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do Rosario MC, Kaur P, Girisha KM, Bielas S, Shukla A. Homozygous variant p.(Arg163Trp) in PIGH causes glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defect with epileptic encephalopathy and delayed myelination. Clin Dysmorphol 2022; 31:196-200. [PMID: 35445667 PMCID: PMC9474726 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C do Rosario
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Parneet Kaur
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Katta Mohan Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Stephanie Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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2
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Muckenthaler L, Marques O, Colucci S, Kunz J, Fabrowski P, Bast T, Altamura S, Höchsmann B, Schrezenmeier H, Langlotz M, Richter-Pechanska P, Rausch T, Hofmeister-Mielke N, Gunkel N, Hentze MW, Kulozik AE, Muckenthaler MU. Constitutional PIGA mutations cause a novel subtype of hemochromatosis in patients with neurologic dysfunction. Blood 2022; 139:1418-1422. [PMID: 34875027 PMCID: PMC10652939 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muckenthaler et al describe a novel form of hemochromatosis caused by a constitutional PIGA mutation in 3 children with associated neurologic dysfunction. Hemochromatosis results from decreased hepcidin, which is regulated by HFE, hemojuvelin (HJV), and transferrin receptor 2. HJV is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein, so PIGA mutation leads to decreased HJV expression. Interestingly, none of the children had evidence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The cause of the novel association with central nervous system manifestations remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kunz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piotr Fabrowski
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bast
- Pediatric Epilepsy Centre, Diaconia Kork, Kehl-Kork, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Höchsmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Monika Langlotz
- Flow Cytometry & FACS Core Facility, Centre of Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paulina Richter-Pechanska
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rausch
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Genome Biology Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas E. Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children Cancer Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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3
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Paprocka J, Hutny M, Hofman J, Tokarska A, Kłaniewska M, Szczałuba K, Stembalska A, Jezela-Stanek A, Śmigiel R. Spectrum of Neurological Symptoms in Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Biosynthesis Defects: Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2022; 12:758899. [PMID: 35058872 PMCID: PMC8763846 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.758899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations of genes involved in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins lead to rare syndromes called glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins biosynthesis defects. Alterations of their structure and function in these disorders impair often fundamental processes in cells, resulting in severe clinical image. This study aimed to provide a systematic review of GPIBD cases reports published in English-language literature. Methods: The browsing of open-access databases (PubMed, PubMed Central. and Medline) was conducted, followed by statistical analysis of gathered information concerning neurological symptomatology. The inclusion criteria were: studies on humans, age at onset (<18 y.o.), and report of GPIBD cases with adequate data on the genetic background and symptomatology. Exclusion criteria were: publication type (manuscripts, personal communication, review articles); reports of cases of GPI biosynthesis genes mutations in terms of other disorders; reports of GPIBD cases concentrating on non-neurological symptoms; or articles concentrating solely on the genetic issues of GPI biosynthesis. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Brigs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. Data synthesis was conducted using STATISTICA 13.3.721.1 (StatSoft Polska Sp. z.o.o.). Used tests were chi-square, Fisher's exact test (for differences in phenotype), and Mann-Whitney U test (for differences in onset of developmental delay). Results: Browsing returned a total of 973 articles which, after ruling out the repetitions and assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to final inclusion of 77 articles (337 GPIBD cases) in the analysis. The main outcomes were prevalence of neurological symptoms, onset and semiology of seizures and their response to treatment, and onset of developmental delay. Based on this data a synthesis of phenotypical differences between the groups of GPIBD cases and the general GPIBD cases population was made. Discussion: A synthetical analysis of neurological components in clinical image of GPIBD patients was presented. It highlights the main features of these disorders, which might be useful in clinical practice for consideration in differential diagnosis with children presenting with early-onset seizures and developmental delay. The limitation of this review is the scarcity of the specific data in some reports, concerning the semiology and onset of two main features of GPIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Paprocka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Hutny
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jagoda Hofman
- Students' Scientific Society, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tokarska
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Age Neurology, Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Szczałuba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Śmigiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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4
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Randzavola LO, Mortimer PM, Garside E, Dufficy ER, Schejtman A, Roumelioti G, Yu L, Pardo M, Spirohn K, Tolley C, Brandt C, Harcourt K, Nichols E, Nahorski M, Woods G, Williamson JC, Suresh S, Sowerby JM, Matsumoto M, Santos CXC, Kiar CS, Mukhopadhyay S, Rae WM, Dougan GJ, Grainger J, Lehner PJ, Calderwood MA, Choudhary J, Clare S, Speak A, Santilli G, Bateman A, Smith KGC, Magnani F, Thomas DC. EROS is a selective chaperone regulating the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and purinergic signalling. eLife 2022; 11:76387. [PMID: 36421765 PMCID: PMC9767466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EROS (essential for reactive oxygen species) protein is indispensable for expression of gp91phox, the catalytic core of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. EROS deficiency in humans is a novel cause of the severe immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, but its mechanism of action was unknown until now. We elucidate the role of EROS, showing it acts at the earliest stages of gp91phox maturation. It binds the immature 58 kDa gp91phox directly, preventing gp91phox degradation and allowing glycosylation via the oligosaccharyltransferase machinery and the incorporation of the heme prosthetic groups essential for catalysis. EROS also regulates the purine receptors P2X7 and P2X1 through direct interactions, and P2X7 is almost absent in EROS-deficient mouse and human primary cells. Accordingly, lack of murine EROS results in markedly abnormal P2X7 signalling, inflammasome activation, and T cell responses. The loss of both ROS and P2X7 signalling leads to resistance to influenza infection in mice. Our work identifies EROS as a highly selective chaperone for key proteins in innate and adaptive immunity and a rheostat for immunity to infection. It has profound implications for our understanding of immune physiology, ROS dysregulation, and possibly gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra O Randzavola
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paige M Mortimer
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma Garside
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Dufficy
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Georgia Roumelioti
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Spirohn
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Esme Nichols
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mike Nahorski
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Geoff Woods
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shreehari Suresh
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John M Sowerby
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Celio XC Santos
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cher Shen Kiar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - William M Rae
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gordon J Dougan
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John Grainger
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael A Calderwood
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kenneth GC Smith
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Francesca Magnani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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5
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Palagano E, Gordon CT, Uva P, Strina D, Dimartino C, Villa A, Amiel J, Guion-Almeida ML, Vendramini-Pittoli S, Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Zechi-Ceide RM, Sobacchi C. A novel intronic variant in PIGB in Acrofrontofacionasal dysostosis type 1 patients expands the spectrum of phenotypes associated with GPI biosynthesis defects. Bone 2021; 153:116152. [PMID: 34400385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acrofrontofacionasal dysostosis type 1 (AFFND1) is an extremely rare disorder characterized by several dysmorphic features, skeletal abnormalities and intellectual disability, and described only in seven patients in the literature. A biallelic variant in the Neuroblastoma Amplified Sequence (NBAS) gene was recently identified in two Indian patients with AFFND1. Here we report genetic investigation of AFFND1 in the originally described Brazilian families and the identification of an extremely rare, recessively-inherited, intronic variant in the Phosphatidylinositol Glycan class B (PIGB) gene NC_000015.10 (NM_004855.4): c.795-19T > G) in the affected individuals. The PIGB gene encodes an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, which is required for the post-translational modification of a large variety of proteins, enabling their correct cellular localization and function. Recessive variants in PIGB have previously been reported in individuals with a neurodevelopmental syndrome having partial overlap with AFFND1. In vitro assays demonstrated that the intronic variant leads to exon skipping, suggesting the Brazilian AFFND1 patients may be null for PIGB, in agreement with their severe clinical phenotype. These data increase the number of pathogenic variants in the PIGB gene, place AFFND1 among GPI deficiencies and extend the spectrum of phenotypes associated with GPI biosynthesis defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Palagano
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | | | - Paolo Uva
- IRCCS G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Strina
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | | | - Anna Villa
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy SR-Tiget, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Maria L Guion-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Siulan Vendramini-Pittoli
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Nancy M Kokitsu-Nakata
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Roseli M Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- CNR-IRGB, Milan Unit, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (MI), Italy.
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Tremblay-Laganière C, Kaiyrzhanov R, Maroofian R, Nguyen TTM, Salayev K, Chilton IT, Chung WK, Madden JA, Phornphutkul C, Agrawal PB, Houlden H, Campeau PM. PIGH deficiency can be associated with severe neurodevelopmental and skeletal manifestations. Clin Genet 2020; 99:313-317. [PMID: 33156547 PMCID: PMC7839508 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis class H (PIGH) is an essential player in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) synthesis, an anchor for numerous cell membrane-bound proteins. PIGH deficiency is a newly described and rare disorder associated with developmental delay, seizures and behavioral difficulties. Herein, we report three new unrelated families with two different bi-allelic PIGH variants, including one new variant p.(Arg163Trp) which seems associated with a more severe phenotype. The common clinical features in all affected individuals are developmental delay/intellectual disability and hypotonia. Variable clinical features include seizures, autism spectrum disorder, apraxia, severe language delay, dysarthria, feeding difficulties, facial dysmorphisms, microcephaly, strabismus, and musculoskeletal anomalies. The two siblings homozygous for the p.(Arg163Trp) variant have severe symptoms including profound psychomotor retardation, intractable seizures, multiple bone fractures, scoliosis, loss of independent ambulation, and delayed myelination on brain MRI. Serum iron levels were significantly elevated in one individual. All tested individuals with PIGH deficiency had normal alkaline phosphatase and CD16, a GPI-anchored protein (GPI-AP), was found to be decreased by 60% on granulocytes from one individual. This study expands the PIGH deficiency phenotype range toward the severe end of the spectrum with the identification of a novel pathogenic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | | | - Kamran Salayev
- Department of Neurology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ilana T Chilton
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill A Madden
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chanika Phornphutkul
- Departments of Pediatric and Pathology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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