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Alvarez-Jimenez L, Morales-Palomo F, Moreno-Cabañas A, Mora-Gonzalez D, Turrillas MDCM, Mora-Rodriguez R. Time-course atherogenic blood lipid response to statin discontinuation in dyslipidemic adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:2334-2343. [PMID: 39013748 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Half of dyslipidemic patients sometimes discontinue statin medication. It is unclear if blood atherogenic risk increases right after statin discontinuation or if there is a lingering protective effect. We sought to determine if a legacy effect prevented blood lipid increases during the first stages of statin cessation. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherogenic blood lipid profile was measured in 10 overweight (BMI 31 ± 3 kg m-2) middle-aged males (62 ± 7 years old), statin users, while fasted and postprandially. Trials were conducted before (i.e., Day 0) and after 4, 7, 15, and 30 days of statin withdrawal and 20 days after statins reloading (Day 50). Four days after statin discontinuation, blood fasting LDL-c, total cholesterol (CHOL), and triglyceride (TG) concentrations increased by 30%, 18%, and 17%, respectively (P < 0.05). The increases in LDL-c, CHOL, and TG peaked after 7-15 days at 79%, 48%, and 34% of basal levels (P < 0.001), respectively. There were no significant correlations between the increases in blood lipids and the dose or years under statin treatment (P = 0.156-0.575). Twenty days after resuming statins, blood LDL-c (2.79 ± 1.06 vs 2.20 ± 0.50 mmol L-1; P = 0.568), CHOL (4.85 ± 1.41 vs 4.25 ± 0.83 mmol L-1; P = 0.747), and TG (1.47 ± 0.60 vs 1.50 ± 0.68 mmol L-1; P = 0.782), returned to basal levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data does not support a statin lingering/legacy effect in blood lipids since they dangerously increased after only 4 days of statin withdrawal in every patient, regardless of dose and years under treatment. Reloading statins restored blood lipids, evidencing a reproducible biological effect at the whole-body level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain; Centre for Nutrition, Exercise, and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Mora-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Shao Y, Wang S, Xu X, Sun C, Cai F, Guo Q, Wu M, Yang M, Wu X. Non-Specific Elevated Serum Free Fatty Acids in Lung Cancer Patients: Nutritional or Pathological? Nutrients 2024; 16:2884. [PMID: 39275200 PMCID: PMC11396813 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The reprogramming of lipid metabolism is a significant feature of tumors, yet the circulating levels of fatty acids in lung cancer patients remain to be explored. Moreover, the association between fatty acid levels and related factors, including nutritional intake, tumor metabolism, and tumor immunity, has been rarely discussed. OBJECTIVES To explore the differences in serum free fatty acids between lung cancer patients and healthy controls, and investigate the factors associated with this phenomenon. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A case-control study enrolled 430 primary lung cancer patients and 430 healthy controls. The whole population had a medium [Q1, Q3] age of 48.0 [37.0, 58.9] years, with females comprising 56% of the participants. The absolute quantification of 27 serum free fatty acids (FFAs) was measured using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) detection. Data, including dietary intake, blood indicators, and gene expression of lung tissues, were obtained from questionnaires, blood tests, and RNA-sequencing. Statistical differences in FFA levels between lung cancer patients and healthy controls were investigated, and related contributing factors were explored. RESULTS Levels of 22 FFAs were significantly higher in lung cancer patients compared to those in healthy controls, with fold changes ranging from 1.14 to 1.69. Lung cancer diagnosis models built with clinical and FFA features yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.830 (0.780-0.880). Total fatty acids (TFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed no significant dietary-serum associations, indicating that the elevations might not be attributed to an excessive intake of relevant fatty acids from the diet. For RNA-sequencing of lung tissues, among the 68 lipid metabolism genes, 26 genes showed significant upregulation (FDR < 0.05), while 33 genes exhibited significant downregulation, indicating the involvement of the fatty acids in the tumor metabolism. Through joint analysis with immune cells and inflammatory factors in the blood, fatty acids might exert suppressing effects on tumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer patients had elevated levels of serum free fatty acids compared to healthy individuals. The elevations might not be attributed to an excessive intake of relevant fatty acids from the diet but related to pathological factors of tumor metabolism and immunity. These findings will complement research on fatty acid metabolism of lung cancer and provide insights into potential intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Shao
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ce Sun
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Cai
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Medicine and Health Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Malý M, Kučerka O, Bechyňská K, Kočí K, Mandys V, Hajšlová J, Kosek V. Plasma lipidome differences in patients with and without significant carotid plaque. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 155:107377. [PMID: 38705432 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a major cause of ischemic stroke, and early detection of advanced atherosclerosis in the carotid artery is important for reducing morbidity and mortality. What is even more important is not only detection of atherosclerosis but early determination whether the patients are at high risk of an event with adverse effects as the size of the plaque does not necessarily reflect its potential to trigger such events. AIM We studied whether plasma lipidomics profile can be used as a diagnostic tool for stratification of stable or unstable plaques without the need of removing the carotid plaque. METHODS This study used liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry lipidomics to characterize lipid profiles in patients' plasma and found that patients with significant and complicated (vulnerable) atherosclerotic plaque had distinct lipid profiles compared to those with insignificant plaques. RESULTS The lipid classes that were most predictive of vulnerable plaque were lysophosphoethanolamines, fatty acyl esters of hydroxy fatty acids, free fatty acids, plasmalogens, and triacylglycerols. Most of these compounds were found decreased in plasma of patients with unstable plaques which enabled sufficient performance of a statistical model used for patient stratification. CONCLUSIONS Plasma lipidomes measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry show differences in patients with stable and unstable carotid plaques, therefore these compounds could potentially be used as biomarkers for unstable plaque in future clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Malý
- Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and the Military University Hospital, Prague 16902, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kučerka
- Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and the Military University Hospital, Prague 16902, Czech Republic; Department of Military Internal Medicine and Military Hygiene, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove 50002, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Bechyňská
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Technická 3, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Kočí
- Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and the Military University Hospital, Prague 16902, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Mandys
- Department of Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Technická 3, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Kosek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Technická 3, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic.
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Engin B, Willis SA, Malaikah S, Sargeant JA, Biddle GJH, Razieh C, Argyridou S, Edwardson CL, Jelleyman C, Stensel DJ, Henson J, Rowlands AV, Davies MJ, Yates T, King JA. Sedentary Time Is Independently Related to Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in Adults With or at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1548-1554. [PMID: 37093903 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This cross-sectional study examined associations of device-measured sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with adipose tissue insulin resistance in people with or at high risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHOD Data were combined from six previous experimental studies (within our group) involving patients with T2DM or primary risk factors (median (interquartile range) age, 66.2 (66.0-70.8) yr; body mass index (BMI), 31.1 (28.0-34.4) kg·m -2 ; 62% male; n = 179). Adipose tissue insulin resistance was calculated as the product of fasted circulating insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (ADIPO-IR), whereas sedentary time and MVPA were determined from wrist-worn accelerometery. Generalized linear models examined associations of sedentary time and MVPA with ADIPO-IR with interaction terms added to explore the moderating influence of ethnicity (White European vs South Asian), BMI, age, and sex. RESULTS In finally adjusted models, sedentary time was positively associated with ADIPO-IR, with every 30 min of sedentary time associated with a 1.80-unit (95% confidence interval, 0.51-3.06; P = 0.006) higher ADIPO-IR. This relationship strengthened as BMI increased ( β = 3.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.50-5.46), P = 0.005 in the upper BMI tertile (≥33.2 kg·m -2 )). MVPA was unrelated to ADIPO-IR. These results were consistent in sensitivity analyses that excluded participants taking statins and/or metformin ( n = 126) and when separated into the participants with T2DM ( n = 32) and those at high risk ( n = 147). CONCLUSIONS Sedentary time is positively related to adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in people with or at high risk of T2DM. This relationship strengthens as BMI increases and may help explain established relationships between greater sedentary time, ectopic lipid, and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte Jelleyman
- Human Potential Centre, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
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Liu C, Chen H, Hu B, Shi J, Chen Y, Huang K. New insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1188926. [PMID: 37484027 PMCID: PMC10359995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1188926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread clinical use of statins has contributed to significant reductions of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increasing preclinical and epidemiological evidences have revealed that dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and that statins as powerful inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase can exert prevention and intervention effects on cancers, and promote sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer mechanisms of statins include not only inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, but also their pleiotropic effects in modulating angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, tumor metastasis, and tumor microenvironment. Moreover, recent clinical studies have provided growing insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins and the feasibility of combining statins with other anti-cancer agents. Here, we provide an updated review on the application potential of statins in cancer prevention and treatment and summarize the underneath mechanisms, with focuses on data from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bicheng Hu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajian Shi
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji-RongCheng Biomedical Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Guerrero SC, Panettieri RA, Rastogi D. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity and Airway Pathobiology Inform Therapies for Obesity-Related Asthma. Paediatr Drugs 2023; 25:283-299. [PMID: 36656428 PMCID: PMC11071627 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-022-00554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related asthma is associated with a high disease burden and a poor response to existent asthma therapies, suggesting that it is a distinct asthma phenotype. The proposed mechanisms that contribute to obesity-related asthma include the effects of the mechanical load of obesity, adipokine perturbations, and immune dysregulation. Each of these influences airway smooth muscle function. Mechanical fat load alters airway smooth muscle stretch affecting airway wall geometry, airway smooth muscle contractility, and agonist delivery; weight loss strategies, including medically induced weight loss, counter these effects. Among the metabolic disturbances, insulin resistance and free fatty acid receptor activation influence distinct signaling pathways in the airway smooth muscle downstream of both the M2 muscarinic receptor and the β2 adrenergic receptor, such as phospholipase C and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling cascade. Medications that decrease insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are associated with a lower asthma disease burden. Leptin resistance is best understood to modulate muscarinic receptors via the neural pathways but there are no specific therapies for leptin resistance. From the immune perspective, monocytes and T helper cells are involved in systemic pro-inflammatory profiles driven by obesity, notably associated with elevated levels of interleukin-6. Clinical trials on tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin antibody, are ongoing for obesity-related asthma. This armamentarium of therapies is distinct from standard asthma medications, and once investigated for its efficacy and safety among children, will serve as a novel therapeutic intervention for pediatric obesity-related asthma. Irrespective of the directionality of the association between asthma and obesity, airway-specific mechanistic studies are needed to identify additional novel therapeutic targets for obesity-related asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cabrera Guerrero
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Deepa Rastogi
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
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Shaia KL, Harris BS, Selter JH, Price TM. Reproductive Functions of the Mitochondrial Progesterone Receptor (PR-M). Reprod Sci 2022; 30:1443-1452. [PMID: 36255658 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Classic transcriptional regulation by progesterone via the nuclear progesterone receptors A and B (PR-A, PR-B) has been recognized for decades. Less attention has been given to a mitochondrial progesterone receptor (PR-M) responsible for non-nuclear activities. PR-M is derived from the progesterone receptor (PR) gene from an alternate promoter with the cDNA encoding a unique 5' membrane binding domain followed by the same hinge and hormone-binding domain of the nPR. The protein binds to the mitochondrial outer membrane and functions to increase cellular respiration via increased beta-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation with resulting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Physiologic activities of PR-M have been studied in cardiac function, spermatozoa activation, and myometrial growth, all known to respond to progesterone. Progesterone via PR-M increases cardiomyocyte cellular respiration to meet the metabolic demands of pregnancy with increased contractility. Consequential gene changes associated with PR-M activation include production of proteins for sarcomere development and for fatty acid oxidation. Regarding spermatozoa function, progesterone via PR-M increases cellular energy production necessary for progesterone-dependent hyperactivation. A role of progesterone in myometrial and leiomyomata growth may also be explained by the increase in necessary cellular energy for proliferation. Lastly, the multi-organ increase in cellular respiration may contribute to the progesterone-dependent increase in metabolic rate reflected by an increase in body temperature through compensatory non-shivering thermogenesis. An evolutionary comparison shows PR-M expressed in humans, apes, and Old World monkeys, but the necessary gene sequence is absent in New World monkeys and lower species. The evolutionary advantage to PR-M remains to be defined, but its presence may enhance catabolism to support the extended gestation and brain development found in these primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Shaia
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin S Harris
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica H Selter
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas M Price
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Regan-Smith S, Fritzen R, Hierons SJ, Ajjan RA, Blindauer CA, Stewart AJ. Strategies for Therapeutic Amelioration of Aberrant Plasma Zn2+ Handling in Thrombotic Disease: Targeting Fatty Acid/Serum Albumin-Mediated Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810302. [PMID: 36142215 PMCID: PMC9499645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation, maintenance and regulation of blood coagulation is inexorably linked to the actions of Zn2+ in blood plasma. Zn2+ interacts with a variety of haemostatic proteins in the bloodstream including fibrinogen, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) to regulate haemostasis. The availability of Zn2+ to bind such proteins is controlled by human serum albumin (HSA), which binds 70–85% of plasma Zn2+ under basal conditions. HSA also binds and transports non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Upon NEFA binding, there is a change in the structure of HSA which leads to a reduction in its affinity for Zn2+. This enables other plasma proteins to better compete for binding of Zn2+. In diseases where elevated plasma NEFA concentrations are a feature, such as obesity and diabetes, there is a concurrent increase in hypercoagulability. Evidence indicates that NEFA-induced perturbation of Zn2+-binding by HSA may contribute to the thrombotic complications frequently observed in these pathophysiological conditions. This review highlights potential interventions, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical that may be employed to combat this dysregulation. Lifestyle and dietary changes have been shown to reduce plasma NEFA concentrations. Furthermore, drugs that influence NEFA levels such as statins and fibrates may be useful in this context. In severely obese patients, more invasive therapies such as bariatric surgery may be useful. Finally, other potential treatments such as chelation therapies, use of cholesteryl transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, lipase inhibitors, fatty acid inhibitors and other treatments are highlighted, which with additional research and appropriate clinical trials, could prove useful in the treatment and management of thrombotic disease through amelioration of plasma Zn2+ dysregulation in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Remi Fritzen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | | | - Ramzi A. Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1334-463546
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Yuan S, Li X, Morange PE, Bruzelius M, Larsson SC. Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: Mendelian Randomization Investigation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163354. [PMID: 36014859 PMCID: PMC9412533 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating fatty acids may affect thrombosis but epidemiological data on the associations between fatty acids and risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are limited and conflicting. We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to examine the causal associations of 10 circulating fatty acids with VTE risk. Genetic variants strongly associated with ten fatty acids and without linkage disequilibrium were selected as instrumental variables from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium. Genetic associations for VTE and its subtypes were obtained from the International Network Against Venous Thrombosis Consortium (30,234 cases and 172,122 controls) and the FinnGen study (11,288 VTE cases and 254,771 controls). Estimates from the two data sources were combined. Per standard deviation increase in genetically predicted fatty acid levels, the combined odds ratio (OR) of VTE was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84–0.92) for α-linolenic acid, 0.92 (95% CI 0.90–0.95) for linoleic acid, 0.85 (95% CI 0.78–0.92) for palmitoleic acid, 0.77 (95% CI 0.77–0.84) for oleic acid, 1.16 (95% CI 1.10–1.23) for eicosapentaenoic acid, 1.10 (95% CI 1.06–1.14) for docosapentaenoic acid, 1.06 (95% CI 1.04–1.08) for arachidonic acid, and 1.19 (95% CI 1.11–1.28) for stearic acid. Genetically predicted levels of docosahexaenoic acid or palmitoleic acid were not associated with VTE risk. Four and eight out of ten genetically predicted fatty acid levels were associated with risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, respectively. This study suggests that strategies targeting at fatty acids may act as prevention approaches for VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Morange
- Laboratory of Haematology, La Timone Hospital, 13385 Marseille, France
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), INSERM, Universite Aix-Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, HemoVasc, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Maria Bruzelius
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Coagulation Unit, Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna C. Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-8-52486059
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Involvement of Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Development of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031308. [PMID: 35163232 PMCID: PMC8835729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite all the advances of modern medicine, atherosclerosis continues to be one of the most important medical and social problems. Atherosclerosis is the cause of several cardiovascular diseases, which are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. The development of atherosclerosis is associated with the accumulation of lipids in the arterial intima and the disruption of mechanisms that maintain the balance between the development and resolution of inflammation. Fatty acids are involved in many mechanisms of inflammation development and maintenance. Endothelial cells demonstrate multiple cross-linkages between lipid metabolism and innate immunity. In addition, these processes are linked to hemodynamics and the function of other cells in the vascular wall, highlighting the central role of the endothelium in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
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Wrzosek M, Zawadzka Z, Sawicka A, Bobrowska-Korczak B, Białek A. Impact of Fatty Acids on Obesity-Associated Diseases and Radical Weight Reduction. Obes Surg 2021; 32:428-440. [PMID: 34813039 PMCID: PMC8794933 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Fatty acids (FA), particularly polyunsaturated (PUFA) ones, are involved in the regulation of glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. The aim of the study was to assess patient FA profile in relation to obesity, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disturbances, and weight loss. Materials and Methods The studied group consisted of 51 patients with extreme obesity, 23 of whom achieved radical weight reduction within 1 year after a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). FA levels were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Results Patients with extreme obesity and higher serum PUFA content have lower serum levels of SFA and MUFA (especially myristic, palmitic, lignoceric acids and palmitoleic, oleic acids), as well as lower triglyceride and higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations and it was not influenced by CEPT Taq1B variant. At baseline, the fatty acid profile of patients with type II diabetes differ from patients with dyslipidemia. In patients who had lost weight, significantly lower levels of selected saturated FA and major trans-fatty acid, elaidic, were found. Moreover, the proportion of PUFA was increased. Conclusion In extreme obesity, higher PUFA exert their favorable effects on serum lipids. Significant weight reduction after the bariatric surgery is associated with beneficial changes in the fatty acid profile. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Zawadzka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ada Sawicka
- Department of Family Medicine, Internal Medicine and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 00-416, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Białek
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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12
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Bland AR, Payne FM, Ashton JC, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The cardioprotective actions of statins in targeting mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105986. [PMID: 34800627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During cardiac reperfusion after myocardial infarction, the heart is subjected to cascading cycles of ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Patients presenting with this injury succumb to myocardial dysfunction resulting in myocardial cell death, which contributes to morbidity and mortality. New targeted therapies are required if the myocardium is to be protected from this injury and improve patient outcomes. Extensive research into the role of mitochondria during ischaemia and reperfusion has unveiled one of the most important sites contributing towards this injury; specifically, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The opening of this pore occurs during reperfusion and results in mitochondria swelling and dysfunction, promoting apoptotic cell death. Activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mitoKATP) channels, uncoupling proteins, and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation have been identified to delay mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and reduce reactive oxygen species formation, thereby decreasing infarct size. Statins have recently been identified to provide a direct cardioprotective effect on these specific mitochondrial components, all of which reduce the severity of myocardial IRI, promoting the ability of statins to be a considerate preconditioning agent. This review will outline what has currently been shown in regard to statins cardioprotective effects on mitochondria during myocardial IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Bland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fergus M Payne
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John C Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Zhu PF, Wang MX, Chen ZL, Yang L. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: A Literature Review of the Novel Anti-Tumor Mechanism of Statins. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761107. [PMID: 34858839 PMCID: PMC8632059 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins is widely used in clinical practice as lipid-lowering drugs and has been proven to be effective in the treatment of cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic syndrome and other diseases. The latest preclinical evidence shows that statins have anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic, anti-invasion and radiotherapy sensitization effects on tumor cells, suggesting that statins may become a new type of anti-tumor drugs. For a long time, mevalonate pathway has been proved to play a supporting role in the development of tumor cells. As an effective inhibitor of mevalonate pathway, statins have been proved to have a direct auxiliary anti-tumor effect in a large number of studies. In addition, anti-tumor effects of statins through ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy and tumor microenvironment (TME) have also been gradually discovered. However, the specific mechanism of the antitumor effect of statins in the tumor microenvironment has not been clearly elucidated. Herein, we reviewed the antitumor effects of statins in tumor microenvironment, focusing on hypoxia microenvironment, immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, acid microenvironment and mechanical microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhu
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ming-Xing Wang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhe-Ling Chen
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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14
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Hierons SJ, Marsh JS, Wu D, Blindauer CA, Stewart AJ. The Interplay between Non-Esterified Fatty Acids and Plasma Zinc and Its Influence on Thrombotic Risk in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810140. [PMID: 34576303 PMCID: PMC8471329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a major comorbidity of obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite the development of numerous effective treatments and preventative strategies to address thrombotic disease in such individuals, the incidence of thrombotic complications remains high. This suggests that not all the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these events have been identified or targeted. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are increasingly regarded as a nexus between obesity, insulin resistance, and vascular disease. Notably, plasma NEFA levels are consistently elevated in obesity and T2DM and may impact hemostasis in several ways. A potentially unrecognized route of NEFA-mediated thrombotic activity is their ability to disturb Zn2+ speciation in the plasma. Zn2+ is a potent regulator of coagulation and its availability in the plasma is monitored carefully through buffering by human serum albumin (HSA). The binding of long-chain NEFAs such as palmitate and stearate, however, trigger a conformational change in HSA that reduces its ability to bind Zn2+, thus increasing the ion’s availability to bind and activate coagulation proteins. NEFA-mediated perturbation of HSA-Zn2+ binding is thus predicted to contribute to the prothrombotic milieu in obesity and T2DM, representing a novel targetable disease mechanism in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Hierons
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, Fife, UK; (S.J.H.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Jordan S. Marsh
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, Fife, UK; (S.J.H.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongmei Wu
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, Fife, UK; (S.J.H.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.)
| | | | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, Fife, UK; (S.J.H.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1334-463546; Fax: +44-(0)-1334-463482
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15
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Henning RJ. Obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory disease contribute to atherosclerosis: a review of the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2021; 11:504-529. [PMID: 34548951 PMCID: PMC8449192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two billion people worldwide older than 18 years of age, or approximately 30% of the world population, are overweight or obese. In addition, more than 43 million children under the age of 5 are overweight or obese. Among the population in the United States aged 20 and greater, 32.8 percent are overweight and 39.8 percent are obese. Blacks in the United States have the highest age-adjusted prevalence of obesity (49.6%), followed by Hispanics (44.8%), whites (42.2%) and Asians (17.4%). The impact of being overweight or obese on the US economy exceeds $1.7 trillion dollars, which is equivalent to approximately eight percent of the nation's gross domestic product. Obesity causes chronic inflammation that contributes to atherosclerosis and causes >3.4 million deaths/year. The pathophysiologic mechanisms in obesity that contribute to inflammation and atherosclerosis include activation of adipokines/cytokines and increases in aldosterone in the circulation. The adipokines leptin, resistin, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein activate and chemoattract monocytes/macrophages into adipose tissue that promote visceral adipose and systemic tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability that contribute to atherosclerosis. In addition in obesity, the adipokines/cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF are activated and cause endothelial cell dysfunction and hyperpermeability of vascular endothelial junctions. Increased aldosterone in the circulation not only expands the blood volume but also promotes platelet aggregation, vascular endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, and fibrosis. In order to reduce obesity and obesity-induced inflammation, therapies including diet, medications, and bariatric surgery are discussed that should be considered in patients with BMIs>35-40 kg/m2 if diet and lifestyle interventions fail to achieve weight loss. In addition, antihypertensive therapy, plasma lipid reduction and glucose lowering therapy should be prescribed in obese patients with hypertension, a 10-year CVD risk >7.5%, or prediabetes or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Henning
- James A. Haley Hospital, University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33612-3805, USA
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16
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Klassen A, Faccio AT, Picossi CRC, Derogis PBMC, Dos Santos Ferreira CE, Lopes AS, Sussulini A, Cruz ECS, Bastos RT, Fontoura SC, Neto AMF, Tavares MFM, Izar MC, Fonseca FAH. Evaluation of two highly effective lipid-lowering therapies in subjects with acute myocardial infarction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15973. [PMID: 34354179 PMCID: PMC8342504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For cardiovascular disease prevention, statins alone or combined with ezetimibe have been recommended to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets, but their effects on other lipids are less reported. This study was designed to examine lipid changes in subjects with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after two highly effective lipid-lowering therapies. Twenty patients with STEMI were randomized to be treated with rosuvastatin 20 mg QD or simvastatin 40 mg combined with ezetimibe 10 mg QD for 30 days. Fasting blood samples were collected on the first day (D1) and after 30 days (D30). Lipidomic analysis was performed using the Lipidyzer platform. Similar classic lipid profile was obtained in both groups of lipid-lowering therapies. However, differences with the lipidomic analysis were observed between D30 and D1 for most of the analyzed classes. Differences were noted with lipid-lowering therapies for lipids such as FA, LPC, PC, PE, CE, Cer, and SM, notably in patients treated with rosuvastatin. Correlation studies between classic lipid profiles and lipidomic results showed different information. These findings seem relevant, due to the involvement of these lipid classes in crucial mechanisms of atherosclerosis, and may account for residual cardiovascular risk. Randomized clinical trial: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02428374, registered on 28/09/2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Tedesco Faccio
- Center for Multiplatform Metabolomics Studies (CEMM), Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Raissa Costa Picossi
- Center for Multiplatform Metabolomics Studies (CEMM), Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Soriano Lopes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Sussulini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Elisa Castañeda Santa Cruz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Tudela Bastos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marina Franco Maggi Tavares
- Center for Multiplatform Metabolomics Studies (CEMM), Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Izar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Loefgren 1350, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04040-001, Brazil
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17
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de Araújo AR, Sampaio GR, da Silva LR, Portal VL, Markoski MM, de Quadros AS, Rogero MM, da Silva Torres EAF, Marcadenti A. Effects of extra virgin olive oil and pecans on plasma fatty acids in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111411. [PMID: 34425320 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a healthy diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil or pecans on plasma fatty acids (PFAs) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Patients 40 to 80 y of age were randomized to one of three dietary interventions (allocation ratio 1: 1: 1): healthy diet based on guidelines (control group [CG]), healthy diet supplemented with 30 g/d of pecans (PNG), or a healthy diet supplemented with 30 mL/d of extra virgin olive oil (OOG). PFAs were identified at baseline and at the end of follow-up (12 wk), and correlations between dietary fatty acids intake, PFAs, and clinical biomarkers of the lipid profile were also assessed before and after the interventions. RESULTS Among 149 participants included in the analysis (43 CG; 51 PNG; and 55 OOG), correlations were observed between food intake, PFAs, and lipid profile before and after interventions independent of statins used, but all were considered weak. At the end of the study, the OOG showed increased concentrations of oleic fatty acid independently of the type of statin in use (1.49%; 95% confidence interval, 0.08-2.89; P = 0.029); however, there were no significant differences between the groups regarding the final mean values of oleic fatty acid or in the other PFAs. CONCLUSIONS In patients with stable CAD, there were no significant differences in PFAs after 12 wk according to dietary interventions evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ramos de Araújo
- Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vera Lúcia Portal
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences (Cardiology), Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Melissa Medeiros Markoski
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Schaan de Quadros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences (Cardiology), Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Marcadenti
- HCor Research Institute, Hospital do Coração (IP-HCor), São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences (Cardiology), Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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18
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Kharazmi-Khorassani J, Ghafarian Zirak R, Ghazizadeh H, Zare-Feyzabadi R, Kharazmi-Khorassani S, Naji-Reihani-Garmroudi S, Kazemi E, Esmaily H, Javan-Doust A, Banpour H, Mohammadi-Bajgiran M, Besharatlou MR, Ferns GA, Hashemi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. The role of serum monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cardiovascular disease risk. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2021; 92:e2021049. [PMID: 33988177 PMCID: PMC8182619 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i2.9235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFA) observed as independent risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this study we investigated FFA levels in patients with CVD, and its risk factors. In this case-control study, 214 patients experienced coronary angiography and 222 healthy subjects were enrolled. Participants were categorized into two groups: who had >50% and <30% stenosis were assigned to the angiogram positive (N=90) and negative (N=124) group, respectively. Several risk factors were assessed and the levels of FFAs were determined using gas chromatography. Serum FFA concentrations were compared between healthy and patients with positive and negative angiograms. The association of serum FFA levels with four major risk factors (hypertension, FBG level, high BMI and WHR) were also assessed. Our data showed that median of FFAs was higher in patients than healthy subjects (p<0.0001), such as SFA and n6-FFAs (in patients; 1.59 (1.27) and 1.22 (1.06) and in healthy subjects 0.33 (0.38) and 0.36 (0.35), respectively). According to anthropometric and biochemical data, there were not statistical differences between the groups, except FBG, SBP and hs-CRP that showed significantly higher levels in patients than controls (p<0.0001, p=0.001). Also, lower median levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and DBP were observed in patients which can due to lipid-lowering medication use like Statins. High serum levels of FFAs are considered as an independent risk factor for CVDs, while various types of FFAs can have different influences on CVD risk factors. Therefore, longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the association between FFAs and CVD risk factors. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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19
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Naharci MI, Tasci I. Comment on: Nonesterified fatty acids and risks of frailty, disability, and mobility limitation in older adults: The cardiovascular health study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:1407-1408. [PMID: 33856046 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ilkin Naharci
- Division of Geriatrics, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine & Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilker Tasci
- Division of Geriatrics, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine & Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine & Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Sobczak AIS, Katundu KGH, Phoenix FA, Khazaipoul S, Yu R, Lampiao F, Stefanowicz F, Blindauer CA, Pitt SJ, Smith TK, Ajjan RA, Stewart AJ. Albumin-mediated alteration of plasma zinc speciation by fatty acids modulates blood clotting in type-2 diabetes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4079-4093. [PMID: 34163679 PMCID: PMC8179462 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06605b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ is an essential regulator of coagulation and is released from activated platelets. In plasma, the free Zn2+ concentration is fine-tuned through buffering by human serum albumin (HSA). Importantly, the ability of HSA to bind/buffer Zn2+ is compromised by co-transported non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Given the role of Zn2+ in blood clot formation, we hypothesise that Zn2+ displacement from HSA by NEFAs in certain conditions (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) impacts on the cellular and protein arms of coagulation. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the extent to which increasing concentrations of a range of medium- and long-chain NEFAs reduced Zn2+-binding ability of HSA. Amongst the NEFAs tested, palmitate (16 : 0) and stearate (18 : 0) were the most effective at suppressing zinc-binding, whilst the mono-unsaturated palmitoleate (16 : 1c9) was markedly less effective. Assessment of platelet aggregation and fibrin clotting parameters in purified systems and in pooled plasma suggested that the HSA-mediated impact of the model NEFA myristate on zinc speciation intensified the effects of Zn2+ alone. The effects of elevated Zn2+ alone on fibrin clot density and fibre thickness in a purified protein system were mirrored in samples from T2DM patients, who have derranged NEFA metabolism. Crucially, T2DM individuals had increased total plasma NEFAs compared to controls, with the concentrations of key saturated (myristate, palmitate, stearate) and mono-unsaturated (oleate, cis-vaccenate) NEFAs positively correlating with clot density. Collectively, these data strongly support the concept that elevated NEFA levels contribute to altered coagulation in T2DM through dysregulation of plasma zinc speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie I S Sobczak
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Kondwani G H Katundu
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi Blantyre Malawi
| | - Fladia A Phoenix
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Siavash Khazaipoul
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Ruitao Yu
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 23 Xinning Road Xining Qinghai 810001 China
| | - Fanuel Lampiao
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi Blantyre Malawi
| | - Fiona Stefanowicz
- Scottish Trace Element and Micronutrient Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Glasgow UK
| | | | - Samantha J Pitt
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Terry K Smith
- School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
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21
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Zhang L, Evans A, von Ruhland C, Draman MS, Edkins S, Vincent AE, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Rees DA, Haridas AS, Morris D, Tee AR, Ludgate M, Turnbull DM, Karpe F, Dayan CM. Distinctive Features of Orbital Adipose Tissue (OAT) in Graves' Orbitopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9145. [PMID: 33266331 PMCID: PMC7730568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depot specific expansion of orbital-adipose-tissue (OAT) in Graves' Orbitopathy (GO) is associated with lipid metabolism signaling defects. We hypothesize that the unique adipocyte biology of OAT facilitates its expansion in GO. A comprehensive comparison of OAT and white-adipose-tissue (WAT) was performed by light/electron-microscopy, lipidomic and transcriptional analysis using ex vivo WAT, healthy OAT (OAT-H) and OAT from GO (OAT-GO). OAT-H/OAT-GO have a single lipid-vacuole and low mitochondrial number. Lower lipolytic activity and smaller adipocytes of OAT-H/OAT-GO, accompanied by similar essential linoleic fatty acid (FA) and (low) FA synthesis to WAT, revealed a hyperplastic OAT expansion through external FA-uptake via abundant SLC27A6 (FA-transporter) expression. Mitochondrial dysfunction of OAT in GO was apparent, as evidenced by the increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitofusin-2 (MFN2) in OAT-GO compared to OAT-H. Transcriptional profiles of OAT-H revealed high expression of Iroquois homeobox-family (IRX-3&5), and low expression in HOX-family/TBX5 (essential for WAT/BAT (brown-adipose-tissue)/BRITE (BRown-in-whITE) development). We demonstrated unique features of OAT not presented in either WAT or BAT/BRITE. This study reveals that the pathologically enhanced FA-uptake driven hyperplastic expansion of OAT in GO is associated with a depot specific mechanism (the SLC27A6 FA-transporter) and mitochondrial dysfunction. We uncovered that OAT functions as a distinctive fat depot, providing novel insights into adipocyte biology and the pathological development of OAT expansion in GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Anna Evans
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Chris von Ruhland
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Mohd Shazli Draman
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Sarah Edkins
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Amy E. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK; (A.E.V.); (D.M.T.)
| | | | - D. Aled Rees
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Anjana S Haridas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK; (A.S.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Dan Morris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK; (A.S.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Andrew R. Tee
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Marian Ludgate
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK; (A.E.V.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK;
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, OUH Foundation Trust, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Colin M. Dayan
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
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Ciucanu CI, Olariu S, Vlad DC, Dumitraşcu V. Effect of rosuvastatin on the concentration of each fatty acid in the fraction of free fatty acids and total lipids in human plasma: The role of cholesterol homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100822. [PMID: 33072892 PMCID: PMC7549052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Each fatty acid (FA) or class of FAs has a different behavior in the pathologies of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the concentration of each fatty acid in the fraction of free fatty acids (FFAs) and total lipids in human plasma after short-term therapy with rosuvastatin as a cholesterol-lowering statin drug. Six hypercholesterolemic men on a habitual diet were studied in a randomized, double-blind, and crossover process. They received 20 mg rosuvastatin or placebo in random order, each for 4 weeks and after 2 weeks of washout period, they received another medication (placebo or rosuvastatin) for another period of 4 weeks. Rosuvastatin treatment significantly decreased the absolute concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated FAs in the total FAs as well as in FFAs. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms in the molecule had no significant change in the fraction of FFAs. Rosuvastatin is directly involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and indirectly through cholesterol homeostasis in the biosynthesis of other plasma lipids. In conclusion, our findings show that rosuvastatin treatment leads to significant changes in the concentration of each fatty acid, except for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in FFAs. Our observations indicate that cholesterol homeostasis through its regulatory mechanisms appears to be the main cause of changes in the concentration of each plasma fatty acid during rosuvastatin treatment. These changes can be a source of beneficial consequences, in addition to lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in cardiovascular diseases. Rosuvastatin decreased the concentration of total fatty acids and free fatty acids. The change in the concentration of each fatty acid was analyzed. Changes in fatty acid concentrations are part of cholesterol homeostasis. These changes bring beneficial consequences in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian I Ciucanu
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" of Timişoara, Piaţa Eftimie Murgu 2, RO-300041, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Sonia Olariu
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" of Timişoara, Piaţa Eftimie Murgu 2, RO-300041, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Daliborca C Vlad
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" of Timişoara, Piaţa Eftimie Murgu 2, RO-300041, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Victor Dumitraşcu
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" of Timişoara, Piaţa Eftimie Murgu 2, RO-300041, Timişoara, Romania
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Hwang YC, Jun JE, Jeong IK, Ahn KJ, Chung HY. Comparison of the Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Monotherapy 20 mg with Rosuvastatin 5 mg and Ezetimibe 10 mg Combination Therapy on Lipid Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:582-589. [PMID: 30688048 PMCID: PMC6834829 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein B/A1 (apoB/A1) ratio is a stronger predictor of future cardiovascular disease than is the level of conventional lipids. Statin and ezetimibe combination therapy have shown additional cardioprotective effects over statin monotherapy. METHODS This was a single-center, randomized, open-label, active-controlled study in Korea. A total of 36 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to either rosuvastatin monotherapy (20 mg/day, n=20) or rosuvastatin/ezetimibe (5 mg/10 mg/day, n=16) combination therapy for 6 weeks. RESULTS After the 6-week treatment, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apoB reduction were comparable between the two groups (-94.3±15.4 and -62.0±20.9 mg/dL in the rosuvastatin group, -89.9±22.7 and -66.8±21.6 mg/dL in the rosuvastatin/ezetimibe group, P=0.54 and P=0.86, respectively). In addition, change in apoB/A1 ratio (-0.44±0.16 in the rosuvastatin group and -0.47±0.25 in the rosuvastatin/ezetimibe group, P=0.58) did not differ between the two groups. On the other hand, triglyceride and free fatty acid (FFA) reductions were greater in the rosuvastatin/ezetimibe group than in the rosuvastatin group (-10.5 mg/dL [interquartile range (IQR), -37.5 to 29.5] and 0.0 μEq/L [IQR, -136.8 to 146.0] in the rosuvastatin group, -49.5 mg/dL [IQR, -108.5 to -27.5] and -170.5 μEq/L [IQR, -353.0 to 0.8] in the rosuvastatin/ezetimibe group, P=0.010 and P=0.049, respectively). Both treatments were generally well tolerated, and there were no differences in muscle or liver enzyme elevation. CONCLUSION A 6-week combination therapy of low-dose rosuvastatin and ezetimibe showed LDL-C, apoB, and apoB/A1 ratio reduction comparable to that of high-dose rosuvastatin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Triglyceride and FFA reductions were greater with the combination therapy than with rosuvastatin monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Cheol Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ji Eun Jun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Kyung Jeong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Jeung Ahn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Changes in Plasma Free Fatty Acids Associated with Type-2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092022. [PMID: 31466350 PMCID: PMC6770316 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased total plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The exact mechanisms by which the plasma FFA profile of subjects with T2DM changes is unclear, but it is thought that dietary fats and changes to lipid metabolism are likely to contribute. Therefore, establishing the changes in concentrations of specific FFAs in an individual’s plasma is important. Each type of FFA has different effects on physiological processes, including the regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, inflammation, endocrine signalling and the composition and properties of cellular membranes. Alterations in such processes due to altered plasma FFA concentrations/profiles can potentially result in the development of insulin resistance and coagulatory defects. Finally, fibrates and statins, lipid-regulating drugs prescribed to subjects with T2DM, are also thought to exert part of their beneficial effects by impacting on plasma FFA concentrations. Thus, it is also interesting to consider their effects on the concentration of FFAs in plasma. Collectively, we review how FFAs are altered in T2DM and explore the likely downstream physiological and pathological implications of such changes.
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Guizani I, Zidi W, Zayani Y, Boudiche S, Hadj-Taieb S, Sanhaji H, Zaroui A, Mechmeche R, Mourali MS, Feki M, Allal-Elasmi M. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 predicts clinical cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease: a 5 years cohort study. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4699-4707. [PMID: 31218540 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in atherosclerosis evolution into a coronary artery disease (CAD). They could be used as biomarkers for a predictive approach when they are studied simultaneously. We aim in our study to demonstrate prospectively in patients with history of CAD that MMPs level is linked to clinical cardiovascular outcomes. Two hundred and eighteen patients diagnosed with CAD were followed prospectively for 5 years in the Cardiology Department of la Rabta Hospital University. Clinical cardiovascular outcomes during the period of the cohort were recorded. Measures were performed for biological and matrix markers at baseline. MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were measured by ELISA in Sandwich assay. Fifty-nine cardiovascular outcomes occurred during the cohort period. By multivariate analysis, only MMP-3 persisted as a predictor for cardiovascular events even after adjustment. This metalloproteinase have been shown to be an independent predictor for cardiovascular outcomes (HR = 3.01; CI (1.3-6.95). The found cut-off value by receiver operating curve (ROC) was used for Kaplan-Meier analysis and revealed that patients with MMP-3 level higher than 9.3 ng/mL had a lower survival rate (p = 0.03). MMP-3 baseline level in patients with history of CAD is a potential predictor for cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Guizani
- LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wiem Zidi
- LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Zayani
- LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Selim Boudiche
- Cardiology Department, CHU la Rabta, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Hadj-Taieb
- LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Sanhaji
- LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zaroui
- Cardiology Department, CHU la Rabta, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rachid Mechmeche
- Cardiology Department, CHU la Rabta, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Moncef Feki
- LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Monia Allal-Elasmi
- LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Jebbari Tunis, Tunisia.
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Ong KL, Hui N, Januszewski AS, Kaakoush NO, Xu A, Fayyad R, DeMicco DA, Jenkins AJ, Keech AC, Waters DD, Barter PJ, Rye KA. High plasma FGF21 levels predicts major cardiovascular events in patients treated with atorvastatin (from the Treating to New Targets [TNT] Study). Metabolism 2019; 93:93-99. [PMID: 30452928 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels predict incident cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes patients. However, whether FGF21 levels predict cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients in the general population is unknown. We investigated whether FGF21 levels predict major cardiovascular event (MCVE) in the Treating to New Targets (TNT) trial participants. METHODS After 8-week run-in on atorvastatin 10 mg/day, 10,001 patients with stable coronary disease in the TNT trial were randomized to 10 mg or 80 mg/day of atorvastatin for a median of 4.9 years. We analyzed data from 1996 patients with plasma FGF21 levels measured at randomization. Among them, 1835 patients had FGF21 measured one-year post-randomization. RESULTS Higher ln-transformed FGF21 levels at randomization were associated with higher risk of incident MCVE (adjusted hazards ratio per SD increase = 1.18, P = 0.019). At 1-year post-randomization, FGF21 levels were lower in patients randomized to receive 80 mg versus 10 mg atorvastatin (186.9 versus 207.5 pg/mL respectively, P = 0.006). Higher ln-transformed FGF21 levels at 1-year post-randomization were also associated with higher subsequent risk of MCVEs (adjusted hazards ratio per SD increase = 1.24, P = 0.009). However, changes in FGF21 levels over 1-year were not related to subsequent MCVE risk. FGF21 levels had significant incremental value in net reclassification improvement in MCVE risk prediction. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma FGF21 levels are associated with higher CVD risk in statin-treated high-risk patients. Higher dose atorvastatin is associated with a reduction in FGF21 levels. FGF21 provides incremental value in CVD risk prediction in statin-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Hui
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrzej S Januszewski
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Alicia J Jenkins
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony C Keech
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David D Waters
- Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, the University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Philip J Barter
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Huai J, Yang Z, Yi YH, Wang GJ. Different Effects of Pravastatin on Preeclampsia-like Symptoms in Different Mouse Models. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:461-470. [PMID: 29451152 PMCID: PMC5830832 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.225058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pravastatin (Pra) exerts protective effects on preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a multifactorial and pathogenic pathway syndrome. The present study compared the effects of Pra on clinical manifestations of preeclampsia in different pathogenic pathways. Methods Two different preeclampsia-like mouse models used in this study were generated with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from day 7 of gestation, respectively. Pra treatment was administered on day 2 after the models were established in each group (L-NAME + Pra, LPS + Pra, and Control + Pra, n = 8) or normal saline (NS) for the control group (L-NAME + NS, LPS + NS, and Control + NS, n = 8). Maternal weight, serum lipids, the histopathological changes, and lipid deposition in the liver and placenta were observed. The pregnancy outcomes were compared. The blood pressure analysis was carried out on repeated measurements of variance. Student's t-test was used for comparing the two groups. The enumeration data were compared by Chi-square test. Results The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and 24-h urinary protein in the L-NAME + NS and LPS + NS groups were significantly higher than the Control + NS group (F = 211.05 and 309.92 for MAP, t = 6.63 and 8.63 for 24-h urinary protein; all P < 0.05) and reduced in the L-NAME + Pra group as compared to the L-NAME + NS group (F = 208.60 for MAP, t = 6.77 for urinary protein; both P < 0.05). Urinary protein was decreased in the LPS + Pra group as compared to the LPS + NS group (t = 5.33; P < 0.05), whereas MAP had no statistical significance (F = 3.37; P > 0.05). Compared to the Control + NS group, the placental efficiency in the L-NAME + NS and LPS + NS groups decreased significantly (t = 3.09 and 2.89, respectively; both P < 0.05); however, no significant difference was observed in L-NAME + Pra and LPS + Pra groups (t = 1.37 and 0.58, respectively; both P > 0.05). Free fatty acid was elevated in the L-NAME + NS group as compared to the Control + NS group (t = 3.99; P < 0.05) at day 18 of pregnancy and decreased in the L-NAME + Pra group as compared to the L-NAME + NS group (t = 3.28; P < 0.05); however, no significant change was observed in the LPS model (F = 0.32; P > 0.05). Conclusion This study suggested that Pra affected the clinical manifestations differently in preeclampsia-like mouse models generated in various pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China, china
| | - Zi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China, china
| | - Yan-Hong Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China, china
| | - Guang-Jiao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China, china
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Li X, Zhou J. Impact of postdiagnostic statin use on ovarian cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:1109-1120. [PMID: 29453799 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To comprehensively evaluate the association between postdiagnostic statin use and mortality of ovarian cancer (OC) patients. METHODS Using a comprehensive strategy, multiple databases (Medline, Embase and Web of Science) were systematically searched to identify observational studies that examined the correlation between statin use and OC mortality up to 31 December 2017. The studies were independently reviewed and selected based on predetermined selection criteria. Data were extracted independently and in duplicate. The risk of bias was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality were summarized with a profile likelihood random effects model. RESULTS Of 269 studies, eight cohort studies of 19 904 OC patients met the inclusion criteria. Postdiagnostic statin use was inversely associated with all-cause mortality/overall survival (summarized HR = 0.74; 95%CI = 0.63-0.87; I2 = 55%; n = 7) and cancer-specific mortality (summarized HR = 0.87; 95%CI = 0.80-0.95; I2 = 0%; n = 3) of OC patients. These findings were consistent by subgroup analyses stratified by study and patient characteristics as well as adjustments made for potential confounders. A meta-regression analysis found no effect of modification by these variables. Of note, similar significant inverse effects were also observed when increasing the intensity (highest vs. lowest) of postdiagnostic statin use (summarized HR = 0.84; 95%CI = 0.74-0.96; I2 = 0%; n = 3). CONCLUSION Postdiagnostic statin use can improve the survival of patients with OC. Further prospective cohort and randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm the therapeutic role of statin use on the outcome of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Han KH. Functional Implications of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition on Glucose Metabolism. Korean Circ J 2018; 48:951-963. [PMID: 30334382 PMCID: PMC6196158 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, i.e. statins, are effective in reducing cardiovascular disease events but also in cardiac-related and overall mortality. Statins are in general well-tolerated, but currently the concerns are raised if statins may increase the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NOD). In this review, the possible effects of statins on organs/tissues being involved in glucose metabolism, i.e. liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and muscles, had been discussed. The net outcome seems to be inconsistent and often contradictory, which may be largely affected by in vitro experimental settings or/and in vivo animal conditions. The majority of studies point out statin-induced changes of regulations of isoprenoid metabolites and cell-associated cholesterol contents as predisposing factors related to the statin-induced NOD. On the other hand, it should be considered that dysfunctions of isoprenoid pathway and mitochondrial ATP production and the cholesterol homeostasis are already developed under (pre)diabetic and hypercholesterolemic conditions. In order to connect the basic findings with the clinical manifestation more clearly, further research efforts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine Ulsan University, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Chung JW, Seo WK, Kim GM, Chung CS, Lee KH, Bang OY. Free fatty acid as a determinant of ischemic lesion volume in nonarterial-origin embolic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2017; 382:116-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dolezelova E, Stein E, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Nachtigal P, Sahebkar A. Effect of ezetimibe on plasma adipokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1380-1396. [PMID: 28166606 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Statins are known to influence the status of adipokines, which play a key role in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases. As the effect of ezetimibe as an add-on to statin therapy on the impact of statins on plasma adipokines levels is currently unclear, the aim of the present study was to investigate this through a meta-analysis of controlled trials. METHODS A systematic review was performed, followed by a bibliographic search in PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Quantitative data synthesis was performed using a fixed- or random-effects model (based on the level of interstudy heterogeneity) and the generic inverse variance weighting method. Effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Meta-analysis of 23 controlled trials did not suggest any significant effect of adding ezetimibe on top of statin therapy on plasma concentrations of adiponectin (SMD 0.34, 95% CI -0.28, 0.96; P = 0.288), leptin (SMD -0.75, 95% CI: -2.35, 0.85; P = 0.360), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (SMD -1.06, 95% CI: -2.81, 0.69; P = 0.236) and interleukin 6 (SMD 0.30, 95% CI: -0.08, 0.67; P = 0.124). However, significantly greater reductions in plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (SMD -0.48, 95% CI -0.87, -0.08; P = 0.018) were achieved with ezetimibe/statin combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that ezetimibe add-on to statin therapy is associated with an enhanced TNF-α-lowering effect compared with statin monotherapy. Owing to the emerging role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, further investigations are required to unveil the translational relevance of this TNF-α-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dolezelova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Evan Stein
- Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Giuseppe Derosa
- Centre of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Center for the Study of Endocrine-Metabolic Pathophysiology and Clinical Research, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Centre of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,PhD School in Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Banach M, Simental-Mendía LE, Sahebkar A. Impact of Statin Therapy on Plasma MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. Angiology 2017; 68:850-862. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319716688301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Statin therapy has been shown to modulate MMPs and TIMP-1 levels, but clinical findings have not been conclusive. This study aimed to systematically review the clinical findings on the impact of statin therapy on plasma MMP-9, MMP-3, and TIMP-1 levels and calculate an effect size for the mentioned effect through a meta-analysis of available data. A total of 10 eligible studies with 11 treatment arms were included in the meta-analysis. Statin therapy had no significant effect on plasma MMP-9 (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.69 to 0.24, P = .345) nor MMP-3 concentrations (SMD: −0.004, 95% CI: −0.60 to 0.59, P = .990). However, meta-analysis demonstrated that statin therapy significantly decreases plasma TIMP-1 levels (SMD: −0.30, 95% CI: −0.56 to −0.03, P = .029). Random-effects meta-regression indicated that neither treatment duration nor changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are associated with changes in plasma MMP-9 levels following statin therapy. The results of the present meta-analysis suggested a significant reduction in plasma concentrations of TIMP-1, but not MMP-9 and MMP-3, following statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Impact of Statin Therapy on Plasma Uric Acid Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs 2016; 76:947-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendía LE, Pedone C, Ferretti G, Nachtigal P, Bo S, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Watts GF. Statin therapy and plasma free fatty acids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:807-18. [PMID: 26624855 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of statin therapy on plasma FFA concentrations in a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. METHODS PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched (from inception to February 16 2015) to identify controlled trials evaluating the impact of statins on plasma FFA concentrations. A systematic assessment of bias in the included studies was performed using the Cochrane criteria. A random effects model and generic inverse variance method were used for quantitative data synthesis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. Random effects meta-regression was performed using unrestricted maximum likelihood method to evaluate the impact of potential moderators. RESULTS Meta-analysis of data from 14 treatment arms indicated a significant reduction in plasma FFA concentrations following treatment with statins (weighted mean difference (WMD) -19.42%, 95% CI -23.19, --15.64, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis confirmed the significance of the effect with both atorvastatin (WMD -20.56%, 95% CI -24.51, -16.61, P < 0.01) and simvastatin (WMD -18.05%, 95% CI -28.12, -7.99, P < 0.001). Changes in plasma FFA concentrations were independent of treatment duration (slope -0.10, 95% CI -0.30, 0.11, P = 0.354) and magnitude of reduction in plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (slope 0.55, 95% CI -0.17, 1.27, P = 0.133) by statins. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that statin therapy may lower plasma FFA concentrations. The cardiovascular and metabolic significance of this finding requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran.,Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Luis E Simental-Mendía
- Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute, Durango.,Universidad Autónoma España de Durango, Durango, Dgo., México
| | - Claudio Pedone
- Area di Geriatria, Università Campus Biomedico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Roma
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Italy
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | - Giuseppe Derosa
- Center for the Study of Endocrine-Metabolic Pathophysiology and Clinical Research, University of Pavia, Pavia.,Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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