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Critchlow N, Hunt K, Wardle H, Stead M. Expenditure on Paid-for Gambling Advertising During the National COVID-19 'Lockdowns': An Observational Study of Media Monitoring Data from the United Kingdom. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1451-1465. [PMID: 36031649 PMCID: PMC9420675 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gambling advertising during national COVID-19 'lockdowns', when stay-at-home rules restricted participation in certain gambling activities, provides important context to variance in gambling behaviour during these periods. This study describes expenditure on paid-for gambling advertising during three national lockdowns, compares expenditure to pre-pandemic estimates, and compares changes in expenditure by subsector. Data come from an observational study of weekly expenditure on paid-for gambling advertising in the United Kingdom (n = 135 weeks; beginning 2019 to mid-2021), focusing on three COVID-19 lockdowns: (1) March-May 2020; (2) November-December 2020; and (3) January-March 2021. We descriptively analysed how total advertising expenditure in each lockdown (£GBP, inflation-adjusted) compared to the same time points in 2019, both overall and by subsector (bookmakers, lotteries, online bingo, online casino and poker, gaming, pools, mobile content). Gambling advertising expenditure during lockdown one was 38.5% lower than 2019 (£43.5 million[m] vs. £70.7 m, respectively), with decreases across all subsectors (range: -81.7% [bookmakers] to -2.8% [online bingo]). Total advertising expenditure in lockdown two was 49.3% higher than 2019 (£51.7 m vs. £34.6 m), with increases for 5/7 subsectors (range: -31.6% [mobile content] to + 103.8% [bookmakers]). In lockdown three, advertising expenditure was 5.9% higher than 2019 (£91.2 m vs. £86.1 m), with increases for 4/7 subsectors (range: -92.4% [pools] to + 49.2% [mobile content]). Reductions in advertising expenditure in lockdown one are congruent with self-reported reductions in overall gambling also observed during this period. Further research is needed to determine whether increased advertising expenditure in lockdowns two and three correlates with increased gambling, overall and for specific subsectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland.
| | - Kate Hunt
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Heather Wardle
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland
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2
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Bain E, Scully M, Wakefield M, Durkin S, White V. Association between single-channel and cumulative exposure to alcohol advertising and drinking behaviours among Australian adolescents. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:59-67. [PMID: 36067077 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Widespread commercial promotion of alcohol products in Australia undermines the abstinence message for young people. This study aims to document the frequency of adolescents' exposure to alcohol advertising and examine associations with drinking behaviours. METHODS Students aged 12-17 years (n = 3618) participating in a cross-sectional survey self-reported their exposure to alcohol advertising via eight sources. Students also indicated whether they had never consumed alcohol, consumed at least a few sips of alcohol in their lifetime but none in the past month ('irregular drinkers') or consumed more than 10 drinks in their lifetime including at least one drink in the past month ('drinkers'). Multinomial logistic regression analyses examined associations between both single-channel and cumulative exposure to alcohol advertising and drinking status, controlling for sex, age and education sector. RESULTS Television (61%), the internet (56%) and at sporting events (50%) were the most common channels through which students reported seeing alcohol advertising. Weekly exposure via each of the eight assessed channels was associated with being a drinker (vs. a non-drinker or an irregular drinker, respectively), whereas only weekly exposure via television and sporting events was associated with being an irregular drinker (vs. a non-drinker). As students' level of cumulative exposure to alcohol advertising increased, so too did their likelihood of being a drinker. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Alcohol advertising exposure is positively associated with drinking among Australian adolescents. Tighter restrictions on alcohol advertising across all media in Australia may reduce adolescent exposure and help de-normalise alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bain
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Victoria White
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Martino F, Ananthapavan J, Moodie M, Sacks G. Potential financial impact on television networks of a ban on alcohol advertising during sports broadcasts in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46:463-468. [PMID: 35238438 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the potential financial impacts on Australian television networks of a ban on alcohol advertising during sports broadcasts. METHODS We analysed television advertising data from Nielsen, a commercial market research company. The data included details of all advertisements (ads) for the 10 highest-spending alcohol brands on free-to-air television networks in the five largest capital cities in Australia over a 12-month period (November 2018-October 2019). We estimated alcohol advertising spend during sports broadcasts. Financial value per network was estimated using ad duration and total spend per channel. RESULTS There were 10,660 alcohol ads (average of 75 minutes per week) shown during sports broadcasts, amounting to A$14.4 million in revenue to television networks. Forty-five per cent of these ads were at children's viewing times. Channel Seven received the largest amount of alcohol advertising revenue (A$20.8 million), of which A$10.8 million (52.0%) was during sports broadcasts (0.5% of its total advertising revenue). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol advertising during sports broadcasts is pervasive but contributes a relatively small proportion of revenue for television networks. Implications for public health: A ban on alcohol advertising during sport broadcasts is unlikely to have major financial impacts on broadcasters, whilst the health and social benefits are potentially substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentine Martino
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation
| | - Jaithri Ananthapavan
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation.,Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation
| | - Marj Moodie
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation.,Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation
| | - Gary Sacks
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation
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4
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Stafford J, Chikritzhs T, Pierce H, Pettigrew S. An evaluation of the evidence submitted to Australian alcohol advertising policy consultations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261280. [PMID: 34890422 PMCID: PMC8664180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industry self-regulation is the dominant approach to managing alcohol advertising in Australia and many other countries. There is a need to explore the barriers to government adoption of more effective regulatory approaches. This study examined relevance and quality features of evidence cited by industry and non-industry actors in their submissions to Australian alcohol advertising policy consultations. METHODS Submissions to two public consultations with a primary focus on alcohol advertising policy were analysed. Submissions (n = 71) were classified into their actor type (industry or non-industry) and according to their expressed support for, or opposition to, increased regulation of alcohol advertising. Details of cited evidence were extracted and coded against a framework adapted from previous research (primary codes: subject matter relevance, type of publication, time since publication, and independence from industry). Evidence was also classified as featuring indicators of higher quality if it was either published in a peer-reviewed journal or academic source, published within 10 years of the consultation, and/or had no apparent industry connection. RESULTS Almost two-thirds of submissions were from industry actors (n = 45 submissions from alcohol, advertising, or sporting industries). With few exceptions, industry actor submissions opposed increased regulation of alcohol advertising and non-industry actor submissions supported increased regulation. Industry actors cited substantially less evidence than non-industry actors, both per submission and in total. Only 27% of evidence cited by industry actors was highly relevant and featured at least two indicators of higher quality compared to 58% of evidence cited by non-industry actors. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the value of the evidentiary contribution of industry actors to consultations on alcohol advertising policy appears to be limited. Modifications to consultation processes, such as exclusion of industry actors, quality requirements for submitted evidence, minimum standards for referencing evidence, and requirements to declare potential conflicts, may improve the public health outcomes of policy consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stafford
- National Drug Research Institute, Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah Pierce
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- National Drug Research Institute, Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Brennan E, Schoenaker DAJM, Durkin SJ, Dunstone K, Dixon HG, Slater MD, Pettigrew S, Wakefield MA. Comparing responses to public health and industry-funded alcohol harm reduction advertisements: an experimental study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e035569. [PMID: 32988938 PMCID: PMC7523211 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conduct a head-to-head experimental test of responses to alcohol harm reduction advertisements developed by alcohol industry Social Aspects/Public Relations Organisations (SAPROs) versus those developed by public health (PH) agencies. We hypothesised that, on average, SAPRO advertisements would be less effective at generating motivation (H1) and intentions to reduce alcohol consumption (H2) but more effective at generating positive perceptions of people who drink (H3). DESIGN Online experiment with random assignment to condition. PARTICIPANTS 2923 Australian adult weekly drinkers (49% high-risk drinkers) recruited from an opt-in online panel. INTERVENTIONS Participants viewed 3 of 83 advertisements developed by PH agencies (n=2174) or 3 of 28 advertisements developed by SAPROs (n=749). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Participants reported their motivation to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed; behave responsibly and/or not get drunk; and limit their drinking around/never supply to minors, as well as intentions to avoid drinking alcohol completely; reduce the number of drinking occasions; and reduce the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion. Participants also reported their perceptions of people who drink alcohol on six success-related items and four fun-related items. RESULTS Compared with drinkers exposed to PH advertisements, those exposed to SAPRO advertisements reported lower motivation to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed (β=-0.091, 95% CI -0.171 to -0.010), and lower odds of intending to avoid alcohol completely (OR=0.77, 0.63 to 0.94) and to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion (OR=0.82, 0.69 to 0.97). SAPRO advertisements generated more favourable fun-related perceptions of drinkers (β=0.095, 0.013 to 0.177). CONCLUSIONS The alcohol harm reduction advertisements produced by alcohol industry SAPROs that were tested in this study were not as effective at generating motivation and intentions to reduce alcohol consumption as those developed by PH organisations. These findings raise questions as to whether SAPROs should play a role in alcohol harm reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brennan
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle A J M Schoenaker
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kimberley Dunstone
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen G Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D Slater
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie A Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Pettigrew S, Jongenelis MI, Pierce H, Stafford J, Keric D. Alcohol advertisement characteristics that increase the likelihood of code breaches. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 81:102776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Kaewpramkusol R, Senior K, Chenhall R, Nanthamongkolchai S. Young Thai People's Exposure to Alcohol Portrayals in Society and the Media: A Qualitative Study for Policy Implications. Int J Behav Med 2019; 26:266-277. [PMID: 30993602 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-019-09785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous quantitative studies have documented the association between exposure to alcohol portrayals and drinking attitudes in Western countries, few qualitative studies have explored this matter in Thailand. A better understanding of the association in young Thais is required for a more efficient alcohol policy development. This study aims to explore the information young Thais have learnt from exposure to alcohol portrayals in society and the media, examine how this exposure shapes their drinking attitudes, and investigate the alignment of policy-makers' views on drinking with those of young people. METHODS Two qualitative research methods were employed. Seventy-two university students (38 men, 34 women) aged 20-24 participated in focus groups conducted on campus. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with academia, civil society and representatives from government who were involved in alcohol policy. Recorded data were transcribed verbatim, systematically coded and analysed using content analysis. RESULTS Young Thais were regularly exposed to alcohol portrayals, particularly on social media and in their social environment. Being increasingly exposed to alcohol portrayals, particularly on social media, and the role of the alcohol industry emerged as concerning matters to the academia and civil society sectors. In response to the concerns, the government social media monitoring and alcohol censorship had become more challenging. CONCLUSIONS This study reflects the growing concerns from academia and civil society sectors of the impacts of increased alcohol exposure and the role that the industry may have on young people's drinking attitudes. It highlights the need for response to significant policy challenges to reduce these impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchakorn Kaewpramkusol
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Global Health Division, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand.
| | - Kate Senior
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Richard Chenhall
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sutham Nanthamongkolchai
- Department of Family Health, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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8
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Kaewpramkusol R, Senior K, Nanthamongkolchai S, Chenhall R. Brand advertising and brand sharing of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic products, and the effects on young Thai people's attitudes towards alcohol use: A qualitative focus group study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:284-293. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratchakorn Kaewpramkusol
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong Australia
- Global Health Division, Office of the Permanent SecretaryMinistry of Public Health Nonthaburi Thailand
| | - Kate Senior
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong Australia
| | | | - Richard Chenhall
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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9
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Pierce H, Stafford J, Pettigrew S, Kameron C, Keric D, Pratt IS. Regulation of alcohol marketing in Australia: A critical review of the Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code Scheme's new Placement Rules. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 38:16-24. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pierce
- McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - Julia Stafford
- McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | | | - Caitlin Kameron
- School of Psychology; Curtin University; Perth Australia
- Cancer Council Western Australia; Perth Australia
| | - Danica Keric
- McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - Iain S. Pratt
- School of Psychology; Curtin University; Perth Australia
- Cancer Council Western Australia; Perth Australia
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10
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Wakefield MA, Brennan E, Dunstone K, Durkin SJ, Dixon HG, Pettigrew S, Slater MD. Immediate effects on adult drinkers of exposure to alcohol harm reduction advertisements with and without drinking guideline messages: experimental study. Addiction 2018; 113:1019-1029. [PMID: 29486097 DOI: 10.1111/add.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the immediate effects on drinkers of television advertisements focusing upon short- versus long-term harms with and without low-risk drinking guidelines. DESIGN Between-participants on-line experiment, with random assignment to view: (a) alcohol product advertisements (ALC control); (b) advertisements unrelated to alcohol (NON-ALC control); (c) advertisements featuring short-term harms (STH) of alcohol; (d) advertisements featuring STH plus a STH guideline (STH+G); (e) advertisements featuring long-term harms (LTH); or (f) advertisements featuring LTH plus a LTH guideline (LTH+G). SETTING Australia, 2016. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3718 drinkers aged 18-64 years (48.5% male). MEASUREMENTS Post-exposure likelihood that participants provided a correct estimate of drinking levels associated with short- and long-term harms; post-exposure intentions to avoid alcohol or reduce consumption. FINDINGS After exposure to STH+G or LTH+G advertisements, participants were more likely to estimate correctly rather than overestimate drinking levels associated with harm, compared with those exposed to STH (P < 0.001) and LTH advertisements without guidelines, respectively (P = 0.019) and ALC control (STH+G, P < 0.001; LTH+G, P < 0.001) and NON-ALC control conditions (STH+G, P < 0.001; LTH+G, P = 0.011). Drinkers exposed to STH conditions were more likely to intend to reduce next-week alcohol consumption than those exposed to ALC control (both P < 0.001) and NON-ALC control conditions (STH, P = 0.001; STH+G, P < 0.001); a similar pattern was observed for intentions to avoid alcohol. Drinkers exposed to LTH conditions were also more likely than drinkers exposed to ALC or NON-ALC controls to intend to avoid and reduce alcohol in the next week. Additionally, drinkers exposed to LTH+G were more likely to intend to reduce drinking than those exposed to LTH advertisements without guidelines (P = 0.022). Response patterns for low- and high-risk drinkers by condition were similar. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol harm television advertisements increase intentions to reduce alcohol consumption among both low- and high-risk drinkers. The addition of low-risk drinking guidelines can enhance these effects for advertisements featuring long-term harms and improve estimates of both short- and long-term harmful drinking levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily Brennan
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kimberley Dunstone
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah J Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen G Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Western Australia
| | - Michael D Slater
- School of Communication Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Weier M. Commentary on White et al. (2017): Adolescent drinking and exposure to advertising-behaviour does not occur in a social vacuum. Addiction 2017; 112:1752-1753. [PMID: 28891144 DOI: 10.1111/add.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Weier
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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White V, Azar D, Faulkner A, Coomber K, Durkin S, Livingston M, Chikritzhs T, Room R, Wakefield M. Adolescents' exposure to paid alcohol advertising on television and their alcohol use: exploring associations during a 13-year period. Addiction 2017; 112:1742-1751. [PMID: 28544093 DOI: 10.1111/add.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine (i) whether Australian adolescents' exposure to television alcohol advertisements changed between 1999 and 2011 and (ii) examine the association between television alcohol advertising and adolescent drinking behaviours. DESIGN Cross-sectional surveys conducted every 3 years between 1999 and 2011. Analyses examined associations between advertising exposures and reported drinking. SETTING Five Australian major cities. PARTICIPANTS Students aged 12-17 years participating in a triennial nationally representative school-based survey residing in the television advertising markets associated with the major cities (sample size range per survey: 12 644-16 004). MEASUREMENTS Outcome measures were: drinking in the past month, past week and past-week risky drinking (5+ drinks on a day). The key predictor variable was past-month adolescent-directed alcohol advertising Targeted Rating Points (TRPs, a measure of television advertising exposure). Control measures included student-level characteristics, government alcohol-control advertising TRPs, road safety (drink-driving) TRPs and time of survey. FINDINGS Average monthly adolescent alcohol TRPs increased between 1999 (mean = 2371) to 2005 (mean = 2679) (P < 0.01) then decreased between 2005 and 2011: (mean = 880) (P < 0.01). Multi-level logistic regression analyses that adjusted for survey timing, student level factors and alcohol-control advertising variables showed a significant association between past-month alcohol TRPs and past-month drinking [odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.15), past-week drinking (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.06-1.14) and past-week risky drinking (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.09-1.22). Past-week risky drinking was associated inversely with road safety TRPs (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.49-0.98). CONCLUSIONS While Australian adolescents' exposure to alcohol advertising on television reduced between 1999 and 2011, higher levels of past-month television alcohol advertising were associated with an increased likelihood of adolescents' drinking. The reduction in television alcohol advertising in Australia in the late 2000s may have played a part in reducing adolescents' drinking prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria White
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Denise Azar
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Agatha Faulkner
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kerri Coomber
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Health and Society, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- Curtin University of Technology, National Drug Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Health and Society, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Dunstone K, Brennan E, Slater MD, Dixon HG, Durkin SJ, Pettigrew S, Wakefield MA. Alcohol harm reduction advertisements: a content analysis of topic, objective, emotional tone, execution and target audience. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:312. [PMID: 28399829 PMCID: PMC5387386 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health mass media campaigns may contribute to reducing the health and social burden attributed to alcohol consumption, but little is known about which advertising characteristics have been used, or have been effective, in alcohol harm reduction campaigns to date. As a first step towards encouraging further research to identify the impact of various advertising characteristics, this study aimed to systematically identify and examine the content of alcohol harm reduction advertisements (ads). METHOD Ads were identified through an exhaustive internet search of Google, YouTube, Vimeo, and relevant government and health agency websites. Eligible ads were: English language, produced between 2006 and 2014, not primarily focused on drink-driving or alcohol in pregnancy, and not alcohol industry funded. Systematic content analysis of all ads was performed; each ad was double-coded. RESULTS In total, 110 individual ads from 72 different alcohol harm reduction campaigns were identified, with the main source countries being Australia (40%) and the United Kingdom (26%). The dominant topic for 52% of ads was short-term harms, while 10% addressed long-term harms, 18% addressed underage drinking, 17% communicated a how-to-change message, and 3% advocated for policy change. The behavioural objective of most ads was to motivate audiences to reduce their alcohol consumption (38%) or to behave responsibly and/or not get drunk when drinking (33%). Only 10% of all ads mentioned low-risk drinking guidelines. Eighty-seven percent of ads used a dramatisation execution style and 74% had a negative emotional tone. Ninety percent of ads contained messages or content that appeared to target adults, and 36% specifically targeted young adults. CONCLUSIONS Some message attributes have been employed more frequently than others, suggesting several promising avenues for future audience or population-based research to compare the relative effectiveness of different characteristics of alcohol harm reduction ads. Given most alcohol-attributable harm is due to long-term disease, these findings suggest future campaigns may fill a potentially important gap if they were to focus on long-term harms. There is scope for such long-term harm campaigns to place greater emphasis on encouraging reduced personal consumption of alcohol, potentially through more frequent communication of low-risk drinking guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Dunstone
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Emily Brennan
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Michael D. Slater
- Ohio State University, 3022 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Helen G. Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Sarah J. Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Melanie A. Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
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14
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Gordon CS, Kervin LK, Jones SC, Howard SJ. Qualitative process evaluation of an Australian alcohol media literacy study: recommendations for designing culturally responsive school-based programs. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:155. [PMID: 28153001 PMCID: PMC5288884 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol media literacy programs seek to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of alcohol advertising on children’s drinking intentions and behaviours through equipping them with skills to challenge media messages. In order for such programs to be effective, the teaching and learning experiences must be tailored to their specific cultural context. Media in the Spotlight is an alcohol media literacy program aimed at 9 to 12 year old Australian children. This study evaluates the process and implementation of the program, outlining the factors that facilitated and inhibited implementation. From this evaluation, a pedagogical framework has been developed for health professionals implementing culturally responsive programs in school settings. Methods Process measures included: semi-structured interviews with teachers before and after the program was implemented (n = 11 interviews), program evaluation questionnaires completed by children (n = 166), lesson observations completed by teachers (n = 35 observations), and reflective journal entries completed by the researcher (n = 44 entries). A thematic analysis approach was used to analyse all of the data sets using NVivo. Inductive coding was used, whereby the findings were derived from the research objectives and multiple readings and interpretations of the data. Results Five key pedagogical considerations were identified that facilitated implementation. These were: connecting to the students’ life worlds to achieve cultural significance; empowering students with real-world skills to ensure relevance; ensuring programs are well structured with strong connections to the school curriculum; creating developmentally appropriate activities while providing a range of assessment opportunities; and including hands-on and interactive activities to promote student engagement. Three potential inhibitors to implementing the alcohol media literacy program in upper-elementary school classrooms were identified. These included topic sensitivities, classroom management challenges, and fitting new programs into already busy school schedules. Conclusion Overall, the program content and individual lessons were well received by the teachers and students. The lessons learned from the development, implementation and evaluation of this program can provide health professionals with key pedagogical strategies for designing culturally responsive educational programs. Culturally responsive programs are critical for ensuring interventions are effective for their specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe S Gordon
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2520, Australia. .,Centre for Health and Social Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, 3065, Australia.
| | - Lisa K Kervin
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2520, Australia
| | - Sandra C Jones
- Centre for Health and Social Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, 3065, Australia
| | - Steven J Howard
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2520, Australia
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15
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Johnston R, Stafford J, Pierce H, Daube M. Alcohol promotions in Australian supermarket catalogues. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 36:456-463. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Johnston
- McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - Julia Stafford
- McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - Hannah Pierce
- McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth; Curtin University; Perth Australia
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; Perth Australia
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16
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Faulkner A, Azar D, White V. ‘Unintended’ audiences of alcohol advertising: exposure and drinking behaviors among Australian adolescents. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2016.1143047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Faulkner
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Denise Azar
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Victoria White
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
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