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Guo H, Zhang C, Shen YK, Zhang JD, Yang FY, Liang F, Wang W, Liu YT, Wang GZ, Zhou GB. PD-L2 mediates tobacco smoking-induced recruitment of regulatory T cells via the RGMB/NFκB/CCL20 cascade. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:56. [PMID: 39042313 PMCID: PMC11266262 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), a ligand for the receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), has an identity of 34% with its twin ligand PD-L1 and exhibits higher binding affinity with PD-1 than PD-L1. However, the role of PD-L2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression, especially tobacco-induced cancer progression, has not been fully understood. Here, we found that PD-L2 promoted tumor growth in murine models with recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In patients with NSCLC, PD-L2 expression level in tumor samples was higher than in counterpart normal controls and was positively associated with patients' response to anti-PD-1 treatment. Mechanismly, PD-L2 bound its receptor Repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMB) on cancer cells and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB), leading to increased production of chemokine CCL20, which recruited Tregs and contributed to NSCLC progression. Consistently, knockdown of RGMB or NFκB p65 inhibited PD-L2-induced CCL20 production, and silencing of PD-L2 repressed Treg recruitment by NSCLC cells. Furthermore, cigarette smoke and carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) upregulated PD-L2 in lung epithelial cells via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated transcription activation, whose deficiency markedly suppressed BaP-induced PD-L2 upregulation. These results suggest that PD-L2 mediates tobacco-induced recruitment of Tregs via the RGMB/NFκB/CCL20 cascade, and targeting this pathway might have therapeutic potentials in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, Hebei Province, 056005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yu-Ke Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated with Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030032, China
| | - Fu-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Fan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yu-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology & Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Li K, Shi L, Liu L, Wang J, Nie M, Liu X. Verification of the expression trend and interaction prediction of innate immune cells and immune-checkpoint molecules in the process of oral mucosal carcinogenesis. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2024; 42:192-206. [PMID: 38597079 PMCID: PMC11034413 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2024.2023280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the expression trends of innate immune cells and immune-checkpoint molecules validated by data calculation in the process of oral mucosal carcinogenesis, as well as to explore methods of suppressing oral mucosal carcinogenesis based on immunotherapy by predicting their interactions. Me-thods 1) The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database comprehensively scores immune cells and immune-checkpoint molecules in the process of oral mucosal carcinogenesis and screens out intrinsic immune cells and immune-checkpoint molecules that interfere with tumor immune escape. 2) Clinical patient blood routine data were collected for the statistical analysis of peripheral blood immune cells during the progression of oral mucosal carcinogenesis. Immune cells in peripheral blood that may affect the progression of oral mucosal carcinogenesis were screened. 3) Immunohistochemical staining was performed on intrinsic immune cells and immune-checkpoint molecules validated based on data calculation in various stages of oral mucosal carcinogenesis. 4) Special staining was used to identify innate immune cells in various stages of oral mucosal carcinogenesis based on data-calculation verification. 5) Survival analysis was conducted on intrinsic immune cells and immune-checkpoint molecules validated based on data calculation during the process of oral mucosal carcinogenesis. The association of intrinsic immune cells and immune-checkpoint molecules with the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma was verified. RESULTS The expression of monocytes and neutrophils increased during the process of oral mucosal carcinogenesis. The expression of eosinophils showed a single peak trend of up and down. The expression of mast cells decreased. In the process of oral mucosal carcinogenesis, the expression of the immune-checkpoint molecules cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death-ligand (PD-L1) increased. The expression trends of monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils were positively correlated with those of CTLA4 and PD-L1 immune-checkpoint molecules. The expression trend of mast cells was negatively correlated with the expression of CTLA4 and PD-L1. Monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils may promote tumor immune escape mediated by CTLA4 and/or PD-L1, thereby accelerating the progression of oral mucosal carcinogenesis. Mast cells may inhibit tumor immune escape mediated by CTLA4 and/or PD-L1, delaying the progression of oral mucosal carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, interference with specific immune cells in innate immunity can regulate the expression of CTLA4 and/or PD-L1 to a certain extent, inhibit tumor immune escape, and delay the progression of oral mucosal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Li
- Dept. of Periodontal Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral&Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- Dept. of Periodontal Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral&Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Linxin Liu
- Dept. of Periodontal Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral&Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Dept. of Periodontal Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral&Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Minhai Nie
- Dept. of Periodontal Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral&Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xuqian Liu
- Dept. of Periodontal Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral&Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Chaib S, López-Domínguez JA, Lalinde-Gutiérrez M, Prats N, Marin I, Boix O, García-Garijo A, Meyer K, Muñoz MI, Aguilera M, Mateo L, Stephan-Otto Attolini C, Llanos S, Pérez-Ramos S, Escorihuela M, Al-Shahrour F, Cash TP, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Abad M, Gros A, Arribas J, Serrano M. The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:448-462. [PMID: 38267628 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy often generates intratumoral senescent cancer cells that strongly modify the tumor microenvironment, favoring immunosuppression and tumor growth. We discovered, through an unbiased proteomics screen, that the immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) is highly upregulated upon induction of senescence in different types of cancer cells. PD-L2 is not required for cells to undergo senescence, but it is critical for senescent cells to evade the immune system and persist intratumorally. Indeed, after chemotherapy, PD-L2-deficient senescent cancer cells are rapidly eliminated and tumors do not produce the senescence-associated chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2. Accordingly, PD-L2-deficient pancreatic tumors fail to recruit myeloid-derived suppressor cells and undergo regression driven by CD8 T cells after chemotherapy. Finally, antibody-mediated blockade of PD-L2 strongly synergizes with chemotherapy causing remission of mammary tumors in mice. The combination of chemotherapy with anti-PD-L2 provides a therapeutic strategy that exploits vulnerabilities arising from therapy-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Chaib
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Marta Lalinde-Gutiérrez
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Prats
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Marin
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olga Boix
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea García-Garijo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathleen Meyer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Cambridge Institute of Science, Altos Labs, Cambridge, UK
| | - María Isabel Muñoz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Mateo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Susana Llanos
- DNA Replication Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Ramos
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Escorihuela
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Al-Shahrour
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - María Abad
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Cambridge Institute of Science, Altos Labs, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alena Gros
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Cambridge Institute of Science, Altos Labs, Cambridge, UK.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
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Chai K, Wang C, Zhou J, Mu W, Gao M, Fan Z, Lv G. Quenching thirst with poison? Paradoxical effect of anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Res 2023; 198:106987. [PMID: 37949332 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs have been developed with expectations to provide long-term or at least short-term survival benefits for patients with cancer. Unfortunately, drug therapy tends to provoke malignant biological and clinical behaviours of cancer cells relating not only to the evolution of resistance to specific drugs but also to the enhancement of their proliferation and metastasis abilities. Thus, drug therapy is suspected to impair long-term survival in treated patients under certain circumstances. The paradoxical therapeutic effects could be described as 'quenching thirst with poison', where temporary relief is sought regardless of the consequences. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which tumours react on drug-induced stress to maintain viability is crucial to develop rational targeting approaches which may optimize survival in patients with cancer. In this review, we describe the paradoxical adverse effects of anticancer drugs, in particular how cancer cells complete resistance evolution, enhance proliferation, escape from immune surveillance and metastasize efficiently when encountered with drug therapy. We also describe an integrative therapeutic framework that may diminish such paradoxical effects, consisting of four main strategies: (1) targeting endogenous stress response pathways, (2) targeting new identities of cancer cells, (3) adaptive therapy- exploiting subclonal competition of cancer cells, and (4) targeting tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Chai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuanlei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianpeng Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wentao Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Menghan Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongqi Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Jha A, Alam M, Kashyap T, Nath N, Kumari A, Pramanik KK, Nagini S, Mishra R. Crosstalk between PD-L1 and Jak2-Stat3/ MAPK-AP1 signaling promotes oral cancer progression, invasion and therapy resistance. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110894. [PMID: 37678027 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1)is an antitumor immunity molecule and a great target to cure oral cancer; nonetheless, the limited success can be attributed to many complex pathways and tumor-related interferences. METHODS In the present study, 150 human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue samples, including 17 adjacent normals, 56 primary tumors, 47 invasive tumors, and 30 therapy-resistant (RT) samples, were included. The parental/cisplatin-resistant (CisR-SCC4/9) cells were utilized for overexpression (Jak1-3 wild type and catalytically inactive), knockdown (PD-L1 siRNA), targeting MAPK/PI3K/Jak-Stat pathways (SMIs) and checking microsomes. The expression of PD-L1, transcription factors (TFs), signaling pathways, survival/apoptosis, therapy resistance, and invasiveness-related molecules/their activity were determined by RT-PCR, Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, Gelatin Zymography, and MTT assay. RESULTS Advanced OSCC tumors (invasive and drug-resistance), CisR-SCC4/9 cells, and secretory exosomes (CisR-SCC4/9) were found with increased PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 mRNA/protein showed a positive correlation with different TFs (AP1 > Stat3 > c-myc > NFκB) in tumor samples. The PD-L1 expression was more influenced by Jak-Stat/ MAPK-AP1 pathways over PI3K. The ectopic expression of Jak1-3 suggests Jak2 inducted PD-L1 level over Jak1/Jak3. Finally, PD-L1 directly supports survival (Bcl-xL, Bax, cleaved caspase-3), invasion (MMP2/9), and drug-resistance (ALDH-1A1/-3A1) program in OSCC through its link with several molecules. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 was regulated mainly by the Jak2-Stat3/ MAPK-AP1 pathway, and besides the routine immunological functions, it supports OSCC survival, invasion, and therapy resistance. PD-L1 can be used as an indicator of severity and can be targeted along with Jak2-Stat3/ MAPK-AP1 for a better outcome OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Jha
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Manzar Alam
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Tanushree Kashyap
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nidhi Nath
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Anjali Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kamdeo K Pramanik
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India
| | - Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajakishore Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Kanke, Ranchi 835 222, Jharkhand, India.
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Lv J, Jiang Z, Yuan J, Zhuang M, Guan X, Liu H, Yin Y, Ma Y, Liu Z, Wang H, Wang X. Pan-cancer analysis identifies PD-L2 as a tumor promotor in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093716. [PMID: 37006239 PMCID: PMC10060638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor has two ligands,programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2. When compared with PD-L1, PD-L2 has not received much attention, and its role remains unclear. METHODS The expression profiles of pdcd1lg2 (PD-L2-encoding gene) mRNA and PD-L2 protein were analyzed using TCGA, ICGC, and HPA databases. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic significance of PD-L2. We used GSEA, Spearman's correlation analysis and PPI network to explore the biological functions of PD-L2. PD-L2-associated immune cell infiltration was evaluated using the ESTIMATE algorithm and TIMER 2.0. The expressions of PD-L2 in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in human colon cancer samples, and in mice in an immunocompetent syngeneic setting were verified using scRNA-seq datasets, multiplex immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. After fluorescence-activated cell sorting, flow cytometry and qRT-PCR and transwell and colony formation assays were used to evaluate the phenotype and functions of PD-L2+TAMs. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy prediction analysis was performed using TIDE and TISMO. Last, a series of targeted small-molecule drugs with promising therapeutic effects were predicted using the GSCA platform. RESULTS PD-L2 was expressed in all the common human cancer types and deteriorated outcomes in multiple cancers. PPI network and Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that PD-L2 was closely associated with many immune molecules. Moreover, both GSEA results of KEGG pathways and GSEA results for Reactome analysis indicated that PD-L2 expression played an important role in cancer immune response. Further analysis showed that PD-L2 expression was strongly associated with the infiltration of immune cells in tumor tissue in almost all cancer types, among which macrophages were the most positively associated with PD-L2 in colon cancer. According to the results mentioned above, we verified the expression of PD-L2 in TAMs in colon cancer and found that PD-L2+TAMs population was not static. Additionally, PD-L2+TAMs exhibited protumor M2 phenotype and increased the migration, invasion, and proliferative capacity of colon cancer cells. Furthermore, PD-L2 had a substantial predictive value for ICIs therapy cohorts. CONCLUSION PD-L2 in the TME, especially expressed on TAMs, could be applied as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Lv
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junhu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhuang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hengchang Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yefeng Yin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xishan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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TRUONG NC, HUYNH NT, PHAM KD, PHAM PV. Roles of cancer stem cells in cancer immune surveillance. MINERVA BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMOLECULAR RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.23736/s2724-542x.23.02944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Wang Y, Du J, Gao Z, Sun H, Mei M, Wang Y, Ren Y, Zhou X. Evolving landscape of PD-L2: bring new light to checkpoint immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2022; 128:1196-1207. [PMID: 36522474 PMCID: PMC10050415 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractImmune checkpoint blockade therapy targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has revolutionized the landscape of multiple human cancer types, including head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC). Programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L2), a PD-1 ligand, mediates cancer cell immune escape (or tolerance independent of PD-L1) and predicts poor prognosis of patients with HNSCC. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the regulatory process of PD-L2 expression may stratify patients with HNSCC to benefit from anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. In this review, we summarised the PD-L2 expression and its immune-dependent and independent functions in HNSCC and other solid tumours. We focused on recent findings on the mechanisms that regulate PD-L2 at the genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels, also in intercellular communication of tumour microenvironment (TME). We also discussed the prospects of using small molecular agents indirectly targeting PD-L2 in cancer therapy. These findings may provide a notable avenue in developing novel and effective PD-L2-targeted therapeutic strategies for immune combination therapy and uncovering biomarkers that improve the clinical efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapies.
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Liu J, Huang D, Cai Y, Cao Z, Liu Z, Zhang S, Zhao L, Wang X, Wang Y, Huang F, Wu Z. Saliva diagnostics: emerging techniques and biomarkers for salivaomics in cancer detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:1077-1097. [PMID: 36631426 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2167556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pursuit of easy-to-use, non-invasive and inexpensive diagnostics is an urgent task for clinicians and scientists. Saliva is an important component of body fluid with regular changes of contents under various pathophysiological conditions, and the biomarkers identified from saliva shows high application potentials and values in disease diagnostics. This review introduces the latest developments in saliva research, with an emphasis on the detection and application of salivary biomarkers in cancer detection. AREAS COVERED Detection of disease-specific biomarkers in saliva samples by existing salivaomic methods can be used to diagnose various human pathological conditions and was introduced in details. This review also covers the saliva collection methods, the analytical techniques as well as the corresponding commercial products, with an aim to describe an holistic process for saliva-based diagnostics. EXPERT OPINION Saliva, as a non-invasive and collectable body fluid, can reflect the pathophysiological changes of the human body to a certain extent. Identification of reliable saliva biomarkers can provide a convenient way for cancer detection in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieren Liu
- Graduate School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongna Huang
- School of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanzhe Cai
- School of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihua Cao
- School of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- School of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Feijuan Huang
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Graduate School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Zhang S, Li E, Liu Z, Shang H, Chen Y, Jing H. Nanoparticle-based Olaparib delivery enhances its effect, and improves drug sensitivity to cisplatin in triple negative breast cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Khatoon E, Hegde M, Kumar A, Daimary UD, Sethi G, Bishayee A, Kunnumakkara AB. The multifaceted role of STAT3 pathway and its implication as a potential therapeutic target in oral cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:507-534. [PMID: 35987863 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, and it has become a matter of serious concern due to the alarming rise in its incidence rate worldwide. Despite recent advancements in oral cancer treatment strategies, there are no significant improvements in patient's survival rate. Among the numerous cell signaling pathways involved in oral cancer development and progression, STAT3 is known to play a multifaceted oncogenic role in shaping the tumor pathophysiology. STAT3 hyperactivation in oral cancer contributes to survival, proliferation, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, metastasis, immunosuppression, chemoresistance, and poor prognosis. A plethora of pre-clinical and clinical studies have documented the role of STAT3 in the initiation and development of oral cancer and showed that STAT3 inhibition holds significant potential in the prevention and treatment of this cancer. However, to date, targeting STAT3 activation mainly involves inhibiting the upstream signaling molecules such as JAK and IL-6 receptors. The major challenge in targeting STAT3 lies in the complexity of its phosphorylation- and dimerization-independent functions, which are not affected by disrupting the upstream regulators. The present review delineates the significance of the STAT3 pathway in regulating various hallmarks of oral cancer. In addition, it highlights the STAT3 inhibitors identified to date through various preclinical and clinical studies that can be employed for the therapeutic intervention in oral cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Khatoon
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India. .,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India.
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12
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Orexin A Suppresses the Expression of Exosomal PD-L1 in Colon Cancer and Promotes T Cell Activity by Inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:2173-2181. [PMID: 34097168 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer, ranked third in cancer related mortality, is the most common malignant cancer of digestive tract. Though immune checkpoint inhibitors show promising efficacy in colon cancer, a rather high unresponsive rate and recurrence rate requires further elucidation of the underlying regulatory mechanism of cancer-related immunity. AIMS To study the regulatory function of Orexin A in the expression of exosomal PD-L1 and T cell activity. METHODS Orthotopic colon cancer transplantation mice model were established to study the cancer growth and immune infiltration between Orexin A treated group and untreated group. In vitro studies using mouse CT-26 and human HCT-116 colon cancer cell model studied the effect of Orexin A on cellular and exosomal PD-L1 expression. Co-culturing Jurkat cells with exosomes delivered by cancer cells treated with Orexin A, PD-L1 knockdown and PBS studied different effects on T cell. Comparing Orexin A with WP1066, a JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor verified the mechanism of these changes. RESULTS The growth rate of orthotopic transplanted colon cancer was slower in Orexin A treated group, with lower PD-L1 expression and higher immune infiltration. Orexin A could inhibit cellular and exosomal PD-L1 expression. The decreased expression of PD-L1 in exosomes could promote the activity of Jurkat cells secreting higher level of IFN-γ and IL-2. Orexin A showed a similar effect like WP1066 which proved JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was its downstream signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Orexin A could suppress the expression of exosomal PD-L1 in colon cancer cells and promote T cells activity by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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13
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Tissue and circulating PD-L2: moving from health and immune-mediated diseases to head and neck oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 175:103707. [PMID: 35569724 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the chief targets of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), namely the Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-Ligands (Ls) axis, most research has focused on PD-L1, while to date PD-L2 is still under-investigated. However, emerging data support PD-L2 relevant expression in malignancies of the head and neck area, mostly in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and salivary gland cancers (SGCs). In this context, ICIs have achieved highly heterogeneous outcomes, emphasizing an urgent need for the identification of predictive biomarkers. With the present review, we aimed at describing PD-L2 biological significance by focusing on its tissue expression, its binding to PD-1 and RGMb receptors, and its impact on physiological and anti-cancer immune response. Specifically, we reported PD-L2 expression rates and significant clinical correlates among different head and neck cancer histotypes. Finally, we described the biology of soluble PD-L2 form and its potential application as a prognostic and/or predictive circulating biomarker.
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14
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Okadome K, Baba Y, Yasuda-Yoshihara N, Nomoto D, Yagi T, Toihata T, Ogawa K, Sawayama H, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Komohara Y, Baba H. PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression status in relation to chemotherapy in primary and metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:399-410. [PMID: 34773342 PMCID: PMC8819296 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown efficacy in various cancers. Although programmed death ligand 1/2 (PD‐L1/L2) expressions have been demonstrated as predictive biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and prognostic markers, whether PD‐L1/L2 expression is altered in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma during the therapeutic course is unclear. Whether PD‐L1/L2 expression in metastatic or recurrent lesions is consistent with that in primary tumors is also unknown. This study included 561 surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and PD‐L1/L2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We investigated the influence of chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin and fluorouracil) on PD‐L1/L2 expression and PD‐L1/L2‐related pathways in vitro. We also examined PD‐L1/L2 expression in 18 surgically resected lymph node metastases and 10 recurrent lesions compared with primary lesions. The positive rate of PD‐L1 was significantly higher in patients with preoperative chemotherapy than in those without preoperative therapy. The positive rate of PD‐L2 expression showed no significant difference between patient groups. Cisplatin increased PD‐L1 expression in cancer cell lines in vitro, but decreased PD‐L2 in some cell lines. The effects of cisplatin on phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3 (pSTAT1/3) also differed depending on cell lines. Fluorouracil increased PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 expression. PD‐L1/L2 expression in lymph node metastases and recurrent lesions did not always match expression in primary lesions. PD‐L1/L2 expression may be altered by preoperative chemotherapy, and PD‐L1 /L2 expression in primary lesions does not always match that of metastatic/recurrent lesions. Thus, one‐time evaluation is not sufficient to evaluate PD‐L1/L2 expression as a biomarker in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Okadome
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Next-Generation Surgical Therapy Development, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Yasuda-Yoshihara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daichi Nomoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taisuke Yagi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tasuku Toihata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sawayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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15
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Cheng Y, Li S, Gao L, Zhi K, Ren W. The Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Aspects of Cisplatin Resistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761379. [PMID: 34746001 PMCID: PMC8569522 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a kind of malignant tumors with low survival rate and prone to have early metastasis and recurrence. Cisplatin is an alkylating agent which induces DNA damage through the formation of cisplatin-DNA adducts, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In the management of advanced OSCC, cisplatin-based chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy has been considered as the first-line treatment. Unfortunately, only a portion of OSCC patients can benefit from cisplatin treatment, both inherent resistance and acquired resistance greatly limit the efficacy of cisplatin and even cause treatment failure. Herein, this review outline the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in OSCC from the aspects of DNA damage and repair, epigenetic regulation, transport processes, programmed cell death and tumor microenvironment. In addition, this review summarizes the strategies applicable to overcome cisplatin resistance, which can provide new ideas to improve the clinical therapeutic outcome of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoming Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Yatagai N, Hasegawa T, Amano R, Saito I, Arimoto S, Takeda D, Kakei Y, Akashi M. Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Decreases Immunosuppressive Factors in Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5568428. [PMID: 34307656 PMCID: PMC8270696 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5568428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the tumour immunosuppressive mechanism has attracted attention as a cause of tumour chemoresistance. Although chemoresistance and immunosuppression of tumours have been reported to be associated with a hypoxic environment, effective treatments to improve hypoxia in tumours have not yet been established. We have previously applied carbon dioxide (CO2) to squamous cell carcinoma and have shown that improvement in local oxygenation has an antitumour effect. However, the effects of local CO2 administration on tumour immunosuppression, chemoresistance, and combination with chemotherapy are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of local CO2 administration on squamous cell carcinoma and the effects of combined use with chemotherapy, focusing on the effects on tumour immunosuppressive factors. METHODS Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3) was transplanted subcutaneously into the back of a nude mouse, and CO2 and cisplatin were administered. After administration twice a week for a total of 4 times, tumours were collected and the expression of tumour immunosuppressive factors (PD-L1, PD-L2, and galectin-9) was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. RESULTS Compared with the control group, a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of PD-L1 was observed in both, CO2-treated and combination groups. Similarly, the expression of PD-L2 and galectin-9 decreased in the CO2-treated and combination groups. Furthermore, immunostaining also showed a significant decrease in the protein expression of tumour immunosuppressive factors in the CO2-treated and combination groups. CONCLUSION It was confirmed that the tumour immunosuppressive factors decreased due to local CO2 administration to the mouse model. CO2 administration has the potential to improve the hypoxic environment in tumours, and combined use with chemotherapy may also improve tumour immunosuppression.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Animals
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Carbon Dioxide/administration & dosage
- Carbon Dioxide/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/immunology
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Yatagai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takumi Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Rika Amano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Izumi Saito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satomi Arimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takeda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kakei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masaya Akashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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17
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Gu Q, Li J, Chen Z, Zhang J, Shen H, Miao X, Zhou Y, Xu X, He S. Expression and Prognostic Significance of PD-L2 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664032. [PMID: 34178648 PMCID: PMC8222690 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L2) constitutes an important antitumor immune response. Here, we investigated the relationship between PD-L2 expression and clinicopathological features in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Immunohistochemistry showed that positive expression of PD-L2 was observed in 45 of 181 newly diagnosed patients, including 14 cases with expression exclusively on tumor cells (TCs) and 31 cases with the expression on both TCs and immune cells (ICs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In 21 recurrent patients, positive expression of PD-L2 was present in six cases, including two cases with expression exclusively on TCs, and four cases with the expression on both TCs and ICs in the TME. Patients with PD-L2 tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥1% exhibited a better ECOG performance status (PS) (ECOG PS score <2, P = 0.041), lower international prognostic index (IPI) score (P < 0.001), and early Ann Arbor stage (Ann Arbor stage I or II, P = 0.010). Similarly, patients with PD-L2 immune proportion score (IPS) ≥1% also exhibited a better ECOG PS (ECOG PS score < 2, P = 0.006) and lower IPI score (P = 0.001). Survival analysis showed that patients with PD-L2 TPS ≥1% exhibited prolonged overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). However, survival analysis showed no prognostic significance based on expression of PD-L2 on ICs in the TME. TC PD-L2 expression was significantly associated with OS (P = 0.041) and PFS (P = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, TC PD-L2 expression was an independent prognostic risk factor for PFS (P = 0.013), but not for OS (P = 0.249). Furthermore, we found that higher TC and IC PD-L2 expression was associated with higher objective response rate (ORR). Moreover, we demonstrated that the expression level of PD-L2 was positively correlated with the expression status of M1 macrophage markers CD86. Our findings highlight PD-L2 as a promising therapeutic target in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Gu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhuolin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaobing Miao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Song He
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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18
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Sudo S, Kajiya H, Okano S, Sasaki M, Katsumata Y, Ohno J, Ikebe T, Hiraki A, Okabe K. Cisplatin-induced programmed cell death ligand-2 expression is associated with metastasis ability in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1113-1123. [PMID: 32012401 PMCID: PMC7156784 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligands (PD‐Ls) are expressed in tumor cells where they bind to programmed cell death‐1, an immunocyte co–receptor, resulting in tumor cell evasion from the immune system. Chemotherapeutic drugs have been recently reported to induce the expression of PD‐L, such as PD‐L1, in some cancer cells. However, little is known regarding PD‐L2 expression and its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we examined the effect of cisplatin on the expression and regulation of PD‐L2 in OSCC cell lines and analyzed malignant behavior in PD‐L2‐expressing cells using colony, transwell and transformation assays. In addition, we examined PD‐L2 expression in the tumor tissues of OSCC patients using cytology and tissue microarray methods. In OSCC cell lines, cisplatin treatment upregulated PD‐L2 expression, along with that of the drug efflux transporter ABCG2, via signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) 1/3 activation. Moreover, PD‐L2‐positive or PD‐L2‐overexpressing cells demonstrated upregulation in both invasion and transformation ability but not in proliferation compared with PD‐L2‐negative or PD‐L2‐silencing cells. PD‐L2 expression was also observed in OSCC cells of cytology samples and tissue from OSCC patients. The intensity of PD‐L2 expression was correlated with more malignant morphological features in the histological appearance and an invasive pattern. Our findings indicate that cisplatin‐upregulated PD‐L2 expression in OSCC via STAT1/3 activation and the expression of PD‐L2 are likely to be associated with malignancy in OSCC. The PD‐L2 expression in cisplatin‐resistant OSCC cells may be a critical factor in prognosis of advanced OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Sudo
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kajiya
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.,Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Okano
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mina Sasaki
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuri Katsumata
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Ohno
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ikebe
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Hiraki
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Okabe
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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