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Lee M, Oh G, Kwon T, Park J, Lee K, Zoh KD, Yoon C. Emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds from consumer spray products based on product type, spray method, and distance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17041. [PMID: 39048612 PMCID: PMC11269654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumer spray products (CSPs) are widely used in daily life, yet it is challenging to find products that fully disclose all components posing health risks. Existing studies primarily focus on product components or VOC quantities emitted during use. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the VOC concentrations emitted by CSPs at varying distances. 47 CSPs available in the Korean market were selected, spanning three spray groups: antiseptics/insecticides (11), aromatic deodorants (16), and coating/polishing agents (20). VOC in air samples were collected using Tenax TA tube at a distance of 1 and 3 m from the sprayed CSPs and then analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. Discrepancies were found between labeled and actual product components. Aromatic deodorants exhibited the highest total VOCs (TVOCs), while antiseptic/insecticide sprays exhibited the lowest. In the antiseptic/insecticide group and coating/polishing agent group, benzene as a propellant had a maximum concentration (30.9 ± 25.6 ppb), and as trigger, its concentration was 33.7 ± 30.7 ppb. Quantitative analysis using advanced analytical instruments only explained 26.1 ± 20.4% of toluene-equivalent TVOCs, suggesting the presence of additional substances. Concentrations varied by distance due to substance volatility and usage. Maintaining a distance of at least 1 m from CSPs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungho Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gitaek Oh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehong Kwon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Zheng W, Min Y, Pang K, Wu D. Sample Collection and Processing in Volatile Organic Compound Analysis for Gastrointestinal Cancers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1563. [PMID: 39061700 PMCID: PMC11276357 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14141563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds have drawn significant attention in recent years as a novel tool for non-invasive detection of a wide range of diseases, including gastrointestinal cancers, for which the need for effective, affordable, and non-invasive screening methods is substantial. Sample preparation is a fundamental step that greatly influences the quality of results and the feasibility of wide-range applications. This review summarizes sampling methods used in studies aiming at testing the diagnostic value of volatile organic compounds in gastrointestinal cancers, discussing in detail some of the recent advancements in automated sampling techniques. Finally, we propose some directions in which sample collection and processing can improve for VOC analysis to be popularized in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yiyang Min
- 8-yr M.D. Program, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ke Pang
- 8-yr M.D. Program, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Lv W, Shi W, Zhang Z, Ru L, Feng W, Tang H, Wang X. Identification of volatile biomarkers for lung cancer from different histological sources: A comprehensive study. Anal Biochem 2024; 690:115527. [PMID: 38565333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The identification of noninvasive volatile biomarkers for lung cancer is a significant clinical challenge. Through in vitro studies, the recognition of altered metabolism in cell volatile organic compound (VOC) emitting profile, along with the occurrence of oncogenesis, provides insight into the biochemical pathways involved in the production and metabolism of lung cancer volatile biomarkers. In this research, for the first time, a comprehensive comparative analysis of the volatile metabolites in NSCLS cells (A549), SCLC cells (H446), lung normal cells (BEAS-2B), as well as metabolites in both the oxidative stress (OS) group and control group. Specifically, the combination of eleven VOCs, including n-dodecane, acetaldehyde, isopropylbenzene, p-ethyltoluene and cis-1,3-dichloropropene, exhibited potential as volatile biomarkers for lung cancer originating from two different histological sources. Furthermore, the screening process in A549 cell lines resulted in the identification of three exclusive biomarkers, isopropylbenzene, formaldehyde and bromoform. Similarly, the exclusive biomarkers 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, p-ethyltoluene, and cis-1,3-dichloropropene were present in the H446 cell line. Additionally, significant changes in trans-2-pentene, acetaldehyde, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and bromoform were observed, indicating a strong association with OS. These findings highlight the potential of volatile biomarkers profiling as a means of noninvasive identification for lung cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Wenmin Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhijuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Lihua Ru
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hanxiao Tang
- College of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiangqi Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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Sukaram T, Tansawat R, Phathong C, Rerknimitr R, Chaiteerakij R. Volatile organic compounds for diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma in at-risk patients. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 556:117831. [PMID: 38378104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been shown as promising biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis. We aimed to investigate the performance of VOCs for diagnosing early-stage HCC in patients at-risk for HCC. METHODS VOCs were identified in exhaled breath samples collected from 87 early-stage HCC patients, 90 cirrhotic patients, and 72 HBV-infected patients using thermal desorption-gas chromatography/field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry. The VOC levels were compared between the three groups. An association between VOCs and HCC was determined using logistic regression analysis. Diagnostic performance of VOCs was estimated using the AUROC and compared to serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). RESULTS The levels of acetone monomer, dimethyl sulfide, 1,4-pentadiene, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone dimer were significantly different between the three groups. After adjusting for liver function test and AFP, acetone dimer was significantly associated with HCC. Acetone dimer significantly outperformed AFP with 86.2 % vs. 61.2 % sensitivity, 87.6 % vs. 66.2 % specificity, 86.9 % vs. 63.5 % for accuracy, and AUROC of 0.908 vs. 0.665, p = 0.007, <0.001, <0.001, and 0.001, respectively, for differentiating between HCC and cirrhosis. CONCLUSION Acetone showed a better performance than AFP for diagnosing early HCC in at-risk patients. Further studies to validate the utility of VOCs as an HCC surveillance tool are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanikan Sukaram
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rossarin Tansawat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlada Phathong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungsun Rerknimitr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongruedee Chaiteerakij
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Angioli R, Santonico M, Pennazza G, Montera R, Luvero D, Gatti A, Zompanti A, Finamore P, Incalzi RA. Use of Sensor Array Analysis to Detect Ovarian Cancer through Breath, Urine, and Blood: A Case-Control Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:561. [PMID: 38473033 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the eighth most common cancer in women. Since screening programs do not exist, it is often diagnosed in advanced stages. Today, the detection of OC is based on clinical examination, transvaginal ultrasound (US), and serum biomarker (Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA 125) and Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4)) dosage, with a sensitivity of 88% and 95%, respectively, and a specificity of 84% for US and 76% for biomarkers. These methods are clearly not enough, and OC in its early stages is often missed. Many scientists have recently focused their attention on volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These are gaseous molecules, found in the breath, that could provide interesting information on several diseases, including solid tumors. To detect VOCs, an electronic nose was invented by a group of researchers. A similar device, the e-tongue, was later created to detect specific molecules in liquids. For the first time in the literature, we investigated the potential use of the electronic nose and the electronic tongue to detect ovarian cancer not just from breath but also from urine, blood, and plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Angioli
- Unit of Gynecology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Santonico
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Montera
- Unit of Gynecology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Luvero
- Unit of Gynecology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gatti
- Unit of Gynecology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zompanti
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Panaiotis Finamore
- Unit of Geriatrics, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi
- Unit of Geriatrics, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Marcellinaro R, Spoletini D, Grieco M, Avella P, Cappuccio M, Troiano R, Lisi G, Garbarino GM, Carlini M. Colorectal Cancer: Current Updates and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med 2023; 13:40. [PMID: 38202047 PMCID: PMC10780254 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a frequent neoplasm in western countries, mainly due to dietary and behavioral factors. Its incidence is growing in developing countries for the westernization of foods and lifestyles. An increased incidence rate is observed in patients under 45 years of age. In recent years, the mortality for CRC is decreased, but this trend is slowing. The mortality rate is reducing in those countries where prevention and treatments have been implemented. The survival is increased to over 65%. This trend reflects earlier detection of CRC through routine clinical examinations and screening, more accurate staging through advances in imaging, improvements in surgical techniques, and advances in chemotherapy and radiation. The most important predictor of survival is the stage at diagnosis. The screening programs are able to reduce incidence and mortality rates of CRC. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of incidence, mortality, and survival rate for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Marcellinaro
- Department of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Domenico Spoletini
- Department of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Grieco
- Department of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Pasquale Avella
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.A.); (M.C.)
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pineta Grande Hospital, Castel Volturno, 81030 Caserta, Italy
| | - Micaela Cappuccio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaele Troiano
- Department of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Giorgio Lisi
- Department of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Giovanni M. Garbarino
- Department of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Carlini
- Department of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
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Vassilenko V, Moura PC, Raposo M. Diagnosis of Carcinogenic Pathologies through Breath Biomarkers: Present and Future Trends. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3029. [PMID: 38002028 PMCID: PMC10669878 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of volatile breath biomarkers has been targeted with a lot of interest by the scientific and medical communities during the past decades due to their suitability for an accurate, painless, non-invasive, and rapid diagnosis of health states and pathological conditions. This paper reviews the most relevant bibliographic sources aiming to gather the most pertinent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) already identified as putative cancer biomarkers. Here, a total of 265 VOCs and the respective bibliographic sources are addressed regarding their scientifically proven suitability to diagnose a total of six carcinogenic diseases, namely lung, breast, gastric, colorectal, prostate, and squamous cell (oesophageal and laryngeal) cancers. In addition, future trends in the identification of five other forms of cancer, such as bladder, liver, ovarian, pancreatic, and thyroid cancer, through perspective volatile breath biomarkers are equally presented and discussed. All the results already achieved in the detection, identification, and quantification of endogenous metabolites produced by all kinds of normal and abnormal processes in the human body denote a promising and auspicious future for this alternative diagnostic tool, whose future passes by the development and employment of newer and more accurate collection and analysis techniques, and the certification for utilisation in real clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vassilenko
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Catalão Moura
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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8
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Krishnamoorthy A, Arasaradnam R. Colorectal cancer diagnostic biomarkers: Beyond faecal haemoglobin. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 66:101870. [PMID: 37852713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, and the second commonest cause of cancer deaths worldwide. One of the most important prognostic factors, and thus a potential target for improving cancer care, is the stage of cancer at diagnosis. Earlier stage diagnosis is associated with better prognosis and longer survival times after treatment. At the same time, the use of targeted therapies and immunotherapy is improving CRC outcomes. Diagnostic biomarkers are key to both early detection and prediction of treatment responses. Currently faecal immunochemical testing for haemoglobin is perhaps the most widespread CRC diagnostic biomarker. However other biomarkers are approved for clinical use and others are in the validation stage of research prior to clinical use. This review focuses on these the evidence behind these biomarkers, their current and potential future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krishnamoorthy
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - R Arasaradnam
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Tan SY, Ma Q, Li F, Jiang H, Peng XY, Dong J, Ye X, Wang QL, You FM, Fu X, Ren YF. Does the last 20 years paradigm of clinical research using volatile organic compounds to non-invasively diagnose cancer need to change? Challenges and future direction. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:10377-10386. [PMID: 37273109 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have shown great potential as novel biomarkers for cancer detection; however, comprehensive quantitative analysis is lacking. In this study, we performed a bibliometric analysis of non-invasive cancer diagnosis using VOCs to better characterise international trends and to predict future hotspots in this field, and then we focussed on human studies to analyse clinical characteristics for presenting the current controversies and future perspectives of further clinical work. METHODS Publications, from 2002 to 2022, were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to generate network maps and identify the annual publications, top countries, authors, institutions, journals, references, and keywords. Then, we further screened clinical trials, and the key information was extracted into Microsoft Excel for further systematical analysis. RESULTS Six hundred and forty-one articles were identified to evaluate research trends, of which 301 clinical trials were selected for further systematical analysis. Overall, the annual publications in this area increased, with an overall upward trend, while the quality of clinical research remains remarkably uneven. CONCLUSION The study of non-invasive cancer diagnosis using VOCs would continue to be an active field. However, without stringent clinical design criteria, most suitable acquisition and analysis devices and statistical approaches, a list of exclusive, specific, reliable and reproducible VOCs to identify a disease and these VOCs appearing in a breath at detectable levels at early stage disease, the clinical utility of VOC tests will be difficult to have any breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yan Tan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiong Ma
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Peng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng-Ming You
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi-Feng Ren
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Yang M, Jiang J, Hua L, Jiang D, Wang Y, Li D, Wang R, Zhang X, Li H. Rapid Detection of Volatile Organic Metabolites in Urine by High-Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry for Breast Cancer Screening: A Pilot Study. Metabolites 2023; 13:870. [PMID: 37512577 PMCID: PMC10385751 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite surpassing lung cancer as the most frequently diagnosed cancer, female breast cancer (BC) still lacks rapid detection methods for screening that can be implemented on a large scale in practical clinical settings. However, urine is a readily available biofluid obtained non-invasively and contains numerous volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) that offer valuable metabolic information concerning the onset and progression of diseases. In this work, a rapid method for analysis of VOMs in urine by using high-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) coupled with dynamic purge injection. A simple pretreatment process of urine samples by adding acid and salt was employed for efficient VOM sampling, and the numbers of metabolites increased and the detection sensitivity was improved after the acid (HCl) and salt (NaCl) addition. The established mass spectrometry detection method was applied to analyze a set of training samples collected from a local hospital, including 24 breast cancer patients and 27 healthy controls. Statistical analysis techniques such as principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used, and nine VOMs were identified as differential metabolites. Finally, acrolein, 2-pentanone, and methyl allyl sulfide were selected to build a metabolite combination model for distinguishing breast cancer patients from the healthy group, and the achieved sensitivity and specificity were 92.6% and 91.7%, respectively, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The results demonstrate that this technology has potential to become a rapid screening tool for breast cancer, with significant room for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Depeng Li
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Center for Advanced Mass Spectrometry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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11
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Kato M, Yamaguchi M, Ooka A, Takahashi R, Suzuki T, Onoda K, Yoshikawa Y, Tsunematsu Y, Sato M, Yoshioka Y, Igarashi M, Hayakawa S, Shoji K, Shoji Y, Ishikawa T, Watanabe K, Miyoshi N. Non-target GC-MS analyses of fecal VOCs in NASH-hepatocellular carcinoma model STAM mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8924. [PMID: 37264108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of obesity in the global population has increased the risk of several chronic inflammation-related diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The progression from NASH to HCC involves a virus-independent liver carcinogenic mechanism; however, we currently lack effective treatment and prevention strategies. Several reports have suggested that fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are strongly associated with NASH-HCC; therefore, we explored the biomarkers involved in its pathogenesis and progression. Fecal samples collected from control and NASH-HCC model STAM mice were subjected to headspace autosampler gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry. Non-target profiling analysis identified diacetyl (2,3-butandione) as a fecal VOC that characterizes STAM mice. Although fecal diacetyl levels were correlated with the HCC in STAM mice, diacetyl is known as a cytotoxic/tissue-damaging compound rather than genotoxic or mutagenic; therefore, we examined the effect of bioactivity associated with NASH progression. We observed that diacetyl induced several pro-inflammatory molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and transforming growth factor-β, in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 and Kupffer KPU5 cells. Additionally, we observed that diacetyl induced α-smooth muscle actin, one of the hallmarks of fibrosis, in an ex vivo cultured hepatic section, but not in in vitro hepatic stellate TWNT-1 cells. These results suggest that diacetyl would be a potential biomarker of fecal VOC in STAM mice, and its ability to trigger the macrophage-derived inflammation and fibrosis may partly contribute to NASH-HCC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kato
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Momoka Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akira Ooka
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryota Takahashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Science, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keita Onoda
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasukiyo Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neurological Disorders, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sumio Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shoji
- Basic Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shoji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Shizuoka Eiwa Gakuin University Junior College, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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Pecere S, Ciuffini C, Chiappetta MF, Petruzziello L, Papparella LG, Spada C, Gasbarrini A, Barbaro F. Increasing the accuracy of colorectal cancer screening. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:583-591. [PMID: 37099725 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2207828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health issue, being responsible for nearly 10% of all cancer-related deaths. Since CRC is often an asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic disease until it reaches advanced stages, screening is crucial for the diagnosis of preneoplastic lesions or early CRC. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to summarize the literature evidence on currently available CRC screening tools, with their pros and cons, focusing on the level of accuracy reached by each test over time. We also provide an overview of novel technologies and scientific advances that are currently being investigated and that in the future may represent real game-changers in the field of CRC screening. EXPERT OPINION We suggest that best screening modalities are annual or biennial FIT and colonoscopy every 10 years. We believe that the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI)-tools in the CRC screening field could lead to a significant improvement of the screening efficacy in reducing CRC incidence and mortality in the future. More resources should be put into implementing CRC programmes and support research project to further increase accuracy of CRC screening tests and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pecere
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome
| | - Cristina Ciuffini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome
| | - Michele Francesco Chiappetta
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome
| | - Lucio Petruzziello
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome
| | - Luigi Giovanni Papparella
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome
| | - Cristiano Spada
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome
| | - Federico Barbaro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome
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13
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Chemoresistive Nanosensors Employed to Detect Blood Tumor Markers in Patients Affected by Colorectal Cancer in a One-Year Follow Up. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061797. [PMID: 36980683 PMCID: PMC10046137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents 10% of the annual tumor diagnosis and deaths occurring worldwide. Given the lack of specific symptoms, which could determine a late diagnosis, the research for specific CRC biomarkers and for innovative low-invasive methods to detect them is crucial. Therefore, on the basis of previously published results, some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), detectable through gas sensors, resulted in particularly promising CRC biomarkers, making these sensors suitable candidates to be employed in CRC screening devices. A new device was employed here to analyze the exhalations of blood samples collected from CRC-affected patients at different stages of their pre- and post-surgery therapeutic path, in order to assess the sensor’s capability for discriminating among these samples. The stages considered were: the same day of the surgical treatment (T1); before the hospital discharge (T2); after one month and after 10–12 months from surgery (T3 and T4, respectively). This device, equipped with four different sensors based on different metal–oxide mixtures, enabled a distinction between T1 and T4 with a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 82%, respectively, making it suitable for clinical follow-up protocols, patient health status monitoring and to detect possible post-treatment relapses.
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14
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van Liere ELSA, van Dijk LJ, Bosch S, Vermeulen L, Heymans MW, Burchell GL, de Meij TGJ, Ramsoekh D, de Boer NKH. Urinary volatile organic compounds for colorectal cancer screening, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2023; 186:69-82. [PMID: 37030079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The faecal immunochemical test (FIT) suffers from suboptimal performance and participation in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be a useful alternative. We aimed to determine the diagnostic potential of urinary VOCs for CRC/adenomas. By relating VOCs to known pathways, we aimed to gain insight into the pathophysiology of colorectal neoplasia. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Original studies on urinary VOCs for CRC/adenoma detection with a control group were included. QUADAS-2 tool was used for quality assessment. Meta-analysis was performed by adopting a bivariate model for sensitivity/specificity. Fagan's nomogram estimated the performance of combined FIT-VOC. Neoplasm-associated VOCs were linked to pathways using the KEGG database. RESULTS Sixteen studies-involving 837 CRC patients and 1618 controls-were included; 11 performed chemical identification and 7 chemical fingerprinting. In all studies, urinary VOCs discriminated CRC from controls. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for CRC based on chemical fingerprinting were 84% (95% CI 73-91%) and 70% (95% CI 63-77%), respectively. The most distinctive individual VOC was butanal (AUC 0.98). The estimated probability of having CRC following negative FIT was 0.38%, whereas 0.09% following negative FIT-VOC. Combined FIT-VOC would detect 33% more CRCs. In total 100 CRC-associated urinary VOCs were identified; particularly hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, aldehydes/ketones and amino acids, and predominantly involved in TCA-cycle or alanine/aspartate/glutamine/glutamate/phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan metabolism, which is supported by previous research on (colorectal)cancer biology. The potential of urinary VOCs to detect precancerous adenomas or gain insight into their pathophysiology appeared understudied. CONCLUSION Urinary VOCs hold potential for non-invasive CRC screening. Multicentre validation studies are needed, especially focusing on adenoma detection. Urinary VOCs elucidate underlying pathophysiologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa L S A van Liere
- Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit, School of Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura J van Dijk
- Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit, School of Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sofie Bosch
- Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn W Heymans
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - George L Burchell
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim G J de Meij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dewkoemar Ramsoekh
- Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit, School of Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nanne K H de Boer
- Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit, School of Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Krishnamoorthy A, Chandrapalan S, Bosch S, Bannaga A, De Boer NK, De Meij TG, Leja M, Hanna GB, De Vietro N, Altomare D, Arasaradnam RP. The Influence of Mechanical Bowel Preparation on Volatile Organic Compounds for the Detection of Gastrointestinal Disease-A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23031377. [PMID: 36772415 PMCID: PMC9919600 DOI: 10.3390/s23031377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Colorectal cancer is the second commonest cause of cancer deaths worldwide; recently, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been proposed as potential biomarkers of this disease. In this paper, we aim to identify and review the available literature on the influence of mechanical bowel preparation on VOC production and measurement. (2) Methods: A systematic search for studies was carried out for articles relevant to mechanical bowel preparation and its effects on volatile organic compounds. A total of 4 of 1349 papers initially derived from the search were selected. (3) Results: Two studies with a total of 134 patients found no difference in measured breath VOC profiles after bowel preparation; one other study found an increase in breath acetone in 61 patients after bowel preparation, but no other compounds were affected. Finally, the last study showed the alteration of urinary VOC profiles. (4) Conclusions: There is limited data on the effect of bowel preparation on VOC production in the body. As further studies of VOCs are conducted in patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease, the quantification of the effect of bowel preparation on their abundance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Subashini Chandrapalan
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Sofie Bosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayman Bannaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Nanne K.H. De Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim G.J. De Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma’s Children Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventative Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - George B. Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Donato Altomare
- Department of Surgery, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Ramesh P. Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
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Systematic Review: Contribution of the Gut Microbiome to the Volatile Metabolic Fingerprint of Colorectal Neoplasia. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010055. [PMID: 36676980 PMCID: PMC9865897 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been associated with changes in volatile metabolic profiles in several human biological matrices. This enables its non-invasive detection, but the origin of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their relation to the gut microbiome are not yet fully understood. This systematic review provides an overview of the current understanding of this topic. A systematic search using PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science according to PRISMA guidelines resulted in seventy-one included studies. In addition, a systematic search was conducted that identified five systematic reviews from which CRC-associated gut microbiota data were extracted. The included studies analyzed VOCs in feces, urine, breath, blood, tissue, and saliva. Eight studies performed microbiota analysis in addition to VOC analysis. The most frequently reported dysregulations over all matrices included short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, proteolytic fermentation products, and products related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and Warburg metabolism. Many of these dysregulations could be related to the shifts in CRC-associated microbiota, and thus the gut microbiota presumably contributes to the metabolic fingerprint of VOC in CRC. Future research involving VOCs analysis should include simultaneous gut microbiota analysis.
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Volatilomics as an Emerging Strategy to Determine Potential Biomarkers of Female Infertility: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112852. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its high prevalence, infertility has become a prominent public health issue, posing a significant challenge to modern reproductive medicine. Some clinical conditions that lead to female infertility include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and premature ovarian failure (POF). Follicular fluid (FF) is the biological matrix that has the most contact with the oocyte and can, therefore, be used as a predictor of its quality. Volatilomics has emerged as a non-invasive, straightforward, affordable, and simple method for characterizing various diseases and determining the effectiveness of their current therapies. In order to find potential biomarkers of infertility, this study set out to determine the volatomic pattern of the follicular fluid from patients with PCOS, endometriosis, and POF. The chromatographic data integration was performed through solid-phase microextraction (SPME), followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The findings pointed to specific metabolite patterns as potential biomarkers for the studied diseases. These open the door for further research into the relevant metabolomic pathways to enhance infertility knowledge and diagnostic tools. An extended investigation may, however, produce a new mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology of the diseases.
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Siriwong N, Sukaram T, Tansawat R, Apiparakoon T, Tiyarattanachai T, Marukatat S, Rerknimitr R, Chaiteerakij R. Exhaled volatile organic compounds for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis. LIVER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Yang H, Mou Y, Hu B. Diagnostic Ability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Digestive Cancer: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2022; 16:11795549221105027. [PMID: 35754925 PMCID: PMC9218909 DOI: 10.1177/11795549221105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been involved in cancer diagnosis via breath, urine, and feces. We aimed to assess the diagnostic ability of VOCs on digestive cancers. Methods: We systematically reviewed prospective clinical trials evaluating VOCs’ diagnostic ability on esophageal, gastric, colorectal, hepatic, and pancreatic cancer (PC). Databases including PubMed and Ovid-Medline were searched. Results: A total of 35 trials with 5314 patient-times qualified for inclusion. The pooled sensitivity of VOCs diagnosing gastroesophageal cancer from healthy controls is 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82-0.94), the pooled specificity is 0.890 (95% CI: 0.84-0.93), and area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic curve is 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.95). The pooled sensitivity of VOCs diagnosing colorectal cancer from heathy controls is 0.92 (95% CI: 0.85-0.96), the pooled specificity is 0.88 (95% CI: 0.77-0.94), and the AUC is 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94-0.97). The pooled sensitivity of VOCs distinguishing gastrointestinal (GI) cancer from precancerous lesions is 0.84 (95% CI: 0.67-0.92), the pooled specificity is 0.74 (95% CI: 0.43-0.91), and the AUC is 0.87 (95% CI: 0.84-0.89). The pooled sensitivity of VOCs diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma is 0.68 (95% CI: 0.52-0.81), the pooled specificity is 0.81 (95% CI: 0.47-0.96), and the AUC is 0.78 (95% CI: 0.74-0.81). The pooled sensitivity of VOCs diagnosing PC is 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80-0.93), the pooled specificity is 0.82 (95% CI: 0.62-0.93), and the AUC is 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89-0.94). Conclusions: Volatile organic compounds have potential role in diagnosing GI cancer with comparatively high sensitivity, specificity, and AUC (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021260039).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Mou
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Urinary Volatile Organic Compound Testing in Fast-Track Patients with Suspected Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092127. [PMID: 35565258 PMCID: PMC9099958 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current pathway for the investigation of possible colorectal cancer includes the use of colonoscopy. This is an invasive and unpleasant procedure, and currently, a large number of those performed are normal. Previous research has demonstrated that urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be used to detect cancer, including colorectal cancer. However, these studies have only taken place in patients already known to have cancer. This study aimed to assess the role of urinary VOC analysis in the NHS two weeks wait for cancer pathway. Three analytical techniques were used to analyze urine samples of 558 patients during the standard NHS assessment pathway. It demonstrated that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) has excellent sensitivity and specificity for the identification of cancer and polyps in this patient group. These results show a potential role for urinary VOC analysis in the NHS cancer screening pathway, to reduce the need for invasive colonoscopy testing. Abstract Colorectal symptoms are common but only infrequently represent serious pathology, including colorectal cancer (CRC). A large number of invasive tests are presently performed for reassurance. We investigated the feasibility of urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) testing as a potential triage tool in patients fast-tracked for assessment for possible CRC. A prospective, multi-center, observational feasibility study was performed across three sites. Patients referred to NHS fast-track pathways for potential CRC provided a urine sample that underwent Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS), and Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS) analysis. Patients underwent colonoscopy and/or CT colonography and were grouped as either CRC, adenomatous polyp(s), or controls to explore the diagnostic accuracy of VOC output data supported by an artificial neural network (ANN) model. 558 patients participated with 23 (4%) CRC diagnosed. 59% of colonoscopies and 86% of CT colonographies showed no abnormalities. Urinary VOC testing was feasible, acceptable to patients, and applicable within the clinical fast track pathway. GC-MS showed the highest clinical utility for CRC and polyp detection vs. controls (sensitivity = 0.878, specificity = 0.882, AUROC = 0.896) but it is labour intensive. Urinary VOC testing and analysis are feasible within NHS fast-track CRC pathways. Clinically meaningful differences between patients with cancer, polyps, or no pathology were identified suggesting VOC analysis may have future utility as a triage tool.
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van Liere ELSA, de Boer NKH, Dekker E, van Leerdam ME, de Meij TGJ, Ramsoekh D. Systematic review: non-endoscopic surveillance for colorectal neoplasia in individuals with Lynch syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:778-788. [PMID: 35181895 PMCID: PMC9303645 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Lynch syndrome are at high risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). Regular colonoscopies have proven to decrease CRC incidence and mortality. However, colonoscopy is burdensome and interval CRCs still occur. Hence, an accurate, less-invasive screening method that guides the timing of colonoscopy would be of important value. AIM To outline the performance of non-endoscopic screening modalities for Lynch-associated CRC and adenomas. METHODS Systematic literature search in MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify studies investigating imaging techniques and biomarkers for detection of CRC and adenomas in Lynch syndrome. The QUADAS-2 tool was used for the quality assessment of included studies. RESULTS Seven of 1332 screened articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two studies evaluated either CT colonography or MR colonography; both techniques were unable to detect CRC and (advanced) adenomas <10 mm. The other five studies evaluated plasma methylated-SEPTIN9, faecal immunochemical test (FIT), faecal tumour DNA markers (BAT-26, hMLH1, p53, D9S171, APC, D9S162, IFNA and DCC) and faecal microbiome as screening modalities. Sensitivity for CRC varied from 33% (BAT-26) to 70% (methylated-SEPTIN9) to 91% (hMLH1). High specificity (94-100%) for CRC and/or adenomas was observed for methylated-SEPTIN9, FIT and BAT-26. Desulfovibrio was enriched in the stool of patients having adenomas. However, all these studies were characterised by small populations, high/unclear risk of bias and/or low prevalence of adenomas. CONCLUSIONS Imaging techniques are unsuitable for colon surveillance in Lynch syndrome, whereas biomarkers are understudied. Having outlined biomarker research in Lynch-associated and sporadic CRC/adenomas, we believe that these non-invasive markers may hold potential (whether or not combined) for this population. As they could be of great value, (pre-)clinical studies in this field should be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa L. S. A. van Liere
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre, AGEM Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nanne K. H. de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre, AGEM Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Evelien Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Monique E. van Leerdam
- Department of GastroenterologyNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tim G. J. de Meij
- Department of Paediatric GastroenterologyEmma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dewkoemar Ramsoekh
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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22
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Sukaram T, Tansawat R, Apiparakoon T, Tiyarattanachai T, Marukatat S, Rerknimitr R, Chaiteerakij R. Exhaled volatile organic compounds for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5326. [PMID: 35351916 PMCID: PMC8964758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well studied. We determined VOCs profile in exhaled breath of 97 HCC patients and 111 controls using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Support Vector Machine algorithm. The combination of acetone, 1,4-pentadiene, methylene chloride, benzene, phenol and allyl methyl sulfide provided the highest accuracy of 79.6%, with 76.5% sensitivity and 82.7% specificity in the training set; and 55.4% accuracy, 44.0% sensitivity, and 75.0% specificity in the test set. This combination was correlated with the HCC stages demonstrating by the increased distance from the classification boundary when the stage advanced. For early HCC detection, d-limonene provided a 62.8% sensitivity, 51.8% specificity and 54.9% accuracy. The levels of acetone, butane and dimethyl sulfide were significantly altered after treatment. Patients with complete response had a greater decreased acetone level than those with remaining tumor post-treatment (73.38 ± 56.76 vs. 17.11 ± 58.86 (× 106 AU, p = 0.006). Using a cutoff of 35.9 × 106 AU, the reduction in acetone level predicted treatment response with 77.3% sensitivity, 83.3% specificity, 79.4%, accuracy, and AUC of 0.784. This study demonstrates the feasibility of exhaled VOCs as a non-invasive tool for diagnosis, monitoring of HCC progression and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanikan Sukaram
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rossarin Tansawat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terapap Apiparakoon
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sanparith Marukatat
- Image Processing and Understanding Team, Artificial Intelligence Research Group, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungsun Rerknimitr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongruedee Chaiteerakij
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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23
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Astolfi M, Rispoli G, Benedusi M, Zonta G, Landini N, Valacchi G, Malagù C. Chemoresistive Sensors for Cellular Type Discrimination Based on Their Exhalations. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071111. [PMID: 35407231 PMCID: PMC9000844 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhaled by human body fluids is a recent and promising method to reveal tumor formations. In this feasibility study, a patented device, based on nanostructured chemoresistive gas sensors, was employed to explore the gaseous exhalations of tumoral, immortalized, and healthy cell lines, with the aim of distinguishing their VOC patterns. The analysis of the device output to the cell VOCs, emanated at different incubation times and initial plating concentrations, was performed to evaluate the device suitability to identify the cell types and to monitor their growth. The sensors ST25 (based on tin and titanium oxides), STN (based on tin, titanium, and niobium oxides), and TiTaV (based on titanium, tantalum and vanadium oxides) used here, gave progressively increasing responses upon the cell density increase and incubation time; the sensor W11 (based on tungsten oxide) gave instead unreliable responses to all cell lines. All sensors (except for W11) gave large and consistent responses to RKO and HEK293 cells, while they were less responsive to CHO, A549, and CACO-2 ones. The encouraging results presented here, although preliminary, foresee the development of sensor arrays capable of identifying tumor presence and its type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Astolfi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (G.R.)
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (G.R.)
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giulia Zonta
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicolò Landini
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Environmental Science and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
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24
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Haworth JJ, Pitcher CK, Ferrandino G, Hobson AR, Pappan KL, Lawson JLD. Breathing new life into clinical testing and diagnostics: perspectives on volatile biomarkers from breath. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2022; 59:353-372. [PMID: 35188863 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2038075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human breath offers several benefits for diagnostic applications, including simple, noninvasive collection. Breath is a rich source of clinically-relevant biological information; this includes a volatile fraction, where greater than 1,000 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been described so far, and breath aerosols that carry nucleic acids, proteins, signaling molecules, and pathogens. Many of these factors, especially VOCs, are delivered to the lung by the systemic circulation, and diffusion of candidate biomarkers from blood into breath allows systematic profiling of organismal health. Biomarkers on breath offer the capability to advance early detection and precision medicine in areas of global clinical need. Breath tests are noninvasive and can be performed at home or in a primary care setting, which makes them well-suited for the kind of public screening program that could dramatically improve the early detection of conditions such as lung cancer. Since measurements of VOCs on breath largely report on metabolic changes, this too aids in the early detection of a broader range of illnesses and can be used to detect metabolic shifts that could be targeted through precision medicine. Furthermore, the ability to perform frequent sampling has envisioned applications in monitoring treatment responses. Breath has been investigated in respiratory, liver, gut, and neurological diseases and in contexts as diverse as infectious diseases and cancer. Preclinical research studies using breath have been ongoing for some time, yet only a few breath-based diagnostics tests are currently available and in widespread clinical use. Most recently, tests assessing the gut microbiome using hydrogen and methane on breath, in addition to tests using urea to detect Helicobacter pylori infections have been released, yet there are many more applications of breath tests still to be realized. Here, we discuss the strengths of breath as a clinical sampling matrix and the technical challenges to be addressed in developing it for clinical use. Historically, a lack of standardized methodologies has delayed the discovery and validation of biomarker candidates, resulting in a proliferation of early-stage pilot studies. We will explore how advancements in breath collection and analysis are in the process of driving renewed progress in the field, particularly in the context of gastrointestinal and chronic liver disease. Finally, we will provide a forward-looking outlook for developing the next generation of clinically relevant breath tests and how they may emerge into clinical practice.
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25
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Biomarkers to Detect Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020255. [PMID: 35203465 PMCID: PMC8869393 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The high incidence and the acceleration of incidence in younger people reinforces the need for better techniques of early detection. The use of noninvasive biomarkers has potential to more accurately inform how patients are prioritised for clinical investigation, which, in turn, may ultimately translate into improved survival for those subsequently found to have curable-stage CRC. This review surveys a wide range of CRC biomarkers that may (alone or in combination) identify symptomatic patients presenting in primary care who should be progressed for clinical investigation.
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26
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Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020852. [PMID: 35055034 PMCID: PMC8776048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Less than half of cases are diagnosed when the cancer is locally advanced. CRC is a heterogenous disease associated with a number of genetic or somatic mutations. Diagnostic markers are used for risk stratification and early detection, which might prolong overall survival. Nowadays, the widespread use of semi-invasive endoscopic methods and feacal blood tests characterised by suboptimal accuracy of diagnostic results has led to the detection of cases at later stages. New molecular noninvasive tests based on the detection of CRC alterations seem to be more sensitive and specific then the current methods. Therefore, research aiming at identifying molecular markers, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, would improve survival rates and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. The identification of “ideal” diagnostic biomarkers, having high sensitivity and specificity, being safe, cheap and easy to measure, remains a challenge. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers for tumor tissue, blood and stool samples in CRC patients.
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27
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Hu W, Wu W, Jian Y, Haick H, Zhang G, Qian Y, Yuan M, Yao M. Volatolomics in healthcare and its advanced detection technology. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:8185-8213. [PMID: 35789633 PMCID: PMC9243817 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various diseases increasingly challenge the health status and life quality of human beings. Volatolome emitted from patients has been considered as a potential family of markers, volatolomics, for diagnosis/screening. There are two fundamental issues of volatolomics in healthcare. On one hand, the solid relationship between the volatolome and specific diseases needs to be clarified and verified. On the other hand, effective methods should be explored for the precise detection of volatolome. Several comprehensive review articles had been published in this field. However, a timely and systematical summary and elaboration is still desired. In this review article, the research methodology of volatolomics in healthcare is critically considered and given out, at first. Then, the sets of volatolome according to specific diseases through different body sources and the analytical instruments for their identifications are systematically summarized. Thirdly, the advanced electronic nose and photonic nose technologies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection are well introduced. The existed obstacles and future perspectives are deeply thought and discussed. This article could give a good guidance to researchers in this interdisciplinary field, not only understanding the cutting-edge detection technologies for doctors (medicinal background), but also making reference to clarify the choice of aimed VOCs during the sensor research for chemists, materials scientists, electronics engineers, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Hu
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 730107 China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 730107 China
| | - Yingying Jian
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 730107 China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200002 Israel
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Yun Qian
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033 China
| | - Mingshui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 310006 China
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
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28
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Naseri N, Kharrazi S, Abdi K, Alizadeh R. Fabrication of an SPME fiber based on ZnO@GA nanorods coated onto fused silica as a highly efficient absorbent for the analysis of cancer VOCs in water and urine. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1183:338983. [PMID: 34627504 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) secreted in urine, blood, breath, etc. is a new method for monitoring the metabolism and biochemistry of the human body. However, due to the complexity of samples, a pre-concentration step is necessary before the final analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Therefore, miniaturized extraction methods such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) can be a promising and simple pre-concentration technique. Different strategies have been adopted for the fabrication or modification of SPME fibers. This study presents the preparation and characterization of glass optical fibers coated with ZnO nanorods functionalized with gallic acid (ZnO@GA nanorod) as SPME adsorbent in GC-MS. ZnO@GA nanorods were synthesized separately and then coated onto the fibers. The coated fibers were characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (FESEM/EDAX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Possessing a high surface to volume ratio of ZnO nanorods and functional groups of GA, the ZnO@GA nanorod-based SPME fibers exhibited good extraction performance for VOCs comparing with the commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fibers. Under optimal conditions (NaCl concentration, 30% w/v; extraction time of 25 min; pH, 5-7 and stirring rate of 400 rpm) ZnO@GA nanorods coated fibers achieved low detection limits (0.32-4.8 μg/L), low quantification limits (1.8-16.3 μg/L) and good linearity (5-1000 μg/L) for selected VOCs. The repeatability (n = 3) for a single fiber was within the range of 4.1-7.9% (intra-day) and 5.7-9.6% (inter-day) while the reproducibility (n = 3) of fiber-to-fiber were in the range of 4.7% and 9.9%. This method was successfully used for the determination of six VOCs in water and urine with satisfactory recoveries of 90-112%. ZnO@GA nanorod coated fibers, despite possessing a much thinner coating compared to the commercial fibers, revealed a better overall extraction efficiency towards VOCs. These results indicated that the ZnO@GA provided a promising alternative in sample pretreatment and analysis in GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Naseri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharmin Kharrazi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khosrou Abdi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Qom University, Qom, Iran
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29
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Longo V, Forleo A, Ferramosca A, Notari T, Pappalardo S, Siciliano P, Capone S, Montano L. Blood, urine and semen Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) pattern analysis for assessing health environmental impact in highly polluted areas in Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117410. [PMID: 34052646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) analysis is usually applied in pollution assessment by checking for toxic or harmful volatile compounds in air, water and soil samples. In this study, exogenous VOCs and their derivatives, metabolized by cells, were valued into specific body fluids. In particular, the VOC profiles of blood, urine and human semen samples collected from young men living in two high pollution areas in Italy, i.e. Land of Fires and Valley of Sacco River, were fingerprinted. The analysis is based on Headspace Solid Phase MicroExtraction (HS-SPME) followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The volatile composition of the three body fluids showed that some VOCs are in common between blood, urine and human semen samples, whereas others are present only in a body fluid. Some compounds, as well as also some chemical classes show a higher affinity for a specific body fluid. Statistical analysis allowed to discriminate the two contaminated areas and identify those compounds which significantly contribute to the two areas classification. Some of these compounds are toxic and found prevalently in Valley of Sacco River samples, correspondingly to sperm analysis results for young men living in this zona worse than those living in Land of Fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Longo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Lecce, Italy.
| | - Angiola Forleo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferramosca
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Notari
- Reproductive Medicine Unit of Check Up Polydiagnostic Center, Via A. De Luca 5, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Siciliano
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Lecce, Italy
| | - Simonetta Capone
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in UroAndrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, Coordination Unit of the Network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (EcoFoodFertility Project), Italy "Oliveto Citra Hospital", Salerno, Italy; PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology,University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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30
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Navaneethan U, Spencer C, Zhu X, Vargo JJ, Grove D, Dweik RA. Volatile organic compounds in bile can distinguish pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis: a prospective observational study. Endoscopy 2021; 53:732-736. [PMID: 32894868 DOI: 10.1055/a-1255-9169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and accurate diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is important. Our aim was to identify potential volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the bile that can help distinguish pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis. METHODS In this prospective observational study, bile was aspirated from patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and the gaseous headspace was analyzed using mass spectrometry. RESULTS The study included a discovery cohort of 57 patients (46 pancreatic cancer, 11 chronic pancreatitis) and a validation cohort of 31 patients (19 and 12, respectively). Using logistic regression analysis, the model [0.158 × age + 9.747 × log (ammonia) - 3.994 × log (acetonitrile) + 5.044 × log (trimethylamine) - 30.23] successfully identified patients with pancreatic cancer with a sensitivity of 93.5 % and specificity of 100 % (likelihood ratio 40.9, area under the curve 0.98, 95 % confidence interval 0.95 - 1.00). The diagnostic accuracy of this model was confirmed in the second independent validation cohort. CONCLUSION The measurement of VOCs in bile helped to accurately distinguish pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad Spencer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | - John J Vargo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - David Grove
- Pathobiology, Lerners Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Raed A Dweik
- Pathobiology, Lerners Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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31
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Are Volatile Organic Compounds Accurate Markers in the Assessment of Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102361. [PMID: 34068419 PMCID: PMC8153598 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Early diagnosis is crucial for reducing colorectal cancer-related mortality in both the general population and inflammatory bowel disease. Volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis is a promising alternative to the gold standard procedure, endoscopy, for early detection and surveillance of colorectal diseases. This review aimed to provide a general overview of the most recent evidence in this area on VOC testing in breath, stool, and urine samples. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the Western world. Early detection decreases incidence and mortality. Screening programs based on fecal occult blood testing help identify patients requiring endoscopic examination, but accuracy is far from optimal. Among the alternative strategies, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent novel potentially useful biomarkers of colorectal cancer. They also represent a promising tool for the screening of both intestinal inflammation and related CRC. The review is focused on the diagnostic potential of VOCs in sporadic CRC and in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which increase the risk of CRC, analyzing future clinical applications. Despite limitations related to inadequate strength of evidence, differing analytical platforms identify different VOCs, and this unconventional approach for diagnosing colorectal cancer is promising. Some VOC profiles, besides identifying inflammation, seem disease-specific in inflammatory bowel diseases. Thus, breath, urine, and fecal VOCs provide a new and promising clinical approach to differential diagnosis, evaluation of the inflammatory status, and possibly the assessment of treatment efficacy in IBD. Conversely, specific VOC patterns correlating inflammatory bowel disease and cancer risk are still lacking, and studies focused on this issue are strongly encouraged. No prospective studies have assessed the risk of CRC development by using VOCs in samples collected before the onset of disease, both in the general population and in patients with IBD.
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32
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Politi L, Monasta L, Rigressi MN, Princivalle A, Gonfiotti A, Camiciottoli G, Perbellini L. Discriminant Profiles of Volatile Compounds in the Alveolar Air of Patients with Squamous Cell Lung Cancer, Lung Adenocarcinoma or Colon Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030550. [PMID: 33494458 PMCID: PMC7866040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to analyze volatile compounds in alveolar air in patients with squamous cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma or colon cancer, to prepare algorithms able to discriminate such specific pathological conditions. The concentration of 95 volatile compounds was measured in the alveolar air of 45 control subjects, 36 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, 25 patients with squamous cell lung cancer and 52 patients with colon cancer. Volatile compounds were measured with ion molecule reaction mass spectrometry (IMR-MS). An iterated least absolute shrinkage and selection operator multivariate logistic regression model was used to generate specific algorithms and discriminate control subjects from patients with different kinds of cancer. The final predictive models reached the following performance: by using 11 compounds, patients with lung adenocarcinoma were identified with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 84%; nine compounds allowed us to identify patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma with a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 84%; patients with colon adenocarcinoma could be identified with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 73% using a model comprising 13 volatile compounds. The different alveolar profiles of volatile compounds, obtained from patients with three different kinds of cancer, suggest dissimilar biological–biochemistry conditions; each kind of cancer has probably got a specific alveolar profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Politi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (M.N.R.); (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Novella Rigressi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (M.N.R.); (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Andrea Princivalle
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Alessandro Gonfiotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (M.N.R.); (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianna Camiciottoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (M.N.R.); (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Luigi Perbellini
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.P.); (L.P.)
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33
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Astolfi M, Rispoli G, Anania G, Artioli E, Nevoso V, Zonta G, Malagù C. Tin, Titanium, Tantalum, Vanadium and Niobium Oxide Based Sensors to Detect Colorectal Cancer Exhalations in Blood Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020466. [PMID: 33477309 PMCID: PMC7829789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
User-friendly, low-cost equipment for preventive screening of severe or deadly pathologies are one of the most sought devices by the National Health Services, as they allow early disease detection and treatment, often avoiding its degeneration. In recent years more and more research groups are developing devices aimed at these goals employing gas sensors. Here, nanostructured chemoresistive metal oxide (MOX) sensors were employed in a patented prototype aimed to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs), exhaled by blood samples collected from patients affected by colorectal cancer and from healthy subjects as a control. Four sensors, carefully selected after many years of laboratory tests on biological samples (cultured cells, human stools, human biopsies, etc.), were based here on various percentages of tin, tungsten, titanium, niobium, tantalum and vanadium oxides. Sensor voltage responses were statistically analyzed also with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, that allowed the identification of the cut-off discriminating between healthy and tumor affected subjects for each sensor, leading to an estimate of sensitivity and specificity parameters. ROC analysis demonstrated that sensors employing tin and titanium oxides decorated with gold nanoparticles gave sensitivities up to 80% yet with a specificity of 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Astolfi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (G.Z.)
- SCENT S.r.l (SME company), Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Anania
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.A.); (E.A.); (V.N.)
| | - Elena Artioli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.A.); (E.A.); (V.N.)
| | - Veronica Nevoso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.A.); (E.A.); (V.N.)
| | - Giulia Zonta
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (G.Z.)
- SCENT S.r.l (SME company), Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (G.Z.)
- SCENT S.r.l (SME company), Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Volatile organic compounds analysis optimization and biomarker discovery in urine of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients before and during chemotherapy. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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da Costa BRB, De Martinis BS. Analysis of urinary VOCs using mass spectrometric methods to diagnose cancer: A review. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY (DEL MAR, CALIF.) 2020; 18:27-37. [PMID: 34820523 PMCID: PMC8600992 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of non-invasive screening techniques for early cancer detection is one of the greatest scientific challenges of the 21st century. One promising emerging method is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are low molecular weight substances generated as final products of cellular metabolism and emitted through a variety of biological matrices, such as breath, blood, saliva and urine. Urine stands out for its non-invasive nature, availability in large volumes, and the high concentration of VOCs in the kidneys. This review provides an overview of the available data on urinary VOCs that have been investigated in cancer-focused clinical studies using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. A literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, Pubmed and Web of Science, using the keywords "Urinary VOCs", "VOCs biomarkers" and "Volatile cancer biomarkers" in combination with the term "Mass spectrometry". Only studies in English published between January 2011 and May 2020 were selected. The three most evaluated types of cancers in the reviewed studies were lung, breast and prostate, and the most frequently identified urinary VOC biomarkers were hexanal, dimethyl disulfide and phenol; with the latter seeming to be closely related to breast cancer. Additionally, the challenges of analyzing urinary VOCs using MS-based techniques and translation to clinical utility are discussed. The outcome of this review may provide valuable information to future studies regarding cancer urinary VOCs.
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Key Words
- Biomarkers
- CAS, chemical abstracts service
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cancer
- FAIMS, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
- GC, gas chromatography
- HS, headspace
- IMS, ion mobility spectrometry
- LC, liquid chromatography
- MS, mass spectrometry or mass spectrometric
- Mass Spectrometry
- Metabolomics
- NT, needle trap
- PSA, prostate-specific antigen
- PTR, proton transfer reaction
- PTV, programed temperature vaporizer
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SBSE, stir bar sorptive extraction
- SIFT, selected ion flow tube
- SPME, solid phase microextraction
- Urine
- VOCs
- VOCs, volatile organic compounds
- eNose, electronic nose
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto – Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo. Av., Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
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Shen X, Ou R, Lu Y, Yuan A, Liu J, Gu J, Hu X, Yang Z, Yang F. Record-high capture of volatile benzene and toluene enabled by activator implant-optimized banana peel-derived engineering carbonaceous adsorbents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105774. [PMID: 32768805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work developed a super-high performance of engineering carbonaceous adsorbents from waste banana-peel via an optimized KOH-impregnated approach, which affords outstanding structural property (SBET = 3746.5 m2 g-1, Vtotal = 2.50 cm3 g-1), far outperforming KOH-grinding method-induced counterpart and other known banana peel-derived those. Thereby, this triggers a record-high capture value of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) specific to benzene (27.55 mmol g-1) and toluene (23.82 mmol g-1) in the all known results. The structural expression characters were accurately correlated with excellent adsorption efficiency of VOCs by investigating the synthetic factor-controlling comparative samples. Ulteriorly, the adsorption selectivity prediction at different relative humidity was demonstrated through the DIH (difference of the isosteric heats), highlighting the good superiority in selective adsorption of toluene compared to benzene even under humid atmosphere. Our findings provide the possibility for the practical application and fabrication of waste biomass (banana peel)-derived functional biochar adsorbent in the environmental treatment of threatening VOCs pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Ou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yutong Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China; Marine Equipment and Technology Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China.
| | - Jiayang Gu
- Marine Equipment and Technology Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Xiaocai Hu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Fu Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China.
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Altomare DF, Picciariello A, Rotelli MT, De Fazio M, Aresta A, Zambonin CG, Vincenti L, Trerotoli P, De Vietro N. Chemical signature of colorectal cancer: case-control study for profiling the breath print. BJS Open 2020; 4:1189-1199. [PMID: 32990407 PMCID: PMC8444279 DOI: 10.1002/bjs5.50354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective screening for colorectal cancer can reduce mortality by early detection of tumours and colonic polyps. An altered pattern of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath has been proposed as a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool for detection of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of breath-testing for colorectal cancer screening and early diagnosis using an advanced breath sampler. METHODS The exhaled breath of patients with colorectal cancer and non-cancer controls with negative findings on colonoscopy was collected using the ReCIVA® Breath Sampler. This portable device is able to capture the alveolar breath fraction without environmental contamination. VOCs were desorbed thermally and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The discriminatory ability of VOCs in detecting colorectal cancer was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for each VOC, followed by cross-validation by the leave-one-out method, and by applying stepwise logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The study included 83 patients with colorectal cancer and 90 non-cancer controls. Fourteen VOCs were found to have significant discriminatory ability in detecting patients with colorectal cancer. The model with the diagnosis of cancer versus no cancer resulted in a statistically significant likelihood of discrimination of 173·45 (P < 0·001), with an area under the ROC curve of 0·979. Cross-validation of the model resulted in a true predictive value for colorectal cancer of 93 per cent overall. Reliability of the breath analysis was maintained irrespective of cancer stage. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that analysis of exhaled VOCs can discriminate patients with colorectal cancer from those without. This finding may eventually lead to the creation of a smart online sensory device, capable of providing a binary answer (cancer/no cancer) and directing to further screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. F. Altomare
- Surgical Unit ‘M. Rubino’, Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationBariItaly
- Apulian Breath Analysis Centre (CeRBA)Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo IIBariItaly
| | - A. Picciariello
- Surgical Unit ‘M. Rubino’, Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationBariItaly
| | - M. T. Rotelli
- Surgical Unit ‘M. Rubino’, Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationBariItaly
| | - M. De Fazio
- Surgical Unit ‘M. Rubino’, Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationBariItaly
| | - A. Aresta
- Department of ChemistryUniversity Aldo Moro of BariBariItaly
| | - C. G. Zambonin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity Aldo Moro of BariBariItaly
| | - L. Vincenti
- Surgical UnitAzienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria Policlinico BariBariItaly
| | - P. Trerotoli
- Statistical Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human OncologyBariItaly
| | - N. De Vietro
- Department of ChemistryUniversity Aldo Moro of BariBariItaly
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Yuan F, Kim S, Yin X, Zhang X, Kato I. Integrating Two-Dimensional Gas and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Untargeted Colorectal Cancer Metabolomics: A Proof-of-Principle Study. Metabolites 2020; 10:E343. [PMID: 32854360 PMCID: PMC7569982 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics is expected to lead to a better mechanistic understanding of diseases and thus applications of precision medicine and personalized intervention. To further increase metabolite coverage and achieve high accuracy of metabolite quantification, the present proof-of-principle study was to explore the applicability of integration of two-dimensional gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS and 2DLC-MS) platforms to characterizing circulating polar metabolome extracted from plasma collected from 29 individuals with colorectal cancer in comparison with 29 who remained cancer-free. After adjustment of multiple comparisons, 20 metabolites were found to be up-regulated and 8 metabolites were found to be down-regulated, which pointed to the dysregulation in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. While integrating the GC × GC-MS and 2DLC-MS data can dramatically increase the metabolite coverage, this study had a limitation in analyzing the non-polar metabolites. Given the small sample size, these results need to be validated with a larger sample size and with samples collected prior to diagnostic and treatment. Nevertheless, this proof-of-principle study demonstrates the potential applicability of integration of these advanced analytical platforms to improve discrimination between colorectal cancer cases and controls based on metabolite profiles in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (F.Y.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Seongho Kim
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Xinmin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (F.Y.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; (F.Y.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Raspagliesi F, Bogani G, Benedetti S, Grassi S, Ferla S, Buratti S. Detection of Ovarian Cancer through Exhaled Breath by Electronic Nose: A Prospective Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092408. [PMID: 32854242 PMCID: PMC7565069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic methods for the early identification of ovarian cancer (OC) represent an unmet clinical need, as no reliable diagnostic tools are available. Here, we tested the feasibility of electronic nose (e-nose), composed of ten metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors, as a diagnostic tool for OC detection. METHODS Women with suspected ovarian masses and healthy subjects had volatile organic compounds analysis of the exhaled breath using e-nose. RESULTS E-nose analysis was performed on breath samples collected from 251 women divided into three groups: 86 OC cases, 51 benign masses, and 114 controls. Data collected were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-Nearest Neighbors' algorithm (K-NN). A first 1-K-NN (cases vs. controls) model has been developed to discriminate between OC cases and controls; the model performance tested in the prediction gave 98% of sensitivity and 95% of specificity, when the strict class prediction was applied; a second 1-K-NN (cases vs. controls + benign) model was built by grouping the non-cancer groups (controls + benign), thus considering two classes, cases and controls + benign; the model performance in the prediction was of 89% for sensitivity and 86% for specificity when the strict class prediction was applied. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results suggested the potential role of e-nose for the detection of OC. Further studies aiming to test the potential adoption of e-nose in the early diagnosis of OC are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Raspagliesi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Giorgio Bogani
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Simona Benedetti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Grassi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (S.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefano Ferla
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Susanna Buratti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (S.G.); (S.B.)
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Shen X, Ou R, Lu Y, Yuan A, Liu J, Hu X, Yang Z, Yang F. Engineering Adsorption Case for Efficient Capture of VOCs Using Biomass‐based Corncobs via a Carbonized Strategy. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu China
| | - Rui Ou
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu China
| | - Yutong Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu China
- Marine Equipment and Technology InstituteJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co.Ltd Shanghai 200137 China
| | - Xiaocai Hu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co.Ltd Shanghai 200137 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co.Ltd Shanghai 200137 China
| | - Fu Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu China
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Steenhuis EGM, Schoenaker IJH, de Groot JWB, Fiebrich HB, de Graaf JC, Brohet RM, van Dijk JD, van Westreenen HL, Siersema PD, de Vos Tot Nederveen Cappel WH. Feasibility of volatile organic compound in breath analysis in the follow-up of colorectal cancer: A pilot study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 46:2068-2073. [PMID: 32778485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has a worldwide incidence of 1.4 million patients and a large share in cancer-related mortality. After curative treatment, the risk of recurrence is 30-65%. Early detection may result in curative treatment. However, current follow-up (FU) examinations have low sensitivity ranging from 49 to 85% and are associated with high costs. Therefore, the search for a new diagnostic tool is justified. Analysis of volatile organic compound in exhaled air through an electronic nose (eNose) is a promising new patient-friendly diagnostic tool. We studied whether the eNose under investigation, the Aeonose™, is able to detect local recurrence or metastases of CRC. METHODS In this cross-sectional study we included 62 patients, all of whom underwent curative treatment for CRC in the past 5 years. Thirty-six of them had no metastases and 26 had extraluminal local recurrence or metastases of CRC, detected during FU. Breath testing was performed and machine learning was used to predict extraluminal recurrences or metastases, and based on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC)-curve both sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS The eNose identified extra luminal local recurrences or metastases of CRC with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (CI 0.69-0.97) and 0.75 (CI 0.57-0.87), respectively, with an overall accuracy of 0.81. DISCUSSION This eNose may be a promising tool in detecting extraluminal local recurrences or metastases in the FU of curatively treated CRC. However, a well-designed prospective study is warranted to show its accuracy and predictive value before it can be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G M Steenhuis
- Dept of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025, AB Zwolle, the Netherlands.
| | - I J H Schoenaker
- Isala Oncology Center, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025, AB Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - J W B de Groot
- Isala Oncology Center, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025, AB Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - H B Fiebrich
- Isala Oncology Center, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025, AB Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - J C de Graaf
- Isala Oncology Center, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025, AB Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - R M Brohet
- Dept of Epidemiology & Statistics, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025, AB Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - J D van Dijk
- Dept of Nuclear Medicine, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025, AB Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - H L van Westreenen
- Dept of Surgery, Isala, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025, AB Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - P D Siersema
- Dept of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Hosfield BD, Pecoraro AR, Baxter NT, Hawkins TB, Markel TA. The Assessment of Fecal Volatile Organic Compounds in Healthy Infants: Electronic Nose Device Predicts Patient Demographics and Microbial Enterotype. J Surg Res 2020; 254:340-347. [PMID: 32526503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has emerged as a noninvasive biomarker in many different pathologies. Before assessing whether VOCs can be used to diagnose intestinal diseases, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), it is necessary to measure the impact of variable infant demographic factors on VOC signals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stool samples were collected from term infants at four hospitals in a large metropolitan area. Samples were heated, and fecal VOCs assessed by the Cyranose 320 Electronic Nose. Twenty-eight sensors were combined into an overall smellprint and were also assessed individually. 16s rRNA gene sequencing was used to categorize infant microbiomes. Smellprints were correlated to feeding type (formula versus breastmilk), sex, hospital of birth, and microbial enterotype. Overall smellprints were assessed by PERMANOVA with Euclidean distances, and individual sensors from each smellprint were assessed by Mann-Whitney U-tests. P < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS Overall smellprints were significantly different according to diet. Individual sensors were significantly different according to sex and hospital of birth, but overall smellprints were not significantly different. Using a decision tree model, two individual sensors could reliably predict microbial enterotype. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of fecal VOCs with an electronic nose is impacted by several demographic characteristics of infants and can be used to predict microbiome composition. Further studies are needed to design appropriate algorithms that are able to predict NEC based on fecal VOC profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Hosfield
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Anthony R Pecoraro
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | - Troy A Markel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Identification of salivary volatile organic compounds as potential markers of stomach and colorectal cancer: A pilot study. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:212-221. [PMID: 32474113 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the pilot study was to determine the potential diagnostic capabilities for the analysis of oxygen-containing salivary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in stomach and colorectal cancer. METHODS Saliva samples of 11 patients with stomach cancer, 18 patients with colorectal cancer, and 16 healthy volunteers were analyzed through capillary gas chromatography. The levels of lipid peroxidation products and catalase activity were determined in all samples. To assess saliva diagnostic potential, we constructed a Classification and Regression Tree (CART). RESULTS It was shown that the use of a combination of saliva VOCs (acetaldehyde, acetone, propanol-2, and ethanol) allowed classification into Cancer/Control groups with a sensitivity and specificity of 95.7 and 90.9%, respectively. To clarify the location of the tumor, it was necessary to add a methanol level; in this case, the sensitivity for detecting stomach and colorectal cancer was 80.0% and 92.3%, respectively, while the specificity in both cases was 100%. When the lipid peroxidation product content was added to the VOC indicators, they were selected as the main factors for constructing the decision tree. For classification into Cancer/Control groups, only the triene conjugate and Schiff base content in saliva was sufficient. The combination of VOCs in saliva and lipid peroxidation indices improved the sensitivity and specificity for classification to 100%. CONCLUSION Preliminary data were obtained on the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of stomach and colorectal cancer, which confirmed the promise of further studies on saliva VOCs for the purpose of clinical laboratory diagnostics.
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Elevated levels of proinflammatory volatile metabolites in feces of high fat diet fed KK-A y mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5681. [PMID: 32231228 PMCID: PMC7105489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
When the microfloral composition deteriorates, it triggers low-level chronic inflammation associated with several lifestyle-related diseases including obesity and diabetic mellitus. Fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been found to differ in gastrointestinal diseases as well as intestinal infection. In this study, to evaluate a potential association between the pathogenesis of lifestyle-related diseases and VOCs in the intestinal tract, fecal VOCs from obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice (KK) or controls (C57BL/6J mice; BL) fed a normal or high fat diet (NFD or HFD) were investigated using headspace sampler-GC-EI-MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) of fecal VOC profiles clearly separated the experimental groups depending on the mouse lineage (KK vs BL) and the diet type (NFD vs HFD). 16 s rRNA sequencing revealed that the PCA distribution of VOCs was in parallel with the microfloral composition. We identified that some volatile metabolites including n-alkanals (nonanal and octanal), acetone and phenol were significantly increased in the HFD and/or KK groups. Additionally, these volatile metabolites induced proinflammatory activity in the RAW264 murine macrophage cell line indicating these bioactive metabolites might trigger low-level chronic inflammation. These results suggest that proinflammatory VOCs detected in HFD-fed and/or diabetic model mice might be novel noninvasive diagnosis biomarkers for diabetes.
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Loktionov A. Biomarkers for detecting colorectal cancer non-invasively: DNA, RNA or proteins? World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:124-148. [PMID: 32104546 PMCID: PMC7031146 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global problem affecting millions of people worldwide. This disease is unique because of its slow progress that makes it preventable and often curable. CRC symptoms usually emerge only at advanced stages of the disease, consequently its early detection can be achieved only through active population screening, which markedly reduces mortality due to this cancer. CRC screening tests that employ non-invasively detectable biomarkers are currently being actively developed and, in most cases, samples of either stool or blood are used. However, alternative biological substances that can be collected non-invasively (colorectal mucus, urine, saliva, exhaled air) have now emerged as new sources of diagnostic biomarkers. The main categories of currently explored CRC biomarkers are: (1) Proteins (comprising widely used haemoglobin); (2) DNA (including mutations and methylation markers); (3) RNA (in particular microRNAs); (4) Low molecular weight metabolites (comprising volatile organic compounds) detectable by metabolomic techniques; and (5) Shifts in gut microbiome composition. Numerous tests for early CRC detection employing such non-invasive biomarkers have been proposed and clinically studied. While some of these studies generated promising early results, very few of the proposed tests have been transformed into clinically validated diagnostic/screening techniques. Such DNA-based tests as Food and Drug Administration-approved multitarget stool test (marketed as Cologuard®) or blood test for methylated septin 9 (marketed as Epi proColon® 2.0 CE) show good diagnostic performance but remain too expensive and technically complex to become effective CRC screening tools. It can be concluded that, despite its deficiencies, the protein (haemoglobin) detection-based faecal immunochemical test (FIT) today presents the most cost-effective option for non-invasive CRC screening. The combination of non-invasive FIT and confirmatory invasive colonoscopy is the current strategy of choice for CRC screening. However, continuing intense research in the area promises the emergence of new superior non-invasive CRC screening tests that will allow the development of improved disease prevention strategies.
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Francis NK, Curtis NJ, Salib E, de Lacy Costello B, Lemm NM, Gould O, Crilly L, Allison J, Ratcliffe N. Feasibility of perioperative volatile organic compound breath testing for prediction of paralytic ileus following laparoscopic colorectal resection. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:86-94. [PMID: 31344300 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) and laparoscopic techniques, postoperative ileus (POI) remains frequent after colorectal surgery, impacting the patient, their recovery and health-care resources. Presently there are no tests that reliably predict or enable early POI diagnosis. Volatile organic compounds (VC) are products of human and microbiota cellular metabolism and we hypothesised that a detectable alteration occurs in POI. METHOD This was a prospective observational study of patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal resection within an established ERAS programme. Standardized end-expiratory breath sampling was performed on the morning of surgery and on the first three postoperative mornings. The concentrations of VCs commonly found in intestinal gas were analysed using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and GastroCH4 ECK®. Feasibility data, bowel preparation, postoperative oral intake, POI and 30-day morbidity were recorded. RESULTS Of the 75 potentially eligible patients, 58 (77%) agreed to participate. Per-protocol breath sampling was successfully completed in 94%. There were no analytical failures. Baseline and postoperative concentrations of VCs were broadly comparable and were not altered by bowel preparation or postoperative oral intake. POI developed in 14 (29%) patients. Preoperative ammonia concentration was higher in patients who developed POI [830 parts per billion (ppb) vs 510 ppb, P = 0.027]. There was an increase in the concentration of acetic acid detected on day 2 in patients who developed POI (99 ppb vs 171 ppb, P = 0.021). CONCLUSION Repeated VC breath sampling and analysis is feasible in the perioperative setting. An elevated ammonia concentration on the morning of surgery may be a potential predictor of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Francis
- Department of General Surgery, Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Yeovil, UK.,Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - N J Curtis
- Department of General Surgery, Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Yeovil, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Level 10, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - E Salib
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B de Lacy Costello
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - N M Lemm
- Department of General Surgery, Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Yeovil, UK
| | - O Gould
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - L Crilly
- Department of General Surgery, Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Yeovil, UK
| | - J Allison
- Department of General Surgery, Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Yeovil, UK
| | - N Ratcliffe
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Janfaza S, Khorsand B, Nikkhah M, Zahiri J. Digging deeper into volatile organic compounds associated with cancer. Biol Methods Protoc 2019; 4:bpz014. [PMID: 32161807 PMCID: PMC6994028 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced and emitted through the metabolism of cancer cells or the body's immune system, are considered novel cancer biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. Of late, a large number of work has been done to find a relationship between VOCs' signature of body and cancer. Cancer-related VOCs can be used to detect several types of cancers at the earlier stages which in turn provide a significantly higher chance of survival. Here we aim to provide an updated picture of cancer-related VOCs based on recent findings in this field focusing on cancer odor database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Janfaza
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Babak Khorsand
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
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Review and Comparison of Cancer Biomarker Trends in Urine as a Basis for New Diagnostic Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091244. [PMID: 31450698 PMCID: PMC6770126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide and its already large burden is projected to increase significantly in the near future with a predicted 22 million new cancer cases and 13 million cancer-related deaths occurring annually by 2030. Unfortunately, current procedures for diagnosis are characterized by low diagnostic accuracies. Given the proved correlation between cancer presence and alterations of biological fluid composition, many researchers suggested their characterization to improve cancer detection at early stages. This paper reviews the information that can be found in the scientific literature, regarding the correlation of different cancer forms with the presence of specific metabolites in human urine, in a schematic and easily interpretable form, because of the huge amount of relevant literature. The originality of this paper relies on the attempt to point out the odor properties of such metabolites, and thus to highlight the correlation between urine odor alterations and cancer presence, which is proven by recent literature suggesting the analysis of urine odor for diagnostic purposes. This investigation aims to evaluate the possibility to compare the results of studies based on different approaches to be able in the future to identify those compounds responsible for urine odor alteration.
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The electronic nose technology in clinical diagnosis: A systematic review. Porto Biomed J 2019; 4:e42. [PMID: 31930178 PMCID: PMC6924976 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are end products of human metabolism (normal and disease-associated) that can be mainly excreted in breath, urine, and feces. Therefore, VOC can be very useful as markers of diseases and helpful for clinicians since its sampling is noninvasive, inexpensive, and painless. Electronic noses, or eNoses, provide an easy and inexpensive way to analyze gas samples. Thus, this device may be used for diagnosis, monitoring or phenotyping diseases according to specific breathprints (breath profile). Objective: In this review, we summarize data showing the ability of eNose to be used as a noninvasive tool to improve diagnosis in clinical settings. Methods: A PRISMA-oriented search was performed in PubMed and Cochrane Library. Only studies performed in humans and published since 2000 were included. Results: A total of 48 original articles, 21 reviews, and 7 other documents were eligible and fully analyzed. The quality assessment of the selected studies was conducted according to the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Airway obstructive diseases were the most studied and Cyranose 320 was the most used eNose. Conclusions: Several case–control studies were performed to test this technology in diverse fields. More than a half of the selected studies showed good accuracy. However, there are some limitations regarding sampling methodology, analysis, reproducibility, and external validation that need to be standardized. Additionally, it is urgent to test this technology in intend-to-treat populations. Thus, it is possible to think in the contribution of VOC analysis by eNoses in a clinical setting.
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