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Cacheiro-Llaguno C, Mösges R, Calzada D, González-de la Fuente S, Quintero E, Carnés J. Polysensitisation is associated with more severe symptoms: The reality of patients with allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2024; 54:607-620. [PMID: 38676405 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying the sensitisation profiles of patients with allergies allows for a deeper understanding of the disease which may facilitate the selection of the best-personalised allergen immunotherapy. This observational, cross-sectional, multicentre study aimed to demonstrate the heterogeneity of the German population with allergies by analysing specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) patterns towards aeroallergens and exploring the relationship between sensitisation and clinical symptoms. METHODS In total, 500 patients with allergies from different regions of Germany were recruited based on their case histories, clinical allergic symptoms and skin prick test data for aeroallergens. Serum samples were analysed using ImmunoCAP assays to determine sIgE levels for 33 allergenic sources and 43 molecular allergens. RESULTS Most patients (81%) were polysensitised. Betula verrucosa pollen was the most common cause of sensitisation (59%), followed by Phleum pratense (58%) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (44%). The highest prevalence rates of molecular allergens were observed for Bet v 1 (84%) from birch pollen, Phl p 1 from grass pollen (82%), Der p 2 (69%) from mites and Fel d 1 (69%) from cat. Polysensitisation was significantly associated with the presence of asthma and the severity of rhinitis symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show a high rate of polysensitisation and emphasise the importance of molecular diagnosis for more precise and comprehensive insights into sensitisation patterns and their association with clinical symptoms. These data may help improve personalised diagnosis and immunotherapy adapted to the needs of individual patients in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph Mösges
- IMSB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- ClinCompetence Cologne GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Calzada
- R&D Allergy and Immunology Unit, LETI Pharma, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eliana Quintero
- IMSB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Praxis Dr. Kasche und Kollegen, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Sekerel BE, Aliyeva G. Advancing diagnostic precision: Unveiling sensitization relationships between cat, dog, and horse allergen molecules. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2024; 35:e14177. [PMID: 38881167 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advancements in molecular diagnostics have unveiled a multitude of allergen molecules (AMs) associated with animal sensitizations, revealing significant cross- and co-sensitization patterns among these seemingly distinct allergens. METHOD We investigated the sensitization profiles of 120 children, sensitized to at least one of the 14 AMs from cat, dog, or horse using the Alex test, employing correlations and hierarchical clusters to explore relationship between sensitizations. RESULTS Sensitizations to Fel d 1, Can f 4/5, and Equ c 4 differ from other cat, dog, and horse AM sensitizations, suggesting they may represent genuine sensitizations for their respective animals. High correlations were observed among various AMs, including lipocalins (Can f 1/2/6, Fel d 4/7, and Equ c 1), serum albumins (Fel d 2, Can f 3, and Equ c 3), and uteroglobins (Fel d 1 and Can f_Fd1). Hierarchical clustering of sensitizations identified two similarity clusters and one dissimilarity cluster, providing an estimation of the likelihood of cross-reactivity. Additionally, our method facilitated speculation regarding cross-, co-, or genuine sensitization. Moreover, we noted a potential increase in the number and level of sensitized animal AMs concurrent with increased sensitization to other aeroallergens with advancing age. No significant difference was detected for the presence or absence of various types of allergic comorbidities. CONCLUSION Correlations and hierarchical clustering can unveil the extent and magnitude of cross-, co-, and genuine sensitization relationships among animal AMs. These insights can be leveraged to enhance artificial intelligence algorithms, improving diagnostic accuracy through the integration of other measures of sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Enis Sekerel
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulnar Aliyeva
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Rosada T, Lis K, Bartuzi Z, Grześk-Kaczyńska M, Ukleja-Sokołowska N. Diagnostics of Allergy to Furry Animals-Possibilities in 2024. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3239. [PMID: 38892951 PMCID: PMC11172995 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing allergies is not always easy. Sometimes the symptoms reported by the patient do not match the results of diagnostic tests. Diagnostics of IgE-dependent allergy, including allergy to furry animals, can be based on two basic strategies, "BOTTOM-UP" and "TOP-DOWN", and almost all available allergy tests can be used ranging from skin tests, through specific IgE, to molecular panels and challenge tests. Currently, most information regarding the diagnosis and incidence of allergies to furry animals focuses almost exclusively on the two most common pets-dogs and cats. This is certainly due to the fact that allergy to cats and/or dogs is a common phenomenon, has a huge impact on quality of life, and is a challenge for doctors of many specialties. However, the growing number of owners of other pet species means that diagnostic methods must keep up with the changing needs of patients. Further research in these groups will certainly provide new facts and facilitate clinical decision-making when working with allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Rosada
- Department and Clinic of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.L.); (Z.B.); (N.U.-S.)
| | - Kinga Lis
- Department and Clinic of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.L.); (Z.B.); (N.U.-S.)
| | - Zbigniew Bartuzi
- Department and Clinic of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.L.); (Z.B.); (N.U.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Grześk-Kaczyńska
- Clinic of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Natalia Ukleja-Sokołowska
- Department and Clinic of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.L.); (Z.B.); (N.U.-S.)
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Ouyang X, Reihill JA, Douglas LEJ, Martin SL. Airborne indoor allergen serine proteases and their contribution to sensitisation and activation of innate immunity in allergic airway disease. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230126. [PMID: 38657996 PMCID: PMC11040391 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Common airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander and those from fungi and insects) are the main triggers of type I allergic disorder in the respiratory system and are associated with allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, as well as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. These allergens promote IgE crosslinking, vasodilation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, mucosal barrier dysfunction, extracellular matrix deposition and smooth muscle spasm, which collectively cause remodelling of the airways. Fungus and insect (house dust mite and cockroaches) indoor allergens are particularly rich in proteases. Indeed, more than 40 different types of aeroallergen proteases, which have both IgE-neutralising and tissue-destructive activities, have been documented in the Allergen Nomenclature database. Of all the inhaled protease allergens, 85% are classed as serine protease activities and include trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and collagenolytic serine proteases. In this article, we review and compare the allergenicity and proteolytic effect of allergen serine proteases as listed in the Allergen Nomenclature and MEROPS databases and highlight their contribution to allergic sensitisation, disruption of the epithelial barrier and activation of innate immunity in allergic airways disease. The utility of small-molecule inhibitors of allergen serine proteases as a potential treatment strategy for allergic airways disease will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Pongprayoon P, Kuntip N, Suwanasopee T, Jattawa D, Niramitranon J, Japrung D, Koonawootrittriron S. Comparative studies of structure and dynamics of caprine, leporine, ovine, and equine serum albumins. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-9. [PMID: 38116752 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2294378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Serum albumin (SA) is the most prevalent protein found in blood. Human albumin was used as an albumin substitute in hypoalbuminemia pets due to high sequence similarity. SAs from furry animals were also reported to be the major indoor allergens. Sensitizing to one of SAs coupled with high sequence identity can lead to cross-reactive antibodies in allergic individuals. Thus, understanding the structural and dynamic characters of SAs is crucial for not only albumin substitution but also allergen therapy. Herein, Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to elucidate the structural and dynamic dissimilarity and similarity of economic animals [equine (ESA), caprine (CASA), ovine (OSA), and leporine (LSA)] to albumins from human (HSA), bovine (BSA), porcine (PSA), and pets [cat (FSA) and dog (CSA)]. The aim is to explore the feasibility of HSA substitution and understand how albumins cause the cross-reactivity. Generally, all albumins studied here show the scissoring motion like other mammalian albumins. The uniqueness of each albumin is defined by different sequence identity of domain I. Also, the drug binding affinity of studied albumins differs from HSA, CSA, FSA, BSA, and PSA. Especially, LSA displays the most deviated behavior from the group. So, such albumin may not be suitable for albumin therapy for pets and humans. CASA, OSA, and ESA share similar characteristics, therefore it is possible to use them to monitor the osmotic pressure among their species, but the allergenic response must be seriously considered. An insight obtained here can be useful to develop albumin therapy and understand clinical allergy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapasiri Pongprayoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Kuntip
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanathip Suwanasopee
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danai Jattawa
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jitti Niramitranon
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Deanpen Japrung
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Trifonova D, Curin M, Riabova K, Karsonova A, Keller W, Grönlund H, Käck U, Konradsen JR, van Hage M, Karaulov A, Valenta R. Allergenic Activity of Individual Cat Allergen Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16729. [PMID: 38069052 PMCID: PMC10706119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 10% of the world's population suffers from an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy to cats which is accompanied mainly by respiratory symptoms such as rhinitis and asthma. Several cat allergen molecules have been identified, but their allergenic activity has not been investigated in depth. Purified cat allergen molecules (Fel d 1, Fel d 2, Fel d 3, Fel d 4, Fel d 6, Fel d 7 and Fel d 8) were characterized via mass spectrometry and circular dichroism spectroscopy regarding their molecular mass and fold, respectively. Cat-allergen-specific IgE levels were quantified via ImmunoCAP measurements in IgE-sensitized subjects with (n = 37) and without (n = 20) respiratory symptoms related to cat exposure. The allergenic activity of the cat allergens was investigated by loading patients' IgE onto rat basophils expressing the human FcεRI receptor and studying the ability of different allergen concentrations to induce β-hexosaminidase release. Purified and folded cat allergens with correct masses were obtained. Cat-allergen-specific IgE levels were much higher in patients with a respiratory allergy than in patients without a respiratory allergy. Fel d 1, Fel d 2, Fel d 4 and Fel d 7 bound the highest levels of specific IgE and already-induced basophil degranulation at hundred-fold-lower concentrations than the other allergens. Fel d 1, Fel d 4 and Fel d 7 were recognized by more than 65% of patients with a respiratory allergy, whereas Fel d 2 was recognized by only 30%. Therefore, in addition to the major cat allergen Fel d 1, Fel d 4 and Fel d 7 should also be considered to be important allergens for the diagnosis and specific immunotherapy of cat allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Trifonova
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.)
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.K.)
| | - Mirela Curin
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.)
| | - Ksenja Riabova
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.K.)
| | - Antonina Karsonova
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.K.)
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Hans Grönlund
- Therapeutic Immune Design Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Ulrika Käck
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Jon R. Konradsen
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.K.)
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.T.)
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.K.)
- Karl Landsteiner University for Healthcare Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
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7
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Eidukaite A, Gorbikova E, Miskinyte M, Adomaite I, Rudzeviciene O, Siaurys A, Miskiniene A. Molecular sensitization patterns to cat and dog allergens in Lithuanian children population. World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16:100827. [PMID: 37822703 PMCID: PMC10562746 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last few decades, there was observed an increase of asthma and allergic rhinitis cases caused by allergy to pets. Objective This study aimed to analyze molecular sensitization patterns to dog and cat allergens in Lithuanian children who were experiencing allergy-like symptoms. Materials and methods A total of 574 children (0-18 years) were tested for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels with ALEX2 (ALEX2®, Allergy Explorer Test System). Positive sera were further analyzed for sensitization to cat (Fel d 1, Fel d 2, Fel d 4, and Fel d 7) and dog (Can f 1, Can f 2, Can f 3, Can f 4, Can f 5, and Can f 6) allergen components. Results Two hundred forty-seven children tested positive (sIgE ≥0.3 kUA/L) to at least 1 dog or cat allergen component. There were 61.1% children sensitized to components from both sources, 29.2% - exclusively to cat, and 9.7% - to dog components. The major sensitizers were Fel d 1 (84.8%) and Can f 1 (59.4%). There were 42.9% patients sensitized to 3 or more different mammalian protein families and 40.4% - to 3 or more lipocalins. There were 5.7% of children sensitized both to Fel d 1 + Fel d 4 and Can f 1/2 + Can f 5, indicating the high risk of severe asthma. Monosensitization to Fel d 1 was the dominant pattern among Lithuanian children (26.3%). Conclusion The majority of children were cat/dog-polysensitized, although sensitization only to cat allergens was most observed. Extensive molecular profiling can be an useful tool for accurate true sensitization diagnosis and prognosis of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ieva Adomaite
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Odilija Rudzeviciene
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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8
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Özuygur Ermis SS, Norouzi A, Borres MP, Basna R, Ekerljung L, Malmhäll C, Goksör E, Wennergren G, Rådinger M, Lötvall J, Kankaanranta H, Nwaru BI. Sensitization patterns to cat molecular allergens in subjects with allergic sensitization to cat dander. Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12294. [PMID: 37632243 PMCID: PMC10422092 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of molecular allergology has increasingly become common in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases. However, there is still a lack of data on cat molecular allergens in adults. Therefore, we aimed to uncover the sensitization patterns to cat molecular allergens. METHODS Participants were recruited from the West Asthma Sweden Study, a population-based study enriched with asthma subjects aged 16-75 years. Of 1872, 361 individuals were positive for cat dander immunoglobulin E and were further analysed for cat molecular allergens (Fel d 1/2/4/7). Sensitization patterns were classified as monosensitization, polysensitization, and concomitant sensitization, and were related to demographic and clinical measurements. RESULTS Among cat-sensitized subjects, 84.2% were sensitized to secretoglobin, while 42.4% were sensitized to lipocalins. Nearly half of the subjects were monosensitized to Fel d 1. Polysensitization was observed in 20.2%, and concomitant sensitization to protein families was seen in 7.2%. Asthma prevalence, cat exposure, and rural living were associated with poly- and concomitant sensitization to protein families. Concomitant sensitization to single allergens was more common in those with asthma than in those without, while concomitant sensitization to both Fel d 1 and Fel d 4 was the most common pattern in individuals with asthma. Sensitization patterns also differed according to cat ownership and the degree of urbanization. CONCLUSION Sensitization to molecular allergens was observed in 90.9% of cat-sensitized subjects and showed variations across participants' background characteristics and the presence of asthma. Identification of sensitization patterns to cat allergens might provide better characterization of cat-allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Selin Özuygur Ermis
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Magnus P. Borres
- ImmunoDiagnosticsThermo Fisher ScientificUppsalaSweden
- Department of Maternal and Child HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Rani Basna
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Linda Ekerljung
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Emma Goksör
- Department of PediatricsQueen Silvia Children's HospitalUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Göran Wennergren
- Department of PediatricsQueen Silvia Children's HospitalUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Hannu Kankaanranta
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Life SciencesUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
- Department of Respiratory MedicineSeinäjoki Central HospitalSeinäjokiFinland
| | - Bright I. Nwaru
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Alves M, Asbell P, Dogru M, Giannaccare G, Grau A, Gregory D, Kim DH, Marini MC, Ngo W, Nowinska A, Saldanha IJ, Villani E, Wakamatsu TH, Yu M, Stapleton F. TFOS Lifestyle Report: Impact of environmental conditions on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:1-52. [PMID: 37062427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk factors that have an impact on the ocular surface were reviewed and associations with age and sex, race/ethnicity, geographical area, seasonality, prevalence and possible interactions between risk factors are reviewed. Environmental factors can be (a) climate-related: temperature, humidity, wind speed, altitude, dew point, ultraviolet light, and allergen or (b) outdoor and indoor pollution: gases, particulate matter, and other sources of airborne pollutants. Temperature affects ocular surface homeostasis directly and indirectly, precipitating ocular surface diseases and/or symptoms, including trachoma. Humidity is negatively associated with dry eye disease. There is little data on wind speed and dewpoint. High altitude and ultraviolet light exposure are associated with pterygium, ocular surface degenerations and neoplastic disease. Pollution is associated with dry eye disease and conjunctivitis. Primary Sjögren syndrome is associated with exposure to chemical solvents. Living within a potential zone of active volcanic eruption is associated with eye irritation. Indoor pollution, "sick" building or house can also be associated with eye irritation. Most ocular surface conditions are multifactorial, and several environmental factors may contribute to specific diseases. A systematic review was conducted to answer the following research question: "What are the associations between outdoor environment pollution and signs or symptoms of dry eye disease in humans?" Dry eye disease is associated with air pollution (from NO2) and soil pollution (from chromium), but not from air pollution from CO or PM10. Future research should adequately account for confounders, follow up over time, and report results separately for ocular surface findings, including signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Penny Asbell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA
| | - Murat Dogru
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darren Gregory
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - William Ngo
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Anna Nowinska
- Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ian J Saldanha
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Villani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Eye Clinic, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Tais Hitomi Wakamatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Hospital, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mitasha Yu
- Sensory Functions, Disability and Rehabilitation Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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10
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van Hage M, Käck U, Asarnoj A, Konradsen JR. An update on the prevalence and diagnosis of cat and dog allergy - Emphasizing the role of molecular allergy diagnostics. Mol Immunol 2023; 157:1-7. [PMID: 36947935 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The clinical presentation of cat and dog allergy vary from discomfort caused by rhinoconjuncitivitis to severe asthma. Exposure to allergens from these animals is ubiquitous and allergic sensitization to cat or dog affect up to 25% of all children and adults, but allergic sensitization does not always cause symptoms. The introduction of molecular-based allergy diagnostics has improved the possibility to characterize the allergic patient in greater detail. However, the full clinical potential of using molecular allergology in the diagnosis, characterization and treatment of patients with allergy to cats and dogs has not yet been established, although significant progress has been made during the last decade, which will be reviewed in detail in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Käck
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Asarnoj
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon R Konradsen
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dramburg S, Hilger C, Santos AF, de Las Vecillas L, Aalberse RC, Acevedo N, Aglas L, Altmann F, Arruda KL, Asero R, Ballmer-Weber B, Barber D, Beyer K, Biedermann T, Bilo MB, Blank S, Bosshard PP, Breiteneder H, Brough HA, Bublin M, Campbell D, Caraballo L, Caubet JC, Celi G, Chapman MD, Chruszcz M, Custovic A, Czolk R, Davies J, Douladiris N, Eberlein B, Ebisawa M, Ehlers A, Eigenmann P, Gadermaier G, Giovannini M, Gomez F, Grohman R, Guillet C, Hafner C, Hamilton RG, Hauser M, Hawranek T, Hoffmann HJ, Holzhauser T, Iizuka T, Jacquet A, Jakob T, Janssen-Weets B, Jappe U, Jutel M, Kalic T, Kamath S, Kespohl S, Kleine-Tebbe J, Knol E, Knulst A, Konradsen JR, Korošec P, Kuehn A, Lack G, Le TM, Lopata A, Luengo O, Mäkelä M, Marra AM, Mills C, Morisset M, Muraro A, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Nugraha R, Ollert M, Palosuo K, Pastorello EA, Patil SU, Platts-Mills T, Pomés A, Poncet P, Potapova E, Poulsen LK, Radauer C, Radulovic S, Raulf M, Rougé P, Sastre J, Sato S, Scala E, Schmid JM, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Schrama D, Sénéchal H, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Valverde-Monge M, van Hage M, van Ree R, Verhoeckx K, Vieths S, Wickman M, Zakzuk J, Matricardi PM, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K. EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34 Suppl 28:e13854. [PMID: 37186333 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE) as a mediator of allergic diseases in 1967, our knowledge about the immunological mechanisms of IgE-mediated allergies has remarkably increased. In addition to understanding the immune response and clinical symptoms, allergy diagnosis and management depend strongly on the precise identification of the elicitors of the IgE-mediated allergic reaction. In the past four decades, innovations in bioscience and technology have facilitated the identification and production of well-defined, highly pure molecules for component-resolved diagnosis (CRD), allowing a personalized diagnosis and management of the allergic disease for individual patients. The first edition of the "EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide" (MAUG) in 2016 rapidly became a key reference for clinicians, scientists, and interested readers with a background in allergology, immunology, biology, and medicine. Nevertheless, the field of molecular allergology is moving fast, and after 6 years, a new EAACI Taskforce was established to provide an updated document. The Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0 summarizes state-of-the-art information on allergen molecules, their clinical relevance, and their application in diagnostic algorithms for clinical practice. It is designed for both, clinicians and scientists, guiding health care professionals through the overwhelming list of different allergen molecules available for testing. Further, it provides diagnostic algorithms on the clinical relevance of allergenic molecules and gives an overview of their biology, the basic mechanisms of test formats, and the application of tests to measure allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dramburg
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rob C Aalberse
- Sanquin Research, Dept Immunopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, Colombia
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karla L Arruda
- Department of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brasil, Brazil
| | - Riccardo Asero
- Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano, Italy
| | - Barbara Ballmer-Weber
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Domingo Barber
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine Nemesio Diez (IMMAND), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
- RETIC ARADyAL and RICORS Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Beatrice Bilo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Allergy Unit Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Torrette, Italy
| | - Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp P Bosshard
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helen A Brough
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dianne Campbell
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, Colombia
| | - Jean Christoph Caubet
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Celi
- Centro DH Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica ASST- MANTOVA (MN), Mantova, Italy
| | | | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Czolk
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Janet Davies
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Emergency Operations Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Douladiris
- Allergy Department, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bernadette Eberlein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Anna Ehlers
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Eigenmann
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mattia Giovannini
- Allergy Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francisca Gomez
- Allergy Unit IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Spanish Network for Allergy research RETIC ARADyAL, Malaga, Spain
| | - Rebecca Grohman
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Internal Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carole Guillet
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Robert G Hamilton
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Hauser
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Hawranek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Jürgen Hoffmann
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Tomona Iizuka
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alain Jacquet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Bente Janssen-Weets
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Dept. of Pneumology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Sandip Kamath
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sabine Kespohl
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr- Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleine-Tebbe
- Allergy & Asthma Center Westend, Outpatient Clinic and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward Knol
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André Knulst
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jon R Konradsen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Korošec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gideon Lack
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Lopata
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olga Luengo
- RETIC ARADyAL and RICORS Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), Madrid, Spain
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mika Mäkelä
- Division of Allergy, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Department, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Antonella Muraro
- Food Allergy Referral Centre, Department of Woman and Child Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Roni Nugraha
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Aquatic Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kati Palosuo
- Department of Allergology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sarita Ulhas Patil
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Platts-Mills
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Pascal Poncet
- Institut Pasteur, Immunology Department, Paris, France
- Allergy & Environment Research Team Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Ekaterina Potapova
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Radauer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Suzana Radulovic
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Raulf
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr- Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Toulouse, France
| | - Joaquin Sastre
- Allergy Service, Fundación Jiménez Díaz; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sakura Sato
- Allergy Department, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Enrico Scala
- Clinical and Laboratory Molecular Allergy Unit - IDI- IRCCS, Fondazione L M Monti Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Johannes M Schmid
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Denise Schrama
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Hélène Sénéchal
- Allergy & Environment Research Team Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Marcela Valverde-Monge
- Allergy Service, Fundación Jiménez Díaz; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Magnus Wickman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, Colombia
| | - Paolo M Matricardi
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Dykewicz MS. Environmental and occupational disorders: 2022 Literature Review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 130:141-142. [PMID: 36464164 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dykewicz
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Gureczny T, Heindl B, Klug L, Wantke F, Hemmer W, Wöhrl S. Allergy screening with extract-based skin prick tests demonstrates higher sensitivity over in vitro molecular allergy testing. Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12220. [PMID: 36825518 PMCID: PMC9899493 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As extract-based skin testing as well as in vitro tests for major allergens have their own advantages, both procedures are usually performed in routine settings. In times of shortages in medical staff and supplies, we asked ourselves, how many patients would be underdiagnosed, if only one test could be used. METHODS In a retrospective analysis, we investigated a cohort of 2646 patients seen by a single physician in a large Austrian outpatient allergy clinic in 2018. Only patients with an allergen source-specific history and pairs of extract-based skin prick (SPT) and in vitro molecular allergy tests to major allergens were included. RESULTS For all tested allergen sources, sensitivity was higher for SPT than for sIgE-based molecular allergy testing. Concerning 1006 birch pollen-allergic patients, 791 (78.6%) had positive results with both tests, while 153 (15.2%) only with the SPT and 62 (6.2%) only with the sIgE to Bet v1. The other allergen sources showed similar results: For house dust mite 816/1120 (72.9%), grass pollen 1077/1416 (76.1%) and cat 433/622 (69.6%) remained test-positive with both procedures, whereas in 276 (24.6%), 224 (15.8%) and 173 (27.8%) times only the SPT and 28 (2.5%), 115 (8.1%) and 16 (2.6%) times only the sIgE to Der p1/2/23, Phl p1/5 and Fel d1 showed a positive result. Each comparison was statistically significant (each p < 0.0001, Chi-squared test). CONCLUSIONS Screening for allergy with major molecular allergens has lower sensitivity when compared with extract-based skin tests. A combination of both is required for an optimal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gureczny
- Floridsdorf Allergy Center (FAZ)ViennaWienAustria
- Medical University of ViennaViennaWienAustria
| | - Benjamin Heindl
- Floridsdorf Allergy Center (FAZ)ViennaWienAustria
- Medical University of ViennaViennaWienAustria
| | - Livia Klug
- Floridsdorf Allergy Center (FAZ)ViennaWienAustria
- Medical University of ViennaViennaWienAustria
| | - Felix Wantke
- Floridsdorf Allergy Center (FAZ)ViennaWienAustria
| | | | - Stefan Wöhrl
- Floridsdorf Allergy Center (FAZ)ViennaWienAustria
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14
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Özuygur Ermis SS, Borres MP, Basna R, Ekerljung L, Malmhäll C, Goksör E, Wennergren G, Rådinger M, Lötvall J, Lundbäck B, Kankaanranta H, Nwaru BI. Sensitization to molecular dog allergens in an adult population: Results from the West Sweden Asthma Study. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:88-104. [PMID: 35984703 PMCID: PMC10087160 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the prevalence of dog allergy rises, component resolved diagnosis might improve the diagnosis, understanding of the clinical outcomes and the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Considering the paucity of data in adults, the current study characterized the patterns of sensitization to dog molecular allergens in an adult population. METHODS Data were derived from the West Sweden Asthma Study, a population-based and representative sample of adults from western Sweden. Of the 2006 subjects clinically examined, 313 participants sensitized to whole dog allergen extract were measured for specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels to Can f 1, Can f 2, Can f 3, Can f 4, Can f 5 and Can f 6 using ImmunoCAP™. Polysensitization was defined as sensitization to ≥3 components. Overlapping sensitization was defined as having concomitant sensitization to at least two dog molecular allergen families (lipocalin, albumin or prostatic kallikrein). RESULTS Of 313, 218 (70%) subjects tested positive to at least one dog allergen component. Sensitization to Can f 1 (43%) was the most common, followed by Can f 5 (33%) among molecular allergens, while sensitization to lipocalins (56%) was the most common among component families. Polysensitization was found in 22% of all participants and was more common in participants with than in those without asthma. Subjects with asthma were less likely to be monosensitized to Can f 5 than those without asthma. Subjects with asthma had higher IgE levels of Can f 3, Can f 4 and Can f 6 than those without asthma. Overlapping sensitizations also differed between those with asthma and allergic rhinitis and those without. CONCLUSION Increased knowledge about the sensitization patterns of dog allergen components can aid in defining their role in asthma and rhinitis. In complex clinical cases of dog allergy, a detailed analysis of dog allergen components can provide additional information on the nature of sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Selin Özuygur Ermis
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Magnus P Borres
- ImmunoDiagnostics, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rani Basna
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Ekerljung
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Goksör
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Wennergren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Lundbäck
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannu Kankaanranta
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Bright I Nwaru
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Kang SY, Yang MS, Borres MP, Andersson M, Lee SM, Lee SP. The association between specific IgE antibodies to component allergens and allergic symptoms on dog and cat exposure among Korean pet exhibition participants. World Allergy Organ J 2022; 15:100709. [PMID: 36321071 PMCID: PMC9574497 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Component resolved diagnostics (CRD) in dog and cat allergy is not sufficiently investigated, especially regarding new components such as Can f 4, Can f 6, and Fel d 7. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential role of CRD with new components in predicting allergic symptoms on dog and cat exposure. Methods Among 552 Korean adults who participated in a pet exhibition and completed questionnaires regarding exposure to dog or cat and allergic symptoms, 522 were venipunctured for measurement of IgE and IgG4 antibody concentration against dog and cat dander extract and underwent skin prick test (SPT). In 238 individuals who were sensitized for both dog and cat dander extract, the dog IgE components (Can f 1–6) and the cat components (Fel d 1/2/4/7) were analyzed. Results An increasing number of sensitizing components was associated with the likelihood of having any allergic symptoms (P < 0.001 for dog and P < 0.01 for cat), and those of asthma (P < 0.01 for dog and P < 0.05 for cat) and rhinoconjunctivitis (P < 0.001 for dog and P < 0.05 for cat). Pairwise correlation of IgE levels was r = 0.56 (P < 0.001) for Can f 6 and Fel d 4, r = 0.74 (P < 0.001) for Can f 1 and Fel d 7 and r = 0.84 (P < 0.001) for Can f 3 and Fel d 2. Conclusions Polysensitization to dog and cat allergen components is associated with high likelihood of having allergic symptoms during exposure to dogs and cats. Cross-reactivity between dog and cat allergen components is also identified. CRD has a potential in fine-tuning prediction for allergic symptoms on dog and cat exposure.
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Luengo O, Galvan-Blasco P, Cardona V. Molecular diagnosis contribution for personalized medicine. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 22:175-180. [PMID: 35174793 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the current review is to highlight the most recent findings in molecular allergy and its applicability in precision medicine for allergic patients. RECENT FINDINGS Molecular allergy provides useful information in areas of respiratory allergy (house dust mites, pet dander and pollen allergy), food allergy (tree nuts, peanuts, fruits and vegetables), hymenoptera venom allergy and others, in order to improve management of patients. Regional differences in sensitization profiles, assay characteristics and interpretation of molecular sensitization in relation to whole extracts and total immunoglobulin E need to be taken into account. Studies of the impact of such strategies are needed. SUMMARY Molecular allergy diagnosis represents a major contribution for personalized medicine. It aids in the assesment of risk prediction, disease severity, genuine/cross-reactive sensitization, and finally to apply precise management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Luengo
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Immunomediated Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Barcelona
- ARADyAL Research Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid
- Universitat Autonomade Barcelona (UAB), Medicine Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Galvan-Blasco
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Immunomediated Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Barcelona
- ARADyAL Research Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid
- Universitat Autonomade Barcelona (UAB), Medicine Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Cardona
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Immunomediated Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Barcelona
- ARADyAL Research Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid
- Universitat Autonomade Barcelona (UAB), Medicine Department, Barcelona, Spain
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Asthma and Allergy: Unravelling a Tangled Relationship with a Focus on New Biomarkers and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073881. [PMID: 35409241 PMCID: PMC8999577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a major driver of health care costs across ages. Despite widely disseminated asthma-treatment guidelines and a growing variety of effective therapeutic options, most patients still experience symptoms and/or refractoriness to standard of care treatments. As a result, most patients undergo a further intensification of therapy to optimize symptom control with a subsequent increased risk of side effects. Raising awareness about the relevance of evaluating aeroallergen sensitizations in asthmatic patients is a key step in better informing clinical practice while new molecular tools, such as the component resolved diagnosis, may be of help in refining the relationship between sensitization and therapeutic recommendations. In addition, patient care should benefit from reliable, easy-to-measure and clinically accessible biomarkers that are able to predict outcome and disease monitoring. To attain a personalized asthma management and to guide adequate treatment decisions, it is of paramount importance to expand clinicians' knowledge about the tangled relationship between asthma and allergy from a molecular perspective. Our review explores the relevance of allergen testing along the asthma patient's journey, with a special focus on recurrent wheezing children. Here, we also discuss the unresolved issues regarding currently available biomarkers and summarize the evidence supporting the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin as promising biomarker.
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Wu L, Luo W, Hu H, Zheng X, Cheng ZJ, Huang D, Huang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhang R, Yang H, Sun Y, Wang Y, Ma J, Liu J, Sun X, Wu H, Wei C, Zhang S, Li X, Ren S, Hao C, Sun B. A Multicenter Study Assessing Risk Factors and Aeroallergens Sensitization Characteristics in Children with Self-Reported Allergic Rhinitis in China. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1453-1462. [PMID: 34908846 PMCID: PMC8665874 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s342495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Up to now, epidemiological studies on allergy rhinitis (AR) have primarily focused on determining the risk of disease in Chinese adults, with the majority of them designed by single centers, while cross-sectional and epidemiological data describing allergic sensitization in children with self-reported AR are scarce. Objective This study was estimating of the latest information about the sensitization patterns and risk factors of clinical AR to develop effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of AR. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey between January 2020 and June 2021 involving children from seven cities in China who reported AR. A total of 762 children participated in this survey. To evaluate the risk factors and specific sensitization patterns of clinical AR through questionnaires and specific immunoglobulin E to 11 aeroallergens. Results Of the 762 patients, 593 (77.8%) had at least one positive IgE level. Aged 7–14 years (OR 1.503, (95% CI 1.058–2.136), P = 0.023); With allergic conjunctivitis (OR 1.843, (95% CI 1.297–2.620), P = 0.001) and living in the Eastern (OR 1.802, (95% CI 1.263–2.573), P = 0.001) all elevated the risk of clinical AR associated with aeroallergens. The sensitization rates of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae were higher than those of other allergens in the 0–6 and 7–14 years old age groups. The most common aeroallergens among self-reported children with AR in the eastern were D. farinae (74.9%) and D. pteronyssinus (74.3%), while in the western were mugwort (60.0%) and marguerite (56.6%). Majority of sIgE-positive subjects were sensitized to three or more of the tested pollen allergens in the Western (52.1%), compared with 5.7% in the Eastern. Conclusion There was an apparent geographic variation in childhood allergies in China. Age factors also had strong impacts on the allergen sensitization rate of children, but these impacts differed across regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Luo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Hu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhui Zheng
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangkai J Cheng
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, 528400, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, 528400, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongfang Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yinchuan, 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yinchuan, 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - JinHai Ma
- Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajie Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- Weifang Weien Hospital, Weifang, 261000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Weifang Weien Hospital, Weifang, 261000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoluan Li
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Ren
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuangli Hao
- Department of Respirology, Children's Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
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Huang Z, Zhu H, Lin R, Wu L, An N, Zheng P, Sun B. Serum Albumin as a Cross-Reactive Component in Furry Animals May Be Related to the Allergic Symptoms of Patients with Rhinitis. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1231-1242. [PMID: 34707374 PMCID: PMC8544268 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s334195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of allergies has increased significantly in the past decade. Further research on allergic diseases caused by furry animals is of great importance for the clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment of allergies. Objective To identify the sensitization profile and clinical association of various furry animal crude extracts and components based on component resolved diagnosis (CRD). Methods A total of 211 patients with allergic rhinitis with sensitivities to cats and/or dogs were recruited, and the specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) against various furry animals (such as dog/cat extracts and their components, pigeon, parrot, duck, chicken, sheep, rat, mouse, goose, cow and horse extracts) were measured to analyze the sensitization profiles, cross-reactivity and clinical relevance with regards to allergies. Results A total of 91.67% of cat-sensitized patients were sensitive to Fel d 1, while only 16.03% of cat-sensitized patients responded to Fel d 2. Can f 1 and Can f 5 were the major components of dogs, and the positive rates were 23.53% and 16.18%, respectively. Twenty percent of patients were sensitized to 10 other furry animals, and the positive rate was between 0% and 19.12%. There was a significant correlation between components (Can f 1–5 and Fel d 2) and 5 furry animals (mouse, sheep, Horse, rat, cow), especially between serum albumin (SA) (Can f 3, Fel d 2) and furry animals. Most of the animal crude extracts and components sensitization rates in patients who were SA-positive were significantly higher than that of patients who were SA-negative. In particular, for sensitization to mice, sheep, horses, rats and cows, more than 10-fold higher in patients who were SA-positive than in patients who were SA-negative. The VAS of symptoms and life of quality (LoQ) in the SA-sensitized patients was higher than that in unsensitized patients, and the patients with lipocalin sensitivities had a worse LoQ. Conclusion Serum albumin Fel d 2 and Can f 3, as minor allergens in cats and dogs, but not lipocalin or prostatic kallikrein, is associated with other furry animals presumably due to serum albumin cross-reactivity. Patients sensitized with serum albumin had a significantly higher risk of sensitization to other animals and had a higher rhinitis VAS score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Huang
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqing Zhu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Runpei Lin
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Wu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Nairui An
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
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