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Tovar-Bohórquez O, McKenzie D, Crestel D, Vandeputte M, Geffroy B. Thermal modulation of energy allocation during sex determination in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Gene 2024; 927:148721. [PMID: 38925525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Water temperature governs physiological functions such as growth, energy allocation, and sex determination in ectothermic species. The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a major species in European aquaculture, exhibiting early dimorphic growth favoring females. The species has a polygenic sex determination system that interacts with water temperature to determine an individual's sex, with two periods during development that are sensitive to temperature. The current study investigated the influence of water temperature on energy allocation and sex-biased genes during sex determination and differentiation periods. RNA-Sequencing and qPCR analyses were conducted in two separate experiments, of either constant water temperatures typical of aquaculture conditions or natural seasonal thermal regimes, respectively. We focused on eight key genes associated with energy allocation, growth regulation, and sex determination and differentiation. In Experiment 1, cold and warm temperature treatments favored female and male proportions, respectively. The RNA-seq analysis highlighted sex-dependent energy allocation transcripts, with higher levels of nucb1 and pomc1 in future females, and increased levels of egfra and spry1 in future males. In Experiment 2, a warm thermal regime favored females, while a cold regime favored males. qPCR analysis in Experiment 2 revealed that ghrelin and nucb1 were down-regulated by warm temperatures. A significant sex-temperature interaction was observed for pank1a with higher and lower expression for males in the cold and warm regimes respectively, compared to females. Notably, spry1 displayed increased expression in future males at the all-fins stage and in males undergoing molecular sex differentiation in both experimental conditions, indicating that it provides a novel, robust, and consistent marker for masculinization. Overall, our findings emphasize the complex interplay of genes involved in feeding, energy allocation, growth, and sex determination in response to temperature variations in the European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David McKenzie
- MARBEC, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Damien Crestel
- MARBEC, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Palavas-Les-Flots, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
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Lu L, Kang Z, Sun S, Li T, Li H. The Life-History Traits of Soil-Dwelling Nematode (Acrobeloides sp.) Exhibit More Resilience to Water Restriction Than Caenorhabditis elegans. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:27-37. [PMID: 38070876 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate warming, the intensity and frequency of drought occurrences are progressively increasing. However, current research on the impacts of drought on the life-history traits and physiological activities of animals rarely encompasses soil animals that play crucial roles within soil ecosystems. Therefore, this study focused on a soil nematode species (Acrobeloides sp.) and a model nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) to investigate whether nematodes adjust the trade-off of their life-history traits to confront arid environments, utilizing a Petri dish experiment. Subsequently, we assessed the resilience of the two nematode species to moisture variations by comparing the extent of changes in various indicators (i.e., life-history traits, physiological traits, and oxidative stress) of nematodes before and after drought and rehydration. The results revealed that both nematode species are capable of adapting to arid environments by altering the trade-off between life-history traits. Specifically, they reduce reproductive investment and body mass while maintaining life span, thus responding to drought conditions. Follow-up rehydration experiments post-drought stress highlighted that the soil-dwelling nematode exhibits a superior recovery capacity in response to moisture fluctuations in comparison to the model nematode. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation into life history of drought adaptation within soil-dwelling nematodes. Moreover, the findings hold significant implications for the exploration of drought adaptation and its mechanisms in soil-dwelling animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Lu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ziqing Kang
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Teng Li
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huixin Li
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing 210095, China
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Sortland LK, Aarestrup K, Birnie-Gauvin K. Comparing the migration behavior and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38622843 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Many organisms rely on migrations between habitats to maximize lifetime fitness, but these migrations can be risky due to a suite of factors. In anadromous salmonids, the smolt migration from fresh water to sea is a critical life stage, during which smolts can experience high mortality from multiple sources. This study investigated the migratory behavior and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts during their seaward migration using acoustic telemetry between March and May 2021. Due to the extinction of wild salmon in the River Gudenaa after the construction of the Tange hydropower plant, this study used hatchery-reared salmon originating from a nearby Danish river. A total of 75 hatchery-reared salmon smolts, 75 hatchery-reared trout smolts, and 75 wild trout smolts were tagged with acoustic transmitters and released into River Gudenaa, Denmark. The downstream movements of tagged fish were monitored using acoustic receivers deployed in the river and fjord. Hatchery-reared trout initiated migration first, followed by hatchery-reared salmon, with wild trout being the last to migrate. There was no difference in riverine progression rates among the three smolt groups, but noticeable differences emerged once in the fjord: trout (wild and hatchery) slowed down, whereas hatchery-reared salmon maintained their speed. Riverine migration was predominantly nocturnal for all smolts; however, daytime migration increased at the fjord arrays. Day-of-year significantly influenced diurnal patterns in the river and fjord, where daytime migration increased later in the year. Hatchery-reared salmon and wild trout had reasonably good overall survival from river to sea entry (≥66%), whereas hatchery-reared trout had poor survival (c.26%). The fjord was the major bottleneck for survival of hatchery-reared trout. We found no strong evidence for differences in progression rate or diurnal patterns between wild and hatchery-reared trout to explain the lower survival. This study demonstrates that salmon and trout differ in their life-history strategy already in the post-smolt phase, and that stocking is a sub-optimal strategy to aid wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Klubben Sortland
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
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Hawley KL, Urke HA, Kristensen T, Haugen TO. Balancing risks and rewards of alternate strategies in the seaward extent, duration and timing of fjord use in contemporary anadromy of brown trout (Salmo trutta). BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:27. [PMID: 38418991 PMCID: PMC10903050 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anadromy comprises a successful life-cycle adaptation for salmonids, with marine migration providing improved feeding opportunities and thus improved growth. These rewards are balanced against costs from increased energy expenditure and mortality risk. Anthropogenic-induced environmental changes that reduce benefits and/or increase costs of migration e.g., aquaculture and hydropower, may therefore result in adaptations disfavouring anadromy. We tagged brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts (N = 175) and veteran migrants (N = 342), from five adjacent riverine populations located in Sognefjorden, the longest Norwegian fjord-system supporting anadromous brown trout populations (209 km). Over four years, 138 acoustic telemetry receivers were deployed to track migrations of tagged individuals from freshwater and throughout Sognefjorden. Detected movements were used to fit migration models and multi-state mark-recapture models of survival and movement for each life-stage. Seaward migration distance was modelled to examine the fitness consequences from alternate migration strategies, with these models used to simulate the extent of fjord-use by individuals and accompanying growth, fecundity and survival consequences. We compared these findings with mark-recapture data collected prior to aquaculture and hydropower development. RESULTS The telemetry data revealed that the outermost-fjord region was utilised by all populations albeit by few individuals. However, historical recaptures were located at a greater distance from the river mouth (87.7 ± 70.3 km), when compared to maximum migration distances of present-day counterparts (58.6 ± 54.9 km). River of origin influenced observed migratory behaviour and differential survival was estimated for each population and life-stage. The simulations based on telemetry-data models revealed a 30% and 23% difference in survival among populations for smolts and veteran migrants, respectively. At the individual-level, a long-distance migration strategy was rewarded with enhanced fecundity. However, the main contribution to population-level fecundity was overwhelmingly derived from middle-distance migrants, due to higher mortality rates and limited numbers of long-distant migrants. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that present-day anadromy is precarious, but potential risk varies considerably between life-stages and populations, even within a single fjord system. Our findings suggest that selection for extended migration is under pressure, we therefore stress the importance of monitoring and management actions to secure genetic variation pertinent to preserve fitness gains of anadromy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Hawley
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, 1433, Ås, Norway.
| | - H A Urke
- AquaLife R&D, Havnegata 9, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Kristensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Universitetsalléen, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - T O Haugen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, 1433, Ås, Norway
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Ugachi Y, Kitade H, Takahashi E, Suzuki S, Hayashi M, Yamada T, Cui W, Shimizu M. Size-driven parr-smolt transformation in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Sci Rep 2023; 13:16643. [PMID: 37789097 PMCID: PMC10547828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anadromous salmonids exhibit partial migration, where some individuals within a population migrate down to the ocean through complex interactions between body size and photoperiod. This study aimed to integrate the ontogenetic and seasonal patterns of smoltification, a series of changes for future marine life, in a strain of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Spring smoltification, as evidenced by the activation of gill Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA), was induced during winter under an advanced photoperiod. In addition, juveniles showed an additional peak in gill NKA activity in August regardless of the photoperiod. When juvenile masu salmon were subjected to feeding manipulations during the first spring/summer, only fish exceeding a fork length of 12 cm exhibited an increased gill NKA activity. We tested whether size-driven smoltification required a long-day period by exposing juveniles to a constant short-day length (9-h light and 15-h dark) from January to November. Juveniles under short-day conditions exceeded 12 cm in June but showed no signs of smoltification. Thus, masu salmon undergo photoperiod-limited, size-driven smoltification during the first summer and size-limited, photoperiod-driven smoltification the following spring. The findings of the present study provide a framework for further elucidation of the physiological mechanisms underlying partial migration in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ugachi
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Haruka Kitade
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Eisuke Takahashi
- Nanae Fresh-Water Station, Field Science Center Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 2-9-1 Sakura, Nanae, Kameda-gun, Hokkaido, 041-1105, Japan
| | - Shotaro Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Taiga Yamada
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Wenda Cui
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Munetaka Shimizu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
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Esin EV, Shulgina EV, Shkil FN. Rapid hyperthyroidism-induced adaptation of salmonid fish in response to environmental pollution. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1471-1483. [PMID: 37731226 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The streams draining volcanic landscapes are often characterized by a complex series of factors that negatively affect hydrobionts and lead to declines in their populations. However, in a number of cases, a range of rapid adaptive changes ensure the resilience of hydrobiont populations. Here, we present both field and experimental data shedding light on the physiological basis of adaptation to heavy metal contamination in populations of Dolly Varden charr (Salvelinus malma) differing in duration of isolation in volcanic streams. The study reveals that isolated populations have a physiological phenotype that distinguishes them from populations inhabiting clean waters. They are characterized by a hyperthyroid status accompanied by an increased metabolic rate, elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased ionic conductivity of tissues and reduced stored energy reserves. Our experimental data reveal that hyperthyroidism is an adaptive characteristic enhancing the resistance to heavy metal contamination and shaping the evolution of these populations. The similarity of physiological, developmental and morphological changes in isolated populations suggests a common source and mechanisms underpinning this case of 'evolutionary rescue'. Thus, populations of S. malma trapped in volcanic streams represent a genuine case of rapid endocrine-driven adaptation to changing environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V Esin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Shulgina
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Fedor N Shkil
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Markevich GN, Pavlova NS, Kapitanova DV, Esin EV. Bone calcification rate as a factor of craniofacial transformations in salmonid fish: Insights from an experiment with hormonal treatment of calcium metabolism. Evol Dev 2023; 25:274-288. [PMID: 37540043 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to different environments can be achieved by physiological shifts throughout development. Hormonal regulators shape the physiological and morphological traits of the evolving animals making them fit for the particular ecological surroundings. We hypothesized that the artificially induced hypersynthesis of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone mutually influencing calcium metabolism could affect bone formation during early ontogeny in fish imitating the heterochrony in craniofacial ossification in natural adaptive morphs. Conducting an experiment, we found that the long-standing treatment of salmonid juveniles with high doses of both hormones irreversibly shifts the corresponding hormone status for a period well beyond the time scale for total degradation of the injected hormone. The hormones program the ossification of the jaw suspension bones and neurocranial elements in a specific manner affecting the jaws position and pharingo-branchial area stretching. These morphological shifts resemble the adaptive variants found in sympatric pelagic and demersal morphs of salmonids. We conclude that solitary deviations in the regulators of calcium metabolism could determine functional morphological traits via transformations in skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorii N Markevich
- Lab of Lower Vertabrate Ecology, Lab of Evolutionary Morphology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Department, Kronotsky Nature Reserve, Yelizovo, Kamchatka Region, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S Pavlova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V Kapitanova
- Lab of Lower Vertabrate Ecology, Lab of Evolutionary Morphology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Lab of Postnatal Ontogenesis, N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Esin
- Lab of Lower Vertabrate Ecology, Lab of Evolutionary Morphology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Courtice G, Bauer B, Cahill C, Naser G, Paul A. Suspended sediment releases in rivers: Toward establishing a safe sediment dose for construction projects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157685. [PMID: 35908698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The harmful effects of suspended sediment (SS) exposures on aquatic ecosystems have been well documented. Integrating this knowledge into the management plans of in-stream construction projects that cause SS releases remains challenging. Commonly, these projects have fixed scopes that require decisions about trade-offs between elevated SS concentrations (SSC, mg∙L-1) and duration of exposure (DoE, h). Constraining SSC to levels below a regulatory guideline may lead to an increase in project duration, while extended SS exposure times have uncertain environmental impacts and reduce project efficiency. This paper evaluates an alternative limit of SS dose (SSD, mg∙h∙L-1), which is defined herein as the product of SSC and DoE, as a more useful regulatory guideline compared to maximum SSC for fixed scope projects. Managing SSD may lead to improved outcomes for project efficiency without jeopardizing environmental health. A dose-response model for salmonids is developed to contrast this approach with more common regulatory limits applied to fixed scope projects that focus on managing SS releases using maximum SSC values within a given time interval. Results demonstrate that the latter constrain the management operating space to a subset of the acceptable range of exposures, which may reduce project efficiency and increase environmental risk. Based on simulated predictions for mean salmonid probabilities of major physiological and lethal effects, an SSD limit of 600 mg∙h∙L-1 may offer a conservative upper range of SSC and DoE values when managing salmonid populations, according to a common regulatory guideline for short-term exposures to not exceed 25 mg∙L-1 over 24 h. This SSD limit would increase the available operating space to enhance project efficiency by not overly constraining SSC. The methods developed in this study may be used to evaluate other SS management limits by undertaking Monte Carlo simulations using dose-response models fit to available datasets to assess acceptable operating ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Courtice
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Bernard Bauer
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Geographic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Christopher Cahill
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gholemreza Naser
- School of Engineering, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, Shippensburg, PA 17257, United States of America
| | - Andrew Paul
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Cochrane T3L 1S4, Canada
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Palejowski H, Bylemans J, Ammann V, Marques da Cunha L, Nusbaumer D, Castro I, Uppal A, Mobley KB, Knörr S, Wedekind C. Sex-Specific Life History Affected by Stocking in Juvenile Brown Trout. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.869925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonids are a socioeconomically and ecologically important group of fish that are often managed by stocking. Little is known about potential sex-specific effects of stocking, but recent studies found that the sexes differ in their stress tolerances already at late embryonic stage, i.e., before hatchery-born larvae are released into the wild and long before morphological gonad formation. It has also been speculated that sex-specific life histories can affect juvenile growth and mortality, and that a resulting sex-biassed demography can reduce population growth. Here we test whether juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) show sex-specific life histories and whether such sex effects differ in hatchery- and wild-born fish. We modified a genetic sexing protocol to reduce false assignment rates and used it to study the timing of sex differentiation in a laboratory setting, and in a large-scale field experiment to study growth and mortality of hatchery- and wild-born fish in different environments. We found no sex-specific mortality in any of the environments we studied. However, females started sex differentiation earlier than males, and while growth rates were similar in the laboratory, they differed significantly in the field depending on location and origin of fish. Overall, hatchery-born males grew larger than hatchery-born females while wild-born fish showed the reverse pattern. Whether males or females grew larger was location-specific. We conclude that juvenile brown trout show sex-specific growth that is affected by stocking and by other environmental factors that remain to be identified.
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10
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Holden KG, Gangloff EJ, Miller DAW, Hedrick AR, Dinsmore C, Basel A, Kutz G, Bronikowski AM. Over a decade of field physiology reveals life-history specific strategies to drought in garter snakes ( Thamnophis legans). Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212187. [PMID: 35078358 PMCID: PMC8790353 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing climates and severe weather events can affect population viability. Individuals need to buffer such negative fitness consequences through physiological plasticity. Whether certain life-history strategies are more conducive to surviving changing climates is unknown, but theory predicts that strategies prioritizing maintenance and survival over current reproduction should be better able to withstand such change. We tested this hypothesis in a meta-population of garter snakes having naturally occurring variation in life-history strategies. We tested whether slow pace-of-life (POL) animals, that prioritize survival over reproduction, are more resilient than fast POL animals as measured by several physiological biomarkers. From 2006 to 2019, which included two multi-year droughts, baseline and stress-induced reactivity of plasma corticosterone and glucose varied annually with directionalities consistent with life-history theory. Slow POL animals exhibited higher baseline corticosterone and lower baseline glucose, relative to fast POL animals. These patterns were also observed in stress-induced measures; thus, reactivity was equivalent between ecotypes. However, in drought years, measures of corticosterone did not differ between different life histories. Immune cell distribution showed annual variation independent of drought or life history. These persistent physiological patterns form a backdrop to several extirpations of fast POL populations, suggesting a limited physiological toolkit to surviving periods of extreme drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn G. Holden
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - David A. W. Miller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ashley R. Hedrick
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Carli Dinsmore
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alison Basel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Greta Kutz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anne M. Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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11
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Grenier G, Smalås A, Kjær R, Knudsen R. Environmentally Modulated Repeat Evolution of Polymorphic Arctic Charr Life History Traits. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.771309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympatric Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L. 1758), morphs have flexible but repeated life history strategies tested across five Norwegian lakes. In several Scandinavian polymorphic Arctic charr populations differentiated by their diet and habitat use, a large littoral omnivorous (LO) morph commonly cooccurs with a smaller profundal spawning (PB/PZ) morph. A third, large piscivorous (PP) morph is also known to occur within a portion of Arctic charr populations in the profundal habitat along with the PB/PZ individuals. Life history traits, such as age at maturity, growth, and diet are known to differ among coexisting morphs. Notably, the PP morph was the longest morph with the oldest age at maturity while the PB/PZ morph showed the shortest lengths overall and youngest age with LO morph being intermediate in both traits. Growth parameters differed across all the morphs. When examining growth within morph groups, the LO morph was found to have different growth across all lakes, while similar reproductive investments and different energy acquisition patterns were seen within the PB/PZ and PP morphs. These results suggest repeat evolution in several life history strategies of reproductively isolated Arctic charr sympatric morphs, notably for the first time in the PP morph, while also highlighting the importance of the local environment in modulating life history traits.
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Arevalo E, Maire A, Tétard S, Prévost E, Lange F, Marchand F, Josset Q, Drouineau H. Does global change increase the risk of maladaptation of Atlantic salmon migration through joint modifications of river temperature and discharge? Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211882. [PMID: 34875197 PMCID: PMC8651411 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In freshwater ecosystems, water temperature and discharge are two intrinsically associated triggers of key events in the life cycle of aquatic organisms such as the migration of diadromous fishes. However, global changes have already profoundly altered the thermal and hydrological regimes of rivers, affecting the timing of fish migration as well as the environmental conditions under which it occurs. In this study, we focused on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), an iconic diadromous species whose individuals migrate between marine nursery areas and continental spawning grounds. An innovative multivariate method was developed to analyse long-term datasets of daily water temperature, discharge and both salmon juvenile downstream and adult upstream migrations in three French rivers (the Bresle, Oir and Nivelle rivers). While all three rivers have gradually warmed over the last 35 years, changes in discharge have been very heterogeneous. Juveniles more frequently used warmer temperatures to migrate. Adults migrating a few weeks before spawning more frequently used warm temperatures associated with high discharges. This has already led to modifications in preferential niches of both life stages and suggests a potential mismatch between these populations' ecological preference and changes in their local environment due to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elorri Arevalo
- INRAE, Unité EABX-Écosystèmes Aquatiques et Changements Globaux, HYNES (Irstea-EDF R&D), 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France
| | - Anthony Maire
- EDF Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement, HYNES (Irstea-EDF R&D), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Tétard
- ICEO Environnement, 220 rue des Ailes, 85440 Talmont-Saint-Hilaire, France
| | - Etienne Prévost
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Frédéric Lange
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, e2s UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Frédéric Marchand
- INRAE, Unité Expérimentale d'Écologie et d'Écotoxicologie Aquatique, 65, rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Quentin Josset
- UMR BOREA 7208, Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Service des Stations Marines, 35800 Dinard, France.,MIAME - Management of Diadromous Fish in their Environment, OFB, INRAE, Institut Agro, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR/E2S UPPA, Rennes, France.,Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction Recherche et Appui Scientifique, Rue des Fontaines, 76260 Eu, France
| | - Hilaire Drouineau
- INRAE, Unité EABX-Écosystèmes Aquatiques et Changements Globaux, HYNES (Irstea-EDF R&D), 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France
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