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Norman T, Guenther J, Asante I, Adler BL. Analysis of Contact Allergens in Polyvinyl Chloride Examination Gloves in the United States. Dermatitis 2024; 35:160-166. [PMID: 37669114 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves are recommended as a safe alternative for patients with rubber accelerator allergy. However, allergic contact dermatitis to other chemicals in PVC gloves has been reported. Objective: To analyze single-use PVC medical examination gloves in the United States for the presence of potential contact allergens. Methods: Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 20 unique PVC gloves were analyzed in triplicate for 6 chemicals: benzisothiazolinone, bisphenol A, mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate, tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and triphenyl phosphite. Results: All 20 PVC gloves contained detectable quantities of benzisothiazolinone (range, 0.001-1.48 parts per million [ppm]), bisphenol A (0.01-0.11 ppm), triphenyl phosphate (0.01-2.11 ppm), and triphenyl phosphite (0.001-0.22 ppm). Eighteen (90%) gloves contained mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate (0.001-0.14 ppm) and 3 (15%) contained tricresyl phosphate (0.001-0.002 ppm). Conclusions: Known allergens were present in all 20 PVC gloves. However, the detected levels were mostly low and their relationship with sensitization and elicitation thresholds requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Norman
- From the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jana Guenther
- From the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Isaac Asante
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brandon L Adler
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Hasler H, Heyne S, Geier J, Beissert S, Bauer A. Trimethylolpropane poly(oxypropylene)triamine: A new contact allergen in water-based metalworking fluids. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37156736 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hasler
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heyne
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Beissert
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Karagounis TK, Cohen DE. Occupational Hand Dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:201-212. [PMID: 36749448 PMCID: PMC9903276 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Occupational hand dermatitis is a common work-related disorder of the skin. Prevention and management of this disease is critical to improving workers' quality of life and for occupation-specific retention. RECENT FINDINGS This is a critical review of the current literature on occupational hand dermatitis. Occupational dermatitis continues to have a high prevalence among workers although the overall incidence may be slowly decreasing. Irritant contact dermatitis due to wet work exposure is the most common cause of occupational hand dermatitis. Healthcare workers, hairdressers, and metal workers are at particularly high risk for this disease. While some prevention programs have been ineffective in mitigating occupational hand dermatitis, other more resource-intensive initiatives may have benefit. Continued research is needed on ways to manage wet work exposures and on scalable, effective prevention programs for occupational hand dermatitis. The spectrum of culprit contact allergens continues to evolve, and vigilance for potential occupation-specific allergens remains important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora K. Karagounis
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - David E. Cohen
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
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4
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Brans R, Schoenmaker M, Kiewert A, Skudlik C. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to dicylohexylamine in a metalworking fluid. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:205-207. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Maarten Schoenmaker
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Alexander Kiewert
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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5
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Goossens A, Aerts O. Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde and -releasers: A clinical review and update. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:20-27. [PMID: 35229319 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a clinically useful update regarding the role of formaldehyde (FA) and its five main releasers (FRs) quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) in contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis. These ubiquitous preservatives are still often, and sometimes undeclared, present in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, household detergents and chemical (industrial) products. In Europe, the use of free FA and quaternium-15 in cosmetics is forbidden and contact allergy rates have been found to be stable to decreasing. However, FA/FRs still readily provoke localized (e.g., facial/hand), airborne and generalized dermatitis, and may also complicate atopic and stasis dermatitis, or result in nummular dermatitis. Seborrheic-, rosacea- and impetigo-like dermatitis have recently been reported. For a correct diagnosis, FA 2% aq. (0.60 mg/cm2 ) should be used, and particularly the FRs bronopol 0.5% pet. and diazolidinyl urea 2% should be patch tested separately in a baseline series. If sensitization to FA occurs, both FA and FRs should preferably be avoided, except perhaps for bronopol in case it tests negatively. If a patient reacts to one or more FRs (such as bronopol, or diazolidinyl/imidazolidinyl urea), but not to FA, then the specific FR(s) should be avoided. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and Research group Immunology, INFLA-MED Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Johansen JD, Bonefeld CM, Schwensen JFB, Thyssen JP, Uter W. Novel insights into contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1162-1171. [PMID: 35183605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis is a common disease, caused by repeated skin contact to contact allergens or irritants, resulting in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and/or irritant contact dermatitis. Attempts have been made to identify biomarkers to distinguish irritant and allergic patch test reactions, which could aid diagnosis. Some promising candidates have recently been identified, but verification and validation in clinical cases still need to be done. New causes of ACD are constantly recognized. In this review, 10 new contact allergens from recent years, were identified, several relating to anti-age products. Frequent allergens causing considerable morbidity in the population such as the preservative methylisothiazolinone (MI) have been regulated in EU. A significant drop in cases has been seen, while high rates are still occurring in other areas such as North America. Other frequent causes are fragrance allergens especially widely used terpenes and acrylates used in medical devises for control of diabetes. These represent unsolved problems. Recent advances in immunology have opened for a better understanding of the complexity of contact dermatitis, especially ACD. The disease may be more heterogenous that previous understood with several subtypes. With the rapidly evolving molecular understanding of the disease, the potential for development of new drugs for personalized treatment of contact dermatitis is considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - C M Bonefeld
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - J F B Schwensen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy. Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - W Uter
- Dept. of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Univ. Erlangen / Nürnberg; Waldstr. 6 91054 Erlangen, GERMANY
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7
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Kolodziej M, Kiewert A, Skudlik C, Brans R. Allergic contact dermatitis to phenoxyethanol: A rare, but possible cause of hand dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:319-320. [PMID: 34921565 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kolodziej
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Alexander Kiewert
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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8
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Özkaya E, Elinç Aslan MS. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis: A 24-year, retrospective cohort study from Turkey. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:503-513. [PMID: 34263479 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist on occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) in Turkey. OBJECTIVES To investigate the epidemiologic profile of OACD in Turkey. METHODS A retrospective cohort study on 294 patients with OACD among 2801 consecutively patch-tested patients in the Allergy Unit of the Dermatology Department of İstanbul Faculty of Medicine between 1996 and 2019. RESULTS The overall prevalence of OACD was 10.5%, showing a male predominance. OACD was most frequently seen in construction workers (45.2%), followed by hairdressers, metalworkers, health care workers, and miscellaneous. The main relevant allergens were chromium in cement, thiurams in rubber gloves, hairdressing chemicals, resins/glues/plastics, metals, isothiazolinones, and fragrances. Hands were the mainly involved site (95.6%). Airborne eczema was observed in 21.4%. Hand and foot eczema and co-sensitizations to chrome and thiuram and chrome and cobalt were significantly associated with being a construction worker. Sensitizations to isothiazolinones in house painters, ammonium persulfate and p-phenylenediamine in hairdressers, and colophonium increased after 2010. CONCLUSION This was the largest group of data on OACD from Turkey, reflecting the importance of rubber glove allergy in all occupations and the striking increase in ammonium persulfate allergy among hairdressers. Chrome and cobalt were still the main cement allergens in Turkey, where the cement directive is not yet in force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Özkaya
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Sevinç Elinç Aslan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Dermatology, Saltat Klinik, İstanbul, Turkey
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9
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Obermeyer L, John SM, Skudlik C, Brans R. Partially airborne allergic contact dermatitis to rubber additives in a car mechanic. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:588-589. [PMID: 34089520 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Obermeyer
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Swen Malte John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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10
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Aalto-Korte K, Pesonen M. Patterns of positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health from 2007 to 2020. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:429-434. [PMID: 33934369 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde is an important contact sensitizer. Formaldehyde releasing substances induce positive reactions in formaldehyde-allergic patients, but there are also reactions independent of formaldehyde allergy. In an earlier study, stronger formaldehyde reactions led to more positive reactions to quaternium-15. OBJECTIVES To analyze patterns of positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde and different formaldehyde releasers. METHODS Patch test files of 1497 patients investigated during the period November 2007-August 2020 were retrospectively reviewed for positive reactions to formaldehyde and its releasers. During the study period, almost all (≥99.3%) patients were tested with a formaldehyde dilution series and six formaldehyde releasers. RESULTS Ninety-three patients tested positive to formaldehyde; 80% of these had positive reactions to at least one formaldehyde releaser, most often benzylhemiformal. There were only nine independent contact allergies to formaldehyde releasers. There were only two reactions to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and they occurred in formaldehyde-negative patients. In patients with extreme (+++) reactions to formaldehyde, concomitant positive reactions to any of the other 11 investigated formaldehyde releasers were more common than in patients with milder formaldehyde reactions. CONCLUSIONS Strong formaldehyde reactions were associated with positive reactions to formaldehyde releasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Occupational Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Occupational Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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DeKoven JG, DeKoven BM, Warshaw EM, Mathias CGT, Taylor JS, Sasseville D, Belsito DV, Fowler JF, Pratt MD, Zug KA, Maibach HI, DeLeo VA, Silverberg JI, Atwater AR, Reeder MJ, Holness DL. Occupational contact dermatitis: Retrospective analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 2001 to 2016. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:782-790. [PMID: 33753252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patch testing is an important diagnostic tool for suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in occupational settings. OBJECTIVE Provide an overview of occupational skin disease (OSD) and an analysis of occupational ACD in North American patients undergoing patch testing between 2001and 2016. METHODS Patients with OSD were analyzed for frequency of allergic reactions to a screening series of allergens, occupational relevance, location of skin disease, and exposure sources. Demographic, occupation, and industry information were recorded. RESULTS Of 38,614 patients evaluated, 4471 (11.6%) had OSD, of whom 3150 (70.5%) had ACD. The most common occupationally related allergens included rubber accelerators, preservatives, and bisphenol A epoxy resin. Hands (75.8%), arms (30.0%), and face (15.9%) were common sites of dermatitis. The occupations most affected were service workers and machine operators. LIMITATIONS Our cohort may not reflect the general working population. CONCLUSION This study identified common occupational allergens, exposure sources, and occupations/industries at risk. This information may help the clinician evaluate and manage patients with occupational contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Benjamin M DeKoven
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - James S Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Joseph F Fowler
- Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - D Linn Holness
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Linauskiene K, Dahlin J, Ezerinskis Z, Isaksson M, Sapolaite J, Malinauskiene L. Occupational exposure to nickel, cobalt, and chromium in the Lithuanian hard metal industry. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:247-253. [PMID: 33277692 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metalworkers are said to have heavy exposure to metals, but the amount of released metal ions from alloys and deposition on the hands is unknown. OBJECTIVE To analyze nickel, cobalt, and chromium in vitro release to the artificial sweat from nails and wire made of different alloys, and to test metal deposition on the fingers of metalworkers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six different samples of nails and wire were kept in artificial sweat for 24 hours and one week, respectively. The metal release was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Eighty-eight consecutive metal plant workers immersed their index fingers and thumbs in separate laboratory tubes filled with deionized water for 2 minutes. The sample analysis for metals was carried out with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). RESULTS The average released concentration of Ni was 0.0012 μg/cm2 , for Co it was 0.0007 μg/cm2 , and for Cr 0.0037 μg/cm2 after 24 hours and 0.0135, 0.0029, and 0.0042 μg/cm2 , respectively, after 1 week. There was a statistically significant increase in released concentration of Ni during one week: 0.0012 μg/cm2 vs 0.0135 μg/cm2 (P = .04). Medians of the detected Co amount on fingers reflected a statistically significant difference between workplaces: 0.004 μg/cm2 for metalworkers vs 0.001 μg/cm2 for office staff (P = .04). CONCLUSION Nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and chromium (Cr) can be released in different concentrations from nails and wire. Detected Ni and Cr levels can elicit dermatitis in already sensitized patients. Co can be extracted from alloys even if not mentioned on material safety data sheets. The finger immersion technique was used for cobalt and chromium detection on fingers for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotryna Linauskiene
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jacob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Zilvinas Ezerinskis
- Department for Nuclear Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Justina Sapolaite
- Department for Nuclear Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laura Malinauskiene
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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13
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Schubert S, Geier J, Skudlik C, Reich A, Hansen A, Buhl T, Mempel M, Schön MP, John SM, Brans R. Relevance of contact sensitizations in occupational dermatitis patients with special focus on patch testing of workplace materials. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:475-486. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Anna Reich
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Michael P. Schön
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Swen M. John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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