1
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Le Gal AS, Priol P, Georges JY, Verneau O. Population structure and dynamics of the Mediterranean Pond turtle Mauremys leprosa (Schweigger, 1812) in contrasted polluted aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121746. [PMID: 37137405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollution contributes to the degraded state of continental aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Some species appear to be tolerant to aquatic pollution, yet little is known about the effects of such pollution on population structure and dynamics. Here, we investigated how wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents of the Cabestany City, in southern France, contribute to the pollution levels of the Fosseille River, and we tested how they could affect population structure and medium-term dynamics of the native freshwater turtle, the Mediterranean Pond Turtle Mauremys leprosa (Schweigger, 1812). Amongst the 68 pesticides surveyed from water samples collected along the river in 2018 and 2021, a total of 16 pesticides were detected, among which eight were found in the upstream section of the river, 15 in the river section located downstream of the WWTP, and 14 in the outfall of the WWTP, exhibiting the contribution of effluents to the river pollution. From 2013 to 2018 and in 2021, capture-mark-recapture protocols were carried out on the freshwater turtle population living in the river. Using robust design and multi-state models, we showed a stable population throughout the study period, with high year-dependent seniority, and a bidirectional transition occurring primarily from the upstream to the downstream river sections of the WWTP. The freshwater turtle population consisted mostly of adults, with a male biased sex ratio detected downstream of the WWTP neither related to sex-dependent survival, recruitment, nor transition, suggesting a male bias in the hatchlings or primary sex ratio. Also, the largest immatures and females were captured downstream of the WWTP, with females having the highest body condition, whereas no such differences were observed in males. This study highlights that population functioning of M. leprosa is driven primarily by effluents induced resources, at least over the medium-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Le Gal
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur Les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860, Perpignan Cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur Les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860, Perpignan Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 23 Rue Du Lœss, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Pauline Priol
- StatiPop, Scientific Consulting, 34190, Cazilhac, France
| | - Jean-Yves Georges
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 23 Rue Du Lœss, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Verneau
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur Les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860, Perpignan Cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur Les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860, Perpignan Cedex, France; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, 20520, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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2
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Powell LA, Dolph EP, Neil CR. Drought affects sex ratio and growth of painted turtles in a long-term study in Nebraska. CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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3
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Walker LA, Holwell GI. Static allometries do not reflect evolutionary allometry in exaggerated weaponry of male New Zealand sheetweb spiders (Cambridgea spp.). J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1524-1536. [PMID: 36177747 PMCID: PMC9828262 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, exaggerated weaponry is frequently used by one sex to contest access for potential mates. Within species, if disproportionate investment in weaponry confers an advantage to larger individuals, this may result in positive static allometry. It is predicted that the same selective pressures may also lead to positive evolutionary allometry, where larger species bear disproportionately large weapons on average, compared with smaller species. Furthermore, in species with stronger sexual selection, the static allometries of those weapons are expected to steepen. All adult males across the New Zealand sheetweb spider genus Cambridgea bear exaggerated chelicerae, which are used to compete for control of females' webs. Here, we characterize the distribution of chelicera lengths within each sex of 12 Cambridgea species to show that chelicerae almost always exhibit positive static allometry in males while female chelicera lengths are consistently isometric. We use comparative phylogenetic methods to demonstrate that the slopes of static allometries steepen in males of larger species but that the ratio of average chelicera length to cephalothorax width is tightly conserved across taxa, leading to an isometric evolutionary allometry. While static allometries indeed steepen in larger species, possibly due to stronger sexual selection, this conservation of relative trait size suggests that chelicera length is subject to other stabilizing selective pressures. Changes to species body plans might be constrained, while still allowing for disproportionate investment in weapon traits in the upper range of intraspecific body sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Ian Holwell
- Te Kura Mātauranga Koiora, School of Biological Sciences, Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki MakaurauUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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4
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Figgener C, Bernardo J, Plotkin PT. Marine turtles are only minimally sexually size dimorphic, a pattern that is distinct from most nonmarine aquatic turtles. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8963. [PMID: 35784046 PMCID: PMC9163671 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Turtles have been prominent subjects of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) analyses due to their compact taxonomy, mating systems, and habitat diversity. In prior studies, marine turtles were grouped with fully aquatic non-marine turtles (NMATs). This is interesting because it is well-established that the marine environment imposes a distinct selective milieu on body form of vagile vertebrates, driven by convergent adaptations for energy-efficient propulsion and drag reduction. We generated a comprehensive database of adult marine turtle body sizes (38,569 observations across all species), which we then used to evaluate the magnitude of SSD in marine turtles and how it compares to SSD in NMAT. We find that marine turtles are only minimally sexually size dimorphic, whereas NMAT typically exhibit female-biased SSD. We argue that the reason for this difference is the sustained long-distance swimming that characterizes marine turtle ecology, which entails significant energetic costs incurred by both sexes. Hence, the ability of either sex to allocate proportionately more to growth than the other is likely constrained, meaning that sexual differences in growth and resultant body size are not possible. Consequently, grouping marine turtles with NMAT dilutes the statistical signature of different kinds of selection on SSD and should be avoided in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Figgener
- Marine Biology Interdisciplinary ProgramTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Department of BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Department of OceanographyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Costa Rican Alliance for Sea Turtle Conservation & Science (COASTS)GandocaCosta Rica
| | - Joseph Bernardo
- Marine Biology Interdisciplinary ProgramTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Department of BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Pamela T. Plotkin
- Marine Biology Interdisciplinary ProgramTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Department of OceanographyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Texas Sea GrantTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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5
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Growing as slow as a turtle: Unexpected maturational differences in a small, long-lived species. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259978. [PMID: 34793528 PMCID: PMC8601529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Turtle body size is associated with demographic and other traits like mating success, reproductive output, maturity, and survival. As such, growth analyses are valuable for testing life history theory, demographic modeling, and conservation planning. Two important but unsettled research areas relate to growth after maturity and growth rate variation. If individuals exhibit indeterminate growth after maturity, older adults may have an advantage in fecundity, survival, or both over younger/smaller adults. Similarly, depending on how growth varies, a portion of the population may mature earlier, grow larger, or both. We used 23-years of capture-mark-recapture data to study growth and maturity in the Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata), a species suffering severe population declines and for which demographic data are needed for development of effective conservation and management strategies. There was strong support for models incorporating sex as a factor, with the interval growth model reparametrized for capture-mark-recapture data producing later mean maturation estimates than the age-based growth model. We found most individuals (94%) continued growing after maturity, but the instantaneous relative annual plastral growth rate was low. We recommend future studies examine the possible contribution of such slow, continued adult growth to fecundity and survival. Even seemingly negligible amounts of annual adult growth can have demographic consequences affecting the population vital rates for long-lived species.
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6
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Teder T, Kaasik A, Taits K, Tammaru T. Why do males emerge before females? Sexual size dimorphism drives sexual bimaturism in insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2461-2475. [PMID: 34128582 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific females and males often follow different development trajectories which leads to sex differences in age at maturity (sexual bimaturism, SBM). Whether SBM is typically selected for per se (direct selection hypothesis) or merely represents a side-effect of other sex-related adaptations (indirect selection hypothesis) is, however, still an open question. Substantial interspecific variation in the direction and degree of SBM, both in invertebrates and vertebrates, calls for multi-species studies to understand the relative importance of its evolutionary drivers. Here we use two complementary approaches to evaluate the evolutionary basis of SBM in insects. For this purpose, we assembled an extensive literature-derived data set of sex-specific development times and body sizes for a taxonomically and ecologically wide range of species. We use these data in a meta-analytic framework to evaluate support for the direct and indirect selection hypotheses. Our results confirm that protandry - males emerging as adults before females - is the prevailing form of SBM in insects. Nevertheless, protandry is not as ubiquitous as often presumed: females emerged before males (= protogyny) in about 36% of the 192 species for which we had data. Moreover, in a considerable proportion of species, the sex difference in the timing of adult emergence was negligible. In search for the evolutionary basis of SBM, we found stronger support for the hypothesis that explains SBM by indirect selection. First, across species, the direction and degree of SBM appeared to be positively associated with the direction and degree of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). This is consistent with the view that SBM is a correlative by-product of evolution towards sexually dimorphic body sizes. Second, within protandrous species, the degree of protandry typically increased with plastic increase in development time, with females prolonging their development more than males in unfavourable conditions. This pattern is in conflict with the direct selection hypothesis, which predicts the degree of protandry to be insensitive to the quality of the juvenile environment. These converging lines of evidence support the idea that, in insects, SBM is generally a by-product of SSD rather than a result of selection on the two sexes to mature at different times. It appears plausible that selective pressures on maturation time per se generally cannot compete with viability- and fecundity-mediated selection on insect body sizes. Nevertheless, exceptions certainly exist: there are undeniable cases of SBM where this trait has evolved in response to direct selection. In such cases, either the advantage of sex difference in maturation time must have been particularly large, or fitness effects of body size have been unusually weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Teder
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, EE-51003, Estonia.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, EE-51003, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Taits
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, EE-51003, Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, EE-51003, Estonia
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7
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Liker A, Bókony V, Pipoly I, Lemaître JF, Gaillard JM, Székely T, Freckleton RP. Evolution of large males is associated with female-skewed adult sex ratios in amniotes. Evolution 2021; 75:1636-1649. [PMID: 34021590 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Body size often differs between the sexes (leading to sexual size dimorphism, SSD), as a consequence of differential responses by males and females to selection pressures. Adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of males in the adult population) should influence SSD because ASR relates to both the number of competitors and available mates, which shape the intensity of mating competition and thereby promotes SSD evolution. However, whether ASR correlates with SSD variation among species has not been yet tested across a broad range of taxa. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses of 462 amniotes (i.e., reptiles, birds, and mammals), we fill this knowledge gap by showing that male bias in SSD increases with increasingly female-skewed ASRs in both mammals and birds. This relationship is not explained by the higher mortality of the larger sex because SSD is not associated with sex differences in either juvenile or adult mortality. Phylogenetic path analysis indicates that higher mortality in one sex leads to skewed ASR, which in turn may generate selection for SSD biased toward the rare sex. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that skewed ASRs in amniote populations can result in the rarer sex evolving large size to capitalize on enhanced mating opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, H-8210, Hungary.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, H-8210, Hungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
| | - Ivett Pipoly
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, H-8210, Hungary.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, H-8210, Hungary
| | - Jean-Francois Lemaître
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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8
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Crowley PH, Labonne J. Theory of environmental sex determination: Trending populations in stressful environments. Evolution 2021; 75:794-805. [PMID: 33492683 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Species that have sex determined by environmental conditions during development (i.e., environmental sex determination [ESD]) are especially vulnerable to environmental change, including altered stress levels, habitat loss, and species translocations. These factors can produce multigenerational trends in population size and eco-evolutionary dynamics not captured by existing theory based on lifetime reproductive success (R0 ). Here, we extend ESD theory to use per capita growth rate r as a more appropriate measure of evolutionary success (fitness), and we demonstrate the importance of this change when males and females can differ in maturation times and when maturation times vary with local conditions (plasticity). In these cases, we show that primary and secondary sex ratios may be strongly biased; that optimal maturation times, when locally plastic, depend on the balance between mortality and growth effects; and that plasticity of maturation times can ameliorate fitness costs of increasing environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Crowley
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506.,ECOBIOP Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Jacques Labonne
- ECOBIOP Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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9
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Ancona S, Liker A, Carmona‐Isunza MC, Székely T. Sex differences in age-to-maturation relate to sexual selection and adult sex ratios in birds. Evol Lett 2020; 4:44-53. [PMID: 32055410 PMCID: PMC7006465 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation (the age when organisms are physiologically capable of breeding) is one of the major life history traits that have pervasive implications for reproductive strategies, fitness, and population growth. Sex differences in maturation are common in nature, although the causes of such differences are not understood. Fisher and Lack proposed that delayed maturation in males is expected when males are under intense sexual selection, but their proposition has never been tested across a wide range of taxa. By using phylogenetic comparative analyses and the most comprehensive dataset to date, including 201 species from 59 avian families, we show that intense sexual selection on males (as indicated by polygamous mating and male-skewed sexual size dimorphism) correlates with delayed maturation. We also show that the adult sex ratio (ASR), an indicator of the social environment, is associated with sex-specific maturation because in species with a female-skewed ASR, males experience later maturation. Phylogenetic path analyses suggest that adult sex ratio drives interspecific changes in the intensity of sexual selection which, in turn, influences maturation. These results are robust to alternative phylogenetic hypotheses and to potential life-history confounds, and they provide the first comprehensive support of Fisher's and Lack's propositions. Importantly, our work suggests that both social environment and mate competition influence the evolution of a major life history trait, maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ancona
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de México04510México
| | - András Liker
- MTA‐PE Evolutionary Ecology Research GroupUniversity of PannoniaPO Box 158Veszprém8201Hungary
- Department of LimnologyUniversity of PannoniaPO Box 158Veszprém8201Hungary
| | - M. Cristina Carmona‐Isunza
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de México04510México
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology & BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human BiologyUniversity of DebrecenH‐4010DebrecenEgyetem tér 1Hungary
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Whitfield Gibbons
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Lovich
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 North Gemini Drive MS-9394, Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1600, USA
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11
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Bókony V, Milne G, Pipoly I, Székely T, Liker A. Sex ratios and bimaturism differ between temperature-dependent and genetic sex-determination systems in reptiles. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:57. [PMID: 30777013 PMCID: PMC6378719 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining systems may profoundly influence the ecology, behaviour and demography of animals, yet these relationships are poorly understood. Here we investigate whether species with temperature-dependent (TSD) and genetic sex determination (GSD) differ in key demographic traits, using data from 181 species representing all major phylogenetic lineages of extant reptiles. RESULTS We show that species with TSD exhibit significantly higher within-species variance in sex ratios than GSD species in three major life stages: birth or hatching, juvenility and adulthood. In contrast, sex differences in adult mortality rates do not differ between GSD and TSD species. However, TSD species exhibit significantly greater sex differences in maturation ages than GSD species. CONCLUSION These results support the recent theoretical model that evolution of TSD is facilitated by sex-specific fitness benefits of developmental temperatures due to bimaturism. Our findings suggest that different sex-determination systems are associated with different demographic characteristics that may influence population viability and social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022 Hungary
| | - Gregory Milne
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Ivett Pipoly
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032 Hungary
| | - András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
- Department of Limnology, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
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12
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Butka EG, Freedberg S. Population structure leads to male‐biased population sex ratios under environmental sex determination. Evolution 2018; 73:99-110. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Butka
- Department of BiologySt. Olaf College Northfield Minnesota 55057
| | - Steven Freedberg
- Department of BiologySt. Olaf College Northfield Minnesota 55057
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13
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Pearson SH, Wiebe JJ. Distribution, Sex Ratios, and Size Distributions of Diamond-Backed Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) in the Deltaic Plain of Louisiana. HERPETOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-17-00057.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Pearson
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 646 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Jon J. Wiebe
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 646 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
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14
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Hays GC, Mazaris AD, Schofield G, Laloë JO. Population viability at extreme sex-ratio skews produced by temperature-dependent sex determination. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2576. [PMID: 28179520 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) there is the fear that rising temperatures may lead to single-sex populations and population extinction. We show that for sea turtles, a major group exhibiting TSD, these concerns are currently unfounded but may become important under extreme climate warming scenarios. We show how highly female-biased sex ratios in developing eggs translate into much more balanced operational sex ratios so that adult male numbers in populations around the world are unlikely to be limiting. Rather than reducing population viability, female-biased offspring sex ratios may, to some extent, help population growth by increasing the number of breeding females and hence egg production. For rookeries across the world (n = 75 sites for seven species), we show that extreme female-biased hatchling sex ratios do not compromise population size and are the norm, with a tendency for populations to maximize the number of female hatchlings. Only at extremely high incubation temperature does high mortality within developing clutches threaten sea turtles. Our work shows how TSD itself is a robust strategy up to a point, but eventually high mortality and female-only hatchling production will cause extinction if incubation conditions warm considerably in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme C Hays
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia
| | - Antonios D Mazaris
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gail Schofield
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia
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15
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Agha M, Ennen JR, Nowakowski AJ, Lovich JE, Sweat SC, Todd BD. Macroecological patterns of sexual size dimorphism in turtles of the world. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:336-345. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Agha
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - J. R. Ennen
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute; Chattanooga TN USA
| | - A. J. Nowakowski
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - J. E. Lovich
- Southwest Biological Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - S. C. Sweat
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute; Chattanooga TN USA
| | - B. D. Todd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA USA
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16
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Lovich JE, Averill-Murray RC, Agha M, Ennen JR, Austin M. Variation in Annual Clutch Phenology of Sonoran Desert Tortoises (Gopherus morafkai) in Central Arizona. HERPETOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-17-00007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E. Lovich
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 North Gemini Drive, MS-9394, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | | | - Mickey Agha
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joshua R. Ennen
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, 175 Baylor School Road, Chattanooga, TN 37405, USA
| | - Meaghan Austin
- Trileaf Environmental Corporation, 2121 West Chandler Boulevard, Suite 203, Chandler, AZ 85224, USA
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Tolosa Y, Molina-Zuluaga C, Restrepo A, Daza JM. Madurez y dimorfismo sexual de la ranita cohete <i>Colostethus</i> aff. <i>fraterdanieli</i> (Anura: Dendrobatidae) en una población al este de la Cordillera Central de Colombia. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.329007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
El tamaño mínimo de madurez sexual y el dimorfismo sexual son importantes características de historia de vida, útiles para estudiar y comprender la dinámica poblacional de cualquier especie. En este estudio, determinamos el tamaño mínimo de madurez sexual y la existencia de dimorfismo sexual en una población de la ranita cohete, Colostethus aff. fraterdanieli, a través de datos morfológicos y morfométricos y de observaciones macro y microscópicas de las gónadas. Las hembras alcanzan la madurez sexual a los 17,90 ± 0,1 mm de longitud rostro cloaca (SVL), mientras que los machos alcanzan la madurez sexual sobre los 16,13 ± 0,06 mm (SVL). Las hembras difirieron de los machos en tamaño, forma y coloración de la garganta. Los machos fueron más pequeños que las hembras y tuvieron una marcada y oscura coloración gular que algunas veces se extiende hasta el pecho, mientras que las hembras carecen de esta característica, con una garganta inmaculada o débilmente manchada. En este estudio, describimos algunos aspectos importantes de la ecología reproductiva de una población de C. aff. fraterdanieli útiles como línea base para otros estudios más especializados.
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Keevil M, Hewitt B, Brooks R, Litzgus J. Patterns of intraspecific aggression inferred from injuries in an aquatic turtle with male-biased size dimorphism. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in turtles are correlated with ecological mode, and it has been hypothesized that mating systems are also shaped by ecological mode. Male combat and coercive mating are competing explanations for male-biased SSD, but are difficult to assess empirically in aquatic species with cryptic behaviour. We quantified SSD and compiled observations of putative combat wounds collected from over 500 captures of Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina (L., 1758)) in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, to test hypotheses of mate competition and coercion. We found that both sex and body size were important predictors of risk of wounding, consistent with the hypothesis that male–male sexual competition is the primary driver of intraspecific aggression. Low wounding rates among females suggests that resource competition and coercive mating are not important causes of injuries. The risk of wounding increased monotonically with body size in adult males but not in adult females, and small males were less likely to be injured, suggesting that they employ a risk-averse strategy by avoiding direct competition for mates. There was no evidence of asymptotic or decreasing wounding probability in the largest males, which is consistent with the hypothesis that large males compete most intensively to monopolize mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Keevil
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - B.S. Hewitt
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - R.J. Brooks
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J.D. Litzgus
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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19
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Regis KW, Meik JM. Allometry of sexual size dimorphism in turtles: a comparison of mass and length data. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2914. [PMID: 28149687 PMCID: PMC5267567 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The macroevolutionary pattern of Rensch's Rule (positive allometry of sexual size dimorphism) has had mixed support in turtles. Using the largest carapace length dataset and only large-scale body mass dataset assembled for this group, we determine (a) whether turtles conform to Rensch's Rule at the order, suborder, and family levels, and (b) whether inferences regarding allometry of sexual size dimorphism differ based on choice of body size metric used for analyses. METHODS We compiled databases of mean body mass and carapace length for males and females for as many populations and species of turtles as possible. We then determined scaling relationships between males and females for average body mass and straight carapace length using traditional and phylogenetic comparative methods. We also used regression analyses to evalutate sex-specific differences in the variance explained by carapace length on body mass. RESULTS Using traditional (non-phylogenetic) analyses, body mass supports Rensch's Rule, whereas straight carapace length supports isometry. Using phylogenetic independent contrasts, both body mass and straight carapace length support Rensch's Rule with strong congruence between metrics. At the family level, support for Rensch's Rule is more frequent when mass is used and in phylogenetic comparative analyses. Turtles do not differ in slopes of sex-specific mass-to-length regressions and more variance in body size within each sex is explained by mass than by carapace length. DISCUSSION Turtles display Rensch's Rule overall and within families of Cryptodires, but not within Pleurodire families. Mass and length are strongly congruent with respect to Rensch's Rule across turtles, and discrepancies are observed mostly at the family level (the level where Rensch's Rule is most often evaluated). At macroevolutionary scales, the purported advantages of length measurements over weight are not supported in turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koy W Regis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University , Stephenville , TX , United States
| | - Jesse M Meik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University , Stephenville , TX , United States
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20
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Morphology, Diet, and Population Structure of the Southern White-lipped Mud TurtleKinosternon leucostomum postinguinale(Testudines: Kinosternidae) in the Nus River Drainage, Colombia. J HERPETOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1670/15-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Dodd CK, Rolland V, Oli MK. Consequences of individual removal on persistence of a protected population of long-lived turtles. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. K. Dodd
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - V. Rolland
- Department of Biological Sciences; Arkansas State University; Jonesboro AR USA
| | - M. K. Oli
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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22
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Sex allocation and secondary sex ratio in Cuban boa (Chilabothrus angulifer): mother's body size affects the ratio between sons and daughters. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:48. [PMID: 27216175 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Secondary sex ratios of animals with genetically determined sex may considerably deviate from equality. These deviations may be attributed to several proximate and ultimate factors. Sex ratio theory explains some of them as strategic decisions of mothers improving their fitness by selective investment in sons or daughters, e.g. local resource competition hypothesis (LRC) suggests that philopatric females tend to produce litters with male-biased sex ratios to avoid future competition with their daughters. Until now, only little attention has been paid to examine predictions of sex ratio theory in snakes possessing genetic sex determination and exhibiting large variance in allocation of maternal investment. Cuban boa is an endemic viviparous snake producing large-bodied newborns (∼200 g). Extremely high maternal investment in each offspring increases importance of sex allocation. In a captive colony, we collected breeding records of 42 mothers, 62 litters and 306 newborns and examined secondary sex ratios (SR) and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) of newborns. None of the examined morphometric traits of neonates appeared sexually dimorphic. The sex ratio was slightly male biased (174 males versus 132 females) and litter sex ratio significantly decreased with female snout-vent length. We interpret this relationship as an additional support for LRC as competition between mothers and daughters increases with similarity of body sizes between competing snakes.
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Schwanz LE, Cordero GA, Charnov EL, Janzen FJ. Sex-specific survival to maturity and the evolution of environmental sex determination. Evolution 2016; 70:329-41. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Schwanz
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Research School of Biology; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Gerardo A. Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Eric L. Charnov
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon 97331
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
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Rethinking biogeographic patterns: high local variation in relation to latitudinal clines for a widely distributed species. Oecologia 2015; 179:139-49. [PMID: 25975206 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Wide-ranging species typically differ morphologically across their ranges. Bergmann's rule suggests that taxa in colder environments are bigger than related taxa in warmer locations. We examined 767 painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in ten populations near their northwestern range edge in south-central British Columbia, Canada, in conjunction with previous data, to test the hypotheses of (1) a Bergmann's latitudinal cline, and (2) that males and females show similar latitudinal variation in size. We also explicitly test the impact of high local variation on range-wide inference. Female and male turtles showed similar latitudinal clines in body size; the degree of sexual dimorphism did not change across the range. Importantly, local variation in sexual dimorphism across ponds was nearly as high as the previously observed continental variation. Indeed, we found both the lowest and the highest degrees of sexual size dimorphism that have ever been reported for this species. Further, differing criteria in the literature for identifying mature females compound the difficulty of interpreting latitudinal clines in size or dimorphism. Our results highlight the need for much more systematic local and regional sampling as inputs for latitudinal or other comparative analyses such as Rensch's rule because insufficient sampling of high local variation may mask important ecological and evolutionary patterns.
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Nasoori A, Taghipour A, Shahbazzadeh D, Aminirissehei A, Moghaddam S. Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S137-42. [PMID: 25312108 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a) heart place and tail length, b) their correlations with other biometrics, c) sexual differences in those features, in regard to cardiovascular system in a number of snakes from Iran, about which there is little information. METHODS We studied the fresh mortalities of snakes including 14 Naja oxiana (N. oxiana), 23 Macrovipera lebetina, and one male Montivipera latifii acquired from the Serpentatium of Pasteur Institute of Iran. In this respect, each specimen first was weighted, and then its ventral side of the integument was incised, and heart place was measured. Subsequently, other biometrical features such as total length, TAL, and snout-vent length were measured. RESULTS The results showed that heart place in N. oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina and Montivipera latifii was about 18%, 32% and 30%, and also TAL constituted about 16%, 11% and 7% of total body length, respectively. Moreover, females indicated anterior heart place and shorter tail than males. Furthermore, the measures and correlations indicated few differences between N. oxiana and typical terrestrial species. CONCLUSIONS The results denoted that in order to overcome hemocirculatory perturbations in vertical orientation while hooding and head raising behavior, N. oxiana need to have more important features than short heart to head distance and long tail. In addition, it gave the sexual differences in heart place and tail length between males and females. It is suggested that in ophidian cardiovascular studies the animals be grouped based upon their sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nasoori
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Venom and Toxin Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Rajaee Shahr, Moazen Blvd., Karaj, Iran
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Venom and Toxin Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Aminirissehei
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Production and Research Complex, Biotechnology Processes Developing Center, 25th km. Tehran-Karaj Hwy. Karaj, Iran
| | - Sharif Moghaddam
- Discipline of Linguistics, the University of Adelaide, Australia; Department of English, Faculty of Sciences & Research, the I. Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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