1
|
Ng L, Tan CS, Lee JK, van der Eijk Y. Impact of standardized tobacco packaging on smoking-related behaviors and perceptions in Singapore. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-139. [PMID: 39091892 PMCID: PMC11292604 DOI: 10.18332/tid/189551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Singapore phased in standardized tobacco packaging on 1 July 2020 following a three-month grace period. This pre-post study evaluated its impacts on smoking-related behaviors and perceptions among adults who currently smoke. METHODS Baseline and follow-up data were collected in a pre- and post-questionnaire from a cohort of 1873 Singaporean adults who were currently smoking at baseline. Baseline data were collected from December 2019 to May 2020, and follow-up data from July 2021 to September 2021. We used descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses to assess pre-post changes (Bhapkar's test, Wilcoxon signed rank test) and to identify characteristics of participants who had quit or cut down smoking at follow-up (Pearson's chi-squared, Fisher's exact test). RESULTS At follow-up, 11.7% (n=220) had quit smoking. There was a higher proportion of those smoking non-daily (pre: 13.1%, post: 16.9%; p<0.001), and those intending to quit within the next year (pre: 14.8%, post: 17.5%; p<0.05) or six months (pre: 10.4%, post: 13.2%; p<0.01). Tobacco products were scored more negatively in relation to packaging, quality, satisfaction, value for money and overall appeal (scores pre: 15.9, post: 14.3; p<0.001), harmfulness (scores pre: 0.61, post: 0.54; p<0.05), noticing others smoking the same brand (scores pre: 1.92, post: 1.65; p<0.001), and considering quitting due to health warnings (scores pre: 0.81, post: 0.86, p<0.05). Fewer reported that some cigarette brands have higher prestige (pre: 58.0, post: 54.3%; p<0.01), and more reported using flavored cigarettes (pre: 42.2%, post: 60.1%; p<0.001) and e-cigarettes (pre: 4.2%, post: 6.1%; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In Singapore, the changes observed before and after the implementation of standardized packaging suggest that it might be associated with quit-related outcomes, reduced tobacco product appeal, and increased effectiveness of graphic health warnings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Ng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuen Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeong Kyu Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, United States
| | - Yvette van der Eijk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haynes A, Winnall WR, Brennan E, Dunstone K, Benowitz NL, Ashley DL, Samet JM, Hatsukami DK, Wakefield MA. Tobacco Constituents, Flavorants, and Paper Permeability of Factory-Made and Roll-Your-Own Cigarettes on the Australian Market. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:289-297. [PMID: 37462724 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco is a popular choice in Australia, with some people who smoke finding these products more attractive than factory-made cigarettes (FMC). Differences in visual and tactile properties and in the feel and taste of the smoke may contribute to this attractiveness. These differences may be driven by variation in tobacco constituents and wrapping paper permeability. However, to date, there has been no comparison of RYO and FMC products on the Australian market. AIMS AND METHODS Chemical constituents, pH, flavorants, and paper permeability were compared in unburned RYO tobacco and tobacco from FMC. RYO and FMC products from matched brands were compared, as were products from the most popular FMC and RYO brands on the Australian market in 2018. RESULTS RYO tobacco had higher moisture and humectant content (glycerol and propylene glycol) than FMC tobacco. RYO tobacco also had higher amounts of total and reducing sugars and lower nicotine when comparing the most popular brands. RYO papers were less permeable than FMC papers. Both RYO and FMC tobacco contained many chemicals identified as flavorants, including fourteen with known potential health risks. For most measured constituents and flavorants, RYO tobaccos had more in common with other RYO than FMC, with the commonalities remaining even when matched brands were compared. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of moisture, humectants, and sugars in Australian RYO tobacco compared to FMC may be increasing attractiveness of RYO by reducing the harsh taste of the smoke and increasing the moist feel of the tobacco. IMPLICATIONS While price is the main factor driving the use of RYO tobacco, some people who smoke find these products more attractive. This study has shown that Australian RYO tobacco contains higher amounts of glycerol, propylene glycol, and sugars than FMC. These chemicals may be improving the taste of the tobacco, as well as creating a moist feel that is falsely perceived as indicating that the tobacco is "fresh" and "less chemically." Ironically, it may be that higher amounts of some added chemicals in RYO contribute to false perceptions of a more natural and less harmful product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Haynes
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy R Winnall
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Brennan
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kimberley Dunstone
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David L Ashley
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Samet
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Melanie A Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van der Eijk Y, Yang AY. Tobacco industry marketing adaptations to Singapore plain packaging. Tob Control 2022; 31:744-749. [PMID: 33980723 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Singapore has implemented plain packaging, a measure that strips all colours, logos and branding elements from tobacco packs. In other countries, tobacco companies responded to plain packaging with a variety of marketing tactics. Our goal was to describe the tobacco industry's marketing adaptations to Singapore plain packaging. METHODS Qualitative analysis of 378 cigarette packs sampled from Singapore retailers in March 2019, March 2020 and January 2021, 12 months prior to, 2 weeks prior to and 6 months after plain packaging phase-in, respectively. For each pack, we collected descriptive information on the brand and variant name, pack and stick dimensions, pack shape, differentiating features and distinctive scents, as well as photographic data of the pack, cigarette sticks and any distinct features. We used the March 2019 collection as our baseline dataset, and March 2020 and January 2021 collections as comparison datasets to examine changes in tobacco marketing strategies just before and after plain packaging phase-in. RESULTS Around Singapore's plain packaging phase-in, tobacco companies launched variants with flavour capsules, novelty filter features and new flavours and used more descriptive variant names reflecting the variant's colour coding or market positioning. Tobacco companies revamped some existing variants, often with Japanese marketing themes to convey a more premium product image. After plain packaging, tobacco companies used longer packs and variations in stick length, filter length and foil texture to further differentiate products. CONCLUSIONS Following plain packaging in Singapore, tobacco companies rely increasingly on nomenclature and the cigarette stick itself to market and differentiate products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van der Eijk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adonsia Yating Yang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bayly M, Scollo M, Wakefield MA. Evidence of cushioning of tobacco tax increases in large retailers in Australia. Tob Control 2022; 31:671-674. [PMID: 34117099 PMCID: PMC9411903 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco companies may attempt to minimise the impact of tobacco tax increases on consumers by gradually passing on the price rise over several months. This study examined whether there was evidence of large Australian tobacco retailers engaging in this practice (known as cushioning) over a period including both routine indexation and large annual tobacco excise increases. METHODS Advertised prices of nine factory-made cigarette (FMC) and nine roll-your-own tobacco (RYO) products were recorded from two stores monthly from December 2016 to December 2019. Per cent change in price from the previous month was analysed for FMC and RYO products, controlling for year, month, tobacco company and supermarket chain. RESULTS Significant main effects of month were observed for FMC and RYO products (both p<0.001). Large, significant average increases in per cent change in price were observed in September for FMC (6.51%) and RYO (11.45%) products, the month of the annual excise increase and prices also significantly increased in October (FMC: 3.01%; RYO: 1.91%). Significant increases were also observed in the months after the March annual routine indexation: by 1.10% in May for FMC products and by 1.09% in April for RYO products. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated evidence of cushioning of tax increases of FMC and RYO products in large Australian supermarkets. The monthly per cent change in price significantly increased several months after routine excise indexation and in the 2 months following a large annual excise increase. Further research with a larger sample of products and stores is needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bayly
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Scollo
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Prevention Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie A Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moodie C, Hoek J, Hammond D, Gallopel-Morvan K, Sendoya D, Rosen L, Mucan Özcan B, van der Eijk Y. Plain tobacco packaging: progress, challenges, learning and opportunities. Tob Control 2022; 31:263-271. [PMID: 35241599 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to overview progress made with respect to the adoption of plain (or standardised) packaging, key challenges faced, evaluative evidence and opportunities for extending this policy. It has been a decade since Australia became the first country to require tobacco products to be sold in plain packaging; after slow initial uptake, 16 countries have now fully implemented this policy. Since 2020, plain packaging laws have become more comprehensive in some countries, expanding coverage beyond traditional tobacco products to include heated tobacco, tobacco accessories (rolling papers) and other nicotine-containing products (e-cigarettes). Laws have also become more innovative: some now ban non-biodegradable filters, include provision for a periodic change of the pack colour or require both plain packaging and health-promoting pack inserts. The tobacco industry has and will continue to use multi-jurisdictional strategies to oppose this policy. Evaluations suggest that plain packaging has improved health outcomes and has not burdened retailers, although research is limited to early policy adopters and important gaps in the literature remain. While the power of packaging as a sales tool has diminished in markets with plain packaging, tobacco companies have exploited loopholes to continue to promote their products and have increasingly focused on filter innovations. Opportunities exist for governments to strengthen plain packaging laws.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Janet Hoek
- Departments of Public Health and Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Diego Sendoya
- Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de la Republica Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Rosen
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Burcu Mucan Özcan
- Department of Business Administration, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Yvette van der Eijk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wilson LB, Pryce R, Hiscock R, Angus C, Brennan A, Gillespie D. Quantile regression of tobacco tax pass-through in the UK 2013-2019. How have manufacturers passed through tax changes for different tobacco products? Tob Control 2021; 30:e27-e32. [PMID: 33093189 PMCID: PMC8606450 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of tax increases relies heavily on the tobacco industry passing on such increases to smokers (also referred to as 'pass-through'). Previous research has found heterogeneous levels of tax pass-through across the market segments of tobacco products available to smokers. This study uses retail sales data to assess the extent to which recent tax changes have been passed on to smokers and whether this varies across the price distribution. METHODS We use panel data quantile regression analysis on Nielsen commercial data of tobacco price and sales in the UK from January 2013 to March 2019 combined with official UK tax rates and inflation to calculate the rate of tax pass-through for factory made (FM) cigarettes and roll your own (RYO) tobacco. RESULTS Following increases in the specific tax payable on tobacco, we find evidence of overshifting across the price distribution for both FM and RYO. The rate of the overshift in tax increased the more expensive the products were. This was consistent for FM and RYO. Additionally, our findings suggest that the introduction of standardised packaging was not followed by changes in how the tobacco industry responded to tax increases. CONCLUSIONS Following the repeated introduction of increases in specific tobacco tax as well as standardised packaging, we show that the tobacco industry applies techniques to keep the cheapest tobacco cheaper relative to the more expensive products when passing on tax increases to smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Brian Wilson
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert Pryce
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Colin Angus
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Duncan Gillespie
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gilbert E, Ewald A. Fresher with flavour: young women smokers' constructions and experiences of menthol capsule cigarettes and regular cigarettes. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:155. [PMID: 33863322 PMCID: PMC8051088 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Flavour capsule cigarettes are one of the fastest growing segments of the tobacco market, and there is evidence that Australian young people are increasingly using menthol flavoured capsule cigarettes. This qualitative research examines how young women construct and experience menthol flavour capsule cigarettes as part of their smoking practices, and explores the perceived differences between menthol capsule cigarettes and regular cigarettes. Semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with 41 Australian young women smokers, using a constructivist grounded theory approach. Results Findings reveal that the perceived fresh and improved taste of menthol and the ability to customise the smoking process positively contributed to young women’s experiences of smoking menthol capsule cigarettes. In particular, menthol capsule flavour cigarettes were constructed by the young women as “fresh”, “light” and “minty”, and “popping” the menthol capsule allowed the young women to personalise their smoking experience. Conclusion These results indicate that specific public health campaigns and legislation should be developed to counter the powerfully alluring effects and the innovative appeal of menthol capsule cigarettes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-021-01297-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gilbert
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - A Ewald
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alcaraz A, Hernández-Vásquez A, Palacios A, Rodríguez B, Roberti J, García-Martí S, Ciapponi A, Augustovski F, Bardach A, Pichon-Riviere A. Health and Economic Impact of Health Warnings and Plain Tobacco Packaging in Seven Latin American Countries: Results of a Simulation Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:2032-2040. [PMID: 32531063 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The burden of disease attributable to tobacco use in Latin America is very high. Our objective was to evaluate the 10-year potential impact of current legislation related to cigarette packaging and warnings and expected effects of moving to a higher level of strategies implementing cigarette plain packaging on health and cost outcomes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, using a microsimulation model. AIMS AND METHODS We used a probabilistic state-transition microsimulation model, considering natural history, costs, and quality of life losses associated with main tobacco-related diseases. We followed up individuals in hypothetical cohorts and calculated health outcomes annually to obtain aggregated long-term population health outcomes and costs. We performed a literature review to estimate effects and analyzed studies and information from ministries, relevant organizations, and national surveys. We calibrated the model comparing the predicted disease-specific mortality rates with local statistics. RESULTS Current graphic warnings already in place in each country could avert, during 10 years, 69 369 deaths and 638 295 disease events, adding 1.2 million years of healthy life and saving USD 5.3 billion in the seven countries. If these countries implemented plain packaging strategies, additional 155 857 premature deaths and 4 133 858 events could be averted, adding 4.1 million healthy years of life and saving USD 13.6 billion in direct health care expenses of diseases attributable to smoking. CONCLUSIONS Latin American countries should not delay the implementation of this strategy that will alleviate part of the enormous health and financial burden that tobacco poses on their economies and health care systems. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable and premature mortality cause in the world. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by the World Health Organization, introduced a package of evidence-based measures for tobacco control. This study adds evidence on the potential health effects and savings of implementing cigarette plain packaging in countries representing almost 80% of the Latin American population; findings are valuable resources for policy makers in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alcaraz
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alfredo Palacios
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén Rodríguez
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Roberti
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Agustín Ciapponi
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Augustovski
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Bardach
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Pichon-Riviere
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cantrell J, Huang J, Greenberg M, Willett J, Hair E, Vallone D. History and Current Trends in the Electronic Cigarette Retail Marketplace in the United States: 2010-2016. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:843-847. [PMID: 30312465 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The US market for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has grown rapidly in the last decade. There is limited published evidence examining changes in the ENDS marketplace prior to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) deeming rule in 2016. This study describes US ENDS retail market trends from 2010 to 2016. METHODS National data were obtained from Nielsen retail scanners for five product types: (1) disposables, (2) rechargeables, (3) cartridge replacements, (4) e-liquid bottle refills, and (5) specialty vapor products. We examined dollar sales, volume, price, brand, and flavor. RESULTS Adjusted national sales increased from $11.6 million in 2010 to $751.2 million in 2016. The annual rate of sales growth rapidly increased before slowing through 2015. The rate of growth spiked in 2016. Market share for menthol products and other assorted flavors increased from 20% in 2010 to 52.1% by 2016. NJOY's early market dominance shifted as tobacco industry brands entered the market and eventually captured 87.8% of share by 2016. Rechargeables and accompanying products comprised an increased proportion of total volume sold over time while disposable volume declined. Specialty vapor products appeared at retail in 2015. CONCLUSIONS Findings show strong early growth in the ENDS retail market followed by considerable slowing over time, despite a slight uptick in 2016. Trends reflect shifts to flavored products, newer generation "open-system" devices, lower prices, and tobacco industry brands. This study provides a baseline against which to compare the impact of FDA's 2016 deeming rule and future actions on the ENDS marketplace. IMPLICATIONS This study uses market scanner data from US retail outlets to describe trends in the ENDS retail market from 2010 to 2016, providing a baseline against which to compare the impact of FDA's 2016 deeming rule and future actions on the ENDS marketplace. Understanding historical market trends is valuable in assessing how future regulatory efforts and advances in ENDS technology may impact industry response and consumer uptake and use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cantrell
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jidong Huang
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Hair
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC
| | - Donna Vallone
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mitchell D, Moodie C, Critchlow N, Bauld L. Adolescents' perceptions of standardised cigarette packaging design and brand variant name post-implementation: a focus group study in Scotland. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1227. [PMID: 31488096 PMCID: PMC6727409 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United Kingdom (UK) fully-implemented standardised packaging for cigarettes and rolling tobacco on 20th May 2017. We explore adolescent's awareness of, and responses to, standardised cigarette packaging in the UK after it became mandatory. METHODS Eight focus groups were conducted in schools in Scotland with 16-17 year-olds (n = 41), between November 2017 and November 2018, to explore awareness of, and responses to, standardised cigarette packaging. Unlike in Australia, where only straight-edged flip-top cigarette packs are permitted, in the UK standardised cigarette packs can have slim designs, and different edge types (straight, rounded or bevelled) and opening styles (flip-top or shoulder box). We explored how each of these pack formats was perceived. We also explored to what extent brand variant name differentiated cigarettes sold in standardised packaging. RESULTS Most participants were aware of standardised packaging without being shown pack stimuli. Standardised packs were considered embarrassing and off-putting, and the health warnings salient. Among the standardised packs shown, there was a preference for the slimmer pack, viewed as more discrete and the cigarettes potentially less harmful, and the shoulder box, considered cool and different. Participants were interested in some brand variant names on standardised packs (e.g. Legendary Black), particularly those they considered to imply coolness and sophistication. CONCLUSION Adolescents consider standardised cigarette packs in the UK unappealing, and the warnings salient, two core aims of this measure. However, positive reactions to some of the standardised packs (slimmer pack, shoulder box), and variant names used, has implications for countries developing standardised packaging regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mitchell
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moodie C, Hoek J, Scheffels J, Gallopel-Morvan K, Lindorff K. Plain packaging: legislative differences in Australia, France, the UK, New Zealand and Norway, and options for strengthening regulations. Tob Control 2019; 28:485-492. [PMID: 30068563 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
By July 2018, five countries (Australia, France, the UK, New Zealand and Norway) had fully implemented plain (standardised) packaging. Using government documents, we reviewed the key legislative differences between these five countries to identify best practice measures and potential lacuna. We then discuss how governments planning to introduce plain packaging could strengthen their legislation. Differences between countries include the terminology used (either 'plain', 'standardised' or 'plain and standardised'), products covered and transition times (ranging from 2 to 12 months). Myriad differences exist with respect to the packaging, including the dimensions (explicitly stated for height, width and depth vs minimum dimensions for the health warnings only), structure (straight-edged flip-top packs vs straight, rounded and bevelled-edged flip-top packs and shoulder boxes) and size (minimum number of cigarettes and weight of tobacco vs fixed amounts) and warning content (eg, inclusion of a stop-smoking web address and/or quitline displayed on warnings on one or both principal display areas). Future options that merit further analysis include banning colour descriptors in brand and variant names, allowing pack inserts promoting cessation and permitting cigarettes that are designed to be dissuasive. Plain packaging legislation and regulations are divergent. Countries moving towards plain packaging should consider incorporating the strengths of existing policies and review opportunities for extending these. While plain packaging represents a milestone in tobacco-control policy, future legislation need not simply reflect the past but could set new benchmarks to maximise the potential benefits of this policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- School of Health Sciences and Sport, Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Janet Hoek
- Departments of Public Health and Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Critchlow N, Stead M, Moodie C, Angus K, Eadie D, MacKintosh AM. Difference between recommended retail price and sales price for tobacco products in independent and convenience (small) retailers before and after the introduction of standardised tobacco packaging in the UK. Tob Control 2019; 28:449-456. [PMID: 30120200 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recommended retail price (RRP) is a marketing strategy used by tobacco companies to maintain competitiveness, communicate product positioning and drive sales. We explored small retailer adherence to RRP before and after the introduction of the Standardised Packaging of Tobacco Products Regulations in the UK (fully implemented on 20 May 2017) which mandated standardised packaging of cigarettes and rolling tobacco, set minimum pack/pouch sizes and prohibited price-marking. METHOD Monthly electronic point of sale data from 500 small retailers in England, Scotland and Wales were analysed. From May 2016 to October 2017, we monitored 20 of the best-selling fully branded tobacco products (15 factory-made cigarettes, 5 rolling tobacco) and their standardised equivalents. Adherence to RRP was measured as the average difference (%) between monthly RRPs and sales prices by pack type (fully branded vs standardised), price-marking on packaging and price segment. RESULTS The average difference between RRP and sales price increased from +0.36% above RRP (SD=0.72) in May 2016, when only fully branded packs were sold, to +1.37% in October 2017 (SD=0.30), when standardised packs were mandatory. Increases above RRP for fully branded packs increased as they were phased out, with deviation greater for non-price-marked packs and premium products. DISCUSSION Despite tobacco companies emphasising the importance of RRP, small retailers implemented small increases above RRP as standardised packaging was introduced. Consequently, any intended price changes by tobacco companies in response to the legislation (ie, to increase affordability or brand positioning) may be confounded by retailer behaviour, and such deviation may increase consumer price sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Kathryn Angus
- Institute for Social Marketing, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Douglas Eadie
- Institute for Social Marketing, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Anne-Marie MacKintosh
- Institute for Social Marketing, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Critchlow N, Stead M, Moodie C, Eadie D, MacKintosh AM. Introduction of Standardized Tobacco Packaging During a 12-Month Transition Period: Findings From Small Retailers in the United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:871-878. [PMID: 29342304 PMCID: PMC6588389 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Factory-made cigarettes (FMC) and roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco have had to be produced in standardized packaging since May 20, 2016 in the United Kingdom, with a minimum pack size of 20 sticks for FMC and 30 g for RYO. Manufacturers and retailers were given a 12-month transition period. METHODS An observational study was conducted using monthly Electronic Point of Sale data from 500 small retailers in England, Scotland, and Wales, between May 2016 and May 2017. The 20 top selling tobacco products (15 FMC, 5 RYO) were monitored to observe when standardized packs were first introduced, the proportion of retailers selling each fully branded and standardized product, and the average number of monitored fully branded and standardized products sold by each retailer. The number of unique tobacco-related product codes sold by each retailer was also recorded each month. RESULTS Eighteen of the fully branded products continued to be sold throughout the transition period and no standardized variants were sold in the first 5 months. It was not until month eleven that the average number of standardized products sold by retailers exceeded the fully branded products. The average number of unique tobacco-related product codes sold by each retailer decreased by a third over the transition period. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco companies used the transition period to delay the removal of fully branded products and gradually introduce standardized variants. This staggered introduction may have mitigated some of the immediate intended effects of the legislation by desensitizing consumers to new pack designs. IMPLICATIONS Evaluation research from countries which have introduced standardized packaging for tobacco products is key to help inform future implementation. This is the first study to monitor the transition from fully branded to standardized products using real-time retail data. The findings demonstrate that tobacco companies delayed the introduction of standardized products and removal of fully branded packaging. Countries seeking to introduce standardized packaging should consider what length of transition is allowed, as the protracted 12-month period in the United Kingdom appeared longer than needed to transition stockholding and may have mitigated immediate intended effects by desensitizing consumers to new pack designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing, Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing, Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing, Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Douglas Eadie
- Institute for Social Marketing, Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Anne Marie MacKintosh
- Institute for Social Marketing, Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Critchlow N, Stead M, Moodie C, Angus K, Eadie D, MacKintosh AM. Pricing of tobacco products during, and after, the introduction of standardized packaging: an observational study of retail price data from independent and convenience (small) retailers in the United Kingdom. Addiction 2019; 114:523-533. [PMID: 30554446 PMCID: PMC6491979 DOI: 10.1111/add.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tobacco companies claimed that standardized packaging, phased in/introduced May 2016-May 2017, would reduce prices and increase consumption. We: (1) describe changes in price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram during, and after, the introduction of standardized packaging; (2) describe price changes by cigarette price segment; and (3) analyse price changes by stage of implementation. DESIGN An observational study, using electronic point-of-sale data, monitored price trends in three periods: (1) May-September 2016, start of transition period; (2) October 2016-May 2017, when fully branded and standardized products were sold and duty escalators implemented; and (3) June-October 2017, when standardized packaging was mandatory. SETTING United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Small retailers (n = 500) stratified by region and deprivation. Data were monitored for 20 leading fully branded tobacco products [15 factory-made cigarettes (FMC), 5 roll-your-own (RYO)] and their standardized equivalents. MEASUREMENT Price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram, based on monthly average Recommended Retail Price (RRP) and actual sale price, adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Pricing Index (CPIH). Net changes (£GBP, %) were analysed by product type (FMC versus RYO) and FMC price segment (value, mid-price, premium). FINDINGS Between May 2016 and October 2017, the average inflation-adjusted RRP/price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram increased for FMC (all price segments) and RYO. For example, sales price-per-cigarette increased +4.64%, with the largest increases for value (+6.81%), premium (+5.32%) and mid-price FMCs (+3.30%). Net sales price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram increases were largest in period 2, when fully branded and standardized products were sold and duty escalators were implemented (FMC = +4.70%; RYO = +3.75%). There were small decreases in sales price-per-cigarette and price-per-gram once standardized packaging became mandatory (FMC = -1.14%; RYO = -0.88%). CONCLUSION In the United Kingdom, the price of leading roll-your-own and factory-made cigarette brands sold by small retailers increased as standardized packaging was phased in, with increases larger than expected through duty escalation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing, and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of StirlingScotland, UK
| | - Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing, and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of StirlingScotland, UK
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing, and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of StirlingScotland, UK
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and SportUniversity of StirlingScotland, UK
| | - Kathryn Angus
- Institute for Social Marketing, and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of StirlingScotland, UK
| | - Douglas Eadie
- Institute for Social Marketing, and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of StirlingScotland, UK
| | - Anne Marie MacKintosh
- Institute for Social Marketing, and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of StirlingScotland, UK
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and SportUniversity of StirlingScotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Purves RI, Moodie C, Eadie D, Stead M. The Response of Retailers in Scotland to the Standardised Packaging of Tobacco Products Regulations and Tobacco Products Directive. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:309-313. [PMID: 30202853 PMCID: PMC6379025 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With most marketing channels prohibited, the retail environment has assumed greater importance for tobacco companies, even in markets with a ban on the open display of tobacco products. Research has yet to qualitatively explore how retailers respond to standardized packaging in a country where this has been introduced. METHODS As part of the DISPLAY study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 24 small retailers in Scotland between May 23 and June 26, 2017; the interviews were conducted after The Standardised Packaging of Tobacco Products Regulations and the Tobacco Products Directive were fully implemented. RESULTS We found high retailer compliance with the legislation. With price-marked packs and packs containing less than 20 cigarettes and 30 g of rolling tobacco banned, retailers stated that this helped simplify ordering and stock management. The removal of price-marked packs also allowed them some flexibility to set their own prices, but many chose to stick closely to recommended retail price in order to remain competitive and avoid complaints from customers. In contrast to one of the tobacco industry's arguments against standardized packaging, most retailers suggested that transaction times had not increased, even though the changes had only recently come into force. CONCLUSIONS This study challenges some of the arguments used against standardized packaging and provides an insight into the storage and pricing strategies adopted by retailers following the removal of price-marked packs. IMPLICATIONS This study explores the response of the retailers to the introduction of standardized tobacco packaging and provides an insight into the storage and pricing strategies adopted by retailers following the removal of price-marked packs. It explores the importance of the retailer in tobacco companies' desire to maintain tobacco sales and challenges some of the arguments used against standardized packaging, such as an increase in transaction times. Countries seeking to introduce standardized packaging should monitor the experiences of retailers, preferably from preimplementation through to post implementation, to help understand how retailers respond to this policy and to inform compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Purves
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland
| | - Douglas Eadie
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland
| | - Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Egger S, Burton S, Ireland R, Walsberger SC. Observed retail price of Australia's market-leading cigarette brand before and up to 3 years after the implementation of plain packaging. Tob Control 2018; 28:e86-e91. [PMID: 30487271 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite claims by tobacco companies that plain packaging would lead to lower cigarette prices, recommended and observed real cigarette prices in Australia rose in the 9-11 months after plain packaging was introduced. However, little is known about trends in prices longer term. In this report, we assess whether inflation (Consumer Price Index; CPI) and tax adjusted ('CPI-tax-adjusted') prices of the market-leading Australian cigarette brand changed in the 3-year period after plain packaging, and whether price changes were associated with retailer characteristics. METHOD Cigarette prices were ascertained from a panel of tobacco retailers at three time points: (1) in November 2012 (n=857) (before full implementation of plain packaging, compulsory in retail outlets from December 2012), (2) between October 2014 and February 2015 (n=789) and (3) between November 2015 and March 2016 (n=579). Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate percentage change in mean CPI/tax-adjusted cigarette prices over time. RESULTS CPI/tax-adjusted adjusted mean stick prices rose by 13.7% (95% CI 13.0 to 16.0) and 15.2% (95% CI 14.3 to 16.0) at 2.1 and 3.1 years after plain packaging was introduced, respectively. Increases in mean CPI/tax-adjusted stick prices varied by outlet type (p<0.001), socioeconomic status (p=0.013) and remoteness of retailer's area (p=0.028) and whether twin packs were sold (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to tobacco company predictions of a fall in prices, the price of the market-leading Australian cigarette brand increased significantly in the 3 years after plain packaging was introduced, and these increases were above the combined effects of inflation and increases in excise/customs duty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Egger
- Cancer Council New South Wales, Kings Cross, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzan Burton
- School of Business, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ireland
- Cancer Council New South Wales, Kings Cross, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott C Walsberger
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Houghton F, Houghton S, Doherty DO, McInerney D, Duncan B. 'Greenwashing' tobacco products through ecological and social/equity labelling: A potential threat to tobacco control. Tob Prev Cessat 2018; 4:37. [PMID: 32411863 PMCID: PMC7205140 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/99674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been significant growth in ecological/environmental labelling of products and services internationally in recent years. Such efforts have become an integral element of the marketing strategies used by many firms. Concerns have been raised, however, that for some companies, this is little more than 'greenwashing', i.e. a cynical attempt to boost sales without any meaningful underlying sensitivity or change, in practice. Given the extremely negative track record of the global tobacco industry (Big Tobacco), it is essential that health policy makers and anti-smoking campaigners closely monitor this industry's attempts to exploit both growing environmental concerns among consumers and gaps in legislation. Although there is relatively strong legislation in some countries, to prohibit suggestions that cigarettes may be environment friendly, a further tightening of legislation is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Houghton
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Diane O’ Doherty
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Derek McInerney
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish, Limerick, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Critchlow N, Stead M, Moodie C, Eadie D, MacKintosh AM. Did independent and convenience (small) retailers comply with standardised tobacco packaging in the UK? Tob Control 2018; 27:696-697. [PMID: 29180533 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Martine Stead
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Douglas Eadie
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Anne-Marie MacKintosh
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mucan B, Moodie C. Young adult smokers' perceptions of plain packs, numbered packs and pack inserts in Turkey: a focus group study. Tob Control 2018; 27:631-636. [PMID: 29123023 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Turkish Government's 'National Tobacco Control Program 2015-2018' included plans to introduce plain packaging and also a ban on brand names on cigarette packs, allowing only assigned numbers on packs. We explored perceptions of these proposed measures, and also pack inserts with cessation messages, another novel way of using the packaging to communicate with consumers. METHODS Eight focus groups were conducted with 47 young adult smokers in Manisa and Kutahya (Turkey) in December 2016. Participants were shown three straight-edged plain cigarette packs, as required in Australia, and then three bevelled-edged plain packs, as permitted in the UK. They were then shown plain packs with numbers rather than brand names, and finally three pack inserts with messages encouraging quitting or offering tips on how to do so. Participants were asked about their perceptions of each. RESULTS Plain packs were considered unappealing and off-putting, although the bevelled-edged packs were viewed more favourably than the straight-edged packs. Numbered packs were thought by some to diminish the appeal created by the brand name and potentially decrease interest among never smokers and newer smokers. Pack inserts were thought to have less of an impact than the on-pack warnings, but could potentially help discourage initiation and encourage cessation. CONCLUSIONS That bevelled-edged plain packs were perceived more positively than straight-edged plain packs is relevant to countries planning to introduce plain packaging. The study provides a first insight into smokers' perceptions of a ban on brand names, which was perceived to reduce appeal among young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Mucan
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business, University of Celal Bayar, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Crawford Moodie
- School of Health Sciences and Sport, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bayly M, Scollo MM, Wakefield MA. Who uses rollies? Trends in product offerings, price and use of roll-your-own tobacco in Australia. Tob Control 2018; 28:317-324. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveWe examined the roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco product market in Australia from 2001 to 2016. Trends in use of RYO tobacco among Australian adults were examined for 2004–2016.MethodsChanges in brand availability, pouch sizes and lowest priced products were noted from trade magazines. Prevalence of smoking of RYO and factory-made (FM) cigarettes among those 18 years and older was obtained from five consecutive waves of a large (n>21 000) nationally representative triennial survey from 2004 to 2016. Trends in cigarette use were examined using logistic regression.ResultsChanges in the Australian RYO market from 2001 to 2016 included a doubling in the number of brands, progressively smaller pouch sizes with smaller increases in price than in traditional RYO and comparable FM products. While use of FM cigarettes declined between 2004 and 2016, the proportion of adults exclusively using RYO tobacco linearly increased with each survey wave (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.05, p<0.001), from 1.2% in 2004 to 1.7% in 2016. Exclusive RYO use among current smokers increased more among females than males, and young adults compared with those aged 30 years or older, but did not differ by socioeconomic status.ConclusionsIn contrast to substantial declines in FM cigarette use, exclusive use of RYO cigarettes increased in Australians since 2004, particularly among females and young adults. This has corresponded to a period of substantial changes to the RYO market, including progressively smaller and relatively more affordable products. Policy action to reduce price-related marketing and correct consumer misinformation about RYO tobacco are urgently required.
Collapse
|
21
|
Moodie C, Angus K, Mitchell D, Critchlow N. How tobacco companies in the United Kingdom prepared for, and responded to, standardised packaging of cigarettes and rolling tobacco. Tob Control 2018; 27:e85-e92. [PMID: 29321273 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a result of the Standardised Packaging of Tobacco Products Regulations and Tobacco Products Directive, all packs of cigarettes (factory-made and hand-rolled) in the UK must be drab brown, display pictorial warnings on the principal display areas and contain no less than 20 cigarettes or 30 g of tobacco. The legislation was phased in between May 2016 and May 2017. Our objective was to monitor pack, brand and product changes preimplementation and postimplementation. METHODS Our surveillance of the cigarette market involved a review of the trade press, a monthly monitor of online supermarkets and regular visits to stores, from May 2015 to June 2017. RESULTS Before standardised packaging there were changes to the pack graphics (eg, redesigned packs and limited editions) and pack structure (eg, resealable inner foil) and the issue of a number of reusable tins. After standardised packaging, changes included newer cigarette pack sizes for some brand variants (eg, 23 and 24 packs). Changes to the branding prestandardised packaging included brand extensions, and poststandardised packaging included brand and/or variant name change, often with the inclusion of colour descriptors and brand migrations. Product changes prestandardised packaging included the introduction of novel filters (eg, filters with two flavour-changing capsules, tube filters, firmer filters and filters with granular additives). There was non-compliance with the legislation, with slim packs, which are not permitted, on sale after standardised packaging was implemented. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the need to monitor developments in markets introducing standardised packaging and have policy implications for countries considering this measure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing, Department of Marketing, Stirling, UK
| | - Kathryn Angus
- University of Stirling, Institute for Social Marketing, Stirling, UK
| | - Danielle Mitchell
- Institute for Social Marketing, Department of Marketing, Stirling, UK
| | - Nathan Critchlow
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, Stirling, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scollo M, Bayly M, White S, Lindorff K, Wakefield M. Tobacco product developments in the Australian market in the 4 years following plain packaging. Tob Control 2017; 27:580-584. [PMID: 28993520 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to identify continued and emerging trends in the Australian tobacco market following plain packaging implementation, over a period of substantial increases in tobacco taxes. Since 2012, our surveillance activities (including review of trade product and price lists, ingredient reports submitted by tobacco companies to government and monitoring of the retail environment) found several trends in the factory-made cigarette market. These include the continued release of extra-long and slim cigarettes and packs with bonus cigarettes, particularly in the mainstream and premium market segments; new menthol capsule products; other novel flavourings in cigarettes; filter innovations including recessed and firm filters; continued use of evocative and descriptive product names; the proliferation of the new super-value market segment; and umbrella branding, where new products are introduced within established brand families. Several similar trends were also observed within the smoking tobacco market. While not all of these trends were new to the Australian market at the time of plain packaging implementation, their continued and increased use is notable. Plain packaging legislation could be strengthened to standardise cigarette and pack size, restrict brand and variant names, and ban features such as menthol capsules and filters innovations that provide novelty value or that may provide false reassurance to smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Scollo
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Bayly
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah White
- Quit Victoria, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Lindorff
- Quit Victoria, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hiscock R, Branston JR, McNeill A, Hitchman SC, Partos TR, Gilmore AB. Tobacco industry strategies undermine government tax policy: evidence from commercial data. Tob Control 2017; 27:tobaccocontrol-2017-053891. [PMID: 28993519 PMCID: PMC6109235 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Taxation equitably reduces smoking, the leading cause of health inequalities. The tobacco industry (TI) can, however, undermine the public health gains realised from tobacco taxation through its pricing strategies. This study aims to examine contemporary TI pricing strategies in the UK and implications for tobacco tax policy. DESIGN Review of commercial literature and longitudinal analysis of tobacco sales and price data. SETTING A high-income country with comprehensive tobacco control policies and high tobacco taxes (UK). PARTICIPANTS 2009 to 2015 Nielsen Scantrak electronic point of sale systems data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tobacco segmentation; monthly prices, sales volumes of and net revenue from roll-your-own (RYO) and factory-made (FM) cigarettes by segment; use of price-marking and pack sizes. RESULTS The literature review and sales data concurred that both RYO and FM cigarettes were segmented by price. Despite regular tax increases, average real prices for the cheapest FM and RYO segments remained steady from 2013 while volumes grew. Low prices were maintained through reductions in the size of packs and price-marking. Each year, at the point the budget is implemented, the TI drops its revenue by up to 18 pence per pack, absorbing the tax increases (undershifting). Undershifting is most marked for the cheapest segments. CONCLUSIONS The TI currently uses a variety of strategies to keep tobacco cheap. The implementation of standardised packaging will prevent small pack sizes and price-marking but further changes in tax policy are needed to minimise the TI's attempts to prevent sudden price increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Hiscock
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Ann McNeill
- UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sara C Hitchman
- UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Timea R Partos
- UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anna B Gilmore
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alpert HR, Carpenter D, Connolly GN. Tobacco industry response to a ban on lights descriptors on cigarette packaging and population outcomes. Tob Control 2017; 27:390-398. [PMID: 28778970 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and its Guidelines recommend nations ban the use of misleading terms, such as 'light' and 'mild' on tobacco product advertising, packaging and labelling. Many nations, including the USA, have implemented such bans and some have introduced or passed legislation requiring plain packaging on tobacco products. We previously reported that manufacturers in the USA responded by replacing lights terms with colour terms and related colour-coding of packages. This study examines population outcomes and public health impact of the US ban. METHODS We examined available data regarding a) per cent filter ventilation strata used to designate lights subbrand categories; b) market share per tar yield; c) initiation and use of cigarettes by lights categories and d) overall cigarette consumption to identify changes from before to after the ban. We used interrupted time series multivariable logistic regression and joinpoint regression models to test for changes in rates and temporal trends associated with the ban. RESULTS The per cent filter ventilation strata used to designate lights subbrand categories were maintained in the colour named subbrands. No change was observed following the ban in lights market share, relative prevalence of lights versus non-lights smoking or relative smoking initiation on lights versus non-lights among all ages or among youth in particular. The rate of decline in per capita cigarette consumption slowed by 37% from the period 2007-2010 to 2010-2014. CONCLUSIONS This study strongly suggests that manufacturers' circumvention prevented the lights descriptor ban from succeeding as intended, most likely perpetuating the misleading consumer perceptions about relative risks, while failing to increase smoking cessation and reduce initiation. Laws requiring generic (plain) and elimination of subbrand descriptors should prevent evasion of legislation banning the use of specific terms through marketing, regulatory and legal challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hillel R Alpert
- School of Law, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Carpenter
- Department of Government, Center for Government and International Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory N Connolly
- School of Health Sciences and School of Law, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
DeAtley T, Bianco E, Welding K, Cohen JE. Compliance with Uruguay's single presentation requirement. Tob Control 2017; 27:220-224. [PMID: 28416710 PMCID: PMC5870447 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Tobacco companies vary pack colours, designs, descriptors, flavours and brand names on cigarette packs to target a multitude of consumers. These different brand variants can falsely imply that some brand variants are less harmful than others. Uruguay is the only country that requires cigarette companies to adhere to a single presentation (one brand variant) per brand family. Methods An existing, systematic pack purchasing protocol was adapted for data collection. Neighbourhoods in Montevideo were categorised into five strata by percentage of poor households. Five neighbourhoods within each stratum were selected based on geographical variation. In each neighbourhood, a ‘starting hub’ was identified and a systematic walking protocol was implemented to purchase unique packs at four key vendor types. Results Unique packs were purchased in 9 out of 25 neighbourhoods. Fifty-six unique packs were purchased, representing 30 brands. Of these, 51 packs were legal, representing 26 brands. The majority of the legal brands (n=16; 62%) were compliant with the requirement. The remaining packs were non-compliant due to differences in colour, design element, brand name, crest and descriptors. Although not prohibited by the single presentation requirement, 16 legal brands had more than one stick count (10, 11, 14 or 20 sticks), and packs from four brands had more than one packaging type (hard, soft or tin). Conclusion Overall, compliance with Uruguay’s single presentation requirement was good. In addition to the current restrictions, future single presentation requirements could expand to include packs in more than one stick count and packaging type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa DeAtley
- Department of Health Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of International Research, Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, Washington DC, USA
| | - Eduardo Bianco
- Department Latin America and the Caribbean, Tobacco Epidemic Research Center of Uruguay, Framework Alliance for Tobacco Control, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kevin Welding
- Department of Health Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanna E Cohen
- Department of Health Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Skaczkowski G, Durkin S, Kashima Y, Wakefield M. Influence of premium versus value brand names on the smoking experience in a plain packaging environment: an experimental study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014099. [PMID: 28093441 PMCID: PMC5253579 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of branding, as indicated by brand name, on evaluation of the cigarette smoking experience. DESIGN Between-subjects and within-subjects experimental study. Participants were randomly allocated to smoke a cigarette from a pack featuring a premium brand name and a cigarette from a pack featuring a value brand name. Within each condition, participants unknowingly smoked two identical cigarettes (either two premium or two value cigarettes). SETTING Australia, October 2014, 2 years after tobacco plain packaging implementation. PARTICIPANTS 81 current cigarette smokers aged 19-39 years. From apparently premium and value brand-name packs, 40 smokers were allocated to smoke the same actual premium cigarettes and 41 were allocated to smoke the same actual value cigarettes. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Experienced taste (flavour, satisfaction, enjoyment, quality, liking, mouthfeel and aftertaste), harshness, dryness, staleness, harm/strength measures (strength, tar, lightness, volume of smoke), draw effort and purchase intent. RESULTS Cigarettes given a premium brand name were rated as having a better taste, were less harsh and less dry than identical cigarettes given a value brand name. This pattern was observed irrespective of whether the two packs actually contained premium or value cigarettes. These effects were specific: the brand name did not influence ratings of cigarette variant attributes (strength, tar, volume of smoke, lightness and draw effort). CONCLUSIONS Despite the belief that brand names represent genuine differences between cigarette products, the results suggest that at least some of this perceived sensory difference is attributable to brand image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Skaczkowski
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moodie C. Commentary on Greenland (2016): Tobacco companies' response to plain packaging in Australia and implications for tobacco control. Addiction 2016; 111:2259-2260. [PMID: 28075536 DOI: 10.1111/add.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- University of Stirling, Institute for Social Marketing, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| |
Collapse
|