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Li J, Zhang X, Peng ZX, Chen JH, Liang JH, Ke LQ, Huang D, Cheng WX, Lin S, Li G, Hou R, Zhong WZ, Lin ZJ, Qin L, Chen GQ, Zhang P. Metabolically activated energetic materials mediate cellular anabolism for bone regeneration. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00213-0. [PMID: 39237385 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The understanding of cellular energy metabolism activation by engineered scaffolds remains limited, posing challenges for therapeutic applications in tissue regeneration. This study presents biosynthesized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] and its major degradation product, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), as endogenous bioenergetic fuels that augment cellular anabolism, thereby facilitating the progression of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) towards osteoblastogenesis. Our research demonstrated that 3HB markedly boosts in vitro ATP production, elevating mitochondrial membrane potential and capillary-like tube formation. Additionally, it raises citrate levels in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, facilitating the synthesis of citrate-containing apatite during hBMSCs osteogenesis. Furthermore, 3HB administration significantly increased bone mass in rats with osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy. The findings also showed that P(3HB-co-4HB) scaffold substantially enhances long-term vascularized bone regeneration in rat cranial defect models. These findings reveal a previously unknown role of 3HB in promoting osteogenesis of hBMSCs and highlight the metabolic activation of P(3HB-co-4HB) scaffold for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zi-Xin Peng
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jian-Hai Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jian-Hui Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Li-Qing Ke
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Sien Lin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Gang Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Rui Hou
- Nam Yue Natural Medicine Co., Ltd., Macau, China
| | | | - Zheng-Jie Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518067, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Center of Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Ma Y, Zheng X, Lin Y, Zhang L, Yuan Y, Wang H, Winterburn J, Wu F, Wu Q, Ye JW, Chen GQ. Engineering an oleic acid-induced system for Halomonas, E. coli and Pseudomonas. Metab Eng 2022; 72:325-336. [PMID: 35513297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-induced system plays an important role for microbial engineering due to its tunable gene expression control over timings and levels. An oleic acid (OA)-induced system was recently constructed based on protein FadR, a transcriptional regulator involved in fatty acids metabolism, for metabolic control in Escherichia coli. In this study, we constructed a synthetic FadR-based OA-induced systems in Halomonas bluephagenesis by hybridizing the porin promoter core region and FadR-binding operator (fadO). The dynamic control range was optimized over 150-fold, and expression leakage was significantly reduced by tuning FadR expression and positioning fadO, forming a series of OA-induced systems with various expression strengths, respectively. Additionally, ligand orthogonality and cross-species portability were also studied and showed highly linear correlation among Halomonas spp., Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. Finally, OA-induced systems with medium- and small-dynamic control ranges were employed to dynamically control the expression levels of morphology associated gene minCD, and monomer precursor 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA (4HB-CoA) synthesis pathway for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), respectively, in the presence of oleic acid as an inducer. As a result, over 10 g/L of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulated by elongated cell sizes, and 6 g/L of P(3HB-co-9.57 mol% 4HB) were obtained by controlling the dose and induction time of oleic acid only. This study provides a systematic approach for ligand-induced system engineering, and demonstrates an alternative genetic tool for dynamic control of industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiangrui Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Yina Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lizhan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiping Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - James Winterburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Fuqing Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jian-Wen Ye
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; MOE Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysts, Dept Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Liu W, Jiao T, Su Y, Wei R, Wang Z, Liu J, Fu N, Sui L. Electrospun porous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/lecithin scaffold for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11913-11922. [PMID: 35481079 PMCID: PMC9016801 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising restorative strategy for bone reconstruction and bone defect repair. It is challenging to establish an appropriate scaffold with an excellent porous microstructure for bone defects and thereby promote bone repair. In this study, electrospinning as a simple and efficient technology was employed to fabricate a porous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) scaffold coated with lecithin. The morphology, phase composition, and physical properties of the electrospun P34HB/lec scaffold were characterized. Meanwhile, cellular behaviors of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), including proliferation, adhesion, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and related gene expression, were also investigated. Finally, a rat subcutaneous implant model and a calvarial defect model were used to evaluated the biocompatibility and effect of these scaffolds on bone repair, respectively. The in vitro results demonstrated that these electrospun fibers were interwoven with each other to form the porous P34HB/lec scaffold and the addition of lecithin improved the hydrophilicity of the pure P34HB scaffold, enhanced the efficiency of cell migration, and decreased inflammatory response. Furthermore, the in vivo results showed that P34HB/lec scaffold had excellent biocompatibility, improved the vascularization, and promoted the bone regeneration. All these results indicated that nanofibers of P34HB scaffolds in combination with the lecithin could exert a synergistic effect on promoting osteogenesis and regeneration of bone defects; thus, the P34HB scaffold with lecithin showed great application potential for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 30070 China
| | - Tiejun Jiao
- Department of Implant, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 30070 China
| | - Yuran Su
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 30070 China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 30070 China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 30070 China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 30070 China
| | - Na Fu
- Department of Implant, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 30070 China
| | - Lei Sui
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 30070 China
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Li J, Zhang X, Udduttula A, Fan ZS, Chen JH, Sun AR, Zhang P. Microbial-Derived Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Biosynthesis, Properties, and Perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:763031. [PMID: 34993185 PMCID: PMC8724543 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.763031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of structurally diverse natural biopolyesters, synthesized by various microbes under unbalanced culture conditions. PHAs as biomedical materials have been fabricated in various forms to apply to tissue engineering for the past years due to their excellent biodegradability, inherent biocompatibility, modifiable mechanical properties, and thermo-processability. However, there remain some bottlenecks in terms of PHA production on a large scale, the purification process, mechanical properties, and biodegradability of PHA, which need to be further resolved. Therefore, scientists are making great efforts via synthetic biology and metabolic engineering tools to improve the properties and the product yields of PHA at a lower cost for the development of various PHA-based scaffold fabrication technologies to widen biomedical applications, especially in bone tissue engineering. This review aims to outline the biosynthesis, structures, properties, and the bone tissue engineering applications of PHA scaffolds with different manufacturing technologies. The latest advances will provide an insight into future outlooks in PHA-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Anjaneyulu Udduttula
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi Shan Fan
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Hai Chen
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Antonia RuJia Sun
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Zhao X, Niu Y, Mi C, Gong H, Yang X, Cheng J, Zhou Z, Liu J, Peng X, Wei D. Electrospinning nanofibers of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates for applications in medical tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Hong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Yi‐Nuo Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Chen‐Hui Mi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Hai‐Lun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Xin‐Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Ji‐Si‐Yu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Zi‐Qi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Jia‐Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Xue‐Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Dai‐Xu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine Northwest University Xi'an China
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Fabrication and Characterization of the Core-Shell Structure of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-4-Hydroxybutyrate) Nanofiber Scaffolds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8868431. [PMID: 33575351 PMCID: PMC7864743 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8868431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds with nanofibrous structures provide positive support for cell proliferation and differentiation in biomedical fields. These scaffolds are widely used for defective tissue repair and drug delivery. However, the degradation performance and mechanical properties of scaffolds are often unsatisfactory. Here, we successfully prepared a novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-4-hydroxybutyrate)/polypyrrole (P34HB-PPy) core-shell nanofiber structure scaffold with electrospinning and in situ surface polymerization technology. The obtained composite scaffold showed good mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and thermal stability based on the universal material testing machine, contact angle measuring system, thermogravimetric analyzer, and other methods. The results of the in vitro bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) culture showed that the P34HB-PPy composite scaffold effectively mimicked the extracellular matrix (ECM) and exhibited good cell retention and proliferative capacity. More importantly, P34HB is a controllable degradable polyester material, and its degradation product 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3-HB) is an energy metabolite that can promote cell growth and proliferation. These results strongly support the application potential of P34HB-PPy composite scaffolds in biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering and soft tissue repair.
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Chen R, Yu J, Gong HL, Jiang Y, Xue M, Xu N, Wei DX, Shi C. An easy long-acting BMP7 release system based on biopolymer nanoparticles for inducing osteogenic differentiation of adipose mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:964-972. [PMID: 32441466 DOI: 10.1002/term.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the early acting bone morphogenetic protein 2, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) plays a decisive role mainly in the late stages of bone formation. To overcome deactivation and degradation of expensive BMP7, we designed a novel long-acting BMP7 release system based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) nanoparticles to enable the induction of osteogenic differentiation in human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). In order to improve the encapsulation efficiency of BMP7 and avoid damage by organic solvents, BMP7 was modified and protected using the biosurfactant soybean lecithin. In an in vitro test, BMP7-soybean lecithin-P34HB nanoparticles (BMP7-SPNPs) showed a short initial burst of BMP7 release during the first 24h, followed by a steady increase to a cumulative 80% release in 20days. Compared with the rapid release of control P34HB nanoparticles without soybean phospholipids loaded with BMP7 without soybean lecithin, BMP7-SPNPs significantly reduced the initial burst of BMP7 release and stabilized the content of BMP7 to allow long-term osteogenic differentiation during the late phase of bone development. Human ADSCs treated with BMP7-SPNPs showed higher alkaline phosphatase activity and higher expression levels of genetic markers of osteogenic differentiation compared with the control group. Thus, the results indicate that BMP7-SPNPs can be used as a rapid and long-acting BMP7 delivery system for osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangming Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Lun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuquan Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joint Logistic Support Force NO.925 Hospital of PLA, Guiyang, China
| | - Mintao Xue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dai-Xu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changgui Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Elmowafy E, Abdal-Hay A, Skouras A, Tiboni M, Casettari L, Guarino V. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Expert Rev Med Devices 2019; 16:467-482. [PMID: 31058550 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1615439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The applications of naturally obtained polymers are tremendously increased due to them being biocompatible, biodegradable, environmentally friendly and renewable in nature. Among them, polyhydroxyalkanoates are widely studied and they can be utilized in many areas of human life research such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other medical applications. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the polyhydroxyalkanoates biosynthesis and their possible applications in drug delivery in the range of micro- and nano-size. Moreover, the possible applications in tissue engineering are covered considering macro- and microporous scaffolds and extracellular matrix analogs. EXPERT COMMENTARY The majority of synthetic plastics are non-biodegradable so, in the last years, a renewed interest is growing to develop alternative processes to produce biologically derived polymers. Among them, PHAs present good properties such as high immunotolerance, low toxicity, biodegradability, so, they are promisingly using as biomaterials in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Elmowafy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Abdalla Abdal-Hay
- b Dentistry and Oral Health School , The University of Queensland , Qld , Australia
| | - Athanasios Skouras
- c Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino (PU) , Italy.,d Department of Life Sciences , School of Sciences, European University Cyprus , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Mattia Tiboni
- c Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino (PU) , Italy
| | - Luca Casettari
- c Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino (PU) , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- e Institute of Polymers, composites and Biomaterials , National Research Council of Italy , Naples , Italy
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Fu N, Meng Z, Jiao T, Luo X, Tang Z, Zhu B, Sui L, Cai X. P34HB electrospun fibres promote bone regeneration in vivo. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12601. [PMID: 30896076 PMCID: PMC6536444 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone tissue engineering was introduced in 1995 and provides a new way to reconstruct bone and repair bone defects. However, the design and fabrication of suitable bionic bone scaffolds are still challenging, and the ideal scaffolds in bone tissue engineering should have a three-dimensional porous network, good biocompatibility, excellent biodegradability and so on. The purpose of our research was to investigate whether a bioplasticpoly3-hydroxybutyrate4-hydroxybutyrate (P34HB) electrospun fibre scaffold is conducive to the repair of bone defects, and whether it is a potential scaffold for bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS AND METHODS The P34HB electrospun fibre scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning technology, and the surface morphology, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties and cytological behaviour of the scaffolds were tested. Furthermore, a calvarial defect model was created in rats, and through layer-by-layer paper-stacking technology, the P34HB electrospun fibre scaffolds were implanted into the calvarial defect area and their effect on bone repair was evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that the P34HB electrospun fibre scaffolds are interwoven with several fibres and have good porosity, physical properties and chemical properties and can promote cell adhesion and proliferation with no cytotoxicity in vitro. In addition, the P34HB electrospun fibre scaffolds can promote the repair of calvarial defects in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that the P34HB electrospun fibre scaffold has a three-dimensional porous network with good biocompatibility, excellent biosafety and ability for bone regeneration and repair; thus, the P34HB electrospun fibre scaffold is a potential scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Fu
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of StomatologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zhaosong Meng
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of StomatologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Tiejun Jiao
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of StomatologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoding Luo
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of StomatologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zisheng Tang
- Department of EndodonticsShanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of StomatologyXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of StomatologyXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
- Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lei Sui
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of StomatologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Ye J, Hu D, Che X, Jiang X, Li T, Chen J, Zhang HM, Chen GQ. Engineering of Halomonas bluephagenesis for low cost production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) from glucose. Metab Eng 2018; 47:143-152. [PMID: 29551476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] is one of the most promising biomaterials expected to be used in a wide range of scenarios. However, its large-scale production is still hindered by the high cost. Here we report the engineering of Halomonas bluephagenesis as a low-cost platform for non-sterile and continuous fermentative production of P(3HB-co-4HB) from glucose. Two interrelated 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) biosynthesis pathways were constructed to guarantee 4HB monomer supply for P(3HB-co-4HB) synthesis by working in concert with 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) pathway. Interestingly, only 0.17 mol% 4HB in the copolymer was obtained during shake flask studies. Pathway debugging using structurally related carbon source located the failure as insufficient 4HB accumulation. Further whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis identified multiple orthologs of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (gabD) that may compete with 4HB synthesis flux in H. bluephagenesis. Accordingly, combinatory gene-knockout strains were constructed and characterized, through which the molar fraction of 4HB was increased by 24-fold in shake flask studies. The best-performing strain was grown on glucose as the single carbon source for 60 h under non-sterile conditions in a 7-L bioreactor, reaching 26.3 g/L of dry cell mass containing 60.5% P(3HB-co-17.04 mol%4HB). Besides, 4HB molar fraction in the copolymer can be tuned from 13 mol% to 25 mol% by controlling the residual glucose concentration in the cultures. This is the first study to achieve the production of P(3HB-co-4HB) from only glucose using Halomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Ye
- MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Nano and Micro-Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dingkai Hu
- MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuemei Che
- MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Nano and Micro-Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoran Jiang
- MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Teng Li
- Bluepha Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jinchun Chen
- MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Nano and Micro-Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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11
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Zhou T, Li G, Lin S, Tian T, Ma Q, Zhang Q, Shi S, Xue C, Ma W, Cai X, Lin Y. Electrospun Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/Graphene Oxide Scaffold: Enhanced Properties and Promoted in Vivo Bone Repair in Rats. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42589-42600. [PMID: 29148704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Quanquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Changyue Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West
China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
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12
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Fu N, Liao J, Lin S, Sun K, Tian T, Zhu B, Lin Y. PCL-PEG-PCL film promotes cartilage regeneration in vivo. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:729-739. [PMID: 27647680 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Management of chondral defects has long been a challenge due to poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage. Many approaches, ranging from symptomatic treatment to structural cartilage regeneration, have obtained very limited satisfactory results. Cartilage tissue engineering, which involves optimized combination of novel scaffolds, cell sources and growth factors, has emerged as a promising strategy for cartilage regeneration and repair. In this study, the aim was to investigate the role of poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL, PCEC) PCEC scaffold in cartilage repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, PCEC film was fabricated, and its characteristics were tested using SEM and AFM. Cell (rASC - rat adipose-derived stem cells, and mASCs - green fluorescent mouse adipose-derived stem cells) morphologies on PCEC film were observed using SEM and fluorescence microscopy, after cell seeding. Tests of cell viability on PCEC film were conducted using the CCK-8 assay. Furthermore, full cartilage defects in rats were created, and PCEC films were implanted, to evaluate their healing effects, over 8 weeks. RESULTS It was found that PCEC film, as a biomaterial implant, possessed good in vitro properties for cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Importantly, in the in vivo experiment, PCEC film exhibited desirable healing outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that PCEC film was a good scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering for improving cell proliferation and adhesion and could lead to excellent repair of cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research,College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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13
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Reyes AP, Martínez Torres A, Carreón Castro MDP, Rodríguez Talavera JR, Muñoz SV, Aguilar VMV, Torres MG. Novel Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-g-vinyl alcohol) Polyurethane Scaffold for Tissue Engineering. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31140. [PMID: 27502732 PMCID: PMC4977462 DOI: 10.1038/srep31140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of new synthetic grafted poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) as composite 3D-scaffolds is a convenient alternative for tissue engineering applications. The chemically modified poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is receiving increasing attention for use as biomimetic copolymers for cell growth. As of yet, these copolymers cannot be used efficiently because of the lack of good mechanical properties. Here, we address this challenge, preparing a composite-scaffold of grafted poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) polyurethane for the first time. However, it is unclear if the composite structure and morphology can also offer a biological application. We obtained the polyurethane by mixing a polyester hydroxylated resin with polyisocyanate and the modified polyhydroxyalkanoates. The results show that the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) grafted with poly(vinyl alcohol) can be successfully used as a chain extender to form a chemically-crosslinked thermosetting polymer. Furthermore, we show a proposal for the mechanism of the polyurethane synthesis, the analysis of its morphology and the ability of the scaffolds for growing mammalian cells. We demonstrated that astrocytes isolated from mouse cerebellum, and HEK293 can be cultured in the prepared material, and express efficiently fluorescent proteins by adenoviral transduction. We also tested the metabolism of Ca(2+) to obtain evidence of the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pétriz Reyes
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez Torres
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, México
| | | | | | - Susana Vargas Muñoz
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, México
| | | | - Maykel González Torres
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F, 04510, México
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14
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Zhang H, Siegel CT, Shuai L, Lai J, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Lai X, Bie P, Bai L. Repair of liver mediated by adult mouse liver neuro-glia antigen 2-positive progenitor cell transplantation in a mouse model of cirrhosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21783. [PMID: 26905303 PMCID: PMC4764864 DOI: 10.1038/srep21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2-expressing cells are a population of periportal vascular stem/progenitors (MLpvNG2(+) cells) that were isolated from healthy adult mouse liver by using a "Percoll-Plate-Wait" procedure. We demonstrated that isolated cells are able to restore liver function after transplantation into a cirrhotic liver, and co-localized with the pericyte marker (immunohistochemistry: PDGFR-β) and CK19. Cells were positive for: stem cell (Sca-1, CD133, Dlk) and liver stem cell markers (EpCAM, CD14, CD24, CD49f); and negative for: hematopoietic (CD34, CD45) and endothelial markers (CD31, vWf, von Willebrand factor). Cells were transplanted (1 × 10(6) cells) in mice with diethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhosis at week 6. Cells showed increased hepatic associated gene expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Albumin (Alb), Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pc), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (Sox9), hepatic nuclear factors (HNF1a, HNF1β, HNF3β, HNF4α, HNF6, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), Leucine-rich repeated-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5-positive (Lgr5) and Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT). Cells showed decreased fibrogenesis, hepatic stellate cell infiltration, Kupffer cells and inflammatory cytokines. Liver function markers improved. In a cirrhotic liver environment, cells could differentiate into hepatic lineages. In addition, grafted MLpvNG2(+) cells could mobilize endogenous stem/progenitors to participate in liver repair. These results suggest that MLpvNG2(+) cells may be novel adult liver progenitors that participate in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Southwestern Hospital, No. 30 Gaotanyan, ShapingBa Distract, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Christopher T. Siegel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Abdominal Organ Transplantation, Case Western Reserve University Hospital, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
| | - Ling Shuai
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Southwestern Hospital, No. 30 Gaotanyan, ShapingBa Distract, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiejuan Lai
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Southwestern Hospital, No. 30 Gaotanyan, ShapingBa Distract, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Linli Zeng
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Southwestern Hospital, No. 30 Gaotanyan, ShapingBa Distract, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Southwestern Hospital, No. 30 Gaotanyan, ShapingBa Distract, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiangdong Lai
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Southwestern Hospital, No. 30 Gaotanyan, ShapingBa Distract, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping Bie
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Southwestern Hospital, No. 30 Gaotanyan, ShapingBa Distract, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lianhua Bai
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Southwestern Hospital, No. 30 Gaotanyan, ShapingBa Distract, Chongqing 400038, China
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15
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Crosstalk between adipose-derived stem cells and chondrocytes: when growth factors matter. Bone Res 2016; 4:15036. [PMID: 26848404 PMCID: PMC4738199 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and mesenchymal stem cells are promising for tissue repair because of their multilineage differentiation capacity. Our previous data confirmed that the implantation of mixed ASCs and chondrocytes into cartilage defects induced desirable in vivo healing outcomes. However, the paracrine action of ASCs on chondrocytes needs to be further elucidated. In this study, we established a co-culture system to achieve cell-to-cell and cell-to-tissue crosstalk and explored the soluble growth factors in both ASCs and chondrocytes supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum to mimic the physiological microenvironment. In ASCs, we screened for growth factors by semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR and found that the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and transforming growth factor-β1 significantly increased after co-culture in comparison with mono-culture. In chondrocytes, VEGFA was significantly enhanced after co-culture. Unexpectedly, the expression of collagen II and aggrecan was significantly down-regulated in the co-culture group compared with the mono-culture group. Meanwhile, among all the growth factors screened, we found that the BMP family members BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-5 were down-regulated and that VEGFB, HIF-1α, FGF-2, and PDGF were significantly decreased after co-culture. These results suggest that crosstalk between ASCs and chondrocytes is a pathway through the regulated growth factors that might have potential in cartilage repair and regeneration and could be useful for tissue engineering.
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16
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Alves VD, Torres CAV, Freitas F. Bacterial polymers as materials for the development of micro/nanoparticles. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1103239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Fu N, Xie J, Li G, Shao X, Shi S, Lin S, Deng S, Sun K, Lin Y. P34HB film promotes cell adhesion, in vitro proliferation, and in vivo cartilage repair. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of chondral defects is a challenging topic of current interest for scientists and surgeons, which has a crucial impact on human cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoru Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
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