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Mamadashvili G, Brin A, Chumak M, Diedus V, Drössler L, Förster B, Georgiev KB, Ghrejyan T, Hleb R, Kalashian M, Kamburov I, Karagyan G, Kevlishvili J, Khutsishvili Z, Larrieu L, Mazmanyan M, Petrov PI, Tabunidze L, Bässler C, Müller J. Drivers of wood-inhabiting fungal diversity in European and Oriental beech forests. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11660. [PMID: 38962025 PMCID: PMC11220834 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The hyperdiverse wood-inhabiting fungi play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, but often are threatened by deadwood removal, particularly in temperate forests dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). To study the impact of abiotic drivers, deadwood factors, forest management and biogeographical patterns in forests of both beech species on fungal composition and diversity, we collected 215 deadwood-drilling samples in 18 forests from France to Armenia and identified fungi by meta-barcoding. In our analyses, we distinguished the patterns driven by rare, common, and dominant species using Hill numbers. Despite a broad overlap in species, the fungal composition with focus on rare species was determined by Fagus species, deadwood type, deadwood diameter, precipitation, temperature, and management status in decreasing order. Shifting the focus on common and dominant species, only Fagus species, both climate variables and deadwood type remained. The richness of species within the deadwood objects increased significantly only with decay stage. Gamma diversity in European beech forests was higher than in Oriental beech forests. We revealed the highest gamma diversity for old-growth forests of European beech when focusing on dominant species. Our results implicate that deadwood retention efforts, focusing on dominant fungi species, critical for the decay process, should be distributed across precipitation and temperature gradients and both Fagus species. Strategies focusing on rare species should additionally focus on different diameters and on the conservation of old-growth forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Mamadashvili
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical BiologyBiocenter, University of WürzburgRauhenebrachGermany
| | - Antoine Brin
- Sciences and digital departmentUniversity of Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de PURPAN, UMR INRAE‐INPT DYNAFORToulouseFrance
| | - Maksym Chumak
- Department of Entomology and Biodiversity PreservationUzhhorod National UniversityUzhhorodUkraine
| | - Valeriia Diedus
- State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineLvivUkraine
| | - Lars Drössler
- Forestry Research and Competence Center ThüringenForst AöRGothaGermany
| | - Bernhard Förster
- Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and ManagementTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Kostadin B. Georgiev
- Hessian State Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and GeologyHesseGermany
| | - Tigran Ghrejyan
- Laboratory of Entomology and Soil ZoologyScientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RAYerevanArmenia
| | - Ruslan Hleb
- Forestry laboratoryCarpathian Biosphere ReserveRakhivUkraine
| | - Mark Kalashian
- Laboratory of Entomology and Soil ZoologyScientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RAYerevanArmenia
| | - Ivan Kamburov
- Strandzha Nature Park DirectorateMalko TarnovoBulgaria
| | - Gayane Karagyan
- Laboratory of Entomology and Soil ZoologyScientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RAYerevanArmenia
| | | | | | - Laurent Larrieu
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR DYNAFORCastanet‐TolosanFrance
- CNPF‐CRPF OccitanieFrance
| | - Meri Mazmanyan
- Laboratory of Entomology and Soil ZoologyScientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RAYerevanArmenia
| | - Peter I. Petrov
- University of Forestry Sofia, Field Base PetrohanBarziaBulgaria
| | | | - Claus Bässler
- Ecology of Fungi, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Conservation and Research DepartmentBavarian Forest National ParkGrafenauGermany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical BiologyBiocenter, University of WürzburgRauhenebrachGermany
- Conservation and Research DepartmentBavarian Forest National ParkGrafenauGermany
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Hoenle PO, Plowman NS, Matos-Maraví P, de Bello F, Bishop TR, Libra M, Idigel C, Rimandai M, Klimes P. Forest disturbance increases functional diversity but decreases phylogenetic diversity of an arboreal tropical ant community. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:501-516. [PMID: 38409804 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Tropical rainforest trees host a diverse arthropod fauna that can be characterised by their functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD). Human disturbance degrades tropical forests, often coinciding with species invasion and altered assembly that leads to a decrease in FD and PD. Tree canopies are thought to be particularly vulnerable, but rarely investigated. Here, we studied the effects of forest disturbance on an ecologically important invertebrate group, the ants, in a lowland rainforest in New Guinea. We compared an early successional disturbed plot (secondary forest) to an old-growth plot (primary forest) by exhaustively sampling their ant communities in a total of 852 trees. We expected that for each tree community (1) disturbance would decrease FD and PD in tree-dwelling ants, mediated through species invasion. (2) Disturbance would decrease ant trait variation due to a more homogeneous environment. (3) The main drivers behind these changes would be different contributions of true tree-nesting species and visiting species. We calculated FD and PD based on a species-level phylogeny and 10 ecomorphological traits. Furthermore, we assessed by data exclusion the influence of species, which were not nesting in individual trees (visitors) or only nesting species (nesters), and of non-native species on FD and PD. Primary forests had higher ant species richness and PD than secondary forest. However, we consistently found increased FD in secondary forest. This pattern was robust even if we decoupled functional and phylogenetic signals, or if non-native ant species were excluded from the data. Visitors did not contribute strongly to FD, but they increased PD and their community weighted trait means often varied from nesters. Moreover, all community-weighted trait means changed after forest disturbance. Our finding of contradictory FD and PD patterns highlights the importance of integrative measures of diversity. Our results indicate that the tree community trait diversity is not negatively affected, but possibly even enhanced by disturbance. Therefore, the functional diversity of arboreal ants is relatively robust when compared between old-growth and young trees. However, further study with higher plot-replication is necessary to solidify and generalise our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp O Hoenle
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nichola S Plowman
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pável Matos-Maraví
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco de Bello
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC-UV-GV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tom R Bishop
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Libra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Cliffson Idigel
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Maling Rimandai
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Petr Klimes
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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3
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Kuhn A, Hautier L, San Martin G. Do pheromone traps help to reduce new attacks of Ips typographus at the local scale after a sanitary cut? PeerJ 2022; 10:e14093. [PMID: 36193434 PMCID: PMC9526401 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is causing severe economic losses during epidemic phases triggered by droughts and/or windstorms. Sanitation felling and salvage logging are usually the most recommended strategies to limit the damages. However, any additional control method to limit the economic impact of an outbreak would be welcome. In this respect, the efficiency of pheromone trapping is still controversial or poorly documented. In this 2-year study (2020-2021), at the peak of a severe outbreak in Belgium, we quantified the wood volume and presence/absence of new attacks at 126 sites attacked during the previous year and within 100 m from the initial attack. Each site was randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) three crosstraps baited with pheromones, (2) one tree-trap baited with pheromones and treated with an insecticide and (3) control sites with no trapping device. The attacked trees of the previous year were all cut and removed before the start of the experiment and newly attacked trees were removed as they were detected. The trapping devices were only active during spring to target overwintering bark beetles that might have escaped the sanitation cuts and to limit the risk of attracting dispersing beetles from outside the patch during the summer. We found a strong decrease of the attacks relative to the previous year in all treatments, including the controls (more than 50% of the control sites had no new attacks). There was no relationship between the new attacks and the attacks of the previous year. In both years, new attacks were more frequent (presence/absence) in sites with crosstraps (95% Confidence Interval [56-84%] of the sites with new attacks) than in sites with a tree-trap (26-57% - p = 0.02) and to a lesser extent than in control sites (32-63%, p = 0.08). In 2020, the attacked volumes were slightly higher in sites with crosstraps (95% Confidence Interval [3.4-14.2 m³]) than in control sites (0.2-3.5 m³, p = 0.04) and no significant difference was found with tree-trap sites (1.1-6.2 m³, p = 0.38). In 2021, there were no significant differences between the volumes attacked in the control sites (1.8-9.4 m³), crosstraps sites (0.9-6.4 m³) and tree-trap sites (0-2.5 m³). Overall, we found no evidence in favor of the efficacy of pheromone trapping during spring to reduce economic damages at the local scale when combined with sanitation felling and during a severe outbreak. The use of baited crosstraps could even be hazardous as it seemed to increase the occurrence of new attacks probably by attracting bark beetles but failing to neutralize them.
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The Impact of Clear-Cutting on the Volume and Chemistry of Water at a Sandy Nutrient-Poor Pine Site. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clear-cutting removes a stand cover suddenly, thus impacting soil-surface conditions by the expected increase in the humus breakdown rate, due to the addition of more precipitation and solar radiation. The impacts of removing a forest were studied at a site with deep sandy soils dominated by Scots pine, where three treatments, including a stand left on site, whole-tree harvesting treatment, and stem-only harvesting treatment, were established. Clear-cut precipitation and sub-canopy throughfall were measured. The non-replicated treatments were equipped with lysimeters at depths of −10 cm and −70 cm and in addition, three exploratory wells were drilled to sample groundwater in each of the treatments. The volume and chemistry of the water samples were periodically analyzed. The mean throughfall was 84% of open-area precipitation and the pH of the water penetrating the canopy was significantly lower overall, although the subcanopy samples were only slightly more acidic. Significant differences among the treatments were shown in throughfall (total organic carbon, TOC), shallow subsurface water (pH, TOC, NO3−), subsurface water at the 70-cm depth (NO3−) and also groundwater (pH, TOC, NO3−), where some of the differences had been observed before the stand parts were clear-cut. Limits for drinking water were exceeded in groundwater pH, as the values from both clear-cut sites fell below pH 6.5 following clear-cutting. TOC greater than 5 mg·L−1 was found in the Q1-2020 samples, whereas groundwater nitrate remained low, even though the three wells differed significantly from each other. Due to the non-replicated design of the experiment, generalization of the outcomes is a matter of further research.
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Viljur ML, Abella SR, Adámek M, Alencar JBR, Barber NA, Beudert B, Burkle LA, Cagnolo L, Campos BR, Chao A, Chergui B, Choi CY, Cleary DFR, Davis TS, Dechnik-Vázquez YA, Downing WM, Fuentes-Ramirez A, Gandhi KJK, Gehring C, Georgiev KB, Gimbutas M, Gongalsky KB, Gorbunova AY, Greenberg CH, Hylander K, Jules ES, Korobushkin DI, Köster K, Kurth V, Lanham JD, Lazarina M, Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer D, Marra DM, Martín-Pinto P, Meave JA, Moretti M, Nam HY, Obrist MK, Petanidou T, Pons P, Potts SG, Rapoport IB, Rhoades PR, Richter C, Saifutdinov RA, Sanders NJ, Santos X, Steel Z, Tavella J, Wendenburg C, Wermelinger B, Zaitsev AS, Thorn S. The effect of natural disturbances on forest biodiversity: an ecological synthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1930-1947. [PMID: 35808863 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances alter biodiversity via their specific characteristics, including severity and extent in the landscape, which act at different temporal and spatial scales. Biodiversity response to disturbance also depends on the community characteristics and habitat requirements of species. Untangling the mechanistic interplay of these factors has guided disturbance ecology for decades, generating mixed scientific evidence of biodiversity responses to disturbance. Understanding the impact of natural disturbances on biodiversity is increasingly important due to human-induced changes in natural disturbance regimes. In many areas, major natural forest disturbances, such as wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks, are becoming more frequent, intense, severe, and widespread due to climate change and land-use change. Conversely, the suppression of natural disturbances threatens disturbance-dependent biota. Using a meta-analytic approach, we analysed a global data set (with most sampling concentrated in temperate and boreal secondary forests) of species assemblages of 26 taxonomic groups, including plants, animals, and fungi collected from forests affected by wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks. The overall effect of natural disturbances on α-diversity did not differ significantly from zero, but some taxonomic groups responded positively to disturbance, while others tended to respond negatively. Disturbance was beneficial for taxonomic groups preferring conditions associated with open canopies (e.g. hymenopterans and hoverflies), whereas ground-dwelling groups and/or groups typically associated with shady conditions (e.g. epigeic lichens and mycorrhizal fungi) were more likely to be negatively impacted by disturbance. Across all taxonomic groups, the highest α-diversity in disturbed forest patches occurred under moderate disturbance severity, i.e. with approximately 55% of trees killed by disturbance. We further extended our meta-analysis by applying a unified diversity concept based on Hill numbers to estimate α-diversity changes in different taxonomic groups across a gradient of disturbance severity measured at the stand scale and incorporating other disturbance features. We found that disturbance severity negatively affected diversity for Hill number q = 0 but not for q = 1 and q = 2, indicating that diversity-disturbance relationships are shaped by species relative abundances. Our synthesis of α-diversity was extended by a synthesis of disturbance-induced change in species assemblages, and revealed that disturbance changes the β-diversity of multiple taxonomic groups, including some groups that were not affected at the α-diversity level (birds and woody plants). Finally, we used mixed rarefaction/extrapolation to estimate biodiversity change as a function of the proportion of forests that were disturbed, i.e. the disturbance extent measured at the landscape scale. The comparison of intact and naturally disturbed forests revealed that both types of forests provide habitat for unique species assemblages, whereas species diversity in the mixture of disturbed and undisturbed forests peaked at intermediate values of disturbance extent in the simulated landscape. Hence, the relationship between α-diversity and disturbance severity in disturbed forest stands was strikingly similar to the relationship between species richness and disturbance extent in a landscape consisting of both disturbed and undisturbed forest habitats. This result suggests that both moderate disturbance severity and moderate disturbance extent support the highest levels of biodiversity in contemporary forest landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Liis Viljur
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Scott R Abella
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Martin Adámek
- Department of GIS and Remote Sensing, Institute of Botany of the CAS, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Janderson Batista Rodrigues Alencar
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Programa de pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia), Manaus, AM, 0000-0001-9482-7866, Brazil
| | - Nicholas A Barber
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4614, USA
| | | | - Laura A Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Luciano Cagnolo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Brent R Campos
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA, 94954, USA
| | - Anne Chao
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, 30043, Taiwan
| | - Brahim Chergui
- LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel F R Cleary
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Thomas Seth Davis
- Forest & Rangeland Stewardship, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Yanus A Dechnik-Vázquez
- Estudios Ambientales, Centro de Anteproyectos del Golfo, Comisión Federal de Electricidad, Nueva Era, Boca del Río, Veracruz, C.P, 94295, Mexico
| | - William M Downing
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Andrés Fuentes-Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Biometría, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Kostadin B Georgiev
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Mark Gimbutas
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Narva mnt. 18, 51009, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Konstantin B Gongalsky
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Y Gorbunova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Cathryn H Greenberg
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Bent Creek Experimental Forest, 1577 Brevard Road, Asheville, NC, 28806, USA
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik S Jules
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Daniil I Korobushkin
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, PL 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Valerie Kurth
- Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Helena, MT, 59601, USA
| | - Joseph Drew Lanham
- Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Maria Lazarina
- Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, University Hill, GR-81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | | | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Pablo Martín-Pinto
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda, Madrid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco Moretti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Hyun-Young Nam
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin K Obrist
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Theodora Petanidou
- Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, University Hill, GR-81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Pere Pons
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Irina B Rapoport
- Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories, Russian Academy of Sciences, I. Armand, 37a, Nalchik, Russia
| | - Paul R Rhoades
- Idaho State Department of Agriculture, Coeur d'Alene, ID 83854, USA
| | - Clark Richter
- Science Department, Staten Island Academy, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Ruslan A Saifutdinov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Nathan J Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Xavier Santos
- CIBIO-InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Zachary Steel
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Julia Tavella
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Wendenburg
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Health and Biotic Interactions-Forest Entomology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrey S Zaitsev
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Kortmann M, Roth N, Buse J, Hilszczański J, Jaworski T, Morinière J, Seidl R, Thorn S, Müller JC. Arthropod dark taxa provide new insights into diversity responses to bark beetle infestations. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2516. [PMID: 34918844 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural disturbances are increasing around the globe, also impacting protected areas. Although previous studies have indicated that natural disturbances result in mainly positive effects on biodiversity, these analyses mostly focused on a few well established taxonomic groups, and thus uncertainty remains regarding the comprehensive impact of natural disturbances on biodiversity. Using Malaise traps and meta-barcoding, we studied a broad range of arthropod taxa, including dark and cryptic taxa, along a gradient of bark beetle disturbance severities in five European national parks. We identified order-level community thresholds of disturbance severity and classified barcode index numbers (BINs; a cluster system for DNA sequences, where each cluster corresponds to a species) as negative or positive disturbance indicators. Negative indicator BINs decreased above thresholds of low to medium disturbance severity (20%-30% of trees killed), whereas positive indicator BINs benefited from high disturbance severity (76%-98%). BINs allocated to a species name contained nearly as many positive as negative disturbance indicators, but dark and cryptic taxa, particularly Diptera and Hymenoptera in our data, contained higher numbers of negative disturbance indicator BINs. Analyses of changes in the richness of BINs showed variable responses of arthropods to disturbance severity at lower taxonomic levels, whereas no significant signal was detected at the order level due to the compensatory responses of the underlying taxa. We conclude that the analyses of dark taxa can offer new insights into biodiversity responses to disturbances. Our results suggest considerable potential for forest management to foster arthropod diversity, for example by maintaining both closed-canopy forests (>70% cover) and open forests (<30% cover) on the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kortmann
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Buse
- Department for Ecological Monitoring, Research and Species Protection, Black Forest National Park, Seebach, Germany
| | - Jacek Hilszczański
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jaworski
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | | | - Rupert Seidl
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Jörg C Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
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7
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Numbers matter: how irruptive bark beetles initiate transition to self-sustaining behavior during landscape-altering outbreaks. Oecologia 2022; 198:681-698. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Kaal J, Pérez-Rodríguez M, Biester H. Molecular Probing of DOM Indicates a Key Role of Spruce-Derived Lignin in the DOM and Metal Cycles of a Headwater Catchment: Can Spruce Forest Dieback Exacerbate Future Trends in the Browning of Central European Surface Waters? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2747-2759. [PMID: 35104105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands of the Northern Hemisphere and Central European coniferous forests experience significant environmental change. The resultant browning of surface waters, that is, elevated concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and metals, is of interest in the context of the global C cycle, peatland and forest management, and water treatment. In an attempt to identify the causes of this process in the Harz Mountains (Central Germany), we studied the spatiotemporal variations in DOM molecular composition (thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation combined with GC-MS) and metal concentrations in headwater stream samples. We found strong relationships between DOM and metals and seasonal variations in the DOM quality and tentatively DOM-metal binding mode: during summer base flow, DOM and metal concentrations are low, and all elements other than the alkali and alkaline earth metals (Ca, Mg, Sr, K, and Na) are positively correlated to DOM, whereas during spring and autumn (high discharge), only metals with strong affinity for DOM (Fe, As, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Ti), but not weakly binding ones (Al, Cd, La, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Zr), are correlated to DOM, indicative of selectivity in DOM-metal interactions. The products of polyphenols are the key ingredients of the DOM-metal complexes. We argue the importance of spruce lignin-derived vanillic acid moieties, which are involved in weak (all seasons) and strong, multidentate and/or colloidal, binding (spring and autumn) of metals. Considering the ongoing spruce forest dieback and climate change acceleration, it is tempting to conclude that spruce necromass and forest soils may release vast amounts of lignin-derived DOM and associated metals to headwater streams. This would have significant implications for forest soil C stocks and the management of connected drinking water reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kaal
- Institut für Geoökologie, Abteilung Umweltgeochemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19C, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Marta Pérez-Rodríguez
- Institut für Geoökologie, Abteilung Umweltgeochemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19C, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Harald Biester
- Institut für Geoökologie, Abteilung Umweltgeochemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19C, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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9
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Müller J, Brandl R, Cadotte MW, Heibl C, Bässler C, Weiß I, Birkhofer K, Thorn S, Seibold S. A replicated study on the response of spider assemblages to regional and local processes. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5 Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2 Grafenau Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Karl‐von‐Frisch Str. 8 Marburg Germany
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto–Scarborough Toronto Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Christoph Heibl
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2 Grafenau Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Conservation Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity Goethe‐University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ingmar Weiß
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2 Grafenau Germany
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus‐Senftenberg, Konrad‐Wachsmann Allee 6 Cottbus Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5 Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park Berchtesgaden Germany
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10
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Sire L, Yáñez PS, Wang C, Bézier A, Courtial B, Cours J, Fontaneto D, Larrieu L, Bouget C, Thorn S, Müller J, Yu DW, Monaghan MT, Herniou EA, Lopez-Vaamonde C. Climate-induced forest dieback drives compositional changes in insect communities that are more pronounced for rare species. Commun Biol 2022; 5:57. [PMID: 35042989 PMCID: PMC8766456 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Species richness, abundance and biomass of insects have recently undergone marked declines in Europe. We metabarcoded 211 Malaise-trap samples to investigate whether drought-induced forest dieback and subsequent salvage logging had an impact on ca. 3000 species of flying insects in silver fir Pyrenean forests. While forest dieback had no measurable impact on species richness, there were significant changes in community composition that were consistent with those observed during natural forest succession. Importantly, most observed changes were driven by rare species. Variation was explained primarily by canopy openness at the local scale, and the tree-related microhabitat diversity and deadwood amount at landscape scales. The levels of salvage logging in our study did not explain compositional changes. We conclude that forest dieback drives changes in species assemblages that mimic natural forest succession, and markedly increases the risk of catastrophic loss of rare species through homogenization of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sire
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Paul Schmidt Yáñez
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Jérémy Cours
- INRAE 'Forest Ecosystems' Research Unit - Biodiversity team Domaine des Barres, F-45290, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, CNR-IRSA, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Laurent Larrieu
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CRPF Occitanie, Tarbes, France
| | - Christophe Bouget
- INRAE 'Forest Ecosystems' Research Unit - Biodiversity team Domaine des Barres, F-45290, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Douglas W Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR47TJ, UK
| | - Michael T Monaghan
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße. 1-3, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
- INRAE, Zoologie Forestière, F-45075, Orléans, France
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11
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Mikoláš M, Svitok M, Bače R, Meigs GW, Keeton WS, Keith H, Buechling A, Trotsiuk V, Kozák D, Bollmann K, Begovič K, Čada V, Chaskovskyy O, Ralhan D, Dušátko M, Ferenčík M, Frankovič M, Gloor R, Hofmeister J, Janda P, Kameniar O, Lábusová J, Majdanová L, Nagel TA, Pavlin J, Pettit JL, Rodrigo R, Roibu CC, Rydval M, Sabatini FM, Schurman J, Synek M, Vostarek O, Zemlerová V, Svoboda M. Natural disturbance impacts on trade-offs and co-benefits of forest biodiversity and carbon. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211631. [PMID: 34666524 PMCID: PMC8527197 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With accelerating environmental change, understanding forest disturbance impacts on trade-offs between biodiversity and carbon dynamics is of high socio-economic importance. Most studies, however, have assessed immediate or short-term effects of disturbance, while long-term impacts remain poorly understood. Using a tree-ring-based approach, we analysed the effect of 250 years of disturbances on present-day biodiversity indicators and carbon dynamics in primary forests. Disturbance legacies spanning centuries shaped contemporary forest co-benefits and trade-offs, with contrasting, local-scale effects. Disturbances enhanced carbon sequestration, reaching maximum rates within a comparatively narrow post-disturbance window (up to 50 years). Concurrently, disturbance diminished aboveground carbon storage, which gradually returned to peak levels over centuries. Temporal patterns in biodiversity potential were bimodal; the first maximum coincided with the short-term post-disturbance carbon sequestration peak, and the second occurred during periods of maximum carbon storage in complex old-growth forest. Despite fluctuating local-scale trade-offs, forest biodiversity and carbon storage remained stable across the broader study region, and our data support a positive relationship between carbon stocks and biodiversity potential. These findings underscore the interdependencies of forest processes, and highlight the necessity of large-scale conservation programmes to effectively promote both biodiversity and long-term carbon storage, particularly given the accelerating global biodiversity and climate crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mikoláš
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Marek Svitok
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Masaryka 24, Zvolen 96001, Slovakia
| | - Radek Bače
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Garrett W. Meigs
- Department of Natural Resources, Washington State, 1111 Washington Street SE, Olympia, WA 98504, USA
| | - William S. Keeton
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Heather Keith
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Arne Buechling
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kozák
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Kurt Bollmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Krešimir Begovič
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Oleh Chaskovskyy
- Faculty of Forestry, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Gen. Chuprynka 103, Lviv 790 57, Ukraine
| | - Dheeraj Ralhan
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dušátko
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Matej Ferenčík
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Frankovič
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Rhiannon Gloor
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Jeňýk Hofmeister
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janda
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kameniar
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Jana Lábusová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Linda Majdanová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Thomas A. Nagel
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Pavlin
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Joseph L. Pettit
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Minot State University, Minot, ND, USA
| | - Ruffy Rodrigo
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Science, Biliran Province State University, Biliran Campus, Biliran 6549, Philippines
| | - Catalin-Constantin Roibu
- Forest Biometrics Laboratory–Faculty of Forestry, ‘Stefan cel Mare’ University of Suceava, Universitătii Street no. 13, Suceava 720229, Romania
| | - Miloš Rydval
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Francesco M. Sabatini
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology, Am Kirchtor 1, Halle 06108, Germany
- Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, BIOME Laboratory, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jonathan Schurman
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Synek
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vostarek
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zemlerová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 Suchdol, 16521 Czech Republic
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12
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Uhler J, Redlich S, Zhang J, Hothorn T, Tobisch C, Ewald J, Thorn S, Seibold S, Mitesser O, Morinière J, Bozicevic V, Benjamin CS, Englmeier J, Fricke U, Ganuza C, Haensel M, Riebl R, Rojas-Botero S, Rummler T, Uphus L, Schmidt S, Steffan-Dewenter I, Müller J. Relationship of insect biomass and richness with land use along a climate gradient. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5946. [PMID: 34642336 PMCID: PMC8511018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently reported insect declines have raised both political and social concern. Although the declines have been attributed to land use and climate change, supporting evidence suffers from low taxonomic resolution, short time series, a focus on local scales, and the collinearity of the identified drivers. In this study, we conducted a systematic assessment of insect populations in southern Germany, which showed that differences in insect biomass and richness are highly context dependent. We found the largest difference in biomass between semi-natural and urban environments (-42%), whereas differences in total richness (-29%) and the richness of threatened species (-56%) were largest from semi-natural to agricultural environments. These results point to urbanization and agriculture as major drivers of decline. We also found that richness and biomass increase monotonously with increasing temperature, independent of habitat. The contrasting patterns of insect biomass and richness question the use of these indicators as mutual surrogates. Our study provides support for the implementation of more comprehensive measures aimed at habitat restoration in order to halt insect declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Uhler
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Redlich
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Tobisch
- Institute of Ecology and Landscape, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg Ewald
- Botany & Vegetation Science, Faculty of Forestry, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest management Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden, Germany
| | - Oliver Mitesser
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Caryl S Benjamin
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jana Englmeier
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute Fricke
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Ganuza
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Haensel
- Professorship of Ecological Services, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rebekka Riebl
- Professorship of Ecological Services, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sandra Rojas-Botero
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Rummler
- Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lars Uphus
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany.
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13
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Baker NJ, Pilotto F, Jourdan J, Beudert B, Haase P. Recovery from air pollution and subsequent acidification masks the effects of climate change on a freshwater macroinvertebrate community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143685. [PMID: 33288265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are dynamic, complex systems with a multitude of physical and ecological processes and stressors which drive fluctuations on the community-level. Disentangling the effects of different processes and stressors is challenging due to their interconnected nature. However, as protected areas (i.e. national parks) are less anthropogenically impacted, they are ideal for investigating single stressors. We focus on the Bavarian Forest National Park, a Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in Germany, where the major stressors are climate warming, air pollution (i.e. acidification) and bark beetle infestations. We investigated the effects of these stressors on freshwater macroinvertebrates using comprehensive long-term (1983-2014) datasets comprising high-resolution macroinvertebrate and physico-chemical data from a near-natural stream. Macroinvertebrate communities have undergone substantial changes over the past 32 years, highlighted by increases in overall community abundance (+173%) and richness (+51.6%) as well as taxonomic restructuring driven by a disproportional increase of dipterans. Prior to the year 2000, regression analyses revealed a decline in sulphate deposition and subsequent recovery from historical acidification as potential drivers of the increases in abundance and richness rather than to increases in water temperature (1.5 °C overall increase). Post 2000, however, alterations to nutrient cycling caused by bark beetle infestations coupled with warming temperatures were correlated to taxonomic restructuring and disproportional increases of dipterans at the expense of sensitive taxa such as plecopterans and trichopterans. Our results highlight the challenges when investigating the effects of climate change within a multi-stressor context. Even in conservation areas, recovery from previous disturbance might mask the effects of ongoing disturbances like climate change. Overall, we observed strong community restructuring, demonstrating that stenothermal headwater communities face additional stress due to emerging competition with tolerant taxa. Conservation efforts should consider the temporal variability of communities and their recovery from disturbances to adequately identify species vulnerable to local or widespread extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Jay Baker
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | - Francesca Pilotto
- Environmental Archaeology Lab, Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Jourdan
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Peter Haase
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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14
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Forsius M, Posch M, Holmberg M, Vuorenmaa J, Kleemola S, Augustaitis A, Beudert B, Bochenek W, Clarke N, de Wit HA, Dirnböck T, Frey J, Grandin U, Hakola H, Kobler J, Krám P, Lindroos AJ, Löfgren S, Pecka T, Rönnback P, Skotak K, Szpikowski J, Ukonmaanaho L, Valinia S, Váňa M. Assessing critical load exceedances and ecosystem impacts of anthropogenic nitrogen and sulphur deposition at unmanaged forested catchments in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141791. [PMID: 32890870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) compounds and their long-range transport have caused widespread negative impacts on different ecosystems. Critical loads (CLs) are deposition thresholds used to describe the sensitivity of ecosystems to atmospheric deposition. The CL methodology has been a key science-based tool for assessing the environmental consequences of air pollution. We computed CLs for eutrophication and acidification using a European long-term dataset of intensively studied forested ecosystem sites (n = 17) in northern and central Europe. The sites belong to the ICP IM and eLTER networks. The link between the site-specific calculations and time-series of CL exceedances and measured site data was evaluated using long-term measurements (1990-2017) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry. Novel techniques for presenting exceedances of CLs and their temporal development were also developed. Concentrations and fluxes of sulphate, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and acidity in deposition substantially decreased at the sites. Decreases in S deposition resulted in statistically significant decreased concentrations and fluxes of sulphate in runoff and decreasing trends of TIN in runoff were more common than increasing trends. The temporal developments of the exceedance of the CLs indicated the more effective reductions of S deposition compared to N at the sites. There was a relation between calculated exceedance of the CLs and measured runoff water concentrations and fluxes, and most sites with higher CL exceedances showed larger decreases in both TIN and H+ concentrations and fluxes. Sites with higher cumulative exceedance of eutrophication CLs (averaged over 3 and 30 years) generally showed higher TIN concentrations in runoff. The results provided evidence on the link between CL exceedances and empirical impacts, increasing confidence in the methodology used for the European-scale CL calculations. The results also confirm that emission abatement actions are having their intended effects on CL exceedances and ecosystem impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maximilian Posch
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Maria Holmberg
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Vuorenmaa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kleemola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu 13, Kaunas distr. LT-53362, Lithuania
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Witold Bochenek
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Szymbark 430, 38-311 Szymbark, Poland
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane Frey
- Tartu University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise St. 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulf Grandin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Geochemistry, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Pecka
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pernilla Rönnback
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Józef Szpikowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Storkowo 32, 78-450 Grzmiąca, Poland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salar Valinia
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Department- Air Unit, SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Observatory Košetice, CZ-394 22 Košetice, Czech Republic
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15
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Dobor L, Hlásny T, Zimová S. Contrasting vulnerability of monospecific and species-diverse forests to wind and bark beetle disturbance: The role of management. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12233-12245. [PMID: 33209284 PMCID: PMC7663067 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind and bark beetle disturbances have increased in recent decades, affecting Europe's coniferous forests with particular severity. Management fostering forest diversity and resilience is deemed to effectively mitigate disturbance impacts, yet its efficiency and interaction with other disturbance management measures remain unclear.We focused on Central Europe, which has become one of the hotspots of recent disturbance changes. We used the iLand ecosystem model to understand the interplay between species composition of the forest, forest disturbance dynamics affected by climate change, and disturbance management. The tested measures included (a) active transformation of tree species composition toward site-matching species; (b) intensive removal of windfelled trees, which can support the buildup of bark beetle populations; and (c) reduction of mature and vulnerable trees on the landscape via modified harvesting regimes.We found that management systems aiming to sustain the dominance of Norway spruce in the forest are failing under climate change, and none of the measures applied could mitigate the disturbance impacts. Conversely, management systems fostering forest diversity substantially reduced the level of disturbance. Significant disturbance reduction has been achieved even without salvaging and rotation length reduction, which is beneficial for ecosystem recovery, carbon, and biodiversity. Synthesis and applications: We conclude that climate change amplifies the contrast in vulnerability of monospecific and species-diverse forests to wind and bark beetle disturbance. Whereas forests dominated by Norway spruce are not likely to be sustained in Central Europe under climate change, different management strategies can be applied in species-diverse forests to reach the desired control over the disturbance dynamic. Our findings justify some unrealistic expectations about the options to control disturbance dynamics under climate change and highlight the importance of management that fosters forest diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dobor
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hlásny
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Soňa Zimová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
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16
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Temporal changes in bird communities of wind-affected coniferous mountain forest in differently disturbed stands (High Tatra Mts., Slovakia). Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Davis TS, Rhoades PR, Mann AJ, Griswold T. Bark beetle outbreak enhances biodiversity and foraging habitat of native bees in alpine landscapes of the southern Rocky Mountains. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16400. [PMID: 33009441 PMCID: PMC7532438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Landscape-scale bark beetle outbreaks alter forest structure with direct and indirect effects on plants and animals in forest ecosystems. Using alpine spruce forest and a native bee community as a study system, we tested how tree mortality from bark beetles impacts bee foraging habitats and populations. Bees were collected across the growing season (early-, middle-, and late-season) for two years using passive trapping methods, and collections were used to analyze patterns in species abundances and diversity. Three important findings emerged: (1) forest stands that were post-outbreak had 62% higher floral density and 68% more floral species during peak bloom, respectively, than non-affected stands; (2) bee captures were highest early-season (June) and were not strongly affected by bark beetle outbreak; however, mean number of bee species and Shannon–Weiner diversity were significantly higher in post-outbreak stands and this effect was pronounced early in the growing season. Corresponding analysis of β-diversity indicated higher accumulation of bee biodiversity in post-outbreak stands and a turnover in the ratio of Bombus: Osmia; (3) bee captures were linked to variation in foraging habitat, but number of bee species and diversity were more strongly predicted by forest structure. Our results provide evidence of increased alpine bee biodiversity in post-outbreak stands and increased availability of floral resources. We conclude that large-scale disturbance from bark beetle outbreaks may drive shifts in pollinator community composition through cascading effects on floral resources, mediated via mortality of overstory trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seth Davis
- Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | | | - Andrew J Mann
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Terry Griswold
- USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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18
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Six DL. Niche construction theory can link bark beetle-fungus symbiosis type and colonization behavior to large scale causal chain-effects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 39:27-34. [PMID: 32114295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bark beetles form a variety of symbioses with fungi. Recent studies reveal how the fungi influence beetle nutrition and detoxify tree defenses and provide insight into why these symbioses vary so greatly in their outcomes, not only for host and symbiont, but also for the forest ecosystems within which they exist. Here, I review recent advances in our knowledge of these systems. I then introduce how niche construction theory can provide a framework to use this knowledge to better understand how different symbiosis types result in a gradient of ecosystem effects ranging from massive and durable to those of little ecological consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59804, USA.
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19
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Kozák D, Svitok M, Wiezik M, Mikoláš M, Thorn S, Buechling A, Hofmeister J, Matula R, Trotsiuk V, Bače R, Begovič K, Čada V, Dušátko M, Frankovič M, Horák J, Janda P, Kameniar O, Nagel TA, Pettit JL, Pettit JM, Synek M, Wieziková A, Svoboda M. Historical Disturbances Determine Current Taxonomic, Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity of Saproxylic Beetle Communities in Temperate Primary Forests. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Pan X, Ping Y, Hu Y, Song Y, Zhang X, Li W, Cui L, Vymazal J. Species traits and decomposability predict water quality changes during litter submergence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:135581. [PMID: 31812392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant litter plays an important role in affecting the water quality of wetland ecosystems. However, it is unknown whether litter decomposability and species traits might predict water quality changes during litter submergence. Here, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine the effects of four submerged plant species, together with two water sources (sampled from tourism and protected areas), and oxygen injection treatments on the changes of eight water quality parameters during litter submergence. Our results showed that litter submergence significantly affected water quality changes, and the observed effects changed through time and differed between two water sources, between oxygen injection and the control treatments, and among different litter species. Moreover, water electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), water total nitrogen (TN), ammonium and nitrite nitrogen increased with increasing initial litter total carbon (TC), TN and total phosphorus (TP), but water dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased with increasing litter TC, TN and TP. Moreover, water EC, TDS and TN increased with the final mass losses after 10-week submergence. These results indicated that species traits (including decomposability) might be good predictors for the water quality changes during litter submergence, and such a trait-based approach might be a promising tool to link plant species diversity via plant functional traits to water quality or other wetland ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Pan
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Hanshiqiao National Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Beijing 101309, China.
| | - Yunmei Ping
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Hanshiqiao National Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Beijing 101309, China
| | - Yukun Hu
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Hanshiqiao National Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Beijing 101309, China
| | - Yaobin Song
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Hanshiqiao National Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Beijing 101309, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Hanshiqiao National Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Beijing 101309, China
| | - Lijuan Cui
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Hanshiqiao National Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Beijing 101309, China.
| | - Jan Vymazal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kymýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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21
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Accumulation of Urban Insect Pests in China: 50 Years’ Observations on Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora). SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12041582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since China experienced a rapid and unprecedented process of urbanization and climate change from 1978 onwards, pest outbreaks were frequently reported on urban forests, which reflects a significant imbalance between natural regulation and human control. Based on information extracted from all journal articles and reports about insect pests on camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) in urban China, we characterized historical patterns and trends in pest outbreaks over large areas. Our results suggested that (1) most distribution areas of C. camphora in urban China had pest records (14 provinces) over the last 50 years, especially at the south-eastern coastal areas; (2) pests on camphor tree in urban China showed an accelerated growth since the 1990s; and (3) pests on camphor tree in urban China were characterized by native and leaf-feeding species. Urbanization seems to positively correlate with urban pest outbreaks. Changes of urban pest outbreaks could largely be described by synchronic changes of socio-economic indicators, of which CO2 emissions as metric tons per capita is the most significant predictor, followed by GDP and human population. Thus, managers and city planners should allocate resources to socio-economic-related pest outbreaks for a sustainable ecosystem.
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22
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Hagge J, Bässler C, Gruppe A, Hoppe B, Kellner H, Krah FS, Müller J, Seibold S, Stengel E, Thorn S. Bark coverage shifts assembly processes of microbial decomposer communities in dead wood. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191744. [PMID: 31594501 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark protects living trees against environmental influences but may promote wood decomposition by fungi and bacteria after tree death. However, the mechanisms by which bark determines the assembly process and biodiversity of decomposers remain unknown. Therefore, we partially or completely removed bark from experimentally felled trees and tested with null modelling whether assembly processes were determined by bark coverage and if biodiversity of molecularly sampled fungi and bacteria generally benefited from increasing bark cover. The community composition of fungi, wood-decaying fungi (subset of all fungi) and bacteria clearly separated between completely debarked, partly debarked and control trees. Bacterial species richness was higher on control trees than on either partly or completely debarked trees, whereas the species richness of all fungi did not differ. However, the species richness of wood-decaying fungi was higher on partially and completely debarked trees than on control trees. Deterministic assembly processes were most important in completely debarked trees, a pattern consistent for fungi and bacteria. Our findings suggest that human disturbances in forests shift the dominant assembly mechanism from stochastic to deterministic processes and thus alter the diversity of wood-inhabiting microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hagge
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chair of Zoology, Entomology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Strasse 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Strasse 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Axel Gruppe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chair of Zoology, Entomology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Björn Hoppe
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institute, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Harald Kellner
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, International Institute Zittau, Technische Universität Dresden, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - Franz-Sebastian Krah
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Strasse 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany.,Plant Biodiversity Research Group, Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Strasse 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany.,Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Glashüttenstrasse 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Elisa Stengel
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Glashüttenstrasse 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Glashüttenstrasse 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
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23
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Senf C, Pflugmacher D, Zhiqiang Y, Sebald J, Knorn J, Neumann M, Hostert P, Seidl R. Canopy mortality has doubled in Europe's temperate forests over the last three decades. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4978. [PMID: 30478255 PMCID: PMC6255806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality is a key indicator of forest health, and increasing mortality can serve as bellwether for the impacts of global change on forest ecosystems. Here we analyze trends in forest canopy mortality between 1984 and 2016 over more than 30 Mill. ha of temperate forests in Europe, based on a unique dataset of 24,000 visually interpreted spectral trajectories from the Landsat archive. On average, 0.79% of the forest area was affected by natural or human-induced mortality annually. Canopy mortality increased by +2.40% year-1, doubling the forest area affected by mortality since 1984. Areas experiencing low-severity mortality increased more strongly than areas affected by stand-replacing mortality events. Changes in climate and land-use are likely causes of large-scale forest mortality increase. Our findings reveal profound changes in recent forest dynamics with important implications for carbon storage and biodiversity conservation, highlighting the importance of improved monitoring of forest mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Senf
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dirk Pflugmacher
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Zhiqiang
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Julius Sebald
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Knorn
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Neumann
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Hostert
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- Integrated Research Institute on Transformation of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Hagge J, Leibl F, Müller J, Plechinger M, Soutinho JG, Thorn S. Reconciling pest control, nature conservation, and recreation in coniferous forests. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hagge
- Department of Zoology, Entomology Research Group Technical University of Munich Freising Bavaria Germany
| | - Franz Leibl
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Bavaria Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Bavaria Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III) Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg Rauhenebrach Bavaria Germany
| | | | | | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III) Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg Rauhenebrach Bavaria Germany
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25
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Ammer C, Fichtner A, Fischer A, Gossner MM, Meyer P, Seidl R, Thomas FM, Annighöfer P, Kreyling J, Ohse B, Berger U, Feldmann E, Häberle KH, Heer K, Heinrichs S, Huth F, Krämer-Klement K, Mölder A, Müller J, Mund M, Opgenoorth L, Schall P, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Seidel D, Vogt J, Wagner S. Key ecological research questions for Central European forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Sommerfeld A, Senf C, Buma B, D'Amato AW, Després T, Díaz-Hormazábal I, Fraver S, Frelich LE, Gutiérrez ÁG, Hart SJ, Harvey BJ, He HS, Hlásny T, Holz A, Kitzberger T, Kulakowski D, Lindenmayer D, Mori AS, Müller J, Paritsis J, Perry GLW, Stephens SL, Svoboda M, Turner MG, Veblen TT, Seidl R. Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the temperate forest biome. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4355. [PMID: 30341309 PMCID: PMC6195561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that forest disturbances are changing in response to global change, yet local variability in disturbance remains high. We quantified this considerable variability and analyzed whether recent disturbance episodes around the globe were consistently driven by climate, and if human influence modulates patterns of forest disturbance. We combined remote sensing data on recent (2001-2014) disturbances with in-depth local information for 50 protected landscapes and their surroundings across the temperate biome. Disturbance patterns are highly variable, and shaped by variation in disturbance agents and traits of prevailing tree species. However, high disturbance activity is consistently linked to warmer and drier than average conditions across the globe. Disturbances in protected areas are smaller and more complex in shape compared to their surroundings affected by human land use. This signal disappears in areas with high recent natural disturbance activity, underlining the potential of climate-mediated disturbance to transform forest landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sommerfeld
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Institute of Silviculture, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria.
| | - Cornelius Senf
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Institute of Silviculture, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Buma
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, 1151 Arapahoe, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Anthony W D'Amato
- University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Aiken Center Room 204E, Burlington, VT, 05495, USA
| | - Tiphaine Després
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 boulevard de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Ignacio Díaz-Hormazábal
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shawn Fraver
- University of Maine, School of Forest Resources, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Lee E Frelich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St.Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Álvaro G Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah J Hart
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Brian J Harvey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hong S He
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tomáš Hlásny
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrés Holz
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Dominik Kulakowski
- Clark University, Graduate School of Geography, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Juan Paritsis
- INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - George L W Perry
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica G Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology, Birge Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Thomas T Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Rupert Seidl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Institute of Silviculture, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria
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Kortmann M, Heurich M, Latifi H, Rösner S, Seidl R, Müller J, Thorn S. Forest structure following natural disturbances and early succession provides habitat for two avian flagship species, capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus) and hazel grouse ( Tetrastes bonasia). BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2018; 226:81-91. [PMID: 35633892 PMCID: PMC7612776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Boreal and mountainous forests are a primary focus of conservation efforts and are naturally prone to large-scale disturbances, such as outbreaks of bark beetles. Affected stands are characterised by biological legacies which persist through the disturbance and subsequent succession. The lack of long-term monitoring data on post-disturbance forest structure precludes understanding of the complex pathways by which natural disturbances affect forest structure and subsequently species presence. We analysed the response of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and hazel grouse (Tetrastes bonasia) to bark beetle infestations. We combined high-resolution airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with a 23-year time series of aerial photography to quantify present-day forest structure and stand disturbance history. Species presence was assessed by collecting droppings of hazel grouse and capercaillie in a citizen science project. Structural equation models showed that the probability of hazel grouse presence increased with increasing disturbance, and the probability of both hazel grouse and capercaillie presence increased with succession. Indirect effects of bark beetle infestations, such as a reduced abundance of deciduous trees and an enhanced herb layer cover, were positively associated with capercaillie presence. Decreasing canopy cover increased the probability of hazel grouse presence. The high temporal and spatial heterogeneity of bark beetle infestations created forest structures that meet the contrasting habitat requirements of both, capercaillie and hazel grouse. This heterogeneity resulted from biological legacies such as decomposing snags, and the simultaneous regrowth of natural regeneration. A benign-neglect strategy towards bark beetle infestations could hence foster capercaillie and hazel grouse in mountainous forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kortmann
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Zoology, Department of Conservation and Research, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hooman Latifi
- Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Remote Sensing, University of Würzburg, Oswald Külpe Weg 86, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Sascha Rösner
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Zoology, Department of Conservation and Research, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter University of Würzburg Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
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Oulehle F, Wright RF, Svoboda M, Bače R, Matějka K, Kaňa J, Hruška J, Couture RM, Kopáček J. Effects of Bark Beetle Disturbance on Soil Nutrient Retention and Lake Chemistry in Glacial Catchment. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baker WL. Transitioning western U.S. dry forests to limited committed warming with bet-hedging and natural disturbances. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William L. Baker
- Program in Ecology/Department of Geography; University of Wyoming; Department 3371, 1000 East University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82081 USA
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Vuorenmaa J, Augustaitis A, Beudert B, Bochenek W, Clarke N, de Wit HA, Dirnböck T, Frey J, Hakola H, Kleemola S, Kobler J, Krám P, Lindroos AJ, Lundin L, Löfgren S, Marchetto A, Pecka T, Schulte-Bisping H, Skotak K, Srybny A, Szpikowski J, Ukonmaanaho L, Váňa M, Åkerblom S, Forsius M. Long-term changes (1990-2015) in the atmospheric deposition and runoff water chemistry of sulphate, inorganic nitrogen and acidity for forested catchments in Europe in relation to changes in emissions and hydrometeorological conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1129-1145. [PMID: 29996410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The international Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) encompasses hundreds of long-term research/monitoring sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help us understand environmental change across the globe. We evaluated long-term trends (1990-2015) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry and fluxes, and climatic variables in 25 forested catchments in Europe belonging to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICP IM). Many of the IM sites form part of the monitoring infrastructures of this larger ILTER network. Trends were evaluated for monthly concentrations of non-marine (anthropogenic fraction, denoted as x) sulphate (xSO4) and base cations x(Ca+Mg), hydrogen ion (H+), inorganic N (NO3 and NH4) and ANC (Acid Neutralising Capacity) and their respective fluxes into and out of the catchments and for monthly precipitation, runoff and air temperature. A significant decrease of xSO4 deposition resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of xSO4 in runoff, being significant at 90% and 60% of the sites, respectively. Bulk deposition of NO3 and NH4 decreased significantly at 60-80% (concentrations) and 40-60% (fluxes) of the sites. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3 in runoff decreased at 73% and 63% of the sites, respectively, and NO3 concentrations decreased significantly at 50% of the sites. Thus, the LTER/ICP IM network confirms the positive effects of the emission reductions in Europe. Air temperature increased significantly at 61% of the sites, while trends for precipitation and runoff were rarely significant. The site-specific variation of xSO4 concentrations in runoff was most strongly explained by deposition. Climatic variables and deposition explained the variation of inorganic N concentrations in runoff at single sites poorly, and as yet there are no clear signs of a consistent deposition-driven or climate-driven increase in inorganic N exports in the catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Vuorenmaa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas distr. LT-53362, Lithuania
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Witold Bochenek
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Szymbark 430, 38-311 Szymbark, Poland
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane Frey
- Tartu University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise St. 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kleemola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Geochemistry, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Lundin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aldo Marchetto
- CNR Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Largo Tonolli 5-28922, Verbania Pallanza VB, Italy
| | - Tomasz Pecka
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Schulte-Bisping
- Georg-August University of Göttingen, Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anatoly Srybny
- Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, P.O. Domzheritzy, Lepel District, Vitebskaya Oblast 211188, Belarus
| | - Józef Szpikowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Storkowo 32, 78-450 Grzmiąca, Poland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Observatory Košetice, CZ-394 22 Košetice, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Åkerblom
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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Müller J, Noss RF, Thorn S, Bässler C, Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer D. Increasing disturbance demands new policies to conserve intact forest. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Glashüttenstraße 5 96181 Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2 94481 Grafenau Germany
| | - Reed F. Noss
- Florida Institute for Conservation Science; 2205 Sultan Circle Chuluota FL 32766 USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Glashüttenstraße 5 96181 Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2 94481 Grafenau Germany
| | - Alexandro B. Leverkus
- Ecology Unit, Department of Life Sciences; University of Alcalá. Campus Universitario; 28805 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; the Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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Seidl R, Albrich K, Thom D, Rammer W. Harnessing landscape heterogeneity for managing future disturbance risks in forest ecosystems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 209:46-56. [PMID: 29275284 PMCID: PMC5873512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to prevent irreversible impacts of climate change on the biosphere it is imperative to phase out the use of fossil fuels. Consequently, the provisioning of renewable resources such as timber and biomass from forests is an ecosystem service of increasing importance. However, risk factors such as changing disturbance regimes are challenging the continuous provisioning of ecosystem services, and are thus a key concern in forest management. We here used simulation modeling to study different risk management strategies in the context of timber production under changing climate and disturbance regimes, focusing on a 8127 ha forest landscape in the Northern Front Range of the Alps in Austria. We show that under a continuation of historical management, disturbances from wind and bark beetles increase by +39.5% on average over 200 years in response to future climate change. Promoting mixed forests and climate-adapted tree species as well as increasing management intensity effectively reduced future disturbance risk. Analyzing the spatial patterns of disturbance on the landscape, we found a highly uneven distribution of risk among stands (Gini coefficients up to 0.466), but also a spatially variable effectiveness of silvicultural risk reduction measures. This spatial variability in the contribution to and control of risk can be used to inform disturbance management: Stands which have a high leverage on overall risk and for which risks can effectively be reduced (24.4% of the stands in our simulations) should be a priority for risk mitigation measures. In contrast, management should embrace natural disturbances for their beneficial effects on biodiversity in areas which neither contribute strongly to landscape-scale risk nor respond positively to risk mitigation measures (16.9% of stands). We here illustrate how spatial heterogeneity in forest landscapes can be harnessed to address both positive and negative effects of changing natural disturbance regimes in ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria.
| | - Katharina Albrich
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dominik Thom
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
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Senf C, Seidl R, Hostert P. Remote sensing of forest insect disturbances: Current state and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 60:49-60. [PMID: 28860949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insect disturbance are important agents of change in forest ecosystems around the globe, yet their spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics are not well understood. Remote sensing has gained much attention in mapping and understanding insect outbreak dynamics. Consequently, we here review the current literature on the remote sensing of insect disturbances. We suggest to group studies into three insect types: bark beetles, broadleaved defoliators, and coniferous defoliators. By so doing, we systematically compare the sensors and methods used for mapping insect disturbances within and across insect types. Results suggest that there are substantial differences between methods used for mapping bark beetles and defoliators, and between methods used for mapping broadleaved and coniferous defoliators. Following from this, we highlight approaches that are particularly suited for each insect type. Finally, we conclude by highlighting future research directions for remote sensing of insect disturbances. In particular, we suggest to: 1) Separate insect disturbances from other agents; 2) Extend the spatial and temporal domain of analysis; 3) Make use of dense time series; 4) Operationalize near-real time monitoring of insect disturbances; 5) Identify insect disturbances in the context of coupled human-natural systems; and 6) Improve reference data for assessing insect disturbances. Since the remote sensing of insect disturbances has gained much interest beyond the remote sensing community recently, the future developments identified here will help integrating remote sensing products into operational forest management. Furthermore, an improved spatiotemporal quantification of insect disturbances will support an inclusion of these processes into regional to global ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Senf
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Hostert
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.,Integrative Research Institute on Transformation of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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Kortmann M, Hurst J, Brinkmann R, Heurich M, Silveyra González R, Müller J, Thorn S. Beauty and the beast: how a bat utilizes forests shaped by outbreaks of an insect pest. Anim Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kortmann
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - J. Hurst
- Freiburg Institute of Applied Animal Ecology; Freiburg Germany
| | - R. Brinkmann
- Freiburg Institute of Applied Animal Ecology; Freiburg Germany
| | - M. Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Zoology; Department of Conservation and Research; Grafenau Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - R. Silveyra González
- Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - J. Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Zoology; Department of Conservation and Research; Grafenau Germany
| | - S. Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Rauhenebrach Germany
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Seidl R, Thom D, Kautz M, Martin-Benito D, Peltoniemi M, Vacchiano G, Wild J, Ascoli D, Petr M, Honkaniemi J, Lexer MJ, Trotsiuk V, Mairota P, Svoboda M, Fabrika M, Nagel TA, Reyer CPO. Forest disturbances under climate change. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 2017; 7:395-402. [PMID: 28861124 PMCID: PMC5572641 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Forest disturbances are sensitive to climate. However, our understanding of disturbance dynamics in response to climatic changes remains incomplete, particularly regarding large-scale patterns, interaction effects and dampening feedbacks. Here we provide a global synthesis of climate change effects on important abiotic (fire, drought, wind, snow and ice) and biotic (insects and pathogens) disturbance agents. Warmer and drier conditions particularly facilitate fire, drought and insect disturbances, while warmer and wetter conditions increase disturbances from wind and pathogens. Widespread interactions between agents are likely to amplify disturbances, while indirect climate effects such as vegetation changes can dampen long-term disturbance sensitivities to climate. Future changes in disturbance are likely to be most pronounced in coniferous forests and the boreal biome. We conclude that both ecosystems and society should be prepared for an increasingly disturbed future of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dominik Thom
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK–IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Dario Martin-Benito
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Management and Production of Renewable Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- DISAFA, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michal Petr
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Northern Research Station, Roslin EH25 9SY, UK
| | - Juha Honkaniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Management and Production of Renewable Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manfred J. Lexer
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Paola Mairota
- Department of Agri-Environmental and Territorial Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Fabrika
- Department of Forest Management and Geodesy, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, Zvolen 96053, Slovakia
| | - Thomas A. Nagel
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Macek M, Wild J, Kopecký M, Červenka J, Svoboda M, Zenáhlíková J, Brůna J, Mosandl R, Fischer A. Life and death of Picea abies after bark-beetle outbreak: ecological processes driving seedling recruitment. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:156-167. [PMID: 28052495 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The severity and spatial extent of bark-beetle outbreaks substantially increased in recent decades worldwide. The ongoing controversy about natural forest recovery after these outbreaks highlights the need for individual-based long-term studies, which disentangle processes driving forest regeneration. However, such studies have been lacking. To fill this gap, we followed the fates of 2,552 individual seedlings for 12 years after a large-scale bark-beetle outbreak that caused complete canopy dieback in mountain Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests in southeast Germany. We explore the contribution of advance, disturbance-related, and post-disturbance regeneration to forest recovery. Most seedlings originated directly within the three-year dieback of canopy trees induced by bark-beetle outbreak. After complete canopy dieback, the establishment of new seedlings was minimal. Surprisingly, advance regeneration formed only a minor part of all regeneration. However, because it had the highest survival rate, its importance increased over time. The most important factor influencing the survival of seedlings after disturbance was their height. Survival was further modified by microsite: seedlings established on dead wood survived best, whereas almost all seedlings surrounded by graminoids died. For 5 cm tall seedlings, annual mortality ranged from 20 to 50% according to the rooting microsite. However, for seedlings taller than 50 cm, annual mortality was below 5% at all microsites. While microsite modified seedling mortality, it did not affect seedling height growth. A model of regeneration dynamics based on short-term observations accurately predicts regeneration height growth, but substantially underestimates mortality rate, thus predicting more surviving seedlings than were observed. We found that P. abies forests were able to regenerate naturally even after severe bark-beetle outbreaks owing to advance and particularly disturbance-related regeneration. This, together with microsite-specific mortality, yields structurally and spatially diverse forests. Our study thus highlights the so far unrecognized importance of disturbance-related regeneration for stand recovery after bark-beetle outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Macek
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kopecký
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Červenka
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park, 1. máje 260, CZ-385 01, Vimperk, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Zenáhlíková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 -, Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park, 1. máje 260, CZ-385 01, Vimperk, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Brůna
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Reinhard Mosandl
- Institute of Silviculture, Technische Universität München TUM, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anton Fischer
- Geobotany, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München TUM, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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Morris JL, Cottrell S, Fettig CJ, Hansen WD, Sherriff RL, Carter VA, Clear JL, Clement J, DeRose RJ, Hicke JA, Higuera PE, Mattor KM, Seddon AWR, Seppä HT, Stednick JD, Seybold SJ. Managing bark beetle impacts on ecosystems and society: priority questions to motivate future research. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L. Morris
- Department of Geography; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Stuart Cottrell
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Christopher J. Fettig
- Pacific Southwest Research Station; Invasives and Threats; Ecosystem Function and Health; USDA Forest Service; Davis CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer L. Clear
- Department of Forest Ecology; Czech University of Life Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences; Rutgers University; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Jessica Clement
- Ruckelshaus Institute of Environment and Natural Resources; University of Wyoming; Laramie WY USA
| | - R. Justin DeRose
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; Forest Inventory and Analysis; USDA Forest Service; Ogden UT USA
| | | | - Philip E. Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula MT USA
| | - Katherine M. Mattor
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | | | - Heikki T. Seppä
- Department of Geosciences and Geography; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - John D. Stednick
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Steven J. Seybold
- Pacific Southwest Research Station; Invasives and Threats; Ecosystem Function and Health; USDA Forest Service; Davis CA USA
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Seidl R, Spies TA, Peterson DL, Stephens SL, Hicke JA. Searching for resilience: addressing the impacts of changing disturbance regimes on forest ecosystem services. J Appl Ecol 2016; 53:120-129. [PMID: 26966320 PMCID: PMC4780065 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The provisioning of ecosystem services to society is increasingly under pressure from global change. Changing disturbance regimes are of particular concern in this context due to their high potential impact on ecosystem structure, function and composition. Resilience-based stewardship is advocated to address these changes in ecosystem management, but its operational implementation has remained challenging. 2. We review observed and expected changes in disturbance regimes and their potential impacts on provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services, concentrating on temperate and boreal forests. Subsequently, we focus on resilience as a powerful concept to quantify and address these changes and their impacts, and present an approach towards its operational application using established methods from disturbance ecology. 3. We suggest using the range of variability concept - characterizing and bounding the long-term behaviour of ecosystems - to locate and delineate the basins of attraction of a system. System recovery in relation to its range of variability can be used to measure resilience of ecosystems, allowing inferences on both engineering resilience (recovery rate) and monitoring for regime shifts (directionality of recovery trajectory). 4. It is important to consider the dynamic nature of these properties in ecosystem analysis and management decision-making, as both disturbance processes and mechanisms of resilience will be subject to changes in the future. Furthermore, because ecosystem services are at the interface between natural and human systems, the social dimension of resilience (social adaptive capacity and range of variability) requires consideration in responding to changing disturbance regimes in forests. 5.Synthesis and applications. Based on examples from temperate and boreal forests we synthesize principles and pathways for fostering resilience to changing disturbance regimes in ecosystem management. We conclude that future work should focus on testing and implementing these pathways in different contexts to make ecosystem services provisioning more robust to changing disturbance regimes and advance our understanding of how to cope with change and uncertainty in ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Spies
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David L. Peterson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Scott L. Stephens
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Hicke
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Seidl R, Müller J, Hothorn T, Bässler C, Heurich M, Kautz M. Small beetle, large-scale drivers: how regional and landscape factors affect outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle. J Appl Ecol 2015; 53:530-540. [PMID: 27041769 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Unprecedented bark beetle outbreaks have been observed for a variety of forest ecosystems recently, and damage is expected to further intensify as a consequence of climate change. In Central Europe, the response of ecosystem management to increasing infestation risk has hitherto focused largely on the stand level, while the contingency of outbreak dynamics on large-scale drivers remains poorly understood. 2. To investigate how factors beyond the local scale contribute to the infestation risk from Ips typographus (Col., Scol.), we analysed drivers across seven orders of magnitude in scale (from 103 to 1010 m2) over a 23-year period, focusing on the Bavarian Forest National Park. Time-discrete hazard modelling was used to account for local factors and temporal dependencies. Subsequently, beta regression was applied to determine the influence of regional and landscape factors, the latter characterized by means of graph theory. 3. We found that in addition to stand variables, large-scale drivers also strongly influenced bark beetle infestation risk. Outbreak waves were closely related to landscape-scale connectedness of both host and beetle populations as well as to regional bark beetle infestation levels. Furthermore, regional summer drought was identified as an important trigger for infestation pulses. Large-scale synchrony and connectivity are thus key drivers of the recently observed bark beetle outbreak in the area. 4.Synthesis and applications. Our multiscale analysis provides evidence that the risk for biotic disturbances is highly dependent on drivers beyond the control of traditional stand-scale management. This finding highlights the importance of fostering the ability to cope with and recover from disturbance. It furthermore suggests that a stronger consideration of landscape and regional processes is needed to address changing disturbance regimes in ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Seidl
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyungerstr. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany ; Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claus Bässler
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyungerstr. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyungerstr. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Zeppenfeld T, Svoboda M, DeRose RJ, Heurich M, Müller J, Čížková P, Starý M, Bače R, Donato DC. Response of mountainPicea abiesforests to stand-replacing bark beetle outbreaks: neighbourhood effects lead to self-replacement. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Zeppenfeld
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau; Germany
- Landscape Ecology; Georg-August-University of Göttingen; Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Göttingen; Germany
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Robert J. DeRose
- Forest Inventory and Analysis; Rocky Mountain Research Station; 507 25th Street Ogden UT 84401 USA
| | - Marco Heurich
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau; Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau; Germany
- Chair of Terrestrial Ecology; Technische Universität München; Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Pavla Čížková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park; 1.máje 260, 385 01 Vimperk Czech Republic
| | - Martin Starý
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
- Šumava National Park; 1.máje 260, 385 01 Vimperk Czech Republic
| | - Radek Bače
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
| | - Daniel C. Donato
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamýcka 129, Praha 6 Suchdol 16521 Czech Republic
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources; Box 47014 Olympia WA 98504 USA
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