non-treatment-seeking individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (n = 15) completed two sessions, one in the laboratory where they underwent a methamphetamine infusion, and one in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner where they viewed methamphetamine cues. Participants reported their craving for methamphetamine over the course of the laboratory session. Analyses examined the association between peak ratings of methamphetamine-induced craving and neural activation to methamphetamine cues. RESULTS In individuals with a methamphetamine use disorder, methamphetamine-induced craving was positively associated with neural methamphetamine cue reactivity in the precuneus, putamen, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Z > 2.3, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS There is a shared neurobiology underlying cue- and drug-induced craving in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. Treatments that disrupt this circuitry may decrease craving and help prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelly E. Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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29
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Stevens EM, Frank D, Codispoti M, Kypriotakis G, Cinciripini PM, Claiborne K, Deweese MM, Engelmann JM, Green CE, Karam-Hage M, Minnix JA, Ng J, Robinson JD, Tyndale RF, Vidrine DJ, Versace F. The Late Positive Potentials Evoked by Cigarette-Related and Emotional Images Show no Gender Differences in Smokers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3240. [PMID: 30824792 PMCID: PMC6397300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When trying to quit, women are less likely than men to achieve long-term smoking abstinence. Identifying the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying women's higher relapse vulnerability will help clinicians to develop effective tailored smoking cessation interventions. Here we used event-related potentials (ERPs), a direct measure of brain activity, to evaluate the extent to which neurophysiological responses to cigarette-related and other emotional stimuli differ between female and male smokers. Both women and men showed similar patterns of brain reactivity across all picture categories; pleasant and unpleasant images prompted larger Late Positive Potentials (LPPs, a robust measure of motivational relevance) than neutral images in both groups, and cigarette-related images prompted lower LPPs than high arousing emotional images in both groups. Unlike previous studies, there were no differences between male and female smokers with regard to LPP responses to cigarette-related images. This suggests that the LPP may not be ideally suited to discriminate neurophysiological gender differences or that there are simply no gender differences in the neurophysiological responses to cigarette-related stimuli. We collected ERPs from 222 non-nicotine-deprived smokers (101 women) while they watched a slideshow that included high and low emotionally arousing pleasant and unpleasant pictures, cigarette-related, and neutral pictures. We used the mean amplitude of the LPP to assess the affective significance that participants attributed to these pictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Stevens
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - David Frank
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Menton M Deweese
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Teaching and Learning, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Charles E Green
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maher Karam-Hage
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Ng
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason D Robinson
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damon J Vidrine
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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30
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Versace F, Stevens EM, Robinson JD, Cui Y, Deweese MM, Engelmann JM, Green CE, Karam-Hage M, Lam CY, Minnix JA, Wetter DW, Cinciripini PM. Brain Responses to Cigarette-Related and Emotional Images in Smokers During Smoking Cessation: No Effect of Varenicline or Bupropion on the Late Positive Potential. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:234-240. [PMID: 29220524 PMCID: PMC6329398 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Varenicline and bupropion are two effective smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Researchers have hypothesized that they might be effective, in part, because they reduce cue reactivity and cue-induced cravings. Here, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to directly measure brain responses to cigarette-related and other motivationally relevant images during a pharmacologically aided quit attempt. Methods Smokers involved in a 12-week placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of smoking cessation medications (varenicline, bupropion, placebo) took part in the study. We assessed participants at two time points: 24 h (n = 140) and 4 weeks (n = 176) after the quit date. At both sessions, we measured the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP), an ERP component reliably associated with motivational relevance, and self-reported tonic craving using the brief version of the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-Brief). Results At both sessions, emotional and cigarette-related images evoked significantly larger LPPs than neutral images. Neither drug type nor smoking abstinence altered this effect at either session. At both sessions, varenicline and bupropion significantly reduced self-reported tonic craving relative to the placebo condition. Conclusions While both varenicline and bupropion reduced self-reported tonic craving, neither medication altered the amplitude of the LPP to cigarette-related or emotional pictures in smokers attempting to quit. These medications may influence abstinence by means other than by reducing neuroaffective responses to cigarette-related cues. Smokers should be prepared for the likelihood that even after several weeks of successful abstinence, once treatment ends, cigarette-related cues may remain motivationally relevant and trigger cravings that might lead to relapse. Implications Bupropion and varenicline do not alter electrophysiological responses, as measured by the LPP, to cigarette-related and emotional images. These findings help explain why cigarette-related cues can trigger relapse when smoking cessation medication treatments end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Versace
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elise M Stevens
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Menton M Deweese
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jeffrey M Engelmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Charles E Green
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX
| | - Maher Karam-Hage
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Cho Y Lam
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennifer A Minnix
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - David W Wetter
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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31
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Roberts NJ, Oravecz Z, Sprague BN, Geier CF. A Novel Hierarchical LATER Process Model: Evaluating Latent Sources of Variation in Reaction Times of Adult Daily Smokers. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:474. [PMID: 31333517 PMCID: PMC6624441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction time data from cognitive tasks continue to be a key way to assess decision-making in various contexts to better understand addiction. The goal of this paper is twofold: to introduce a nuanced modeling approach for reaction time data and to demonstrate the novel insights it can provide into the decision processes of nicotine-dependent individuals in different contexts. We focus on the Linear Approach to Threshold with Ergodic Rate (LATER) model, which is a cognitive process model that describes reaction time data in terms of two distinct aspects of cognitive functioning: speed of information accumulation ("accretion") and threshold amount of information needed prior to execution ("caution"). We introduce a novel hierarchical extension to the LATER model to simultaneously account for differences across persons and experimental conditions, both in the accretion and caution parameters. This approach allows for the inclusion of person-specific predictor variables to explain between-person variation in terms of accretion and caution together with condition-specific predictors to model experimental condition manipulations. To highlight the usefulness of this model, we analyze reaction time data from a study on adult daily cigarette smokers. Participants performed a monetary incentivized Go/No-Go task during two testing sessions, once while following their typical smoking patterns and again following 12 h of verified smoking abstinence. Our main results suggest that regardless of trial type, smokers in a period of abstinence have faster accretion rates, and lower caution thresholds relative to smoking as usual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Roberts
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Zita Oravecz
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Institute for CyberScience, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Briana N Sprague
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Charles F Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Colledge F, Ludyga S, Mücke M, Pühse U, Gerber M. The effects of an acute bout of exercise on neural activity in alcohol and cocaine craving: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:713. [PMID: 30594237 PMCID: PMC6310988 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies suggest that exercise may be an effective adjunct treatment for substance use disorders. It has been suggested that exercise-induced improvements in inhibitory control may reduce craving for the substance of abuse. However, this potential mechanism has seldom been researched. Objectives The aim of the ExAlCo Study is to examine how acute bouts of exercise, at varying intensities, impact on craving for cocaine or alcohol. Cerebral haemodynamic responses during cognitive tests of inhibitory control, and exposure to substance-related cue imagery, will also be assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Design The study is a crossover randomised controlled trial. Participants will be recruited from inpatient and outpatient psychiatric treatment centres, on the approval of their treating physician. A healthy control group will be recruited using online advertising. All participants will undergo each of three conditions in randomised order: 20 min of cycle ergometry at 50–60% of maximum heart rate; 20 min of exercise at 70–80% of maximum heart rate; and 20 min of quiet reading. Immediately before and after each condition, participants will be asked to complete a computerised Stroop test, watch a film containing substance-related images and self-report craving levels. During the Stroop test and film viewing, participants’ neural activity will be measured via functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Outcomes The primary outcome measures are self-reported craving, inhibitory control and cerebral haemodynamic response to the Stroop test and a substance-related film. It is hoped that the findings from this study will shed more light on the role of exercise in the treatment of substance use disorders, particularly its scope in preventing relapse through reduced craving severity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03502486. Registered retrospectively on 5 April 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-3062-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Mücke
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
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Zehra A, Burns J, Liu CK, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Cannabis Addiction and the Brain: a Review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:438-452. [PMID: 29556883 PMCID: PMC6223748 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most commonly used substance of abuse in the United States after alcohol and tobacco. With a recent increase in the rates of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and a decrease in the perceived risk of cannabis use, it is imperative to assess the addictive potential of cannabis. Here we evaluate cannabis use through the neurobiological model of addiction proposed by Koob and Volkow. The model proposes that repeated substance abuse drives neurobiological changes in the brain that can be separated into three distinct stages, each of which perpetuates the cycle of addiction. Here we review previous research on the acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on the brain and behavior, and find that the three-stage framework of addiction applies to CUD in a manner similar to other drugs of abuse, albeit with some slight differences. These findings highlight the urgent need to conduct research that elucidates specific neurobiological changes associated with CUD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Zehra
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jamie Burns
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christopher Kure Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 31, Room B2L124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Owens MM, MacKillop J, Gray JC, Beach SR, Stein MD, Niaura RS, Sweet LH. Neural correlates of tobacco cue reactivity predict duration to lapse and continuous abstinence in smoking cessation treatment. Addict Biol 2018; 23:1189-1199. [PMID: 28877410 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that neural reactivity to drug cues in certain limbic/paralimbic regions of the brain is an indicator of addiction severity and a marker for likelihood of success in treatment. To address this question, in the current study, 32 participants (44 percent female) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging cigarette cue exposure paradigm 2 hours after smoking, and then enrolled in a 9-week smoking cessation treatment program. Neural activation to smoking cues was measured in five a priori defined limbic/paralimbic regions previously implicated with cue reactivity across substances. These included regions of the ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala. Cox proportional hazard modeling was conducted to predict the number of days to first smoking lapse by using neural activation in these regions. Greater neural activation during pre-treatment exposure to smoking cues in the right ventral striatum, the left amygdala, and the anterior cingulate was associated with longer periods of abstinence following cessation. A similar pattern was present for continuous abstinence for the full duration of treatment. While baseline levels of nicotine dependence were strongly associated with treatment outcome, activation in the right ventral striatum predicted duration of abstinence beyond level of nicotine dependence. These results suggest that pre-treatment reactivity to smoking cues in areas associated with cue reactivity may be associated with successfully maintaining abstinence during treatment. This is consistent with models that propose that as addiction becomes more severe, motivational processing shifts from regions that subserve reward salience and learning to regions responsible motor behavior and habit learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James MacKillop
- The University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research; McMaster University/St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton; Hamilton ON Canada
- Brown University; Providence RI USA
| | - Joshua C. Gray
- The University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
- Brown University; Providence RI USA
| | | | | | | | - Lawrence H. Sweet
- The University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
- Brown University; Providence RI USA
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Ray LA, Roche DJO. Neurobiology of Craving: Current Findings and New Directions. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Facing temptation: The neural correlates of gambling availability during sports picture exposure. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:718-729. [PMID: 29700724 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, sports betting has become increasingly available and easy to engage in. Here we examined the neural responses to stimuli that represent sporting events available for betting as compared to sporting events without a gambling opportunity. We used a cue exposure task in which football (soccer) fans (N = 42) viewed cues depicting scheduled football games that would occur shortly after the scanning session. In the "betting" condition, participants were instructed to choose, at the end of each block, the game (and the team) they wanted to bet on. In the "watching" condition, participants chose the game they would prefer to watch. After the scanning session, participants completed posttask rating questionnaires assessing, for each cue, their level of confidence about the team they believed would win and how much they would enjoy watching the game. We found that stimuli representing sport events available for betting elicited higher fronto-striatal activation, as well as higher insular cortex activity and functional connectivity, than sport events without a gambling opportunity. Moreover, games rated with more confidence towards the winning team resulted in greater brain activations within regions involved in affective decision-making (ventromedial prefrontal cortex), cognitive inhibitory control (medial and superior frontal gyri) and reward processing (ventral and dorsal striatum). Altogether, these novel findings offer a sensible simulation of how the high availability of sports betting in today's environment impacts on the reward and cognitive control systems. Future studies are needed to extend the present findings to a sample of football fans that includes a samilar proportion of female and male participants.
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Cigarette cues capture attention of smokers and never-smokers, but for different reasons. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:50-57. [PMID: 29427915 PMCID: PMC5889726 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the notion that smokers reliably show higher reactivity to cigarette-related versus neutral cues is both theoretically and empirically supported, it is unclear why never-smokers also show enhanced brain responses to cigarette-related cues. METHODS Using a repetitive picture viewing paradigm, in which responses evoked by affective cues are more resistant to habituation, we assessed the effects of stimulus repetition on event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by pleasant, unpleasant, cigarette-related, and neutral images in 34 smokers (SMO) and 34 never-smokers (NEV). We examined the early posterior negativity (EPN) and the late positive potential (LPP), two ERP components which are sensitive to a picture's motivational qualities. RESULTS Before stimulus repetition, pleasant, unpleasant, and cigarette-related cues produced greater EPN and LPP amplitudes than neutral cues in all subjects. During stimulus repetition, both components were similarly modulated by emotional arousal, such that pleasant, unpleasant, and cigarette-related cues evoked greater EPN and LPP amplitude, relative to neutral. Smoking status did not modulate these effects. While there were no group differences in self-reported stimulus ratings of valence for pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral stimuli, NEV rated cigarette-related cues as unpleasant. We observed a moderate, negative correlation between LPP amplitude and self-reported valence ratings of cigarette-related cues among NEV. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that cigarette-related cues capture attentional resources of both SMO and NEV, but for different reasons. For SMO, cigarette-related cues have acquired motivational significance through repeated associations with nicotine delivery, whereas for NEV, cigarette-related cues are perceived as unpleasant.
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38
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Liao Y, Johnson M, Qi C, Wu Q, Xie A, Liu J, Yang M, Huang M, Zhang Y, Liu T, Hao W, Tang J. Cue-Induced Brain Activation in Chronic Ketamine-Dependent Subjects, Cigarette Smokers, and Healthy Controls: A Task Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:88. [PMID: 29618991 PMCID: PMC5872489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observations of drug-related cues may induce craving in drug-dependent patients, prompting compulsive drug-seeking behavior. Sexual dysfunction is common in drug users. The aim of the study was to examine regional brain activation to drug (ketamine, cigarette smoking) associated cues and natural (sexual) rewards. METHODS A sample of 129 [40 ketamine use smokers (KUS), 45 non-ketamine use smokers (NKUS) and 44 non-ketamine use non-smoking healthy controls (HC)] participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing ketamine use related, smoking and sexual films. RESULTS We found that KUS showed significant increased activation in anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus in response to ketamine cues. Ketamine users (KUS) showed lower activation in cerebellum and middle temporal cortex compared with non-ketamine users (NKUS and HC) in response to sexual cues. Smokers (KUS and NKUS) showed higher activation in the right precentral frontal cortex in response to smoking cues. Non-ketamine users (NKUS and HC) showed significantly increased activation of cerebellum and middle temporal cortex while viewing sexual cues. CONCLUSION These findings clearly show the engagement of distinct neural circuitry for drug-related stimuli in chronic ketamine users. While smokers (both KUS and NKUS) showed overlapping differences in activation for smoking cues, the former group showed a specific neural response to relevant (i.e., ketamine-related) cues. In particular, the heightened response in anterior cingulate cortex may have important implications for how attentionally salient such cues are in this group. Ketamine users (KUS) showed lower activation in response to sexual cues may partly reflect the neural basis of sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Maritza Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chang Qi
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuxia Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - An Xie
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maifang Huang
- Kangda Voluntary Drug Rehabilitation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tieqiao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
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Versace F, Engelmann JM, Deweese MM, Robinson JD, Green CE, Lam CY, Minnix JA, Karam-Hage MA, Wetter DW, Schembre SM, Cinciripini PM. Beyond Cue Reactivity: Non-Drug-Related Motivationally Relevant Stimuli Are Necessary to Understand Reactivity to Drug-Related Cues. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:663-669. [PMID: 28486715 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurobiological models of addiction posit that drug use can alter reward processes in two ways: (1) by increasing the motivational relevance of drugs and drug-related cues and (2) by reducing the motivational relevance of non-drug-related rewards. Here, we discuss the results from a series of neuroimaging studies in which we assessed the extent to which these hypotheses apply to nicotine dependence. In these studies, we recorded smokers’ and nonsmokers’ brain responses to a wide array of motivationally relevant visual stimuli that included pleasant, unpleasant, cigarette-related, and neutral images. Based on these findings, we highlight the flaws of the traditional cue reactivity paradigm and we conclude that responses to non-drug-related motivationally relevant stimuli should be used to appropriately gauge the motivational relevance of cigarette-related cues and to identify smokers attributing higher motivational relevance to drug-related cues than to non-drug-related rewards. Identifying these individuals is clinically relevant as they achieve lower rates of long-term smoking abstinence when attempting to quit. Finally, we show how this approach may be extended beyond nicotine dependence to inform theoretical and clinical research in the study of obesity. Implications The cue reactivity paradigm (ie, comparing responses evoked by drug-related cues to those evoked by neutral cues) cannot provide conclusive information about the motivational relevance of drug-related cues. Responses to non-drug-related motivationally relevant stimuli should be used to appropriately gauge the level of motivational relevance that substance-dependent individuals attribute to drug-related cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Versace
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jeffrey M Engelmann
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Menton M Deweese
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Charles E Green
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX
| | - Cho Y Lam
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer A Minnix
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maher A Karam-Hage
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Susan M Schembre
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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40
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Ho SS, Nakamura Y. Healing Dysfunctional Identity: Bridging Mind-Body Intervention to Brain Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2017.73013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gordon HW. Laterality of Brain Activation for Risk Factors of Addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:1-18. [PMID: 26674074 PMCID: PMC4811731 DOI: 10.2174/1874473709666151217121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Laterality of brain activation is reported for tests of risk factors of addiction - impulsivity and craving - but authors rarely address the potential significance of those asymmetries. Objective:
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate this laterality and discuss its relevance to cognitive and neurophysiological asymmetries associated with drug abuse vulnerability in order to provide new insights for future research in drug abuse. Method:
From published reports, brain areas of activation for two tests of response inhibition or craving for drugs of abuse were compiled from fMRI activation peaks and were tabulated for eight sections (octants) in each hemisphere. Percent asymmetries were calculated (R-L/R+L) across studies for each area. Results:
For impulsivity, most activation peaks favored the right hemisphere. Overall, the percent difference was 32% (Χ2 = 16.026; p < 0.0001) with the greater asymmetry for anterior peaks (46.8%; Χ2 = 17.329; p < 0.0001). The asymmetries for cue-induced craving were opposite, favoring the left hemisphere by 6.7% (Χ2 = 4.028; p < 0.05). The consistency of left asymmetry was found for almost all drugs. For nicotine, studies where subjects were not allowed to smoke (deprived) prior to measurement had the same left hemisphere activation but those who smoked (satiated) before the fMRI measure showed right asymmetry. Conclusion:
Brain activation studies demonstrate different left/right hemispheric contributions for impulsivity versus craving - factors related to addiction. Failure to take laterality into consideration is a missed opportunity in designing studies and gaining insight into the etiology of drug abuse and pathways for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold W Gordon
- Epidemiology Research Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research (DESPR), National Institute on Drug Abuse, The Neuroscience Center, Room 5151, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-9593, USA.
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Porrino LJ, Miller MD, Smith HR, Nader SH, Nader MA. Neural Correlates of Exposure to Cocaine Cues in Rhesus Monkeys: Modulation by the Dopamine Transporter. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:702-710. [PMID: 27059874 PMCID: PMC4995148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major goal of treatments for cocaine addiction is to reduce relapse-associated cravings, which are typically induced by environmental stimuli associated with cocaine use and related to changes in dopamine neurotransmission. METHODS The present study used an animal model of cocaine seeking to determine functional consequences of cue exposure using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and to relate findings to juvenile levels of dopamine transporter and D2-like receptor availabilities determined before any drug exposure. Adult male rhesus monkeys (N = 11) self-administered cocaine (0.2 mg/kg per injection) under a second-order schedule of reinforcement, in which responding was maintained by conditioned reinforcers. Positron emission tomography scans assessing glucose utilization, a marker of functional activation, were conducted during cocaine-cue responding and food-reinforced responding in a context where cocaine was never available. RESULTS Compared with the noncocaine condition, we found significant functional activation in the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, precuneus region of the parietal cortex, and striatum-findings similar to those reported in humans who abuse cocaine. Furthermore, these functional activations in the prefrontal, cingulate, and parietal cortex measured during cocaine-cue responding were significantly correlated with juvenile measures of dopamine transporter availability, whereas no significant relationship with prior D2-like receptor availability was observed in any brain region. CONCLUSIONS The similarity between the present findings and findings in humans who use cocaine supports the use of this model for examination of factors that affect the development and intensity of cue-induced drug seeking and provides evidence for potential biomarkers for the evaluation of potential treatments (behavioral and pharmacologic) for cocaine abuse.
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Lane SP, Carpenter RW, Sher KJ, Trull TJ. Alcohol Craving and Consumption in Borderline Personality Disorder: When, Where, and with Whom. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 4:775-792. [PMID: 28042520 PMCID: PMC5199026 DOI: 10.1177/2167702615616132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Substance use is highly prevalent in our society, and substance use disorders are comorbid with most psychiatric disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD; Grant et al., 2006, 2008). Craving is a fundamental feature of addiction and disorder, yet the contexts in which craving occurs and is associated with substance use is still under-researched. We examined alcohol craving and consumption in a sample of 56 BPD individuals and a comparison group of community drinkers (COM; n = 60) who carried electronic diaries for approximately 21 days. BPD individuals reported more craving than COM individuals in most contexts. Compared to COM individuals, elevated craving in BPD individuals was paralleled by more drinking when at work, at home, and with romantic partners, coworkers, and children. These findings identify contexts of particular relevance to those with BPD and other mood/anxiety disorders in which craving may lead to risky and maladaptive alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Lane
- University of Missouri-Columbia and Alcoholism Research Center, Columbia, MO
| | - Ryan W Carpenter
- University of Missouri-Columbia and Alcoholism Research Center, Columbia, MO
| | - Kenneth J Sher
- University of Missouri-Columbia and Alcoholism Research Center, Columbia, MO
| | - Timothy J Trull
- University of Missouri-Columbia and Alcoholism Research Center, Columbia, MO
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Largely overlapping neuronal substrates of reactivity to drug, gambling, food and sexual cues: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1419-1430. [PMID: 27397863 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cue reactivity to natural and social rewards is essential for motivational behavior. However, cue reactivity to drug rewards can also elicit craving in addicted subjects. The degree to which drug and natural rewards share neural substrates is not known. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on drug, gambling and natural stimuli (food and sex) to identify the common and distinct neural substrates of cue reactivity to drug and natural rewards. Neural cue reactivity studies were selected for the meta-analysis by means of activation likelihood estimations, followed by sensitivity and clustering analyses of averaged neuronal response patterns. Data from 176 studies (5573 individuals) suggests largely overlapping neural response patterns towards all tested reward modalities. Common cue reactivity to natural and drug rewards was expressed by bilateral neural responses within anterior cingulate gyrus, insula, caudate head, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and cerebellum. However, drug cues also generated distinct activation patterns in medial frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, caudate body and putamen. Natural (sexual) reward cues induced unique activation of the pulvinar in thalamus. Neural substrates of cue reactivity to alcohol, drugs of abuse, food, sex and gambling are largely overlapping and comprise a network that processes reward, emotional responses and habit formation. This suggests that cue-mediated craving involves mechanisms that are not exclusive for addictive disorders but rather resemble the intersection of information pathways for processing reward, emotional responses, non-declarative memory and obsessive-compulsive behavior.
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Potvin S, Lungu O, Lipp O, Lalonde P, Zaharieva V, Stip E, Melun JP, Mendrek A. Increased ventro-medial prefrontal activations in schizophrenia smokers during cigarette cravings. Schizophr Res 2016; 173:30-6. [PMID: 27005897 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly prevalent in schizophrenia, tobacco smoking substantially increases the risk of cardiac-related death. Compared to the general population, tobacco smoking cessation rates are lower in schizophrenia. Unfortunately, the reasons for these low cessation rates remain poorly understood. Recently, it has been shown that tobacco cravings are increased in schizophrenia smokers compared to smokers with no comorbid psychiatric disorder. In view of these results, we sought to examine - for the first time - the neurophysiologic responses elicited by cigarette cues in schizophrenia smokers. We hypothesized that cigarettes cues would elicit increased activations in brain regions involved in drug cravings in schizophrenia smokers relative to control smokers. METHODS Smokers with (n=18) and without (n=24) schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing appetitive cigarette images. RESULTS Schizophrenia smokers and smokers with no psychiatric comorbidity did not differ in subjective cravings in response to appetitive smoking cues. However, in schizophrenia smokers relative to control smokers, we found that appetitive cigarette cues triggered increased activations of the bilateral ventro-medial prefrontal cortex, a core region of the brain reward system. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between cigarette cravings and activations of the right ventro-medial prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia smokers. DISCUSSION The current results highlight a key role of the brain reward system in cigarette craving in schizophrenia, and suggest that the neurophysiologic mechanisms involved in the regulation of cue-induced cigarette craving are impaired in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Ovidiu Lungu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Institut de Gériatrie de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Research in Aging, Donald Berman Maimonides Geriatric Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olivier Lipp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pierre Lalonde
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vessela Zaharieva
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Stip
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Melun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Adrianna Mendrek
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Canada
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Sayette MA, Dimoff JD. In search of anticipatory cigarette cravings: The impact of perceived smoking opportunity and motivation to seek treatment. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:277-86. [PMID: 27099960 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Craving has long been considered central to addiction, but it remains unclear just how it contributes to drug use or relapse. Improved understanding of its role in addiction requires a more fine-grained examination of craving, including the context in which it occurs. This study used a novel set of smoking-related and unrelated stimuli to investigate the responses of 227 nicotine-deprived smokers under conditions that manipulated perceived smoking opportunity and motivation to quit smoking. Specifically, we contrasted features of preconsumptive states when active smokers anticipate smoking soon to states when smokers do not have this expectation. Results indicated that under certain conditions (smokers not interested in quitting who expected to be able to smoke soon), exposure to smoking cues becomes attractive. Specifically, these smokers found smoking-related images to be more pleasant than did smokers who were either motivated to quit smoking within the next month or who were informed that they would not be permitted to smoke during the experiment. More broadly, the study raises the possibility that the loss of routinely experienced pleasant cravings upon quitting smoking may yield challenges to staying quit and requires greater clinical attention. (PsycINFO Database Record
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The first day is always the hardest: Functional connectivity during cue exposure and the ability to resist smoking in the initial hours of a quit attempt. Neuroimage 2016; 151:24-32. [PMID: 26975550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quitting smoking is the single best change in behavior that smokers can make to improve their health and extend their lives. Although most smokers express a strong desire to stop using cigarettes, the vast majority of quit attempts end in relapse. Relapse is particularly likely when smokers encounter cigarette cues. A striking number of relapses occur very quickly, with many occurring within as little as 24h. Characterizing what distinguishes successful quit attempts from unsuccessful ones, particularly just after cessation is initiated, is a research priority. We addressed this significant issue by examining the association between functional connectivity during cigarette cue exposure and smoking behavior during the first 24h of a quit attempt. Functional MRI was used to measure brain activity during cue exposure in nicotine-deprived daily smokers during the first day of a quit attempt. Participants were then given the opportunity to smoke. Using data collected in two parent studies, we identified a subset of participants who chose to smoke and a matched subset who declined (n=38). Smokers who were able to resist smoking displayed significant functional connectivity between the left anterior insula and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas there was no such connectivity for those who chose to smoke. Notably, there were no differences in mean levels of activation in brain regions of interest, underscoring the importance of assessing interregional connectivity when investigating the links between cue-related neural responses and overt behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study to link patterns of functional connectivity and actual cigarette use during the pivotal first hours of attempt to change smoking behavior.
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Abstract
Craving is a central feature of addiction. Its recent inclusion as a diagnostic criterion for substance use disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders appears at a time when craving research is at an all-time high. Craving is thought to predict relapse and may deter individuals from even trying to quit. Researchers have developed experimental craving-induction paradigms to identify factors contributing to craving and to test interventions to alleviate craving. This review offers a critique of laboratory craving studies, with particular emphasis on cigarette craving. It raises questions concerning several conceptual and methodological assumptions underlying this research, identifies processes that may explain why cravings are linked to drug use and relapse, addresses contextual factors that may influence various experiences of craving, and considers recent interventions targeting craving. The relation between craving and both emotion and coping is discussed, as well as the level of insight that individuals have about their own future cravings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sayette
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260;
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The effects of N-Acetylcysteine on frontostriatal resting-state functional connectivity, withdrawal symptoms and smoking abstinence: A double-blind, placebo-controlled fMRI pilot study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 156:234-242. [PMID: 26454838 PMCID: PMC4633320 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to drugs of abuse disrupts frontostriatal glutamate transmission, which in turn meditates drug seeking. In animal models, N-Acetylcysteine normalizes dysregulated frontostriatal glutamatergic neurotransmission and prevents reinstated drug seeking; however, the effects of N-Acetylcysteine on human frontostriatal circuitry function and maintaining smoking abstinence is unknown. Thus, the current study tested the hypothesis that N-Acetylcysteine would be associated with stronger frontostriatal resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), attenuated nicotine withdrawal and would help smokers to maintain abstinence over the study period. METHODS The present study examined the effects of N-Acetylcysteine on frontostriatal rsFC, nicotine-withdrawal symptoms and maintaining abstinence. Healthy adult, non-treatment seeking smokers (N=16; mean (SD) age 36.5±11.9; cigs/day 15.8±6.1; years/smoking 15.7±8.9) were randomized to a double-blind course of 2400mg N-Acetylcysteine (1200mg b.i.d.) or placebo over the course of 3½ days of monetary-incentivized smoking abstinence. On each abstinent day, measures of mood and craving were collected and participants attended a lab visit in order to assess smoking (i.e., expired-air carbon monoxide [CO]). On day 4, participants underwent fMRI scanning. RESULTS As compared to placebo (n=8), smokers in the N-Acetylcysteine group (n=8) maintained abstinence, reported less craving and higher positive affect (all p's<.01), and concomitantly exhibited stronger rsFC between ventral striatal nodes, medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus-key default mode network nodes, and the cerebellum [p<.025; FWE]). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that N-Acetylcysteine may positively affect dysregulated corticostriatal connectivity, help to restructure reward processing, and help to maintain abstinence immediately following a quit attempt.
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Nichols TT, Foulds J, Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, Richie J, Eissenberg T, Wilson SJ. Cue-reactivity in experienced electronic cigarette users: Novel stimulus videos and a pilot fMRI study. Brain Res Bull 2015; 123:23-32. [PMID: 26478134 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some individuals who try electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) continue to use long-term. Previous research has investigated the safety of e-cigarettes and their potential for use in smoking cessation, but comparatively little research has explored chronic or habitual e-cigarette use. In particular, the relationship between e-cigarette cues and craving is unknown. We sought to bridge this gap by developing a novel set of e-cigarette (salient) and electronic toothbrush (neutral) videos for use in cue-reactivity paradigms. Additionally, we demonstrate the utility of this approach in a pilot fMRI study of 7 experienced e-cigarette users. Participants were scanned while viewing the cue videos before and after 10min use of their own e-cigarettes (producing an 11.7ng/ml increase in plasma nicotine concentration). A significant session (pre- and post-use) by video type (salient and neutral) interaction was exhibited in many sensorimotor areas commonly activated in other cue-reactivity paradigms. We did not detect significant cue-related activity in other brain regions notable in the craving literature. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, including the importance of matching cue stimuli to participants' experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis T Nichols
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jessica M Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - John Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Center for The Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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