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Tsiouris A, Ungar N, Gabrian M, Haussmann A, Steindorf K, Wiskemann J, Sieverding M. What is the Image of the "Typical Cancer Patient"? The View of Physicians. Am J Mens Health 2021; 15:1557988320988480. [PMID: 33666112 PMCID: PMC7940746 DOI: 10.1177/1557988320988480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Former research has identified stigmatizing attitudes toward cancer patients in the general population. Little is known about (implicit) attitudes of physicians toward cancer patients. By using the prototype approach, the study investigated German physicians’ prototypical perceptions of cancer patients. Five hundred nineteen physicians (mean age: 46 years, 47% female) who regularly treat cancer patients participated in the questionnaire study. Participants were asked to state three prototype attributes that describe the “typical cancer patient.” Open format answers were coded on the dimensions favorability (coded with unfavorable, favorable, or neutral) and gender-stereotypicality (coded with masculine stereotypical, feminine stereotypical, or gender-neutral). Of all prototype attributes (N = 1,589), 69.9% were coded as unfavorable and 14.3% as favorable, the remaining attributes were neutral (15.9%). Analysis of gender-stereotypicality revealed that nearly half of the attributes (49.5%) were compatible with the feminine, whereas only 6.5% were compatible with the masculine stereotype. The remaining attributes (44.0%) were gender-neutral. There were no significant associations between prototype favorability or gender-stereotypicality and demographic/professional characteristics of physicians. The prototype approach was successful to identify (implicit) attitudes toward cancer patients and might be more sensitive than social distance scales when investigating stigmatizing attitudes. Physicians described the “typical cancer patient” with predominantly unfavorable and feminine attributes, while favorable attributes were underrepresented and positive masculine attributes were barely mentioned. The finding that the “typical cancer patient” lacks (positive) masculine attributes should be followed up in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Tsiouris
- Exercise Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Ungar
- Gender Studies and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Gabrian
- Gender Studies and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Haussmann
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karen Steindorf
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wiskemann
- Exercise Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Sieverding
- Gender Studies and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Neighbors C, DiBello AM, Young CM, Steers MLN, Rinker DV, Rodriguez LM, Ryamond Knee C, Blanton H, Lewis MA. Personalized normative feedback for heavy drinking: An application of deviance regulation theory. Behav Res Ther 2019; 115:73-82. [PMID: 30580836 PMCID: PMC6759083 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deviance Regulation Theory (DRT) proposes that individuals regulate their behavior to be in line with the behaviors of others. Specifically, individuals desire to stand out in positive way and not stand out in a negative way. DRT has been successfully applied to encourage other health behaviors and offers a unique method to utilize both injunctive norms in combination with descriptive norms in brief alcohol interventions. This randomized controlled trial evaluated a computer-delivered, norms-based personalized feedback intervention which systematically varied the focus on whether specific drinking behaviors were described as common or uncommon (a descriptive norm), whether the drinking behaviors were healthy versus unhealthy, and whether the drinking behaviors were positively or negatively framed (an injunctive norm). Nine-hundred and fifty-nine college drinkers completed baseline, three-month, and six-month follow-up assessments. Results indicated messages focusing on unhealthy drinking behaviors, particularly when described as uncommon, were most effective in reducing drinking and alcohol-related problems over time. This research utilizes deviance regulation theory as a way of improving personalized normative feedback by elucidating how to construct messages for brief interventions based on descriptive characteristics associated with specific target drinking behaviors in combination with perceptions of prevalence and acceptability of such drinking behaviors (an injunctive norm).
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Davies EL. Similarity to prototypical heavy drinkers and non-drinkers predicts AUDIT-C and risky drinking in young adults: prospective study. Psychol Health 2019; 34:403-421. [PMID: 30614287 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1532510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to explore whether constructs within the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) predicted risky drinking as measured by AUDIT-C, drinking harms and unplanned drunkenness in a sample of UK young adults. Previous studies exploring the PWM often do not use validated measures of alcohol consumption, and the outcomes of risky drinking are underexplored. DESIGN An online prospective study design with 4 week follow-up was employed and 385 young adults completed the study (M age = 21.76, SD = 3.39, 69.6% female; 85.2% students). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intentions to get drunk, AUDIT-C, drinking harms experienced in the last 4 weeks, and unplanned drunkenness in the last 4 weeks. RESULTS Heavy and non-drinker prototype similarity predicted AUDIT-C, drinking harms and unplanned drunkenness when controlling for past behaviour and reasoned action pathway constructs. Intentions and willingness both mediated the relationship between prototype perceptions and AUDIT-C. CONCLUSION This study supports the use of the PWM in the prediction of AUDIT-C, drinking harms and unplanned drinking in a UK sample. Prototype perceptions influenced behaviour via both reasoned and reactive cognitions. Targeting similarity to heavy and non-drinker prototypes should be the focus of future interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Davies
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , United Kingdom
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Jaigarun P, Corte C, McCreary LL, Finnegan L, Hughes TL, Thorkildsen T. Attributes of the drinker prototype among Thai adolescents. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1502501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patcharee Jaigarun
- Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Sanpasithiprasong, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Colleen Corte
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda L. McCreary
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lorna Finnegan
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Todd J, van Lettow B. A closer look at prototypes: similarity, favourability, and the prototype willingness model. A response to the commentary of Gibbons and Gerrard. Health Psychol Rev 2017; 10:47-9. [PMID: 26732816 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2016.1138872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Todd
- a School of Psychology , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Britt van Lettow
- b Zorgaanbieders Online , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,c Nictiz , The Hague , The Netherlands
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Vincke E, Vyncke P. Does Alcohol Catch the Eye? Investigating Young Adults' Attention to Alcohol Consumption. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 15:1474704917730207. [PMID: 28946754 PMCID: PMC10638873 DOI: 10.1177/1474704917730207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Many studies on young adults' motivations for drinking overlook the symbolic aspects of alcohol use. However, research indicates that young adults' alcohol consumption is also driven by signaling motivations. Although the interest of a receiver is a necessary prerequisite of a signal, no previous studies have verified whether drinking behavior indeed attracts young adults' attention. Therefore, we conducted two studies. A two-part eye-tracking study ( N1 = 135, N2 = 140) showed that both young men and young women pay special visual attention to male and female drinking behavior. Additionally, a recall experiment ( N = 321) confirmed that observed male and female drinking is better remembered than observed nonsignaling, functional behavior. Moreover, alcoholic beverages also receive special attention, as they were recalled better than other functional products, and also nonalcoholic drinks similar in color and shape. In summary, the experiments clearly showed that male and female drinking behavior can be used as a signal, as both behaviors clearly function as an attention-attracting cue. Additionally, as alcoholic beverages draw more attention than nonalcoholic drinks, this attention is clearly linked to the alcohol element of the drinking behavior.
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Teunissen HA, Spijkerman R, Kuntsche E, Engels RCME, Scholte RHJ. Cool or Fool? The Association Between Drinker Prototypes and Alcohol Consumption Using Multiple Time-Point Diary Assessments in Adolescent Males. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:656-665. [PMID: 28139157 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1253743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is still limited understanding of how different kinds of drinker prototypes are associated with adolescent drinking. This study uses the strengths of multiple time-point diary measures (enhanced validity of alcohol use measurement) to test the predictive value of abstainer, moderate and heavy drinker prototypes in social situations. We examined whether the favorability of these prototypes (i.e., "prototype evaluation"), the perceived similarity of these prototypes to one's self-image (i.e., "prototype similarity") assessed at baseline, and their interaction predict alcohol use assessed in social situations. METHODS Drinker prototypes were assessed in a baseline sample of 599 adolescents. Subsequently, a sample of 77 alcohol-using 16 to 18-year-old males reported their Friday and Saturday evening drinking behavior the next day during eight weeks (resulting in 495 daily measures). Alcohol use was assessed in the company of peers. RESULTS The more adolescents perceived themselves as similar to heavy drinker prototypes the higher their alcohol consumption in social situations. The more adolescents held favorable abstainer prototypes, the lower their alcohol consumption. The interaction between prototype evaluation and similarity was not significant. CONCLUSIONS By using a more reliable and valid method to assess adolescents' alcohol use, the present study showed that more "extreme" drinker prototypes (i.e., heavy drinker and abstainer prototypes) are most predictive of adolescent alcohol use in social situations. Increasing the perceived dissimilarity to heavy drinker prototypes and the favorability of abstainer prototypes may therefore be important targets in interventions aimed at reducing adolescents' alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke A Teunissen
- a Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Renske Spijkerman
- b Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC), Brijder Addiction Care , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- a Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Addiction Switzerland, Research Institute , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- d Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction) , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Scholte
- a Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,e Praktikon , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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Pettigrew S, Jongenelis MI, Pratt IS, Slevin T, Chikritzhs T. Drinkers' identification with varying alcohol consumption prototypes. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 36:464-467. [PMID: 28229497 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Efforts to reduce excessive alcohol consumption need to take into account drinkers' perceptions of their risk of alcohol-related harm. The aim of the present study was to profile adult Australian drinkers according to their self-identification with various drinker prototypes to determine the extent to which these prototypes are associated with perceived and actual risk of alcohol-related harm. DESIGN AND METHODS A large web panel provider disseminated an online survey to a national sample of 2168 drinkers aged 18+ years who consumed alcohol at least twice per month. Respondents reported whether they considered themselves to be a light, occasional, social, heavy or binge drinker. The nominated category was compared with perceived and actual risk of alcohol-related harm. RESULTS The prototype most commonly nominated by respondents was 'social drinker' (45%), and the least common was 'binge drinker' (7%). Although the heaviest drinkers in terms of actual reported consumption typically selected prototypes indicative of harmful consumption, many of those selecting prototypes indicative of moderate consumption were at risk of alcohol-related harm. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Many adult drinkers may be unaware of their risk of alcohol-related harm. The results suggest that there may be a need to recalibrate Australian drinkers' perceptions of high-risk drinking. [Pettigrew S, Jongenelis MI, Pratt IS, Slevin T, Chikritzhs T. Drinkers' identification with varying alcohol consumption prototypes. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:464-467].
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pettigrew
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Iain S Pratt
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Terry Slevin
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Zimmermann F, Kohlmann K, Monter A, Ameis N. The social image of drinking - mass media campaigns may inadvertently increase binge drinking. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2016; 22:1032-1044. [PMID: 27876430 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2016.1259481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mass media campaigns that promote responsible drinking are rarely tested for their usefulness in reducing heavy alcohol consumption. Existing campaigns that appeal to responsible drinking while simultaneously displaying young people in social drinking situations may even have paradoxical effects. To examine such possible effects, we drew on a real-world media campaign, which we systematically modified on the basis of recent prototype research. We pilot tested questionnaires (using n = 41 participants), developed two different sets of posters in the style of an existing campaign (n = 39) and investigated their effectiveness (n = 102). In the main study, young men were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: sociable or unsociable binge drinker prototype condition or a control group. Outcome variables were intention, behavioural willingness, attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, prototype evaluation and prototype similarity with respect to binge drinking. Binge drinking as a habit was included to control for the fact that habitual drinking in social situations is hard to overcome and poses a particular challenge to interventions. The manipulation check showed that the experimental variation (sociable vs. unsociable drinker prototype condition) was successful. Results of the main study showed that the sociable drinker prototype condition resulted in a higher willingness and - for those with less of a habit - a higher intention to binge drink the next weekend. The unsociable drinker prototype condition had no effects. The results imply that the social components of mass media campaigns might inadvertently exacerbate binge drinking in young men. We therefore advocate against campaigns including aspects of alcohol consumption that might be positively associated with drinker prototype perception. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Zimmermann
- a Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany.,c Institute of Psychology , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Karoline Kohlmann
- b Psychological Institute , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,d University Medical Centre, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Anne Monter
- b Psychological Institute , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,e Clinic for Child and Youth Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Clinical Centre Esslingen , Esslingen , Germany
| | - Nina Ameis
- b Psychological Institute , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,f Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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Development of an adolescent alcohol misuse intervention based on the Prototype Willingness Model. HEALTH EDUCATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/he-01-2015-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to report on the use of the Delphi method to gain expert feedback on the identification of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and development of a novel intervention to reduce adolescent alcohol misuse, based on the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) of health risk behaviour.
Design/methodology/approach
– Four BCTs based on the PWM were identified and incorporated into a draft intervention that aimed to change alcohol prototypes and enable adolescents to deal with social pressure. Using the Delphi process, successive questionnaires were distributed to 20 international experts to build consensus on the theoretical validity of the intervention.
Findings
– In total, 15 experts completed round 1 and 11 completed round 2 of the Delphi study. A high level of consensus was achieved. Four priority areas were identified to improve the intervention: incorporating extra techniques to address social pressure; increasing intensity; providing incentives; and addressing credibility.
Research limitations/implications
– The sample of experts was self-selected and four participants were lost between the first and second round of the study.
Practical implications
– The effectiveness of the identified BCTs will be evaluated within an intervention to reduce alcohol misuse in adolescents. Further work should build towards a more unified approach to developing interventions based on the PWM. The Delphi method is likely to be particularly useful when there is no existing consensus about which BCTs to use that reflect certain theoretical constructs or that best target a specific population or behaviour.
Originality/value
– This paper is the first to address the identification of specific BCTs based on the PWM and thus makes an important contribution to the application of this model to interventions. This novel application of the Delphi method also makes a useful addition to the growing field of intervention development and design.
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I like people who drink like me: Perceived appeal as a function of drinking status. Addict Behav 2016; 53:125-31. [PMID: 26477014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals rate opposite sex faces as more attractive after consuming or being primed with alcohol. However, other traits such as intelligence and likeability have not been examined and might vary as a function of information about one's drinking habits. We expected social drinkers to be rated more positively than heavy drinkers, abstainers, or recovering alcoholics. We further hypothesized that faces with similar drinking habits to participants would be rated as more appealing. METHODS Five hundred ninety-four undergraduates viewed 25 opposite sex faces randomly paired with drinking information, and rated each face on perceived appeal. RESULTS Hierarchical linear models revealed that social drinkers were rated as most appealing, as expected. Unexpectedly, recovering alcoholics were rated as the next most appealing, followed by abstainers, then heavy drinkers. The interaction between drinker type and participants' own drinking predicting ratings indicated that the heavier the participant drinks, the more favorably they rated heavy drinkers compared to other types of drinkers. Thus, as expected, ratings varied as a function of participants' own drinking; however, ratings did not vary as a function of participants' alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS Findings support hypotheses in that social drinkers were generally perceived as appealing compared to other drinker types, and ratings tended to be influenced by participants' own drinking. Individuals' prototypes and norms regarding drinking may influence how they perceive others when others' drinking habits are known. This might be especially important to consider with heavy drinkers who may seek out others who drink similarly, which could reinforce problematic drinking.
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Davies EL, Martin J, Foxcroft DR. Age differences in alcohol prototype perceptions and willingness to drink in UK adolescents. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2015; 21:317-29. [PMID: 26075410 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2015.1051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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van Lettow B, de Vries H, Burdorf A, Boon B, van Empelen P. Drinker prototype alteration and cue reminders as strategies in a tailored web-based intervention reducing adults' alcohol consumption: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e35. [PMID: 25653199 PMCID: PMC4342749 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol use is a prevalent and worldwide problem. Excessive drinking causes a significant burden of disease and is associated with both morbidity and excess mortality. Prototype alteration and provision of a cue reminder could be useful strategies to enhance the effectiveness of online tailored interventions for excessive drinking. OBJECTIVE Through a Web-based randomized controlled trial, 2 strategies (ie, prototype alteration and cue reminders) within an existing online personalized feedback intervention (Drinktest) aimed to reduce adults' excessive drinking. It was expected that both strategies would add to Drinktest and would result in reductions in alcohol consumption by intrinsic motivation and the seizure of opportunities to act. METHODS Participants were recruited online and through printed materials. Excessive drinking adults (N=2634) were randomly assigned to 4 conditions: original Drinktest, Drinktest plus prototype alteration, Drinktest plus cue reminder, and Drinktest plus prototype alteration and cue reminder. Evaluation took place at 1-month posttest and 6-month follow-up. Differences in drinking behavior, intentions, and behavioral willingness (ie, primary outcomes) were assessed by means of longitudinal multilevel analyses using a last observation carried forward method. Measures were based on self-reports. RESULTS All conditions showed reductions in drinking behavior and willingness to drink, and increased intentions to reduce drinking. Prototype alteration (B=-0.15, P<.05) and cue reminder usage (B=-0.15, P<.05) were both more effective in reducing alcohol consumption than when these strategies were not provided. Combining the strategies did not produce a synergistic effect. No differences across conditions were found regarding intentions or willingness. CONCLUSIONS Although individuals' awareness of their cue was reasonable, their reported alcohol consumption was nevertheless reduced. Individuals appeared to distance their self-image from heavier drinking prototypes. Thus, prototype alteration and cue reminder usage may be feasible and simple intervention strategies to promote reductions in alcohol consumption among adults, with an effect up to 6 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION Nederlands Trial Register (NTR): 4169; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=4169 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6VD2jnxmB).
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Litt DM, Lewis MA. Examining the role of abstainer prototype favorability as a mediator of the abstainer-norms-drinking-behavior relationship. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2014; 29:467-72. [PMID: 25437152 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Past research has indicated that peer influence is associated with risky health behaviors, such as alcohol and other substance use (e.g., Maxwell, 2002; Santor, Messervey, & Kusumakar, 2000). Specifically, research has indicated that believing that more of one's peers use alcohol predicts more favorable prototypes (risk images) of the typical alcohol user (Litt & Stock, 2011; Teunissen et al., 2014). However, it is unclear if this same relationship would hold when considering abstainer (i.e., people who do not use alcohol) cognitions. The primary goal of the present study was to determine whether normative perceptions of peer abstinence from alcohol predict alcohol consumption and whether this relationship is mediated by abstainer prototypes. Results from 2,095 college students (42% male) indicated that the relation between abstainer norms and drinking behavior was mediated by abstainer prototypes such that believing that more peers abstained from alcohol use predicted more favorable prototypes of the typical alcohol abstainer, which in turn predicted lower alcohol use. Results from this study provide important first steps to delineating the relationship between abstainer cognitions and alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Litt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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van Lettow B, de Vries H, Burdorf A, van Empelen P. Quantifying the strength of the associations of prototype perceptions with behaviour, behavioural willingness and intentions: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2014; 10:25-43. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2014.941997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Lettow B, de Vries H, Burdorf A, Conner M, van Empelen P. Explaining young adults' drinking behaviour within an augmented Theory of Planned Behaviour: temporal stability of drinker prototypes. Br J Health Psychol 2014; 20:305-23. [PMID: 24799297 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prototypes (i.e., social images) predict health-related behaviours and intentions within the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). This study tested the moderating role of temporal stability of drinker prototype perceptions on prototype-intentions and prototype-behaviour relationships, within an augmented TPB. The study examined abstainer, moderate drinker, heavy drinker, tipsy, and drunk prototypes. DESIGN AND METHODS An online prospective study with 1-month follow-up was conducted among 410 young adults (18-25 years old, Mage = 21.0, SD = 2.14, 21.7% male). Assessed were prototype perceptions (favourability and similarity, T1, T2), stability of prototype perceptions, TPB variables (T1), intentions (T2), and drinking behaviour (T2). Intention analyses were corrected for baseline behaviour; drinking behaviour analyses were corrected for intentions and baseline behaviour. RESULTS Hierarchical regressions showed that prototype stability moderated the relationships of drunk and abstainer prototype similarity with intentions. Similarity to the abstainer prototype explained intentions to drink sensibly more strongly among individuals with stable perceptions than among those with unstable perceptions. Conversely, intentions were explained stronger among individuals with stable perceptions of dissimilarity to the drunk prototype than among those with unstable perceptions. No moderation effects were found for stability of favourability or for relationships with behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Stable prototype similarity perceptions were more predictive of intentions than unstable perceptions. These perceptions were most relevant in enhancing the explanation of young adults' intended drinking behaviour. Specifically, young adults' health intentions seem to be guided by the dissociation from the drunk prototype and association with the abstainer prototype. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Prototypes have augmented the Theory of Planned Behaviour in explaining risk behaviour. Temporal stability has been shown to successfully extend the TPB in explaining intentions. Temporal stability of TPB variables can moderate the relationships with behaviour and intentions. What does this study add? Stability of prototype perceptions moderates the prototype-intentions relationship. Stability of abstainer and drunk prototype similarity enhances the explanation of (intentional) drinking. Stable prototype perceptions are more explanatory than unstable perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt van Lettow
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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An experimental study on the effects of peer drinking norms on adolescents' drinker prototypes. Addict Behav 2014; 39:85-93. [PMID: 24104050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents form impressions about the type of peers who drink (i.e., drinker prototypes). The evaluation of, and perceived similarity to these prototypes are related to adolescents' drinking. Peer drinking norms play an important role in the formation of prototypes. We experimentally examined whether manipulation of peer norms changed the evaluation of and perceived similarity to drinker prototypes and whether these changes were moderated by peers' popularity. METHODS In a pre-test, we assessed heavy drinker, moderate drinker and abstainer prototypes, drinking behaviors and peer-perceived popularity among 599 adolescents. Additionally, 88 boys from this sample participated in a simulated chat room, in which they interacted with peers from school. These peers were in fact pre-programmed e-confederates, who were either popular or unpopular and who communicated either pro-alcohol or anti-alcohol norms. After the chat room interaction we assessed participants' drinker prototypes. RESULTS Participants exposed to anti-alcohol norms were more negative about, and perceived themselves as less similar to heavy drinker prototypes, than participants exposed to pro-alcohol norms. We found no effects of peer norms on moderate drinker and abstainer prototypes. Effects were not moderated by peers' popularity. We did find a main effect of popularity on perceived similarity to all prototypes. This indicated that participants rated themselves as more similar to heavy and moderate drinker prototypes and less similar to abstainer prototypes when they interacted with unpopular peers than with popular peers. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to anti-alcohol norms of peers leads adolescents to form more negative prototypes of the heavy drinker. This could be an important finding for prevention and intervention programs aimed to reduce alcohol consumption among adolescents.
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Lettow BV, de Vries H, Burdorf A, Norman P, van Empelen P. Associations between abstainer, moderate and heavy drinker prototypes and drinking behaviour in young adults. Psychol Health 2013; 28:1407-23. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2013.821473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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