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Germain DP, Hughes DA, Nicholls K, Bichet DG, Giugliani R, Wilcox WR, Feliciani C, Shankar SP, Ezgu F, Amartino H, Bratkovic D, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Nedd K, Sharaf El Din U, Lourenco CM, Banikazemi M, Charrow J, Dasouki M, Finegold D, Giraldo P, Goker-Alpan O, Longo N, Scott CR, Torra R, Tuffaha A, Jovanovic A, Waldek S, Packman S, Ludington E, Viereck C, Kirk J, Yu J, Benjamin ER, Johnson F, Lockhart DJ, Skuban N, Castelli J, Barth J, Barlow C, Schiffmann R. Treatment of Fabry's Disease with the Pharmacologic Chaperone Migalastat. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:545-55. [PMID: 27509102 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1510198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabry's disease, an X-linked disorder of lysosomal α-galactosidase deficiency, leads to substrate accumulation in multiple organs. Migalastat, an oral pharmacologic chaperone, stabilizes specific mutant forms of α-galactosidase, increasing enzyme trafficking to lysosomes. METHODS The initial assay of mutant α-galactosidase forms that we used to categorize 67 patients with Fabry's disease for randomization to 6 months of double-blind migalastat or placebo (stage 1), followed by open-label migalastat from 6 to 12 months (stage 2) plus an additional year, had certain limitations. Before unblinding, a new, validated assay showed that 50 of the 67 participants had mutant α-galactosidase forms suitable for targeting by migalastat. The primary end point was the percentage of patients who had a response (≥50% reduction in the number of globotriaosylceramide inclusions per kidney interstitial capillary) at 6 months. We assessed safety along with disease substrates and renal, cardiovascular, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS The primary end-point analysis, involving patients with mutant α-galactosidase forms that were suitable or not suitable for migalastat therapy, did not show a significant treatment effect: 13 of 32 patients (41%) who received migalastat and 9 of 32 patients (28%) who received placebo had a response at 6 months (P=0.30). Among patients with suitable mutant α-galactosidase who received migalastat for up to 24 months, the annualized changes from baseline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and measured GFR were -0.30±0.66 and -1.51±1.33 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area, respectively. The left-ventricular-mass index decreased significantly from baseline (-7.7 g per square meter; 95% confidence interval [CI], -15.4 to -0.01), particularly when left ventricular hypertrophy was present (-18.6 g per square meter; 95% CI, -38.2 to 1.0). The severity of diarrhea, reflux, and indigestion decreased. CONCLUSIONS Among all randomly assigned patients (with mutant α-galactosidase forms that were suitable or not suitable for migalastat therapy), the percentage of patients who had a response at 6 months did not differ significantly between the migalastat group and the placebo group. (Funded by Amicus Therapeutics; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00925301 [study AT1001-011] and NCT01458119 [study AT1001-041].).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique P Germain
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Derralynn A Hughes
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Kathleen Nicholls
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - William R Wilcox
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Claudio Feliciani
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Suma P Shankar
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Fatih Ezgu
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Hernan Amartino
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Drago Bratkovic
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Khan Nedd
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Usama Sharaf El Din
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Charles M Lourenco
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Maryam Banikazemi
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Joel Charrow
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Majed Dasouki
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - David Finegold
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Pilar Giraldo
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Ozlem Goker-Alpan
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Nicola Longo
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - C Ronald Scott
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Roser Torra
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Ahmad Tuffaha
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Ana Jovanovic
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Stephen Waldek
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Seymour Packman
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Elizabeth Ludington
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Christopher Viereck
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - John Kirk
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Julie Yu
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Elfrida R Benjamin
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Franklin Johnson
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - David J Lockhart
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Nina Skuban
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Jeff Castelli
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Jay Barth
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Carrolee Barlow
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris - both in France (D.P.G.); the Department of Academic Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London (D.A.H.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford (A.J.), and University of Sunderland, Sunderland (S.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC (K. Nicholls), and the Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA (D.B.) - both in Australia; the Clinical Research Division, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montreal (D.G.B.); Medical Genetics Service, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (R.G.), and Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto (C.M.L.) - both in Brazil; the Departments of Human Genetics (W.R.W., S.P.S.) and Ophthalmology (S.P.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; the Dermatology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (C.F.); the Faculty of Medicine, Department and Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (F.E.); the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires (H.A.); the Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (U.F.-R.); Infusion Associates, Grand Rapids, MI (K. Nedd); the Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El Ainy Hospital, Cairo (U.S.E.D.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York (M.B.); the Division of Genetics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (J. Charrow); the Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (M.D., A.T.); Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.F.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza (P.G.), and Fundacio Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (R.T.) - both in Spain; O & O Alpa
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